vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Problem statement
3
1.3 Research objectives
5
1.4 Scope of work
5
1.5 Contributions to knowledge
6
1.6 Structure of the study work
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
8
2.1 Introduction
8
2.2 Meteorological radar overview
9
2.3 Regression coefficient for radar reflectivity
12
2.4 Radar rainfall rate conversion
13
viii
3
2.5 Rain attenuation equation
14
2.6 Characteristics of wireless radio propagation
17
2.7 LMDS layout configuration
18
2.7.1 System deployment
19
2.7.2 Frequency reuse
20
2.7.3 Dual polarizations
21
2.7.4 LMDS cell planning
22
2.7.5 Co-channel interference
23
2.7.6 Inter-cell interference
25
2.7.7 Systems interference protection Criterion
27
2.8 Link budget
28
2.9 LMDS cellular architectures
29
2.9.1 Relaying protocol
31
2.10 Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)
33
2.11 Effects of rain cell over LMDS system
37
2.12 LMDS cell coverage efficiency
38
2.13 Previous LMDS results
39
2.14 Summary
43
METHODOLOGY
44
3.1 Introduction
44
3.2 Filtering and decoding radar data
46
3.3 Permanent echo verification and data availability
47
3.3.1 Radar echo test
47
3.3.1 Data availability
48
3.4 Rain rate inferred from radar data
49
3.5 Determination of rain length along radar azimuths
51
3.6 Rain attenuation extracted from radar data
56
3.7 LMDS applied architecture
60
3.7.1 Conventional architecture
3.7.2
61
Conventional with 4 frequency reuse
architecture
62
3.7.3
Simplex ring relay architecture
63
3.7.4
Dual ring relay architecture
63
ix
4
5
3.8 LMDS antenna specification
64
3.9 Obtain C/I in LMDS system
66
3.10 Summary
66
RAIN INTENSITY PROFILE AND RAIN
ATTENUATION DISTRIBUTION EXTRACTED
FROM WEATHER RADAR DATA
67
4.1 Introduction
67
4.2 Rain intensity
68
4.3 rain length in study area
75
4.4 Specific rain attenuation
78
4.5 Rain attenuation for terrestrial path length
79
4.6 Summary
83
EVALUATION OF LMDS ARCHITECTURES
84
5.1 Introduction
84
5.2 C/I for different LMDS architectures in clear sky
85
5.3 Precipitation effects on different LMDS
architectures
5.4 LMDS architectures coverage
89
94
5.5 Optimum LMDS cell size for different
architectures
6
98
5.6 Summary
104
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
106
6.1 Conclusions
106
6.2 Future work
108
REFERENCES
110
Appendices A - J
120-158
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Kluang Radar Specifications
11
2.2
Modulation methods (Ahamed, 2009)
34
2.3
modulation scheme efficiency and required carrier to
noise ratio (Lee et al., 1998)
2.4
35
The minimum required carrier to interference ratio for
LMDS (Lee et al., 1998)
37
3.1
The sixteen characters that define absolute levels
46
3.2
The forty-nine characters that define the deviation
encoding
46
3.3
The UTM selected point locations from radar data
50
3.4
Radar signal strength thresholds and the corresponding
rain rates using MP relation
50
3.5
The number of hypothetical links for every azimuth
57
3.6
LMDS parameters link budget calculations for selected
antenna (Lee et al., 1998; Chu and Chen, 2005)
4.1
One year CDF radar rain events data located at UTM
area
4.2
65
70
The CDF rainfall rates for all Rain Gauge Stations
RGN- UTM (Khamis, 2005)
73
4.3
CDF of rain length along radar azimuths from radar data
75
4.4
Rain length for 0.01% of time for different rain rates
77
4.5
CDF of one year radar specific rain attenuation
distribution (Dec 2006 – Nov 2007) for 28 GHz using
ITU-R P.838-3 regression coefficients
78
xi
4.6
Equivalent time percentage to the selected core values
5.1
Optimum cell sizes for each conducted LMDS
architectures
81
104
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
2.1
Radar Simplified Block Diagram
2.2
Thunderstorm line viewed in (dBZ) on a PPI
scan
2.3
PAGE
10
12
Scattering and absorbing caused by raindrops in
high frequency (Ishimaru, 1997)
17
2.4
RF band arrangement based on MCMC licence
20
2.5
Cell with different reuse factors
21
2.6
Twelve-sector cell using alternating polarity
method (Roman, 1999)
2.7
22
Typical cell planning in LMDS (Chen and Chu,
2007)
23
2.8
Illustration of (a) inter-cell and (b) intra-cell CCI
24
2.9
Dual polarization with frequency plan of (a) 1
Frequency, 2 polarization 90o sectors, and (b) 2
Frequency, 2 polarization 90o sectors
25
2.10
Inter-cell Interference in LMDS
27
2.11
Interference protection criterion
27
2.12
Relaying protocol
31
2.13
Relay-assisted transmission model
32
2.14
Effective of ICI on LMDS using ring relay
Model
2.15
33
Description criteria for slow adaptive
modulation systems BER= 10-2
35
2.16
Dynamic modulation scheme for LMDS
36
2.17
C/I Contour curves (Lee et al., 1998)
39
xiii
2.18
Desire signal for 6-km cell-size terminal in clear
days (Chu and Chen, 2005)
2.19
Desire signal for 6-km cell-size terminal in rainy
days (Chu and Chen, 2005)
2.20
40
41
Total downstream CIR(x, y) sector distribution
over a sector of a TDMA-based LMDS system
operating in Athens, Greece, at 25 GHz under
the specification AIP = 0.001%, cell radius
D = 3 km (Panagopoulos et al., 2007)
2.21
42
Upstream CIR(x, y) sector distribution for the
same LMDS system as in Fig. 4 under the
specification AIP = 0.001%. Interference
originates from a diagonal IS
42
3.1
Flowchart of the research methodology
45
3.2
UTM location inside the study sector from
Kluang radar station
3.3
49
Radar view of the selected locations at
UTM- Skudai
50
3.4
Radar view of the chosen sector
52
3.5
Rain length distributions at single PPI scan
52
3.6
Separating cores level from radar data
53
3.7
Core level path length per azimuth
54
3.8
Rain path length distribution for each level
55
3.9
The adopted method for obtaining rain rate to
every 1 km range
3.10
56
Convert from levels to equivalent rain rate for
study area
58
3.11
Attenuation analysis
59
3.12
Co-Channel interference of Conventional
architecture for LMDS
3.13
The high-level interference edges in a
Conventional scheme
3.14
61
61
LMDS cell planning with 4 frequency reuse
(Chen and Chu, 2007)
62
xiv
3.15
Simplex ring relay
63
3.16
Dual ring relay
65
4.1
Monthly CDF occurrences of rain rate from
radar data at B-C
4.2
69
Rain rate at three different locations in UTM
using ITU-R P.837-6
70
4.3
One year CDF Radar rain rate at UTM area
71
4.4
The locations of rain rate study at UTMSkudai campus
4.5
72
Comparison of CDF rain rate obtained from
radar data with UTM-RGN at E01 and ITUR
837-6 at B-C
4.6
73
CDF rain rate obtained from radar data
compared with UTM RGN along with
Singaporean RGN and ITUR 837-6 at BC
4.7
CDF of rain length probability corresponding
to different core intensity
4.8
74
76
Specific attenuation from Radar data compare
with ITUR data at 28 GHz for horizontal
polarization
4.9
79
CDF of rain attenuation from radar data at
different path lengths at 28 GHz for horizontal
polarization
4.10
80
The horizontal rain attenuation at 28 GHz to
different time percentage based on ITUR530-14
and radar versus different path lengths
5.1
Clear sky CIR contour of Conventional
architecture scheme
5.2
5.4
85
Clear sky CIR Contour of Conventional with 4
frequency reuse architecture
5.3
82
86
Clear sky CIR Contour of Simplex relay
architecture
87
Clear sky CIR Contour of Dual relay architecture
87
xv
5.5
Clear sky CIR worst case scenario for different
LMDS architectures
5.6
88
CIR based on extracted radar data information
at different path lengths from terminal stations
using conventional architecture scheme
5.7
89
CIR based on extracted radar data and ITUR
database at different path lengths from terminal
stations using conventional architecture scheme
5.8
90
CIR based on extracted radar data information at
different path lengths from terminal stations using
conventional with 4 frequency reuse architecture
5.9
91
CIR based on extracted radar data and ITUR
database at different path lengths from terminal
stations using conventional with 4 frequency
reuse architecture
5.10
92
CIR based on extracted radar data information
at different path lengths from terminal stations
using simplex ring relay architecture scheme
5.11
93
CIR base on extracted radar data information at
different path lengths from terminal stations
using dual ring relay architecture scheme
5.12
Proposed dynamic modulation scheme
distribution for LMDS
5.13
97
The CIR of 4 km LMDS cell size planning
terminal station at different rain rates
5.17
96
LMDS architectures coverage ratio for 64-QAM
modulation
5.16
96
LMDS architectures coverage ratio for 16-QAM
modulation
5.15
95
LMDS architectures coverage ratio for QPSK
modulation
5.14
94
The CIR of 3 km LMDS cell size planning
98
xvi
terminal station at different rain situation
5.18
The CIR of 2 km LMDS cell size planning
terminal station at different rain situation
5.19
99
100
The CIR of 4 km conventional with 4 frequency
reuse architecture cell size planning terminal
station at different rain rates
5.20
101
The CIR of 4.5 km simplex ring relay
architecture cell size planning terminal station at
different rain rates
5.21
102
The CIR of 4.8 km dual ring relay architecture
cell size planning terminal station at different
rain rates
103
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
-
Rain Attenuation
ACI
-
Adjacent channel interference
AIP
-
Acceptance interference probability
Ar0.01 -
Attenuation at 0.01 of time
BS
-
Base Station
C
-
Area coverage
CCI
-
co-channel interference
C/I
-
Carrier to Interference ratio
CIR
-
Carrier to Interference ratio
C/N
-
Carrier to noise ratio
CNR -
Carrier to noise ratio
dB
-
Decibel unit
Fr
-
Frequency reuse
HS
-
Hub Station
I/N
-
Interference to Noise Ratio
ICI
-
Inter-cell Interference
ISI
-
Inter-symbol interference
km
-
Kilometer
PL
-
Path Loss
R
-
Rain Rate
Rth
-
Rain Rate threshold
R0.01 -
Rain Rate at 0.01 percentage of time
RF
-
Radio Frequency
γs
-
Specific Attenuation
TS
-
Terminal Station
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BWA -
Broadband wireless access
CDF
-
Cumulative Distribution Function
CPE
-
Customer Premise Equipment
DBA -
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
EIRP -
Effective Isotropic Radiating Power
FBWA -
Fixed broadband wireless access
FCC
-
Federal Communications Commission
FSL
-
Free Space Path Loss
GHz
-
Giga hertz
LAN -
Local Area Network
LMDS -
Local Multipoint Distribution Services
LOS
Line of sight
-
MCMC-
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
mm/hr -
Millimetre per hour
PDF
Probability Density Function
-
ITU-R -
International Telecommunication Union - Radio communications
IEEE Std -
International of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Standard
P-MP -
Point to Multipoint Fixed Service
P-P
-
Point to Point Fixed Service
PPI
-
Plan Position Indicator
QAM -
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK -
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RHI
-
Range Height Indicator
Z
-
Radar Reflectivity Factor
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
List if author's related publications
120
B
Radar measurement and calibration
122
C
Radar range height indicator
123
D
Filtering and decoding radar data
126
E
Permanent echo chick
130
F
Rain rate flow charts
132
G
LMDS antenna aspects
136
H
LMDS performance
144
I
Rainfall and rain attenuation analysis
147
J
Coverage performance in each architecture to
different modulation
155