TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLRATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
xiii
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Aims and Objectives
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Significant of the Study
1.7 Organization of the Report
1
3
4
5
5
7
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Concept of Public Spaces
2.3 The Significance of Public Spaces
2.4 How Public Spaces are Made
2.5 Sociability and Public Life
2.6 What is Environmental Psychology?
2.7 Theories of Human Behaviour
2.7.1
The Perception or Cognition Theory
2.7.2
The Behaviour Constraint Theory
2.7.3 The Environment Stress Theory
9
10
11
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
3
2.7.4
2.7.5
The Adaptation Level Theory
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
19
19
2.7.6
2.7.7
2.7.8
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
Attitude towards Behaviour
Subjective Norm
21
23
24
2.7.9 Predicting Behaviour from Intentions
2.7.10 Correspondence between Intention and
Behaviour
2.7.11 Stability of Intentions
2.7.12 Determinants of Attitudinal and
Normative Components
2.7.13 Determinants of Attitude towards
Behaviour
2.7.14 Determinants of Subjective Norms
25
26
2.8 Theory of Reasoned Action and Design of Open
Space
2.9 The Ambient Environment
2.9.1 The Temperature of Spaces
2.9.2
The Sound of Spaces
2.9.3
The Smell of Spaces
2.9.4
The Illumination of Spaces
2.9.5
The Physical Environment
2.10 The Application of Environmental Psychology to
the Design of Public Spaces
2.11 Defining Open Space
2.12 Sitting in open spaces
2.12.1 Watching your back
2.12.2 Watching the world go by
2.12.3 Opportunities to interact or not
2.12.4 Distribution
2.13 Why are Open Spaces important?
2.14 Open Space Functions
2.15 Definition and Classification of Open Space
2.16 Other Classifications of Open Space
2.16.1 Public and Private Open Space
2.17 Significance and Benefits of Open Space
2.18 Environmental Considerations
32
METHODOLOGY
59
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Study Design
3.3 Study Site Overview
3.4 Sampling Design
3.5 Characteristics of a Good Sample
59
60
61
67
67
27
28
29
30
34
35
36
37
38
40
41
43
44
45
46
47
48
51
51
55
55
57
58
4
5
6
3.6 Research Method
3.7 Pre-Testing
3.8 Data collection instrument
3.9 Data collection procedure
3.10 Data Analysis
3.11 Theory Selection
3.12 Research model
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
FINDINGS
75
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Description
4.2.1 Missing Data
4.2.2 Inconsistencies
4.2.3 Quantitative Data Presentation
4.3 Demographics of Samples
4.4 Individual Item Reliability
4.5 Validity
4.6 Convergent validity
4.7 Discriminate validity
75
75
76
76
77
78
81
82
83
85
DISCUSSION
88
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Location
5.1.2 The Physical Makeup
5.1.3 The Types of People
5.1.4 The activities
5.1.5 The Length of Time
5.1.6 Seating and Standing
5.1.7 The Quality of the Edge
5.1.8 Sense of Place
5.2 Achievements of the objectives
5.2.1 Attitude
5.2.2 Subjective Norm
5.2.3 Comfort
5.2.4 Safety
5.2.5 Accessibility
5.3 Summary of Factors Affect sitting in open space
88
89
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
94
94
96
97
100
CONCLUSION
102
6.1 Contributions
6.1.1 Contribution to practice
6.1.2
Contribution to Theory
102
102
104
6.2 Limitations and Suggested Issues for Future Studies 105
REFERENCES
107
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
112
121
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Research Question, Research Tools
45
3.2
Data Collection Instrument
56
4.1
Constructs with their items
62
4.2
Demographic profile
65
4.3
Cornbach’s Alpha of Constructs
67
4.4
Significant and non-significant variables
68
4.5
Composite reliability and AVE
69
4.6
factor structure matrix of loading and cross loading
70
4.7
Correlations matrix of constructs
71
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Theory of reasoned action (TRA)
21
2.2
Theory of planned behavior (TPB)
23
2.3
Preference to observe, rather than be observed
39
2.4
People sit down in open space for resting
39
2.5
Movable chairs
40
3.1
Research methodology
47
3.2
Site plan showing open spaces and seating furniture
50
3.3
Library seating point
51
3.4
Library seating point
51
3.5
Faculty seating point
52
3.6
Faculty seating point
52
3.7
Research model
59
4.1
Gender Demography
63
4.2
Age Percentage of the Respondents
64
4.3
Racial identities of the respondent
64
4.4
Study levels of the respondents
65