Review: Youth Fitness
• Skill- & Health-related fitness
• Involvement in PA over time/with age
• 2008 PA guidelines
• Recommendations?
• Value?
• Norm- & Criterion-referenced standards
Psychological Measurements in
Sport and Exercise
HPHE 3150
Dr. Ayers
Psychological Factors
Affecting Sport Performance
• Anxiety
• Motivation
• Concentration
• Mental preparation
• Confidence
• Personality
Affective Domain
• Trait
vs.
Stable/Consistent
• General
vs.
TEOSQ
State
Situational
Sport Specific
Anxiety Assessment for Wrestlers
• Dimensionality
• Hard to isolate one component of most characteristics
Cautions
• Measurement errors
• One's own knowledge/limitations
• Test purpose
• Used how? Shared with whom?
• Validated for sample/situation intended
• Team selection
• Participant feedback
Measurement in the
Affective Domain
Quantitative (#s)
Qualitative (text)
Quantitative (#s)
Likert scales (1-5)
Semantic Differential (slow-fast)
Likert Scales
•Assume equal response intervals
•Widely used in attitude inventories
•Allow wider choice of expression than Y/N
•Using multiple intervals can improve reliability (to a
point; 5-7 max)
Table 12.2: Scaled Responses
1
2
3
4
5
Never
Sometimes
Often
Frequently
Always
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
agree
Agree
No opinion
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
Always
1
Never
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
Agree
1
Not
important
at all
7
10
11
Disagree
2
3
4
5
Extremely
important
Semantic Differential Scales
•Use bipolar adjectives (extremes)
•Choose point between extremes to reflect feelings
•Three factors measured with these scales
•Evaluation (degree of goodness)
•Potency (strength of concept being rated)
•Activity (describe action)
Semantic Differential
Evaluation (degree of goodness)
Pleasant
Fair
Honest
Good
Successful
Useful
Unpleasant
Unfair
Dishonest
Bad
Unsuccessful
Useless
Semantic Differential
Potency (strength of concept)
Strong
Hard
Heavy
Dominant
Rugged
Dirty
Weak
Soft
Light
Submissive
Delicate
Clean
Semantic Differential
Activity (describe action)
Steady
Happy
Active
Dynamic
Stationary
Fast
Nervous
Sad
Passive
Static
Moving
Slow
Table 12.3
Semantic Differential Scales
Physical Activity
Good
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Bad
Pleasant
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Unpleasant
Relaxed
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Tense
Hot
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Cold
Healthy
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Unhealthy
Nice
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Awful
Delicate
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Rugged
Active
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Passive
Measurement in the
Affective Domain
Qualitative (descriptors)
Interviews
Good listener
Tape record or take notes
Observation
Videotape
Be unobtrusive
Scales used in Sport and
Exercise Psychology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sport Competition Anxiety Scale (p. 331)
Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (p. 333-3)
Attitudes Toward Physical Activity (p. 357)
Children's Attitude Toward Physical Activity (p. 337)
Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale (p. 338)
Trait and State Sport Confidence Inventories (p. 340)
Group Environment Questionnaire (p. 341; Ex Phys)
Kenyon’s Attitude Toward
Physical Activity (ATPA)
6 Dimensions of ATPA:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Social experience
Health and Fitness
Pursuit of vertigo (thrill/excitement)
Aesthetic experience
Catharsis
Ascetic experience (self-denial; work)
General Psychological Scales Used in
Sport and Exercise
• Self-Motivation Inventory (p. 344; useful for Ex Phys
program leaders  drop-outs)
• Profile of Mood States (p. 346; individualize)
• Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (p.347)
• Width (broad to narrow)
• Direction (internal to external)
Stages of Change for Exercise
and Physical Activity (p. 349)
• Precontemplation
No intention to change behavior
• Contemplation
Intention to change behavior
• Preparation
Preparing for action
• Action
Involved in behavior change
• Maintenance
Sustain behavior change
• As a fitness leader in a corporate wellness program, how could the
SOC help you increase employee participation in PA program?
Tell a friend one thing you can use
psychological assessments for in your
profession.
Decide what tool you would realistically use and
bring a copy of that inventory to next class:
1)
2)
3)
4)
COMPLETE instrument
Administration instructions
Scoring instructions & tally sheet (if needed)
Validity & reliability information