Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e
Chapter 2
Process: A Generic View
copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc.
For University Use Only
May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level
when used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach.
Any other reproduction or use is expressly prohibited.
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
1
A Layered Technology
Software Engineering
tools
methods
process model
a “quality” focus
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2
A Process Framework
Process framework
Framework activities
work tasks
work products
milestones & deliverables
QA checkpoints
Umbrella Activities
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Framework Activities
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Communication
Planning
Modeling
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Construction
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Analysis of requirements
Design
Code generation
Testing
Deployment
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
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Umbrella Activities
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Software project management
Formal technical reviews
Software quality assurance
Software configuration management
Work product preparation and production
Reusability management
Measurement
Risk management
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
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The Process Model:
Adaptability
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the framework activities will always be applied on
every project ... BUT
the tasks (and degree of rigor) for each activity will
vary based on:
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the type of project
characteristics of the project
common sense judgment; concurrence of the project
team
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
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6
The CMMI
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The CMMI defines each process area in terms of
“specific goals” and the “specific practices” required to
achieve these goals.
Specific goals establish the characteristics that must
exist if the activities implied by a process area are to be
effective.
Specific practices refine a goal into a set of processrelated activities.
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with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
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Process Patterns
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Process patterns define a set of activities, actions, work
tasks, work products and/or related behaviors
A template is used to define a pattern
Typical examples:
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Customer communication (a process activity)
Analysis (an action)
Requirements gathering (a process task)
Reviewing a work product (a process task)
Design model (a work product)
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Process Assessment
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The process should be assessed to ensure that it meets
a set of basic process criteria that have been shown to
be essential for a successful software engineering.
Many different assessment options are available:
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SCAMPI
CBA IPI
SPICE
ISO 9001:2000
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Assessment and Improvement
Software Process
is examined by
identifies
modifications to
identifies capabilities
and risk of
Software Process
Assessment
Software Process
Improvement
leads to
leads to
Capability
Determination
motivates
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10
Personal Software Process
(PSP)
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Recommends five framework activities:
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Planning
High-level design
High-level design review
Development
Postmortem
stresses the need for each software engineer to
identify errors early and as important, to
understand the types of errors
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
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11
Team Software Process (TSP)
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Each project is “launched” using a “script” that
defines the tasks to be accomplished
Teams are self-directed
Measurement is encouraged
Measures are analyzed with the intent of
improving the team process
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12
The Primary Goal of Any Software
Process: High Quality
Remember:
High quality = project timeliness
Why?
Less rework!
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
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Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e
Chapter 3
Prescriptive Process Models
copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc.
For University Use Only
May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level
when used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach.
Any other reproduction or use is expressly prohibited.
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
14
Prescriptive Models
Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly approach to
software engineering
That leads to a few questions …
 If prescriptive process models strive for structure and order, are they
inappropriate for a software world that thrives on change?
 Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the order they imply)
and replace them with something less structured, do we make it
impossible to achieve coordination and coherence in software work?

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15
The Waterfall Model
Com m unic a t ion
proje c t init ia t ion
re quire m e nt ga t he ring
Planning
es timating
sc heduling
track ing
Mode ling
analysis
design
Const r uc t ion
code
t est
De ploy m e nt
de liv e ry
s upport
f e e dba c k
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The Incremental Model
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The RAD Model
Team # n
M o d e lin g
busines s m odeling
dat a m odeling
process m odeling
C o n s t r u c t io n
com ponent reuse
aut om at ic code
generat ion
t est ing
Team # 2
Com m unicat ion
Mo d eling
b u si n e ss m o d e l i n g
dat a m odeling
p ro ce ss m o d e l i n g
Planning
Co nst r uct io n
Team # 1
co m p o n e n t re u se
a u t o m a t i c co d e
g e n e ra t i o n
t e st i n g
Mode ling
De ploym e nt
int egrat ion
deliv ery
feedback
business modeling
dat a modeling
process modeling
Const r uct ion
component reuse
aut omat ic code
generat ion
t est ing
6 0 - 9 0 days
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Evolutionary Models: Prototyping
Qu ick
p lan
Quick
Com m unicat ion
plan
communication
Mo
d e lin g
Modeling
Qu ick d e sig n
Quick design
Deployment
Deployment
De live r y
delivery &
& Fe e dback
feedback
Const r uct ion
Construction
of
of ot
prototype
pr
ot ype
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Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
planning
estimation
scheduling
risk analysis
communication
modeling
analysis
design
start
deployment
delivery
feedback
construction
code
test
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Evolutionary Models: Concurrent
none
Modeling act ivit y
represents the state
of a software engineering
activity or task
Under
development
A wait ing
changes
Under review
Under
revision
Baselined
Done
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21
Still Other Process Models
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Component based development—the process to apply
when reuse is a development objective
Formal methods—emphasizes the mathematical
specification of requirements
AOSD—provides a process and methodological
approach for defining, specifying, designing, and
constructing aspects
Unified Process—a “use-case driven, architecturecentric, iterative and incremental” software process
closely aligned with the Unified Modeling Language
(UML)
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22
The Unified Process (UP)
Elab
o r at io n
elaboration
Incep t io n
inception
inception
co nst r uct io n
Release
soft ware increment
t r ansit io n
p r o d uct io n
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UP Phases
UP Phases
Incept ion
Elaborat ion
Const ruct ion
Transit ion
Product ion
Workflows
Requirements
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Test
Support
Iterations
#1
#2
#n-1
#n
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UP Work Products
Incept ion phase
Vision document
Init ial use-case model
Init ial project glossary
Init ial business case
Init ial risk assessment .
Project plan,
phases and it erat ions.
Business model,
if necessary .
One or more prot ot y pes
I nc e pt i o
n
Elaborat ion phase
Use-case model
Supplement ary requirement s
including non-funct ional
Analy sis model
Soft ware archit ect ure
Descript ion.
Execut able archit ect ural
prot ot y pe.
Preliminary design model
Rev ised risk list
Project plan including
it erat ion plan
adapt ed workflows
milest ones
t echnical work product s
Preliminary user manual
Const ruct ion phase
Design model
Soft ware component s
Int egrat ed soft ware
increment
Test plan and procedure
Test cases
Support document at ion
user manuals
inst allat ion manuals
descript ion of current
increment
Transit ion phase
Deliv ered soft ware increment
Bet a t est report s
General user feedback
These courseware materials are to be used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e and are provided
with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005
25