vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF CASES
xii
LIST OF FIGURE
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of the study
1
1.2 Statement of issues
3
1.3 Objective of study
5
viii
2
1.4 Limitation of Study
5
1.5 The significant of research
6
1.6 Research Methodology
6
ARCHITECT AND LIABILITY
9
2.1 Introduction
9
2.2 Definition of Architect
11
2.3 Roles of Architect
12
2.4 Selection of Architect
14
2.5 Appointment of Architect
15
2.5.1 Form of Appointment
2.6 Conditions of Engagement
16
2.7 Duties of Architect
17
2.7.1
18
Duties under Standard Form of Contract
2.7.2 Duties during Construction Stages
2.7.2.1 Supervision and Inspection of Works
2.8 Professional Relationship
2.8.1 Architect and Owner/Clients
19
20
21
21
2.8.1.1 Liability Architect as an Agent
23
2.8.1.2 Voluntary Agreements with Owners
23
2.8.1.3 Termination of Contract between
Owner and Architect
24
2.8.1.4 Architect and Client Relation during
Inspection
25
ix
2.8.2 Architect and contractor
2.8.2.1 Architect And Contractor Relation
During Inspection
3
26
28
2.9 Architect cannot delegate a work
31
2.10 Architect decision is final
32
2.11 Architect decision is not final
34
2.12 Professional liability
34
2.13 Professional liability in contract
37
2.14 The Architect Liability
38
2.14.1 Breach of contract
41
2.14.2 Negligence
42
2.14.2.1
Strict Liability
44
2.14.2.2
Vicarious Liability
45
2.15 Tort Liability
45
2.16 Standard of Care
48
2.17 Conclusion
50
INSPECTION OF WORK
51
3.1 Introduction
51
3.2 Definition of Inspection
52
3.3 Inspection of Contract Form
53
3.3.1
PAM Form 2006
53
x
3.3.2
P.W.D. Form 203
3.4 Inspectors
56
3.4.1
Inspection by the Design Professional or
Architect
55
3.4.2
Inspection by the Contractor
57
3.5 Scope if Inspection
59
3.6 Factors on Site Visit
60
3.7 Rules and Proceeding on a Site
61
3.8 Difference Supervision and Inspection
62
3.8.1
4
55
Difference Monitoring and Inspection
64
3.9 Inspection during Practical Completion
65
3.10 Site Preparation for Inspection
66
3.11 Site Information for Inspection
69
3.11.1 Snagging
71
3.11.2 Inspection Data Must Be Recorded
70
3.11.3 Conformance of Plan and Specifications
73
3.12 Visual Inspection
74
3.13 Inspection by Other Parties
75
3.14 Conclusion
76
CASE ANALYSIS: LIABILITY ARCHITECT IN
CONNECTION WITH INSPECTION
78
4.1 Introduction
78
4.2 Architect Negligence and Failure to Inspection
79
xi
4.2.1
Brown & Another v. Scott & Another
80
4.2.2
4.2.3
Dr Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid & Anor v
81
Jurusan Malaysia Consultants (Sued As A Firm) & Ors
Chuang Uming (Pte) Ltd v Setron Ltd and another Appeal 82
4.2.4
Lim Teck Kong v Dr Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid & Anor 83
4.2.5
McGlinn v Waltham Contractors Ltd and others (No 3)
84
4.3 Architect Not Liable On Negligence And Failure To Inspection
85
4.3.1
Sim & Associates v Tan Alfred
85
4.3.2
Tesco Stores Ltd v The Norman Hitchcox
Partnership Ltd and others
86
4.3.3
Consarc Design Ltd v. Hutch Investments Ltd
87
4.3.4
PB Malaysia Sdn Bhd v Samudra (M) Sdn Bhd
88
4.4 Conclusion Liability of Architect
89
4.5 Degree of Inspection
90
4.5.1
Inspection Depend On Size of Projects
90
4.5.2
Reasonable Work On Inspection
92
4.5.3
Inspection Depend On Contractor Expertise
93
4.5.4
Inspection On Related Event
94
4.5.5
Inspection Depend On Nature Of The Works
95
4.5.6
Architect Must Inspect All The Works
97
4.6 Conclusion on Degree of Inspection
98
4.7 Conclusion
99
xii
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
100
5.1
Introduction
100
5.2 Research Finding
100
5.3 Study Constraint
101
5.4 Suggestion for future study
101
5.5 Conclusion
102
REFERENCES
106
xiii
LIST OF CASES
CASES
PAGE
Acrecrest Ltd. V W. S. Hattrell & Partners and Another [1983] Qb 260
39,54, 74, 75,
79
42,49
Anns v. Merton London Borough Council[1978] A.C. 728
Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 583
37
Blair And Patterson Ltd v. McDermott [2006] ABC.L.R. 05/01,
106
63. 79,80,96
Brown & Another v. Scott & Another
Chuang
Uming
(Pte)
Ltd
V
Setron
Ltd
And
Another
31, 82, 91,95
Appeal[2000]1SLR166
Clay v. A.J. Crump & Sons Ltd[I964] 1 QB 533
Clayton v. Woodman & Son (Builders) Ltd. [1962] 2 Q.B. 533.
Consarc Design Ltd. v Hutch Investments Ltd (2002) 84 Con LR 36
Croudace Ltd v London Borough of Lambeth (1986) 6 Con LR 70
70,74
34
87,94
23
xiv
Davie v. New Merton Board Mills Ltd. [1959] A.C. 604
Department of National heritage v. Steensen Varming Mulcahy
31
20,61
and others [1998] 60 ConLR 33
Donoghue v Stevenson [I9321 A.C. 562
Dr Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid & Anor V Jurusan Malaysia
48
81,92
Consultants & Ors [1997] 3 MLJ 546
East Ham Corp v Bernard Sunley & Sons Ltd[1966] AC 406
69,106
Jameson v Simon[1899] 1 F (Ct of Sess) 1211
85,105
Kennedy v Gerard Hamill [2005] NIQB 23.
75
Kensington, Chelsea & Westminster Area Health Authority v.
32
Wettern Composites (1984) 1 CON LR 114
Lim Teck Kong v Dr Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid & Anor[2006] 3 MLJ
83
213
McGlinn v Waltham Contractors Ltd and others (No 3) [2007] EWHC
4, 33,63, 72,
149 (TCC)
78, 85,93,98
McLoughlin v. O'Brian[1982] 2 W.L.R. 982
PB Malaysia Sdn Bhd v Samudra (M) Sdn Bhd
Pembenaan Leow Tuck Chui & Sons Sdn Bhd V Dr Leela's Medical
Centre Sdn Bhd[1995] 2 MLJ 57
49
88,92
30,83,100
xv
R v. Architects Registration Tribunal, ex p. Jaggar [1945] 2 All E.R.
1, 11
131
RSP Architects Planners & Engineers v Ocean Front Pte Ltd[1996] 1
50
SLR 113
Rylands v. Fletcher [1868] LR 3HL 330
Scrivener & Anor v Pask (1866) LR 1 CP 715.
Sim & Associates (Sued As A Firm) V Tan Alfred[1994] 3 SLR 169
Steven Phoa Cheng Loon & Ors v Highland Properties Sdn Bhd & Ors
43
23, 69
17, 67, 85,97
17
[2000] 4 MLJ 200
Sutcliffe v Chippendale & Edmonson (1971) 18 BLR 149
93,100
Sutcliffe v. Thackrah & Ors. [1974] AC 727
17,102
Tesco Stores Ltd v The Norman Hitchcox Partnership Ltd and others
86
Teh Khem On & Anor V Yeoh & Wu Development Sdn Bhd &
84
Ors[1995] 2MLJ663
Victoria University of Manchester V. Hugh Wilson and Lewis
29,82,83
Momersley [1984] 1 Const LJ 162
Voli v Inglewood Shire Council & Anor(1963) 110 CLR 74
White & Anor v Jones & Ors[1995] 1 All ER 691.
30,40,47
80
xvi
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Research Process and Methodology
8
2.1
Relation with Owner ± Contractor - Architect
27
2.2
Relation with Owner ± Contractor ± Architect with subcontractor 27
2.3
Types of liability
45
3.1
Process on inspection during practical completion
66
3.2
Flow site preparation for inspection
68
3.3
Important information for inspection
71
4.1
Difference Negligent To Inspection and Failure to Inspection
89
4.2
Conclusion Case Analysis
89
4.3
Conclusion on Degree of Inspection
98
xvii
4.4
Chronology of Liability Architect during Inspections of Work
LIST OF ABBRIEVATIONS
PAM
-
Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia
PWD
-
Public Works Department Malaysia
P.D
-
Project Director
S.O.
-
Superintending Officer
C.O.W
-
Clerk of Work
99