vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURE
xiii
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
1.0
Introduction
1
1.2
Background of Problem
1
1.3
Problem Statement
3
1.3.1
The Gases Emission Production Factor
3
1.3.2
Mode of Transport
5
1.3.3
Share factor
7
1.3.3.1 Landuse distribution and Urban Sprawl
7
1.3.3.2 Culture and riders profile
8
1.4
Research Question
8
1.5
Aim of Research
10
1.6
Research Objective
10
1.7
Significance of Research
11
1.8
Research Design
12
1.9
Expected Contribution
13
viii 1.10
Study Limitation
13
1.11
Summary
14
2.0
Literature Review
15
2.2
Urban Transportation
16
2.3
Trip Generation
17
2.4
Trip Generation Analysis
18
2.4.1
Zonal Least Squares Regression Analysis
19
2.4.1.1
20
2.5
Regression Analysis Equation
2.4.2
Category Analysis
21
2.4.3
Zonal Least Regression Analysis vs Category Analysis
22
Modal Split in Urban Transportation
22
2.5.1
Riders Profiles in Urban Transportation
23
2.5.2
The Characteristics in Urban Transport
25
2.5.3
Methods Use in Analyzing Urban Transport
26
2.5.3.1 Inferential Analysis
26
2.5.3.2 Descriptive Analysis
29
2.5.3.3 Comparison Between Inferential and Descriptive
Analysis
2.6
2.7
30
Gases Emission in Urban Transport
31
2.6.1
Type of Carbon Footprints Considered as GHG Emission
32
2.6.2
Energy Consumption in Malaysia
32
2.6.3
Carbon Emission for Urban Transport
34
2.6.4
Method of Measuring Emission Production
36
2.6.4.1 By Vehicle Activities
36
2.6.4.2 By Fuel Consumption Method
37
Summary
39
ix 3.0
Research Methodology
40
3.1
Introduction
40
3.2
Methodology
40
3.2.1
Category Analysis Method
41
3.2.2
Inferential Analysis
43
3.2.3
Fuel Consumption Method
44
3.3
Data Sources
47
3.3.1
Primary Data
48
3.3.1.1 Data Collection Procedures
48
3.3.1.1.1 Sampling Method
48
3.3.1.1.2 Sampling Design
49
3.3.1.1.3 Sample Size
50
3.3.1.1.4 Location Time
50
3.3.2
3.4
4.0
Secondary Data
Summary
52
52
Analysis and Findings
53
4.1 Iskandar Malaysia Region Profile
53
4.2
4.1.1 Flagship Zones
54
4.1.2 Location
55
4.1.3 Population
56
4.1.4 Employment
58
Analysis
60
4.2.1
Riders Profile
62
4.2.1.1 Gender
62
4.2.1.2 Age Group
63
4.2.1.3 Employment and Income Level
64
4.2.1.4 Vehicle Ownership
67
Trip Making Performance
69
4.2.2.1 Zonal Activities
69
4.2.2
x 4.2.2.2 Trip Purpose
4.3
4.2.3 Perspectives on Public Transportation
72
4.2.4 Emission Contribution Factors
75
5.0
4.2.4.1 Type of Fuel
75
4.2.4.2 Frequency of refuel activities
77
4.2.4.3 Fuel Cost
78
Findings
80
4.3.1
Relationship between income level and vehicle ownership 80
4.3.2
Monthly Emission Production in Iskandar Malaysia
82
4.3.3
Business As Usual (BAU) Implication
84
4.3.4
Based on Scenario (BOS) Projection
88
4.3.4.1 Modal Share 50-50
88
4.3.4.2 Modal Share 40-60
89
4.3.5
4.4
71
Impact of Public Transportation Services
Summary
90
93
Recommendations and Conclusion
94
5.1
94
Introduction
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
Achieving Objective 1
5.1.1.1 Emission Monitoring Board and Displays
95
5.1.1.2 Charge Per Trip
95
Achieving Objective 2
5.1.2.1 Fuel Switch
97
5.1.2.2 Increase LPG supply station
97
Achieving Objective 3
5.1.3.1 Reduce Modal Split to 40:60 (Private: Public)
5.1.4
98
Achieving Objective 4
5.1.4.1 Promotion of Green Transport
100
5.1.4.2 Improvement of Public Transportation Services
101
xi 5.1.5
5.2
Achieving Objective 5
5.1.5.1 Encourages Integrated Landuse Development
103
5.1.5.2 One Vehicle One Family Concept
104
Conclusion
105
REFERENCES
106
APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE
108
xii LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1
Table 1-2
Table 2-1
Table 2-2
Table 2-3
Table 2-4
Table 3-1
Table 3-2
Table 3-3
Table 3-4
Table 3-5
Table 3-6
Table 3-7
Table 4-1
Table 4-2
Table 4-3
Table 4-4
Table 4-5
Table 4-6
Table 4-7
Table 4-8
Table 4-9
Table 4-10
Table 4-11
Table 4-12
Table 4-13
Table 4-14
Table 4-15
Table 4-16
Table 4-17
Table 4-18
Table 4-19
Table 4-20
Table 4-21
Table 4-22
-
First Quarter Year 2010 (Vehicle registered)
Second Quarter Year 2010 (Vehicle registered)
Correlation Degree Result
Energy Demands
Carbon Measure
Emission From Vehicles Activities
Level of Income
Car Ownership
Family Structure
Zoning
Fuel Type
Pollutants Type
Fuel Conversion
Population 2010
Employment Rate 2010
Gender
Respondent`s Age
Employment Status
Income Level
Cross Tabulation Income
Vehicle Ownership
Trip Origin
Perspectives on public services
Reason on Using Own Vehicle
Fuel Type
Fuel Market Price
Weekly Refuel Activities
Refuel Amount
Cross Tabulation Income Level
Gamma Result
Travel Distance
Emission Production
Emission Distribution
BAU
Relationship Between Public and Private
4
4
29
33
35
36
41
42
42
44
44
45
46
57
59
62
63
65
65
66
68
70
73
73
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
92
xiii LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 3-1
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Figure 4-8
Figure 4-9
Figure 4-10
Figure 4-11
Figure 4-12
Figure 4-13
Figure 4-14
Figure 4-15
-
Traffic Condition in Iskandar region
Research Design
Trip Generation
Energy Demands
Data Sources
Flagship Zones
Highway Access
Age Distribution 2010
Respondents` Age
Cross Tabulation Income
Origin Destination
Trip Destination
Fuel Market Price
Refuel Activities
BAU in years
BAU in 2012-2025
BAU in vehicles numbers
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Reason Use Private Vehicles
6
12
18
33
47
54
55
56
64
67
70
71
74
77
86
86
87
88
90
91
xiv GLOSSARY OF TERMS
IRDA
-
Iskandar Region Development Authority
JPBD
-
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa
MIROS
-
Malaysian Institute of Road Safety
NPP
-
National Physical Plan
BAU
-
Business As Usual
BOS
-
Based On Scenario
JPJ
-
Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan
xv LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire
108