ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
PAGE
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
ix
xi
xiii
xvi
xvii
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement
Research objectives
Scope and Task
Significance of the study
Thesis Outline
1
3
3
4
5
2
2.1
2.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Coral Reef Restoration Techniques
2.2.1 Biorock
2.2.2 Fixed and Suspended Coral Reef Nurseries
6
10
15
19
2.3
3
2.2.3 Rope Nurseries
2.2.4 Coral Reef Restoration in Malaysia
Electrochemical Reaction
2.3.1 The Anodic Reaction
2.3.2 The Cathodic Reaction
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND
22
27
31
33
35
x
3.6
3.7
PROCEDURE
Introduction
Laboratory Setup
On Site Setup
Cluster Location
Solar Panel
3.5.1 Solar Panel Setup
3.5.2 Solar Controller
3.5.3 Solar Battery Charger
Environmental Parameters Meters
Measurement of Environmental Parameters
40
42
44
48
49
50
51
54
57
62
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
RESULTS
Laboratory Results
On Site Results
Fish Distribution in EDR Test Bed.
64
67
90
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendation for Future Research Works
91
94
REFERENCES
96
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
5
5.1
5.2
xi LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Minimum parameters for healthy coral reefs
14
3.1
Technical specifications for solar controller
53
3.2
Specifications for the solar battery charger
56
4.1
Laboratory test results
65
4.2
4.3
Summary of activities done during monitoring
Average Physico-chemical parameters of study
71
72
site during the study period (April 2008 - October
2009)
4.4
Coral species observed at Cluster A and B.
73
4.5
The abundance and diversity of coral samples at
77
Cluster A
4.6
The abundance and diversity of coral samples at
78
Cluster B
4.7
Comparison of Acropora sp. growth in Cluster A
79
and B
4.8
The picture of fish that have been observed in the
82
artificial reefs.
4.9
The abundance and diversity of fishes
86
xii 4.10
Average diversity index of fish for Cluster A
87
4.11
Average diversity index of fish for Cluster B
88
4.12
Average diversity index of total fish species
89
5.1
Electrochemical force series
95
xiii LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Coral reefs at risk from human activities.
10
2.2
Threats to the world coral reefs.
11
2.3
Biorock
17
2.4
Schematic illustration of the fixed and suspended coral
reefs nurseries. (A) Suspended nursery (B) Leg-fixed
nursery, (C–D) Nurseries' modular units.
20
2.5
Results from fixed and suspended coral reef nurseries
21
2.6
The three rope nursery prototypes. (A and B) The
23
floating and tied to bottom nurseries housed only two
species, and (C) fixed to bottom
2.7
Rope nurseries results
26
2.8
Hex Reefs deployed in PulauTioman
27
2.9
(a) Dome Reef (b) Enviro Reefs
28
2.10
Atom structure
32
2.11
Anodic reaction
33
2.12
Anodic sites on surface of iron exposed to seawater
34
xiv 2.13
Cathodic reaction
35
2.14
Cathode reaction into the electrolyte.
36
2.15
Ionization circuit
37
3.1
Bio rock; Coral reef not naturally growth but tied with
41
cable
3.2
EDR: Coral reefs naturally growth at cathode and
41
artificial reefs.
3.3
Laboratory setup for EDR testing
43
3.4
Aerial view of the test bed location.
44
3.5
Concrete reefs construction
45
3.6
Cluster A (a) side, (b) top view and (c) on site test bed
46
3.7
Cluster B (a) side, (b) top view and (c) on site test bed
47
3.8
Cluster locations
48
3.9
Solar panel setup
50
3.10
Solar panel installed at the roof top of marine park jetty
51
3.11
Solar controller
53
3.12
Solar battery
55
3.13
Site marking by diver
57
3.14
Frame assembly
58
3.15
Solar panel installation
58
3.16
Concrete reef deployment
59
3.17
Concrete reefs attached with copper and the underwater
60
cable direct to solar panel.
3.18
Test bed deployment
60
3.19
Schematic diagram of EDR test bed
61
3.20
Multi probe for water quality measurement
63
4.1
Closed up on calcium carbonate deposited at cathode on
67
lab test
xv 4.2
Comparison of Cluster A and B growth rate of Acropora
81
5.1
Initial substrate.
92
5.2
Broken corals caused by snorkelers, swimmers and
92
divers.
5.3
Acroporagrowth rate is75mm in 2 years
93
xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EDR
-
Electro Deposition Reefs
LED
-
Light Emitting Diode
Amp
-
Ampere
Volt.
-
Voltage
PVC
-
Polyvinyl Chloride
PWM
-
Pulse Width Modulation
MPPT
-
Maximum power point tracking
EPA
-
Environmental Protection Agency
ORP
-
Oxidation Reduction Potential
TDS
Total Dissolved Solids
EC
Conductivity
DO
Dissolved Oxygen
xvii LIST OF SYMBOLS
m
-
Meter
mm
-
Millimetre
pH
-
Hydrogen ion activity in solution
W
-
Watts
I
-
Current
V
-
Volt
mg
-
milligram
ℓ
-
litre