vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xv
LIST OF APPENDIXS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives of the Study
3
1.4
Scope of the Study
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Landfill Leachate
7
2.2.1 Leachate Quantity
8
2.2.2 Leachate Quality
11
2.2.3 Leachate Treatment
14
viii
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
4
Wetland
16
2.3.1 Constructed Wetland
17
2.3.2 Types of Constructed Wetland
18
2.3.3 Wetlands Vegetation
21
2.3.4 Wetlands Function and Values
23
2.3.5 Treatment Processes Mechanisms
24
2.3.6 Treatment Performance
28
Magnet and Magnetism
29
2.4.1 Effect of Magnetic Field to Molecules
33
2.4.2 Magnetic Mechanism
36
2.4.3 Magnetic Treatment
38
Conclusion
41
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
43
3.2
Leachate Collection
45
3.3
Experimental Set up
45
3.3.1 Magnetic Devices
48
3.3.2
49
Media
3.3.3 Plant
50
3.4
Analysis Procedure
51
3.5
Analysis of heavy metals in plant tissues
51
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
52
4.2
Treatment Process Mechanisms
53
4.3
Suspended Solid (TSS) Removal
53
4.4
Turbidity Removal
57
4.5
Nutrients Removal
59
4.5.1 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH4-N) Removal
59
4.5.2 Nitrate (NO3-N)
62
4.5.3 Phosphorus (P)
64
Metals Removal
68
4.6
ix
5
4.6.1 Ferum (Fe)
68
4.6.2 Manganese (Mn)
71
4.7
ANOVA Analysis
73
4.8
Uptake by Plant
75
4.9
Physical Appearance of Plants
77
4.10
Conclusion
81
CONCLUSIONS
5.1
Conclusions
82
5.2
Recommendations
83
REFERENCES
85
APPENDICES
99
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES
TITLE
2.1
Alternative method for management of leachate
2.2
Indications of typical leachate concentrations for various constituents
PAGE
7
in time
8
2.3
Data on the composition of leachate from landfills
9
2.4
Representative biological, chemical and physical processes and
operations used for the treatment of leachate
14
2.5
Important functions and values of natural wetlands
24
2.6
Comparison of different performance constructed wetlands
30
2.7
Summary of magnetic treatment
39
3.1
Description of the plant
50
3.2
Method applied for parameter analysis
51
4.1
Comparison between initial and effluent quality of leachate
53
4.2
Summary of removal mechanisms in wetlands for the pollutants in
wastewater
4.3
Significant differences between control, vegetated and vegetated
with magnet treatment systems for vertical SSF
4.4
73
Significant differences between control, vegetated and vegetated
with magnet treatment systems for horizontal SSF
4.5
54
73
ANOVA analysis comparing vertical and horizontal SSF for control,
vegetated and vegetated with magnet treatment systems
74
4.6
Accumulation of Fe in leaves and roots
77
4.7
Accumulation of Mn in leaves and roots
77
xi
4.8
Amount or partial and complete wilting of plant’s leaves in
vegetated and vegetated with magnet treatment in vertical SSF
constructed wetlands
4.9
78
Amount or partial and complete wilting of plant’s leaves in
vegetated and vegetated with magnet treatment in horizontal SSF
constructed wetlands
78
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Water balance components and direction of leachate to a wetland
10
2.2
COD and BOD5 versus time
12
2.3
Types of constructed wetlands
19
2.4
General arrangement for the constructed wetland with (a) a horizontal
flow and; (b) a vertical flow
20
2.5
Submerged aquatic plants; (a) hydrilla; (b) coontail
22
2.6
Floating aquatic plants; (a) water hyacinth; (b) water lettuce
22
2.7
Emergent aquatic plants; (a) bulrush; (b) cattail; (c) reeds
23
2.8
Right-hand rule
33
2.9
Magnetic field directed out from north pole (N) to south pole (S)
34
2.10
Positioning of fields and force
34
2.11
Nonpolar displacement
35
2.12
Polar displacement
35
2.13
Reaction of charged ion in solution when exposed to magnetic field
36
2.14
Classification of permanent magnet type
37
2.15
Illustration of classes of magnetic devices by installation location
38
2.16
Illustration of classes of non-permanent magnet devices
38
3.1
Flow chart of the experiments
44
3.2
Schematic plan of the SFS system used in the experiments; (a) Control;
(b) Vegetated and; (c) Vegetated with magnet treatment systems
46
3.3
Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for overall experiments
47
3.4
Tank (a) Control; (b) Vegetated; and (c) Vegetated with magnet
47
3.5
Magnetic devices used in the experiment
48
xiii
3.6
Schematic magnetic devices used in the experiments
49
3.7
Cross section of magnetic devices used in the experiments
49
3.8
Limnhocharis flava (yellow burhead)
50
4.1
Suspended solids removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
55
4.2
Comparison of TSS concentration (C/Co) for; (a) Vertical and;
(b) Horizontal SSF system
56
4.3
Turbidity removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
57
4.4
Comparison of turbidity concentration (C/Co) for; (a) Vertical and;
(b) Horizontal SSF system
58
4.5
Ammoniacal nitrogen removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
60
4.6
Comparison of NH4-N concentration (C/Co) for; (a) Vertical and;
(b) Horizontal SSF system
61
4.7
Nitrate removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
63
4.8
Comparison of NO3-N concentration (C/Co) for; (a) vertical and;
(b) horizontal SSF system
64
4.9
Phosphorus removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
65
4.10
Comparison of P concentration (C/Co) for; (a) vertical and;
(b) horizontal SSF system
67
4.11
Ferum removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
69
4.12
Comparison of Fe concentration (C/Co) for; (a) vertical and;
(b) horizontal SSF system
70
4.13
Manganese removal for vertical and horizontal SSF system
71
4.14
Comparison of Mn concentration (C/Co) for; (a) Vertical and;
(b) Horizontal SSF system
Fe uptake by root and leaves for (a) vertical and; (b) horizontal SSF
72
4.15
system
75
4.16
Mn uptake by root and leaves for (a) vertical and; (b) horizontal SSF
system
4.17
Physical appearance of plants in (a) vegetated and; (b) vegetated with
magnet after 6 days of treatment in vertical SSF
4.18
78
Physical appearance of plants in (a) vegetated and; (b) vegetated with
magnet after 12 days of treatment in vertical SSF
4.19
76
79
Physical appearance of plants in (a) vegetated and; (b) vegetated with
magnet after 18 days of treatment in vertical SSF
79
xiv
4.20
Physical appearance of plants in (a) vegetated and; (b) vegetated with
magnet after 6 days of treatment in horizontal SSF
4.21
Physical appearance of plants in (a) vegetated and; (b) vegetated
with magnet after 12 days of treatment in horizontal SSF
4.22
79
80
Physical appearance of plants in (a) vegetated and; (b) vegetated
with magnet after 18 days of treatment in horizontal SSF
80
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
B
-
Magnetic field
BOD
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CaCO3
-
Calcium carbonate
COD
-
Chemical Oxygen Demand
F
-
Magnetic field force
Fe
-
Ferum
FWS
-
Free Water Surface
HF
-
Horizontal flow
I
-
Current
mg/g
-
milligram per gram
mg/L
-
milligram per liter
mL/s
-
milliliter per second
Mn
-
Manganese
NH4-N
-
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
NO3-N
-
Nitrate
P
-
Phosphorus
SSF
-
Sub Surface Flow
TSS
-
Total Suspended Solid
TOC
-
Total Organic Carbon
TDS
-
Total Dissolved Solids
TKN
-
Total Kjeldahl-N
TN
-
Total Nitrogen
TP
-
Total Phosphorus
VF
-
Vertical Flow
VFA
-
Volatile Fatty Acids
VSB
-
Vegetated Submerged Bed
XOC
-
Xenobiotic Organic Compound
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Raw Data
99
B
Varian Analysis Calculation (ANOVA)
104