Plants Poisonous to Horses
OLC Agriculture & Natural Resource Cooperative Extension Outreach
By Julia S. Goings
Spring 2009 (06-09-09)
#
Family
Photograph
Lakota Name
&
Common Name
I
Botanical Name
N
1
čhaƞȟlóǧ ̨ ƞ
sutá
p.901
Senecio spp.
Senecio, Groundsel,
Tansy ragwort
Over 70 species
2
apéla
tȟaphíšlečala
iyéčheča
p.1041
N
Euphorbia esula L.
I
P
B
A
Toxic
Principle
DRAFT 3 Update
Symptoms
Control
Treatment
Pyrrolizidine
alkaloids
Photosensitation/Diarre
ha/Weight
Loss/Anemia/Circling/
Aimless
Wandering/Head
Pressing/Jaundice
Keep
Animal out
of area
No known
effective treatment
Diterpene esters
Excessive
salivation/Vomiting/Di
arrhea/Blisters/Severe
Eye irritation
Leafy
Spurge
Beetle
Removal of horse
from area will lead
to recovery
Excessive
salvation/Severe Wight
Loss/ Pneumonia/Fixed
or Wooden facial
Expression
Identificatio
n of plant in
pasture
No known
effective treatment
P
Complex Compound
DDMP (dingdro-3,5didydroxy-6-Hpyran-4)
P
Sesquiterpene lactone
and essential oils or
momoterpenes
Unpredictable
behavior/Falls down
Unexpectedly/Circling/
Collide with objects
No
Overgrazing
of pasture
Evaluate behavior
and neurological
functions.
No riding of horse
until fully
recovered.
B
/
P
P
Leafy spurge
wapȟépȟe
p.1011
3
Centaurea repens L.
I
Russian knapwood
4
kaswúpi (fringed)
p.1011
pȟežihota (sage)
p.1012
Artemisia frigida
Willd.
N
Fringed sage, sagewort
1
yaǰópi hú
cíkala
Cicuta maculatum L.
5
Apiaceae
N
ya žopi-hú čik’ala
p. 909
Means “small flute
stem”
Cicutoxin and cicutol
Affects
The brain and
respiratory system.
Teeth
Grinding/Excessive
Salvation/Vigorous
Chewing movements
Most
violently
poisonous
plant in
north
America
Your Veterinarian
IV of sodium
pentobarbital on
onset of seizures.
Induce vomiting.
Artificial
Respiration.
Coniine (mature plant
& seed)
Gamma – coniceine
(young growing
plant)
Blocks spinal cord
reflexes
Abdominal
pain/Sudden
death/Muscle
tremors/Comma /no
convulsions
Plant removal
from pasture
by mowing in
seed stage.
Access
denied in
springtime
(rapid plant
growth).
No known specific
treatment
Poisoning and death
Colic/diarrhea/muscle
tremors/seizures/
bloating
Removal of
horse from
plant source,
fresh water
is given,
quality hay
and shade.
No known specific
treatment
P
Cardenolidea
(cardiac glycosides)
and other glycosides
& resinoids
Poisoning of Horses
Rapid
breathe/Weak/Staggerin
g/Vomit/Tremors/Conv
ulsions/
Coma/Death
Stomach
tube used to
lessen
pressure in
rumen.
No known specific
treatment
P
Steroidal alkaloids
(potent hypotensive
activity)
B
/
P
Spotted water
hemlock
yažopi hú
p.909
Conium maculatum L.
I
B
6
Poison hemlock
7
Itóptasapa tȟaph́ ežuta
čhešlóšlo
pȟ̨ ežuta
p.950
Asclepias syriaca L.
N
Milkweed
(12)
In South Dakota
pšin hublóka
p.850
8
Zigadenus
venenosus S. Wats.
N
Supportive therapy
is indicated
Death camas
2
9
hánska
wánáǧi thiƞpsila
p. 985
hukhú čiyela
p. 943
Tall larkspur
Delphinium barbeyi
N
P
Diterpene
Alkaloids
Methyllyacinitiue
14decacetylnudicauline
nudicauline
Horses and cattle can
rarely be affected
Muscle weakness and
paralysis
Avoid stress
in affected
horse.
Bloat
treatment/st
omach tube.
Keep horses off
range area with
This specific plant.
Physostigmine I.V.
may be prescribed
by your
veterinarian
Toxin: Is yet to be
determined for liver
disease and
photosensitiztion
(trifoliosis)
Jaundice/Weight
Loss/Headpressing/Circling.
Liver biopsy and high
serum liver enzyme will
confirm poisoning
cause photo sensation
in horses.
Fungus in
clover may
cause
disease.
Removal of all
clover from diet.
Anoxia is rapid and
results in death.
Urinary incontinence
and hind leg weakness
Grazing time
is monitored
closely.
Range
knowledge is
imperative.
No stress to horse.
Your Veterinarian
may prescribe: IV
Sodium thiosulfate
& sodium nitrate
soluation.
Breathing
difficulty/Mucous
membranes are chery
red/Urinary
incontinence/Weight
loss/Abortion
Sodium
picrate test:
Rumen &
plant
material.
Your
veterinarian’s
prescribes I.V.’s
Sodium
thiosulfate &
Sodium nitrite.
Dephinium bicolor
Low larkspur
10
hiíyat’iƞze
Clover
p.831
Trifolium hybridum
I
P
Alsike clover
11
pȟeží
Grass
p.899
CYANOGENIC PLANTS
Cyanogenic
Glycoside dhurrin
Sorghum halapense
(L.) Pers.
I
P
Horse kept indoors
toavoid the sun.
Johnson grass
12
pȟeží
Grass
p.899
Sorghum
sudanensis
I
A
Cyanogenic
glycosiden
Rumen
microorganism free
HCN hydrogen
cyanide
Sudan grass
PLANTS AFFECTING the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
BUTTERCUPS
3
13
wičhágnaške
čhaƞȟlóǧan
p. 819
Buttercups
14
Ranunculaceae
čhaƞíyuwi
skaská
naȟčá
p.1088
Clematis, Virgin’s bower
15
Ranunculaceae
waskúyeča
Berry
p.807
Baneberry
Oily glycoside,
ranunculin converts
to protoanemonim
as plant is chewed
and enzymes are
released.
Diarrhea/Redness
of mucous
membranes and
Excessive
salvation.
P
Oily glycoside,
ranunculin changes
to protoanemonin in
plant enzyme when
chewed.
P
Glycoside
ranunculin changes
quickly to a
protzanemonin
irritant.
Excessive
salvation/Vomit/Di
arrhea/Redness of
mucous
membranes.
Pass into the milk
of lactating animal.
Mouth &
gastrointestinal
tract.
Passed into the
milk of lactating
animals.
Vomit, Colic &
Diarrhea.
P
Ranu N
nculu
s
Spp.
Clem
atis
ligusti
cifoli
a
Nutt.
Actea
rubra
(Ait.)
Willd.
N
N
More toxic to animals:
R. seleratur, R.flammuly,
R. parviflora, R. acris, R.
abortiuus, R. repens &
R. cymoalania
Recovery of
Animals are seen
once removed
from the
buttercup site.
Range
Management
and Plant
Knowledge
Animal recovers once plant
source is removed.
Range
Management
and Plant
Knowledge
Animal recovers once plant
source is removed
NIGHTSHADES
16
Solanaceae
haƞhépi
p. 959
óhaƞzi
p.1021
Nightshade
Steroidal alkaloid
(solanine)
Solanum nignum
N
A
Inhibits enzyme
Acetylcholinesterase
Labored
breathing/Colic/Musc
le tremors/kidney
failure & Dilated
pupils
Cooking destroys the
toxic alkaloids in the
Nighshade Family
(potatoes &
tomatoes).
Range
Management
and Plant
Knowledge
Supportive Therapy Vets
prescription of I V Fluids
Pyysostigmine Electrolyte Intestinal
protestants
4
17
Solanaceae
waptáye
Weed
p.1087
Datura
stramonium L.
N
A
All parts contain
alkaloids most toxic
are: hyoscyamine,
hyoscine
(scopolamine) and
atropine.
Excessive
thirst/Decreased
gastrointestinal
activity/Increased
heart rate and
convulsions.
Knowledge of
mixed grains
and seed ratio
per kilogram.
Access and removal of
animal to area.
Tropane alkaloids
Hyoscyamine(atropi
ne) and Hyoscine
(scopolamine).
Affects ANS
(Autonomic
Nervous System)
Dry mouth/Colic/
Bloat/Dilated
pupils/ Muscle
weakness/Convulsi
ons if large
quantities are eaten.
Knowledge of
Plains Plant
Identification.
Your veterinarian’s prescription
of Physostigmine a cholinergic
drug which will reverse the
atropine effects.
Solanine- Tropane
alkaloid with toxic
properties similar to
atropine.
Colic/Shock/Coma.
Death/
Disorientation/
Dilated Pupils
“All Physalis
species are
potentially
poisonous
until proven
otherwise.:
Supportive Therapy: I.V’s,
Electrolytes and intestional
protective
Thiaminase,
Aconitic acid ,
Polustrine and
Silicate
Weight
Loss/Appear
blind/CNS (Central
Nervous System)
depressed with
more poison in
animals.
Knowledge of
Hay Quality.
Immediate removal of animal
from hay and pasture
contaminated.
Jimson weed
18
Solanaceae
sápá
p. 809
kȟokȟóyah’aƞla
p. 909
omníča
p.803
Hyoscyamus niger
L.
I
A
/
B
Black henbeane
19
Solanaceae
aúƞ ye yapi
pȟečhókan
háƞska
p.827
pȟetížaƞ žaƞ
ǧéǧeya
p.933
Ground cherries
Chinese lantern
20
Equisetaceae
waƞyéča hú
tȟáƞka
p. 1016
Horsetail
Scouring rush
Physalis
virginiana P.
Mill.
Equisetum
avense L.
N
N
A
P
Rarely eaten
except in dried Feed nutritious diet to horse.
hay.
LOCOWEEDS or VETCH
5
21
*Fabaceae (Bean)
Swainsonine –
Indolizide Alkaloid
šuƞktȟápȟežuta
P. 941
Locoweed
22
Astaraceae
(Sunnflower)
wičhāȟpi
p. 1043
pčhaƞsákala
p. 1061
Astragalus
spp.
Centaurea
solstitalis
N
I
P
A
Normal cell
function is
impaired
Decreased
appetiate/Secretes
in lactating
animals/Deformed
legs /Heart failure
Range and
Pasture
Management.
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
No Known Effective Treatment
Range and
Pasture
Management.
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
Brain lesions are permanent.
No known effective treatment.
Use of Euthanasia.
Bladder
tumors/Blindness/R
etinal degenerative
/Weight
Loss/Digestive
Tract Cancer in
Humans.
Range and
Pasture
Management.
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
Thiamine deficiency is treated
with large doses of thiamin.
No effective treatment known.
Irreversible liver
failure/
Liver
fibrosis/Interferenc
e of cell
division/Weight
Loss/Excessive
Yawning/Jaundice/
Red Urine
(hemoglobinurea)
Knowledge of
dried and used
hay.
No effective treatment.
NOXIOUS WEEDS
Complex Compound
Inhibits the
(2.3-dihydro-3,5transporter to the
dihydroxy-6 (H)
horse brain.
pyran-4)
Facial muscle is
fixed or wooden
expression.
Yellow Star
Thistle
Thiamin deficiency.
23
Polypodiaeceae
Not found
Pteridium
aquilinum
N
P
Ptaquiloside is a
carcinogen found in
roots and new shoots
of plant.
Bracken fern
Pyrrolizide alkaloids
24
Boraginaceae (Borage)
waptáye
p. 1087
tȟačhéži
p. 1066
Hounds
Tongue
Cynoglossum
officinale L.
I
B
Palatable and
retains toxins.
6
25
*Fabaceae (Pea)
pȟesléte
p.875
pȟežitȟešlaka
p. 845ʔ
tȟasúsu
Coronilla varia
L.
I
P
Toxin beta
nitropropionic acid
(3-NPA)
Crown vetch
26
*Fabaceae (Pea)
hiƞkté
p.904
tȟasúsu
p.1081
Vicia villosa
I
P
Immune mediated
disease.
Grandomation
Disease affecting
many organs.
Simple stomach
animals vs
ruminants are
unable to detoxify
(3-NPA).
Decreased
appetiate/Breathing
difficulty
Lyph nodes
swollen/Edema/Sud
den death from
eating cyanide in
seeds/Excessive
bellowing
Knowledge of
hay quality.
Remove Crown Vetch from
diet.
Feed alfalfa will result in
recovery.
Range and
Pasture
Management.
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification
Refer to your veterinarian
Hairy vetch
27
* Fabaceae (Pea)
šuƞktȟ
áphežuta
šuƞktȟáphežuta
p.941
Oxytropis
sericea
N
P
SELENIUM POISONING
Swainsonie
Normal cells of the brain are
Indolizide Alkaloid
impaired/secreted into milk of
In all parts of the
lactating young/Liver function is
plant
affected/Abnormal
behavior/Congestive heart
failure/Deformed
28
Ranunculaceae
Horse is
considered
permanently
affected.
Removal from
locoweed site.
No effective
treatment
known
Minimum
stress on horse
affected.
Remove from
source.
I.V. fluids.
Relief of
rumen.
No proven
treatment
known
White pointlocoweed
Not found
Aconitum spp.
Monkshood
N
P
Monobasic
siterpenoid alkaloids
• aconitiue
• mesaconitiu
e
• lypaconitine
Bloating/Sudden Death/Breathing
Difficulties
7
29
Scrophulariaceae
waȟpé
yazókapi
p. 922
Castilleja spp.
N
A
/
P
30
*Fabaceae (Bean)
31
*Fabaceae (Bean)
32
Asclepiadaceae
(milkweed)
33
Asclepiadaceae
(milkweed)
Secondary selenium
accumulator if plant
is grown in high
selenium soil.
Replace sulfur in keratin molecule
in hooves & hair.
Lameness/long hair on mane and
tail break off.
Early
recognition of
signs.
Removal from
selenium
source.
Variety of fungi:
Penicillin and
Aspergillus spp.
Capable of
converting coumarin
to dicoumarol.
Signs of poisoning will not appear
for 3 weeks after feeding moldy
sweet clover hay.
Weakness/Lameness/
Hemorraghing (due to failure of
clotting mechanism).
Livestock
monitoring
regularly.
Variety of fungi:
Penicillin and
Aspergillus spp.
Capable of
converting coumarin
to dicoumarol.
Signs of poisoning will not appear
for 3 weeks after feeding moldy
sweet clover hay.
Weakness/Lameness/
Hemorraghing (due to failure of
clotting mechanism).
Livestock
monitoring
regularly.
Whole Blood
transfusions.
Vitamin K3
(menadione
sodium
bissulfte
Cardrenplides
High levels
Colic/Diarrhea/Muscle
Tremors/Seizures/Head Pressing.
Awareness and
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
No specific
treatment for
milkweed
poisoning.
Colic/Diarrhea/Muscle
Tremors/Seizures/Head Pressing.
Awareness and
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
No specific
treatment for
milkweed
poisoning.
Paintbrush
Indian
paintbrush
waȟpé
swúla
p.1097
Melilotus
officinals
I
B
Yellow Sweet
Clover
hitȟúƞkala
tȟawóyute
p. 1090
Melilotus
officinals
I
B
Recovery over
time if horse
affected is
provided a diet
in low selenium
and high in
sulfur/amino
acids.
Whole Blood
transfusions.
Vitamin K3
(menadione
sodium
bissulfte
White Sweet
Clover
waȟpé
thíƞpsiƞla
p. 950
Whorled
Milkweed
thíƞpsiƞla
pežúta
p. 950
Milkweed
Asclepias
verticillata L.
N
P
Poisonous potential
is high for all milk
weed.
Cardrenplides
High levels
Asclepias
suverticillate
N
P
Poisonous potential
is high for all milk
weed.
8
34
Asclepiadaceae
(milkweed)
asáƞpi
thíƞpsiƞla
pežúta
p. 950
waptáye
Cardrenplides
High levels
Asclepias
tuberosa
N
P
35
Asclepiadaceae
(milkweed)
Colic/Diarrhea/Muscle
Tremors/Seizures/Head Pressing.
Awareness and
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
No specific
treatment for
milkweed
poisoning.
Colic/Diarrhea/Muscle
Tremors/Seizures/Head Pressing.
Awareness and
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
No specific
treatment for
milkweed
poisoning.
Poisonous potential
is high for all milk
weed.
Milkweed
itó ptasapa
tȟaphéžuta
thíƞpsiƞla
pežúta
p. 950
Cardrenplides
High levels
Asclepias
speciosa
N
P
Poisonous potential
is high for all milk
weed.
Showy
Milkweed Pods
36
Asteraceae
(Sunflower)
čhaƞšíƞšiƞla
p. 903
Gum weed
Resinweed
37
Scrophulariaceae
zuzéča
tȟapȟežuta
wanáȟča tȟotȟó
p. 803
SELNIUM POISONING – Indicator Plants
Selenium
Abnormal hair & hoof
Accumulated when
formation.
Grindelia
B growing in selenium
Selenium replaces
squarosa (Pursh) N P
soil.
sulfur in keratin.
Dun.
Keratin is the primary
protein in hair and
hooves.
Selenium
Circular ridges form on
foot
Penstemon spp.
N
P
Forage
samples.
Hair Samples;
Hoof
Evaluations.
Removal of food and
water source of
selenium.
Diet review.
Alfalfa is source of
sulfur/amino acids.
Forage
samples.
Hair Samples;
Hoof
Evaluations.
Removal of food and
water source of
selenium.
Diet review.
Alfalfa is source of
sulfur/amino acids.
Penstemon
Beard tongue
9
38
Brasicaceae
wáčhiƞhiƞ
p. 981
High levels of
selenium
Stanleya pinnata
(Pursh) Britton
N
P
Prince’s plume
39
šuƞkó
wašakala
p.950
Two-Grooved
Milkvetch
Obligate Selenium
Accumulator
Astragalus
bisulcatus
(Hook.) A. Gray
N
P
Has not been isolated.
40
zi omníča
gmigmi
p. 974
Thermopsis
montana
N
P
Golden Banner
Yellow pea
False lupine
41
Solanaceae
(Nightshade)
špáƞšniyaútapi
iyéčheča
p. 817
Solanum rostratum
Dun.
N
Thought to be
Quinolizidine
Alkaloid found in
Lupine.
Abnormal hair & hoof
formation.
Selenium replaces
sulfur in keratin.
Keratin is the primary
protein in hair and
hooves.
Crooked legs/Abnormal
behavior/Abortions/De
creased Pregnancy
Rates
Forage
samples.
Hair Samples;
Hoof
Evaluations.
Removal of food and
water source of
selenium.
Diet review.
Alfalfa is source of
sulfur/amino acids.
Forage
samples.
Hair Samples;
Hoof
Evaluations.
Removal of food and
water source of
selenium.
Diet review.
Alfalfa is source of
sulfur/amino acids.
Muscle
degeneration/Weak/Die
from hunger and thirst
Determine
quality of hay.
Supportive Therapy.
Oral
fluids/Electrolytes.
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
42
Solanine
Bloat/Colic/Diarrhea if
young green plants are
eaten.
Robin, a lectin
(glycoprotein)
properties of ricin and
abrin.
Abdominal
Pain/Colic/Diarrhea/
Constipation
A
Buffalo bur
Kansas thistle
sápA
p. 809
Black Locust
Robinia
pseudoacacia
N
P
Prolific seed
producers:
should be
removed by
mowing before
reaching fruit
stage.
Awareness of
tree scrub/
poisonous
plant
properties.
Recovery if removed
from plant source
and treated
symptomically.
No specific
treatment known.
Activated charcoal.
I.V.’s to combat
dehydration and
shock.
10
43
Apocynaceae
(Dogbane)
napé
oílekiyapi
p. 922
Apocynum
cannabinum L.
N
P
44
Conbolvulaceae
(Morningglory)
45
Asteraceae (Sunflower)
47
Abdominal pain,
Irregular Heart Rate,
Decreased Cardiac
Output and Death
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
Symptomatic
Therapy.
Tropane Alkaloid
(Pseudotropine)
With atropic like
activity on the
Autonomic Nervous
System
Chronic Colic/Weight
Loss
Awareness &
Knowledge of
poisonous plant
identification.
No specific
treatment known
Sesquiterpene lactone
essential oils or
monterpenes toxic to
horses
Fall down/Abnormal
Behavior/Circling
/Excitable and
Unpredictable.
Smaller amount does
not bother horse.
Range & Horse
Management is
priority.
Prevent further
access.
Horse could recover
in 1-2 months
depending on level
of intoxication.
Glycoside Aesculin
and Fraxin and
possible Narcotic
Alkaloid
Colic/Vomiting/Abdom
inal pain.
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
No Specific
Treatment Plan is
Avaiable.
The toxic principle
that causes laminitis
and acute lameness is
unknown.
Colic/Edema/Lame/
Convulsions
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
Removal from
source immediately.
Treat acute laminitis.
Sand stall.
Careful hoof care.
Dogbane,
Indian hemp
yuwi
p. 808
waptáye
p. 1087
Convolvulus
arversis L.
I
P
Bindweed
Wild morning
glory
pȟežíȟota
ikčéka
p. 1012
Artemisia filifolia
Torr.
N
P
Sand sage
Not found
46
Hippocastanaceae
(Buckeye)
Caria Glycosides
- cynarin
- apocynein
- apocynein
Buckeye, horse
chestnut
čhaƞsápa
p. 809
Aesculus glabra
or
Aesculus
hippocastanum L.
or
Asculus spp.
Juglaus nigra
N
N
P
P
*Seeds if cooked well
are edible.
Black walnut
11
48
Oxalidaceae
(Woodsorrel)
waȟpé
skúya
p. 1097
Oxalis spp.
N
49
Amaranthaceae
(Pigweed)
50
Portulacaceae (Purslane)
51
Poygonaceae
(Buckwheat)
Soluble potassium and
Sodium oxalates
Muscle tremors/Kidney
failure/Oxalate Crystal
in Urine
Horse will
graze when
forage and hay
is unavailable.
Limewater
[Ca(OH)2]
Prognosis is poor
because of severe
kidney failure.
Oxalates - Nitrates
Kidney failure &
Death/Decreased rumen
activity/Muscle
Tremors/Hemorrhage
around Kidney
Awareness &
Knowledge of
Plant
Identification.
Nitrate poisoning
should be treated
with Methylene
Blue, as Veterinarian
prescribes.
No specific
treatment known.
Oxalate – 9.3%
oxalates is known to
cause acute oxalate
poisoning.
Reluctant to
move/Depression/Com
ma/Death (within 12
hours)/Kideny Failure
Awareness and
Knowledge of
Poisonous
Plants.
Seek your
veterinarian medical
advice.
Soluble Oxalates
Impairs normal cell
membrane function.
Muscle
tremors/Collapse/
Death/10-20 lbs of
green plant to be
affected (cow).
Knowledge and
Awareness of
Identification
of poisonous
Plants.
Limewater
[Ca(OH02]
I.V.’s of calcium
gluconate,
magnesium sulfate
and balanced
electrolyte solution
P
Wood sorrel
Soursob,
Creeping oxalis
waȟpé
yatȟápi
iyečheča
p. 787
Amaranthu
retroflexus L.
N
A
Pigweed
amaranth
Not found
Common
Purslane
Pusley
hiƞša
p.1036
Curly leafed
dock
Sorrel
Portulaca oleraceae
L.
Rumex crispus L.
I
I
A
P
12
Nitrate and Oxalate
52
Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot)
spaóla
p. 950
pȟéta
p. 854
waptáye
p. 1087
Kochia scoparia
(L.) Schrad.
I
A
53
Liliaceae (Lily)
54
Euphorbiaceae (Spurge)
Photosensitization
secondary to Liver
Disease.
Difficult
Breathing/Blindness
/Death/Kidney
Knowledge and
Awareness of
Identification
of poisonous
Plants
Methlyene Blue for
nitrate poisoning as
prescribed by
Veterinarian
Anemia/Fast Weak
pulse/Increased
Respiratory/Dark Red
Brown Urine.
Knowledge &
Awareness of
Poisonous
Plants
Onion feeding is
discontinued.
Do not stress horse.
Whole Blood
Transfusions may be
prescribed by
Veterinarian
Mouth
irritation/Salvation/
Diarrhea
Knowledge &
Awareness of
Poisonous
Plants
Toxicity is self
limiting
Kochia weed
Mexican fire weed
Summer cypress
Morenita
pšín
šíčamna
p. 966
Allium spp.
N
Onions
itóptasape
tȟapȟéžuta
p. 1034
Snow on the
Moutain
Euphorbia
marginata Pursh.
N
Alkaloid – N-Propyl
Disulphide
Both in cultivated and
wild onions, chives
P
and garlic.
Cause oxidative injury
to hemoglobin and red
blood cell membrane.
Diets of 25% dry
matter of onion will
cause clinical anemia.
Specific toxin has not
been defined. But, it
could be
A
Diterpen ester(s)
Deny access to plant
Feed Nutritious
Ration
13
55
blaská
waptáye
p. 1087
yapízapi
iyéčheča
p. 879
Hypochaeris
radicata
I
ʔ
Phenytoin &
Thiamine maybe
prescribed by Vet.
Show Ataxia/
Hind Leg Lameness/
Resembles Stringhalt/
Excessive Flexion
Strifle in Hock Joints =
Hopping Gait
Early Sign
Detection of
Symptoms in
Horse
Minimal levels of
Complex
Diterpenoi
Euphorbol
Ester and
Steroidal Saponins
Commercial
Poinsettias are not
poisonous to people,
cats or dogs.
Severe skin and
mucous membrane
irritations.
Knowledge of
Poisonous
Plant
Identification
Washing of skin and
mouth with mild
soap and water to
remove sap.
The Toxic principle
has not been
determined
Diarrhea/Lameness/
Stiff Legs/
Knowledge of
Poisonous
Plant
Identification.
Hay Quality
Remove from plant
source.
Oral I.V.’s if
diarrhea & shock has
not yet developed.
Grayanotoxin
Vomit and Diarrhea
Knowledge of
Poisonous
Plant
identification
Call your
Veterinarian.
Vomit and Excessive
Salvation
Knowledge of
Poisonous
Plant
identification
Call your
Veterinarian
Unknown Toxic
Principle
Extended grazing time
for horses before
symptoms appear.
Mistaken for
dandelion.
Removal of plant
source.
General recovery by
several months.
Flatweed
Cat’s ear
56
Euphorbiaceae (Spurge)
wóšpipi
p. 820
wanáhča
p. 887
Euphorbia
pulcherrima
I
P
Poinsettia
57
Brassicaceae
(Mustard)
Not found
wóȟaka waptáye
p. 1087
Berteroa incana
(L.) DC.
I
A
Hoary alyssum
58
Ericaceae (Heath)
Not found
Rhododendron
spp.
N
P
Rhododendron
59
Liliaceae
mnaȟčáȟča
p. 939
Lily
Easter lily
Asiatic lily
Tiger lily
More poisoning occur
in winter months.
Attractive green color.
Nephrotoxicity Fatal
to Igmu
Lilium spp.
I
/
N
P
14
Key:
Plant Origin
I
=
N
=
Plant Life Span
A
=
B
=
P
=
Introduced to the United States from another country/continent
Native to the continental United States
Annual plant – lives less than one year.
Biennial plant – lives more than one year but less than two years.
Plant lives more than two years.
Lakota Key:
̌
=
̄
=
́
=
ƞ
=
Above a letter as ȟ has a guttural sound.
Above a letter as ā edit needed here
Above a vowel as ó you stress the vowel or a long vowel.
Use a nasal tone.
*Fabaceae’s--classified as from the pea or bean family
Edited by Leslie Rae Henry, OLC Agriculture & Natural Resource Cooperative Extension Outreach Director
Source: www.vth.colostate.edu/poisonous_plants & NEW Lakota Dictionary LAKHOTIYAPI @ 2008 Lakota Language Consortium
15