RUGU NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA
EVALUATION OF ITS BENEFITS USING PROTECTED AREA BENEFIT
ASSESSMENT TOOL. (PA-BAT)
IBRAHIM SADA RUFAI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Planning-Resource and Environmental Management)
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NOVEMBER 2009
RUGU NATIONAL PARK, NIGERIA
EVALUATION OF ITS BENEFITS USING PROTECTED AREA BENEFIT
ASSESSMENT TOOL. (PA-BAT)
IBRAHIM SADA RUFAI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Planning-Resource and Environmental Management)
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NOVEMBER 2009
iii
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my late Grandfather Yarima Rufai and my family
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my profound gratitude to the Almighty Allah for his blessing and
guidance throughout my master’s programme. My appreciation goes to my parents
Alhaji Sada Rufai (Yariman Katsina), and Alhaji Bello Rufai, and also my Mum Hajiya
Rabi whose support and affection can never be quantified.
My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisors Dr Mohammad Rafee Majid for his kindly
support and intellectual guidance and constructive criticisms throughout my studies. I
am also grateful to my co-supervisor, Dr Foziah Johar for her support during the period
under review. I am also indebted to all my lecturers and non-teaching staff that have
contributed in the course of writing this project.
I also want to acknowledge the financial support and moral advice i have received from
numerous people like Dr Abba Sayyadi, Alhaji Murtala Safana, Late Dr Aminu Safana,
Hon Ahmed Dayyabu, Alh Lawal Rufai, Alh Bello Abba (Ajiya), and Alh Isiyaku Rufai.
My profound regards to friends especially Idris Medugu, Mukhtar, Dano, Engnr
Samaila, Adamu Nguru, Abatcha, Abubakar Aminu Muazu, Mansir Aminu, Shahira
Rosli, Sodangi, Alpano, Nima, Pooney and Evy.
May i use this opportunity to extend my appreciation to my family members, Haj
Hadiza, Alh Rabe Rufai, Haj Murja, Haj Umma, Haj Maryama, Haj Maijidda, Haj
Maimuna, Haj Aisha, Haj Khadija, Haj hauwau, Haj Fadima, Haj Zainab, Haj Ashe and
Adi.
Finally my profound gratitude goes to Dr Abdu Aminu of the National Livestock
Projects Division, and Alhaji Hassan Sharu, the Director Forestry in the Katsina state
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural resources.
v
ABSTRACT
Nowadays protected areas are increasingly expected to deliver so many benefits ranging
from social, economic and environmental benefits in addition to conserving biodiversity.
However, in most developing nations, local people who reside at the vicinity of the
protected areas expect that it should also contribute to the social and economic well
being of the people. Assurances that protected areas will supply these benefits are
fundamental to attracting the support needed for their creation. Unless we comprehend
and broadcast the full range of benefits from protected areas we risk not only reducing
the possibility of new protected areas being but even of seeing some existing protected
areas being degazetted and their values lost. This research evaluate the various
contribution of Rugu National Park, Nigeria to the provision of various types of benefits
and values ranging from economic, social and environmental benefits using the
Protected Area Benefits Assessment Tool (PA-BAT). Personal interviews were
conducted with 92 respondents in seven settlements within and around the Rugu
National Park. The study shows that the park has contributed immensely in the provision
of economic, social and environmental benefits to the local population, national
population and the global community at large. Finally the project suggested a series of
recommendations.
vi
ABSTRAK
Pada masa kini, kawasan-kawasan perlindungan yang diwartakan sebagai dilindungi
semakin diharapkan dapat memberikan banyak manfaat dari segi sosial, ekonomi dan
alam sekitar di samping dapat melestarikan persekitaran biodiversiti. Namun, di
kebanyakan negara-negara membangun, penduduk tempatan yang tinggal di sekitar
kawasan yang dilindungi ini mengharapkan bahawa seharusnya ia dapat menyumbang
kepada pembangunan sosial dan kesejahteraan ekonomi rakyat. Jaminan bahawa
kawasan yang dilindungi ini akan turut menyediakan pelbagai manfaat sebagaimana
yang diharapkan. adalah sangat penting untuk menarik sokongan yang diperlukan
daripada penduduk bagi memelihara kepentingan kawasan tersebut. Sekiranya kita tidak
memahami kepentingan wujudnya pelbagai manfaat daripada kawasan yang dilindungi
ini, ia bukan sahaja mendatangkan risiko mengurangkan kemungkinan dalam
mewujudkan kawasan perlindungan yang baru, malahan boleh menyebabkan kepupusan
nilai-nilai keistimewaan di kawasan pemeliharaan sedia ada. Kajian ini menilai
penglibatan Taman Negara Rugu, Nigeria dalam menyumbang kepada pemeliharaan
kawasan perlindungan taman negara tersebut dari segi ekonomi, sosial dan persekitaran
dengan menggunapakai analisis Protected Area Benefits Assessment Tool (PA-BAT).
Satu kajiselidik telah dijalankan terhadap 92 responden di tujuh petempatan di dalam
dan sekitar Taman Negara Rugu. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kawasan
perlindungan taman negara ini telah memberikan sumbangan yang sangat besar dalam
pembangunan ekonomi, sosial dan persekitaran kepada penduduk tempatan khususnya
serta penduduk nasional dan komuniti global secara umumnya. Beberapa cadangan telah
dikemukakan di akhir kajian ini.
.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
2
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
4
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
4
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
4
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
5
viii
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
2
3
5
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 INTRODUCTION
6
2.2 PROTECTED AREAS: A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT
6
2.2.1 DIFFERENT GOVERNANCE TYPES IN PA
8
2.2.2 CATEGORIES OF PROTECTED AREAS
8
2.3 PROTECTED AREAS IN NIGERIA
10
2.4 BENEFITS OF PROTECTED AREAS
13
METHODS OF EVALUATING BENEFITS OF PROTECTED AREAS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
21
3.2 CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD (CVM)
21
3.3 HEDONIC PRICING METHOD (HPM)
22
3.4 PROTECTED AREA BENEFIT ASSESSMENT TOOL (PA-BAT)
23
3.4.1 HOW TO USE THE PA-BAT
24
3.4.1.1 WORKING WITH STAKEHOLDERS
24
3.4.1.2 HOW TO FILL THE QUESTIONNAIRE
25
3.4.1.3 CONDITION FOR THE USE OF PABAT
32
ix
4
THE STUDY AREA
4.1 INTRODUCTION
34
4.2 NIGERIA
34
4.3 KATSINA STATE
35
4.4 BACKGROUND OF RUGU NATIONAL PARK
36
4.4.1 HISTORY OF RUGU NATIONAL PARK
37
4.4.2 LOCATION AND SIZE OF RUGU NATIONAL PARK
37
4.4.3 VEGETATION AND CLIMATE
38
4.4.4 LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF RUGU PARK
42
4.4.4.1 OFFENCES AND LEGAL PROCEDURE
44
4.4.5 ADMINISTRATION
44
4.4.5.1 RANGE MANAGEMENT SCHEME
46
4.4.5.2 DIARY SCHEME
47
4.4.5.3 CLINIC SECTION (VETRINARY)
47
4.4.5.4 FACILITIES UTILITIES AND SERVICES
47
4.4.5.5 STAFFING
48
x
4.4.5.6 HOUSING
4.5 SETTLEMENT WITHIN AND AROUND THE PROTECTED AREA
5
49
49
METHODOLOGY
5.1 INTRODUCTION
52
5.2 BENEFIT EVALUATION
52
5.2.1 EVALUATION
52
5.2.2 BENEFITS
53
5.3 SOURCES OF DATA
5.3.1 PRIMARY SOURCE
53
53
5.3.1.1 QUESTIONNAIRE
54
5.3.1.2 FIELD OBSERVATION
55
5.3.1.3 INTERVIEW
55
5.3.2 SECONDARY SOURCE
5.4 SAMPLING
56
57
5.4.1 RESPONDENTS
57
5.4.2 SETTLEMENTS WITHIN THE PROTECTED AREA
58
5.4.3 SETTLEMENTS AROUND THE PROTECETD AREA
59
xi
6
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
60
6.2 VALUES AND BENEFITS
60
6.2.1 ECONOMIC BENEFITS
61
6.2.1.1 GRAZING AND FODDER
61
6.2.1.2 FISHING
64
6.2.1.3 TIMBER
66
6.2.1.4 JOB OPPORTUNITY
67
6.2.1.5 NON COMMERCIAL WATER USE
69
6.2.1.6 MEDICINAL RESOURCES
69
6.2.1.7 HUNTING
71
6.2.1.8 RECREATION AND TOURISM
72
6.2.1.9 COLLECTION OF NON WOOD PRODUCTS
73
6.2.2 SOCIAL BENEFITS
6.2.2.1 KNOWLEDGE, RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
6.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
74
74
74
6.2.3.1 CARBON AND SOIL STABILISATION
75
6.2.3.2 WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY
76
xii
6.3 SUMMARY
7
76
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1 INTRODUCTION
78
7.2 CONCLUSION
78
7.3 RECCOMENDATION
79
REFERENCES
81
APPENDIX A
84
APPENDIX B
98
APPENDIX C
111
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Distribution of National Parks by States
11
2.2
Distribution of Strict Nature Reserve by States
12
2.3
Distribution of Game Reserves by States
12
4.1
Dominant Species of Plants around the PA
39
4.2
Dams and Ponds Distribution in the PA
40
4.3
Distribution of Settlements and Population in the PA
50
4.4
Distribution of Settlements and Population Surrounding the PA
51
5.1
Indigenous Traditional People Living in the PA
58
5.2
Non Indigenous People Living in the PA
59
5.3
Indigenous People Living Around the PA
59
5.4
Different Tiers of Government Interviewed
59
6.1
Percentage of Grazing Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
63
6.2
Major Species of Fish Caught in the PA
64
6.3
Percentage of Fishing Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
66
6.4
Percentage of Timber Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
67
6.5
Percentage of Job Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
68
xiv
6.6
Percentage of Water use Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
69
6.7
Percentage of Medicinal Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
70
6.8
Percentage of Hunting Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
71
6.9
Percentage of Recreation Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
72
6.10
Percentage of Non-Wood Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
73
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Background Information Data Sheet.
25
3.2
Data Sheet.
28
4.1
Map of Africa showing Nigeria.
35
4.2
Map of Nigeria showing Katsina state.
36
4.3
Rugu National Park
38
4.4
Deciduous Plants within the Park.
39
4.5
Kadaura Dam.
41
4.6
Rainfall Data for the Park.
41
4.7
A Wild Camel Feeding From the Pastures.
42
5.1
Sample Questionnaire.
54
5.2
The Researcher with a Respondent.
57
5.3
Indigenous People Living in the Protected Area.
58
6.1
Herds of cattle returning to base after grazing
62
xvi
6.2
Proportion of Protected Area in Supplying grazing Benefit
63
6.3
Some of the Types of Fish Caught in the PA
64
6.4
Map of Park Showing Location of Settlements
65
6.5
A Local Resident Collecting Fuel Wood from the Park
67
6.6
Some Indigenous People Employed as Forest Officers
68
6.7
Herbs Collectors
70
6.8
The Author and a Hunter
71
6.9
The Researcher Front Posing With a Non Wood Collector
73
6.10
Environmental Benefits Chart
75
6.11
Economic Benefits from the PA
77
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CVM
-
Contingent Valuation Method
DFID
-
Department for International Development
DVO
-
Divisional Veterinary Officer
FAO
-
Food and Agriculture Organisation
FMANR
-
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
FUS
-
Facilities Utilities Services
HA
-
Hectares
HPM
-
Hedonic Pricing Method
IUCN
-
International Union for Conservation of Nature
KTMA
-
Katsina State Ministry of Agriculture
NC
-
Nature Conservancy
NGO
-
Non-Governmental Organisation
NPC
-
National Population Commission
NRCC
-
Natural Resource Conservative Council
PA
-
Protected Area
PABAT
-
Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool
xviii
RRMC
-
Rugu Range Management Centre
USAID
-
United State Agency for International Development
USD
-
United States Dollar
UN
-
United Nations
UNEP
-
United Nations Environment Programme
WDPA
-
World Database on Protected Area
WWF
-
World Wide
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
International commitments to the development of networks of protected areas
dates from 1972, when the Stockholm declaration from the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment endorsed the protection of all major
ecosystems types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation
programmes. Since then, the protection of ecosystems has become a core principle of
conservation biology, supported by key United Nations resolutions including the
World charter for Nature 1982, Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit 1992, and the
Johannesburg Declaration 2002 (Marrie, 2004).
Protected area is defined as an area of land or sea especially dedicated to the
protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated
cultural resources, managed through legal or other effective means (UNEP, 2004). A
protected area, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature "A
clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through
legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with
associated ecosystem services and cultural values” (I U C N, 1998). There are over
108,000 protected areas in the world with more added daily, representing a total area
of 30.43 million km2 (11.75 million square miles), or over 12 percent of the worlds
land surface area greater than the entire land mass of Africa ( IUCN, 1998).
2
In Nigeria, regional game laws were enacted for the protection of protected
areas. In 1982, the Federal Natural Resource conservative Council (NRCC) was
created to provide coordination for the conservation of natural resources, develop
policies, and to take direct measures to protect species and sites and also to provide
funds for conservation and research work. The Federal Department of Forestry in the
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources is responsible for Protected
Areas development and extension. There are over 966 protected areas in Nigeria
(WDPA, 2005).
1.2
Statement of Research Problem
Under funding is a major problem facing protected areas, protected areas are
only really protected if they receive funding which allows them to achieve their
objectives. While the U.S. spends $2 billion on protected areas, most of the
developing countries spend less than $500,000. In a survey of 98 national parks,
73% reported that they were understaffed and many protected areas don't have
enough funds for equipment and supplies (John, 1992). Protected areas are also
extremely small compared with the original extent of the type of habitat being
preserved.
Over the last decade, the challenge of reducing levels of global poverty has
rocketed up in the priorities of politicians, development organisations, with good
cause: despite the optimism of economists in the 1980s and 1990s, differences
between the rich and the poor have in some respects continued to increase. In
Nigeria extreme poverty has actually deepened. As of now, around 50 million of the
population are estimated to live in abject poverty, living on less than one US dollar
in a day (UNEP, 2004). Moreover, protected areas can play a vital role in poverty
reduction. A survey of protected area managers at the 5th World Parks Congress in
2003 found that 78 per cent believed that economic benefits of protected areas
benefits were significant to the broader community (Nigel et al, 2008). As stores of
3
environmental assets, protected areas can potentially play an enormous role in
reducing poverty levels.
Protected Areas are often mistakenly undervalued. Few people realize the range of
benefits derived from Protected Areas habitats, food such as fish, and, medicinal
plants, peat for fuel and gardens, poles for building materials, and grasses and reeds
for making mats and baskets and thatching houses. These complex habitats act as
giant sponges, absorbing rainfall and slowly releasing it over time. Protected Areas
are like highly efficient sewage treatment works, absorbing chemicals, filtering
pollutants and sediments, breaking down suspended solids and neutralizing harmful
bacteria (World Wildlife Fund, 2005). Yet many of the world's Protected Areas have
already been destroyed in the past 100 years alone (World Wildlife Fund, 2005).
Conversion of swamps, marshes, lakes and floodplains for large-scale irrigated
agriculture, ill-planned housing and industrial schemes, toxic pollutants from
industrial waste and agricultural run-off high in nitrogen and phosphorous pose some
of the main threats to Protected Areas. Among threatened species are several river
dolphins, manatees, fish, amphibians, birds’ plants and animals. (World Wildlife
Fund, 2005).
Rugu National Park reflect a variety of habitats with fascinating landscape, the
Protected Area support an incredibly high species biodiversity with a high level of
endemism. It has been a major source of attraction to visitors from all over the
world.
In view of these problems Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT) can
be regarded as a powerful tool used in assessing the benefits of Rugu Protected
Areas
Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT) is a powerful tool used in
assessing the benefits of Protected Areas, it is designed to fill an important gap in the
toolbox of protected area agencies and conservation institutions by providing a
methodology to collate and build information about the overall benefit from
protected areas (Nigel et al, 2008). Therefore the (PA-BAT) will be used in
evaluating and assessing the benefits of Rugu national park situated in Katsina State
4
in Nigeria to the people and more importantly in assessing how the Rugu National
Park help in the reduction of poverty within the study area.
Benefits here refers to a resource that is being used to provide direct gains which
could be in terms of money earned, or subsistence resources collected or less
tangible gains such as spiritual peace or mental well-being to stakeholders. The
resource of the protected area becomes a benefit when they are successfully used to
provide such gains (Sue and Nigel, 2008).
1.3
Aim
The aim of this project is to evaluate the benefits of the Rugu national park in
Katsina state of Nigeria using Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool. (PA-BAT)
1.4
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are as follows.
1.
To study the concept of protected area and Protected Area Benefit Assessment
Tool.
2. To evaluate the benefits of Rugu National Park, using Protected Area Benefit
Assessment Tool.
3. To proffer possible recommendations towards improving the sustainable use of
the Rugu National Park.
1.5
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is going to focus only on the evaluation of the economic, social and
environmental benefits provided by Rugu National Park using Protected Area
Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT). They study is also going to cover the whole
5
National Park and some selected settlements and sampled stakeholders directly
involved in one way or the other with the Park.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Recent research has shown that well managed protected area can potentially be
successful in achieving a wide range of objectives, from conserving endangered
species to delivering economic, environmental, and social benefits that contribute to
the well being of local people which will subsequently reduce poverty (Nigel et al,
2008). So this study will explore in details the types of benefits offered by Rugu
National Park and their potential contribution to poverty reduction.
1.7
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This project will be restricted to evaluating the economic and environmental
benefits and values in Rugu National Park only. Due to time constraint, not all the
settlements will be covered in the protected area, household interview will only be
conducted within seven (7) settlements in the protected area.
6
CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.1
Introduction
This chapter provides an impression on the literature regarding protected areas,
their governance types, benefits and the different categories of protected areas, it also
discuss the different types of protected area in Nigeria. This chapter goes a long way
in providing deeper knowledge and understanding of the research.
1.2
Protected Areas: A Review of the Concept
A protected area, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN). "is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and
managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term
conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values”
(IUCN, 1998). Protected area can also be defined as an area of land or sea especially
dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural
and associated cultural resource, managed through legal or other effective means
(UNEP, 2004).
Protected areas are locations which receive protection because of their
environmental, cultural or similar value. The term protected area includes marine
7
protected area, which refers to protected areas whose boundaries include some area
of ocean. A large number of kinds of protected area exist which vary by level of
protection and by the enabling laws of each country or rules of international
organization. Examples include parks, reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. There are
over 108,000 protected areas in the world with more added daily, representing a total
area of 30.43 million km2 (11.75 million square miles), or over 12 percent of the
worlds land surface area greater than the entire land mass of Africa ( IUCN, 2002).
Protected areas arise through recognition of the benefits provided by natural
ecosystems, or in some cases long established manipulated ecosystems, which
cannot be replicated in intensively managed landscapes. Human societies have been
protecting areas of land and water from long before the start of recorded history to
protect grazing pasture (for example the Hima system in much of the Middle East),
maintain timber supplies, stop avalanches or landslides, provide game for hunting, or
to allow secure places for fish to breed. People have also protected land and water
for less tangible reasons: because places were considered sacred or simply because
they were recognised as aesthetically beautiful and worthy of preservation.
The modern concept of a ‘protected area’ known variously as national park,
wilderness area, game reserve etc developed in the last years of the nineteenth
century as a response to the rapid changes brought to lands in former European
colonies and concern at the loss of ‘wilderness’. Here protection was sometimes
already driven by a desire to stop species disappearing, as is the case with some of
the colonially established parks in India but also because the colonisers were trying
to retain remnants of the original landscape (Nigel et al, 2008). They often
incorrectly assumed this to be in an untouched state, although in most cases ecology
had already been influenced by human activity for millennia. A handful of national
parks in Africa, Asia and North America heralded a flood of protection that spread to
Europe and Latin America and gathered momentum throughout the twentieth
century, and the number of protected areas continues to increase in the 21st century.
Most of today’s protected areas have been officially gazetted in the last fifty years
many even more recently and the science and practice of management are both still
at a relatively early stage(Nigel, 2008).
8
2.2.1
Different Governance Types in Protected Areas
Governance of Protected Areas has to do with power, relationships and
accountability, and reflects what a society sees as fair, or is prepared to accept as
such, in terms of authority and responsibility. In a protected area context, governance
affects the achievement of management objectives, the sharing of costs and benefits
and the generation and sustenance of community, political and financial support.
Since the World Congress on Protected Areas of 2003, a first cut at understanding
governance is made on the basis of who holds relevant authority and responsibility
and can be held accountable. Works by (Borrini, 2003) has shown that there are four
main types of Protected Area governance.
a. Government managed protected areas. Federal or national ministry or agency
in charge Local / municipal ministry or agency in charge governmentdelegated management (e.g. to a Nongovernmental organisation).
b. Co-managed protected areas. Transboundary management, collaborative
management, joint management.
c. Community conserved protected areas. Declared protected areas run by
indigenous people and local community.
d. Private protected areas. Declared and run by individual land owners.
2.2.2
Categories of Protected Areas
Within the broad spectrum of the importance of the full range of Protected
Areas from those that protect the world’s great natural areas to those that contain
modified landscapes of outstanding scenic and cultural importance,
that many
names and categories have been applied to protected areas. Categories of Protected
Areas are defined by the objectives of management and not by the title of the area.
So generally there are six categories of protected areas (Lucas, 1994).
9
i.
Strict nature reserve/wilderness area: area of land or sea possessing some
outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological
features and species, available primarily for scientific research and
environmental monitoring. Ownership and control should be by the national or
other level of government, acting through a professionally qualified agency,
university or institution which has an established research or conservation
function, or by owners working in cooperation with any of the foregoing
government or private institutions.
ii.
National park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and
recreation, they are natural and sea designated to protect the ecological
integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations,
exclude exploitation inimical to the purpose of designation of the area, and to
provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, recreational and visitor
opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally
compatible. Ownership and management is normally by the highest authority
of the nation having control over it.
iii.
Natural Monument: protected area managed mainly for conservation of
specific natural features. They are areas containing one, or more, specific
natural or natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value
because of its inherent shortage, representative or aesthetic qualities or
cultural significance.
iv.
Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly for
conservation through management intervention. These are areas of land or
sea subject to active intervention for management purposes so as to ensure
the maintenance of habitats and to meet the requirements of specific species.
Administration and ownership should be by the national government or, with
appropriate safeguards and controls, by another level of government, nonprofit trust, corporation, private group or individuals.
v.
Protected Landscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly for
landscape/seascape protection and recreation. They are areas of land, with
coast and sea, where the interaction of people and nature over time has
produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, ecological
and cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. The area may be
owned by a public authority, but is more likely to comprise a mixture of
10
private and public ownerships operating a variety of management regime.
These regimes should be subject to a degree of planning or other control and
supported, where appropriate, by public funding and other incentives, to
ensure that the quality of the landscape/seascape and the relevant local
customs and beliefs are maintained in the long term.
vi.
Managed Resource Protected Area: Protected area managed mainly for the
sustainable use of natural ecosystems. Area containing predominantly
unmodified natural systems, managed to ensure long term protection and
maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a
sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs.
Ownership may be by the national or other level of government, the
community, private individuals, or a combination of these.
1.3
Protected Areas in Nigeria
The protection of wildlife began with the creation of Nigeria, soon after the
amalgamation of the northern and southern parts of the country in 1914. Regional
game laws were enacted, initially by eastern Nigeria in 1916 and later by the western
and northern regions in 1928 and 1963, respectively. In the late 1980s, the Federal
Natural Resource Conservation Council (NRCC) was created. This Council is
chaired by the President with representatives from a number of Ministries and from
the Nigerian Conservation Foundation. This Council provides coordination for the
conservation of natural resources, develops policies, can take direct measures to
secure the status of species and sites, monitors conservation activities within the
forestry and wildlife sectors, and provides funds for conservation and research work.
At the national level, the mandate for wildlife conservation and protected areas
management is the responsibility of the Federal Department of Forestry in the
Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Development. Within this
Department, is the Division of Wildlife and Conservation, which is responsible for
11
wildlife development and extension, and the enforcement of international wildlife
conventions (UNEP, 2004).
The three categories of protected areas in Nigeria recognized within the
wildlife sector are national park, strict nature reserve, and all game reserve of which
were formerly reserved forest. There is also one wetland of international importance
(Ramsar) which is Nguru Wetland.
National parks are Protected Areas managed mainly for ecosystem protection and
recreation, they are natural and sea designated to protect the ecological integrity of
one or more ecosystems. The distribution of national parks in Nigeria is evenly
distributed across the sates as shown in the table below.
Table 2.1: Distribution of National Parks by States
States
Name of Protected Area
Yobe
Baturiya
Borno
Chad-basin
Cross River
Cross-River
Taraba
Gashaka
Yobe
Gujba
Niger
Kainji
Benue
Kamuku
Sokoto
Kogo
Kaduna
Kuyambana
Oyo
Old Oyo
Katsina
Rugu
Borno
Sambisa
Bauchi
Yankari
Source: WDPA (2005)
12
Strict Nature Reserve area of land or sea possessing some outstanding ecosystems,
geological or physiological features and species, available primarily for scientific
research and environmental monitoring. There distribution in Nigeria are shown
below in table 2.2
Table 2.2: Distribution of Strict Nature Reserve by States
States
Name of Protected Area
Yobe
Bam Ngelzarma
Lagos
Lekki
Enugu
Milliken Hill
Kaduna
Ribako
Edo
Urhonigbe
Source: WDPA (2005).
Game Reserve is an area of land set aside for maintenance of wildlife for tourism or
hunting purposes. Their distribution in Nigeria is also shown below on table 2.3
Table 2.3: Distribution of Game Reserves by States.
States
Name of Protected Area
Edo
Akpaka
Ogun
Alawa
Anambra
Anambra
Edo
Ankwe River
Yobe
Baturiya Wetlands
Niger
Dagida
Abia
Dagona
Delta
Ebbe
Edo
Gilli-Gilli
Taraba
Ibi
Ondo
Ifon
13
Lagos
Iri
Taraba
Kambari
Delta
Kwale
Bauchi
Lame-Burra
Yobe
Margadu-Kabak Wetlands
Ogun
Meko
Yobe
Kogi
Nguru Wetlands
Num River
Edo
Ohosu
Edo
Ologbo
Bayelsa
Abia
Taylor Creek
Udi
Plateau
Wase
Source: WDPA (2005).
1.4
Benefits of Protected Areas
Protected areas are one of the cornerstones of conservation, safeguarding
essential habitats. They preserve natural resources essential to people’s social and
economic wellbeing such as drinking water, fisheries and forests. Indeed, it is hard to
imagine a healthy future for our planet without the existence of protected areas.
Clean water, clean air, access to food sources, buffers of weather events, cultural and
spiritual values, and raw materials for consumers, are some of the ecosystem services
that ensure the well-being of humanity, especially the poor who most directly rely on
them. Degradation of land and seascapes triggers losses in biological diversity and
ecosystem services, ultimately diminishing not only quality of life, but cultural and
material wealth as well. Well managed protected areas are a proven mechanism in
the conservation and maintenance of healthy ecosystems and the services they
provide. The immense value of protected areas is such that they should be cherished,
green emeralds of the terrestrial realm and blue sapphires of the oceans. Indeed, they
14
are of greater significance than any jewel. Without healthy ecosystems, lasting and
sustained social and economic development is impossible (Ahmed, 2008).
The numerous benefits of protected areas include.
i.
Knowledge
Protected areas provide resources for research, including utilisation of
traditional knowledge; formal and informal education; and prime sites for bioprospecting and for the collection of genetic materials. Protected areas are often the
first choice for research by ecologists, because many are in a more-or-less natural
state and there is also a reasonable guarantee that populations or habitats will remain
undisturbed. Some protected areas have been established primarily as research sites
and regions or countries have also dedicated certain reserves specifically to form
networks for long-term research. Protected areas are also useful in providing baseline
data for climate change studies. Some protected areas do provide conditions in which
traditional knowledge survives and this can sometimes have economic or other
material benefits, for example if local peoples are able to capitalise on traditional
medicinal plants. Many protected areas are also primary sites for education. Urban
reserves and those near centres of population are particularly important although an
increasing number of schools and colleges also run trips to natural areas further
away. Many protected areas in developing countries report that while in the past
visits were mainly from outsiders, today an increasing number of visits are coming
from schools within the country. In Madagascar, for example, in the recent past 90
per cent of visits to national parks came from foreign tourists whereas now most
come from local Malagasy people, including many school students (Nigel et al,
2008).
15
ii.
A Safe Haven for Natural Diversity
National parks and protected areas provide refuge for plants and animals
whose habitats are threatened elsewhere. For example La sepultara biosphere in
southern Mexico is one of last places where cycads are found, a rare and ancient
tropical flowering plant estimated to be at least 2,500 years old. Another example is
the Arnavons marine protected areas in the South Pacific protects nesting sites for
the endangered hawksbill turtle. By protecting key habitats, threatened species can
be brought back from the brink. For example, preserving sections of the forests of
Central America has helped foster the return of the magnificent harpy eagle (NC,
2009).
iii.
Food
Many of the world’s poorest people rely on species and products from
traditional cultural landscapes for a major part of their diet, particularly during
shortages and political unrest. Animal food includes bush meat, fish and shellfish,
bird and turtle eggs, invertebrates, honey and flavouring products. Wildlife is an
important food for 150 million people (DFID 2006). Bush meat makes up more than
a fifth of animal protein in rural diets in over 60 countries rising to 80 per cent in
areas such as rural Kenya (Anon, 2006). Even if species have been hunted to low
levels, as in much of West Africa, wild meat is popular 90 per cent of people in
Ghana say they will eat bush meat if it is available. Decline in bush meat is a factor
in lower dietary quality for instance the charity Save the Children cites evidence that
people in rural Malawi eat substantial numbers of mice in the absence of any larger
animals. A huge variety of plants are eaten, as fruit, nuts, leaves, roots and tubers.
FAO estimates that 18,000-25,000 wild plant species are used as food in the tropics,
collected from all ecosystems. In India, 50 million people are estimated to be directly
dependent on forests for their subsistence. Traditional agriculture also remains
16
important and a third of the world’s farmers (450 million people) relies wholly on
manual labour and do not use either commercial crop varieties or agrochemicals
(Nigel et al, 2008).
iv.
Source of Drinking Water
A recent study has found that more than a third of the world’s largest cities
including New York, Los Angeles and Beijing, rely on the healthy watershed assured
by protected forests for drinking water. The Condor Biosphere Reserve in Ecuador is
the source of water for more than 1.8 million people living Quito, the country’s
capital. Each month businesses and residents use about 4.5 billion gallons of water
from the rivers that flow from the reserve (NC, 2009).
v.
Supporting Economies and Contributing to Poverty Reduction
Protected areas can have significant economic benefits for both the communities
which live within their boundaries and the wider society. Tourism fuelled by
Bolivia’s beautiful national parks has generated roughly USD 200 million in the last
decade, of which around USD14 million annually has gone to communities living
within protected areas who work in the sector. By protecting fish spawning areas,
marine protected areas can help replenish fish stocks and support fisheries.
Fishermen living near Komodo National Park, for example, have seen catches
increase since the protection of fish spawning areas. When forestry is managed
sustainably within parks, such as the Great Bear rainforest in Canada, it can make an
important contribution to the local economy (NC, 2009).
vi.
Combating Climate Change and its Impacts
Every year deforestation releases millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. By protecting forests we can help stop this. In Brazil’s Atlantic Forest,
17
scientists calculate that preserving 17,000 acres of forest in protected areas can offset
the emissions of roughly 750,000 cars, improving air quality and reducing global
warming. Protecting key areas can also help mitigate the impact of climate
change. In Palau we are helping to identify and protect areas of corals which are
proving to be more resilient to bleaching caused by rising sea temperatures (NC,
2009).
vii.
An Area for Recreation and Spiritual Renewal
The most visited national park in the U.S, Great Smoky Mountains, receives
between eight and ten million visitors annually. Whether hiking, camping, fishing or
scuba diving, protected areas can conserve places where people can relax, reconnect
with nature and enjoy the natural splendour of our planet. Protected areas can also
conserve areas of great cultural and spiritual significance. The Meilixueshan
Conservation Area near the border with Tibet, for example, includes a mountain of
great spiritual importance to Tibetan Buddhism (UN, 2003).
viii.
Cultural and Historical Values
Many protected areas in some countries also have significant historical,
cultural and spiritual values for local communities, nations or the global community
as a whole. Historical values include important buildings, artefacts and
archaeological remains, the continuation of traditional human cultures within a
protected area, and land management systems that are themselves of important
historical or cultural value. Some protected areas, such as the Ecosystem and Relict
Cultural Landscapof Lopé-Okanda, Gabon, which is recognised as a World Heritage
Site, have been designated at least in part because of their historical or cultural
interest. Spiritual values are more complex, but can include built places of worship
or much more commonly sacred natural sites (sacred groves, mountains, waterfalls
etc) or pilgrimage routes that pass through protected areas. Although most
commonly associated with indigenous peoples, sacred sites related to virtually all the
world’s major faiths exist within protected areas and thus have an influence on
18
management. In some cases, their presence can also attract tourists, pilgrims and
other visitors and thus provide direct economic benefits to local communities
through ecotourism, guiding or provision of accommodation and other services.
Examples might include guided walks to bushmen rock painting in the Drakensberg
National Park in South Africa, tourist venues based around historical slate mining
sites in the Snowdonia National Park, Wales, UK, and businesses linked around
Mount Fuji, an extremely important sacred site in Japan (Bancet, 2007). The
existence of people living traditional lifestyles within protected areas can also be part
of the attraction for visiting and can provide local communities with cash
opportunities through sale of crafts or home stay, such as in the case of the Maasai in
Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania. Some sacred sites also make money for the local
community, particularly if many pilgrims visit. The millions of pilgrims visiting a
sacred shrine in Periyar National Park in India all contribute to the Periyar
Foundation which supports conservation and livelihood work gaining around USD
200,000 a year, in addition many more people have jobs relating to the pilgrimage.
Income from these activities is probably lower than that made previously from
smuggling and poaching, but overall quality of life is thought to have improved
because villagers are no longer harassed by police or middlemen (Nigel et al, 2008).
ix.
Health
Perhaps the broadest category of all; protected areas help to promote health in a
wide variety of ways, ranging from the protection of plants and animals of medical
use through to the health enhancing benefits of the protected area itself. Medicines
from wild plants and animals play a key role in both the development of many
commercially available pharmaceuticals and also directly through the provision of
traditional herbal medicines, which are still the primary medicines for an estimated
80 per cent of the world’s people. One estimate suggests that up to 28 per cent of
plant species have been used medically. Medicines based on wild species are also a
significant source of revenue. It is estimated that global sales of pharmaceuticals
based on materials of natural origin are worth USD75 billion a year and more
directly the annual reported international trade in medicinal aromatic plants had a
19
value in excess of USD 1 billion per year during the 1990s. Collection of wild
medicinal species is often carried out by the poorest members of society and can be a
particularly important source of income for women; for example 70 per cent of
medicinal plants on the Vietnamese market originate in the uplands and are a key
money-making option for poor rural women (UNEP, 2004).
x.
Tourism
Tourism, wildlife management and local communities can co-exist both within
and close to protected areas if carefully planned. In Jordan, the Dana Reserve raised
USD 380,000 in tourism receipts and sales between 1995 and 1998, creating 55 jobs
and increased financial benefits for over 160 people. In Costa Rica, research as long
ago as 1991 found that foreign exchange generated by tourism connected with
protected areas generated more than USD 330 million for an outlay of about USD 12
million on management. Park generated tourism is the second largest industry in the
country. In 1999, local guides from Tortuguero village in Costa Rica led 72 per cent
of all night walks to see turtles nesting. The price of a tour ranges between USD 5
and USD 25, and the average visitor spends more than USD 255. The area has
grossed nearly USD 7 million from the turtle tourism industry. In Apo Island, the
Philippines, tourism is estimated to be worth around USD 500 per hectare of reef and
is mixed in with community-managed fisheries agreements including controls on
when and how to catch fish. In 2003, fees for watching whale sharks generated more
than (USD 28,715) for the Donsol community in Sorsogon, also in the Philippines.
Gains are not confined to the poorest countries; for example it is calculated that the
presence of nesting ospreys (Pandionhaliaetus) in Scotland bring an addition USD 7
million per year into the area as a result of nature tourism. In some cases sport
hunting can co-exist with conservation within protected areas: hunters are prepared
to pay high fees and sport hunting organisations can afford to pay guards to maintain
stable populations of key species. For example, 80 per cent of the protected areas in
Tanzania allow controlled sport hunting, including 43 Game Control Areas and 23
Game Reserves, which together make up 22 per cent of the country’s mainland.
Botswana has similar areas available for hunters (Nigel et al, 2008).
20
xi.
Source of Materials
Most of the people who rely on natural systems for food will also be collecting
other materials such as building materials, fuel, adhesives and so on. Many of these
are often lumped together under the term non timber forest products although similar
products are found in other biomes. In developing nations, some 2.4 billion people
more than a third of the world population rely on wood and other biomass fuels for
cooking and heating and this is also increasingly seen as a source of income. In
Kenya, the charcoal economy is estimated at about 23 billion Kenyan shillings per
year (over USD 350 million). An increasing number of protected areas allow access
to timber, non-timber forest products and other material so long as the species
involved are not threatened by the process, indeed protected areas are being
established in joint ventures between local communities and conservation bodies
with sustainable off take as an underlying principle. For example the Kayan
Mentarang National Park in Indonesian Borneo is home to 16,000 Dayak people who
retain rights to collect rattan (Calamus spp.), sang (Licuala spp.) and hardwoods for
construction, under guidelines that are controlled by customary law (Nigel et al,
2008).
21
CHAPTER 3
METHODS OF EVALUATING BENEFITS OF PROTECTED AREAS
3.1
Introduction
This chapter is going to look at the various means and ways available for
evaluating the benefits of protected areas and also to discuss in details on (PA-BAT)
and also to explain how it is used.
There are so many ways of evaluating the benefits of Protected Areas, which
will be discussed below.
3.2
Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)
The contingent valuation method (CVM) is used to assess economic values for
all kinds of ecosystems and environmental services including protected areas. It can
also be used to estimate both use and non use values, and it is the most widely used
method for estimating non use values. The contingent valuation method involves
asking people in a survey how much they would be willing to pay for specific
environmental services. In some cases people are asked for the amount of
compensation they would be willing to accept to give up specific environmental
22
services. Contingent valuation is one of the only ways to assign monetary to non use
values of the environment, these are values that do not involve market purchases and
may not involve direct participation. These values are sometimes referred to as
passive use. They include everything from the basic life support functions associated
with ecosystem health or biodiversity, to the enjoyment of a scenic vista or a
wilderness experience or the right to bequest those options to your grandchildren.
This evaluation method has been successfully used in some developing countries for
evaluating the benefits of protected areas, like in Brazil; it has been used to evaluate
the benefits of Morro do Diabo state park in Sao Paulo (Cristina et al, 2008).
3.3
Hedonic Pricing Method (HPM)
The Hedonic Pricing Method is used to estimate values for ecosystems or
environmental services that directly affect market prices. It is most commonly
applied to variations in housing prices that reflect the value of local environmental
attributes. It can be used to estimate economic benefits associated with.
1. Environmental quality, including air pollution, water or noise pollution.
2. Environmental amenities, such as aesthetic views or proximity to recreational
sites.
The basic premise of the hedonic pricing method is that price of a marketed good is
related to its characteristics, or the services it provides. The Hedonic pricing method
is relatively straightforward and uncontroversial to apply (Lisa, 1997).
23
3.4
Protected Area benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT)
The Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT) is a tool that can be
used to identify the some of the wider benefits that protected areas provide to human
well being. It is designed to fill an important gap in the toolbox of protected area
agencies and conservation institutions, by providing a methodology to collate and
build information about the overall benefits from protected areas (Nigel et al, 2008).
All the three above mentioned methods are very effective tools in evaluating the
benefits of any protected area. But this study has chosen the Protected Area Benefit
Assessment Tool (PA-BAT) in assessing the benefits of Rugu National Park.
The protected area benefit assessment tool (PA-BAT) is a new tool
developed and tested by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The tool was
developed first as a means of collecting information for safety net, protected areas
and poverty reduction, the fourth volume in the arguments for protection series,
looking at links between protected areas and poverty reduction. With the tool it can
be used to identify the some of the wider benefits that protected areas provide to
human well being and thus their contribution to poverty reduction. The tool aims to
help collate information on the full range and potential benefits of protected areas. It
is a contributory methodology that will be of wider use to the protected areas
community. Although developed primarily for use in protected areas, protected area
benefit assessment tool could have wider application, for example in assessing wider
benefits of forest management units, agricultural landscapes or areas set aside for
recreation, protected area benefit assessment tool can be useful for anyone interested
in finding out about the range of benefits that protected areas provide. The (PABAT) uses a standard questionnaire to collate information from respondents.
Protected area managers and protected area agencies are increasingly being asked to
provide details of the wider social and environmental benefits of the lands and
waters under their management. This tool provides a methodology for collating
such information for individual protected areas.
24
3.4.1
How to Use the Protected Area benefit Assessment Tool
The tool is a questionnaire which consists of a series of questions for the
purpose of gathering information from the respondents. So there is the need to
understand the kind of people you will work with in using the tool.
3.4.1.1 Working with Stakeholders
First and famous is working with stakeholders. In an ideal situation, a
broad range of stakeholders should be involved in carrying out the assessment, for
example in a workshop involving park staff, local communities and others with an
interest in the site. In this case there may be competing views about various benefits
and it is possible that alternative views may have to be represented, for instance
positive benefits for some stakeholders may be matched by negative impacts on
others which will need to be recorded in the comments section of the report. So in
the course of the research, the author involved some stakeholders in collating
information by interviewing them, some of the stakeholders interviewed include the
local communities and the staff of the national park.
25
3.4.2.2
How to Fill the Questionnaire
The protected area benefit assessment tool has two sections, both of
which should be filled in for each protected area assessed.
1. Section one: Background Information Data Sheet. This section states the
category, and location of the protected area, along with an opportunity to
identify key management objectives and to make a value judgement about
how the protected area contributes to well being.
Figure 3.1: Background Information Data Sheet.
26
There are some guidance notes on how to fill in the background information data
sheet which are briefly discussed below
a) Who took part in the assessment: the first section should record the main
contact person i.e. the person who led the assessment when the protected area
benefit assessment tool was completed and by whom. Ideally, as well as
marking on the datasheet the range of people involved, a list of who took part
should also be attached as an appendix to the datasheet.
b) Basic Protected Area data: the next few sections record some basic
information about the site, such name, size and location. Where possible the
unique site code given to the protected area in the world database on
protected area (WDPA) should also be provided. The WDPA can be accessed
via the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre website at:
www.unepwcmc.org/wdpa.
c) Ownership and governance: The protected area benefit assessment tool
includes two multiple-choice boxes to record ownership and governance of
the protected area. The options provided in relation to governance are linked
to the governance matrix developed by IUCN and key terms used.
d) Management objective: This section provides an opportunity to list the two
most important management objectives: these might be, for example,
maintenance of a particular endangered species or habitat type, or restoration
of threatened ecosystem, or maintenance of a particular ecological function
such as a migration pathway.
e) Homeland: a simple yes/no question about whether the protected area is
currently a homeland for local indigenous or traditional people-recorded here
it will have significant implications for much of the rest of the information
collected.
f) Peace Park: a yes/no question also provide the opportunity to record if the
protected area is part of a transfrontier conservation area or peace park.
g) Well-being: the data sheet gives compilers a chance to make an overall
judgement on the extent to which the protected area has contributed to overall
well being (it may be best to fill this section after the rest of the form has
being completed.) The assessment of the well-being is made against the five
aspect of poverty reduction identified by both the UK department of
27
international development; while these are not word-for word-identical they
convey the same message, which was interpreted as.
•
Subsistence: non-economic benefits that contribute to well-being, i.e.
health, nutrition, clean water and shelter.
•
Economic: benefits that provide the ability to earn an income, to
consumer and to have assets.
•
Cultural and spiritual:
pride in community and protected area,
confidence, living culture, spiritual freedom, education.
•
Environmental services: role in environmental stability and provision
of natural resources.
•
Political: relating to issues of governance and thus influence in
decision-making processes.
The data sheet gives an opportunity to measure against all these values.
2. Benefits to Protected Area Stakeholders Sheet. A set of data sheet which
collect basic information about the types of benefits who they are important
to, and qualitative information about their level of importance, their
relationship to the protected area and the times of year in which they are
important.
28
Figure 3.2: Data Sheet.
29
There are also some guidance notes in the second section of the
questionnaire.
That are related to values and their benefits to protected area stakeholder data sheet,
and they include.
a) Identification of values: the datasheets below identifies nine main groups of
values and they are.
•
Biodiversity values: is the protected area valued for its biodiversity?
•
Protected area management: does management of the protected area
provide jobs (e.g. for managers or rangers)?
•
Values related to food: which include hunting, wild food plants,
fishing, and livestock grazing, whether they are allowed.
•
Values related to water: is non-commercial water use (e.g. subsistence
agriculture, drinking, washing and/or cooking) or commercial water
use (e.g. for large-scale irrigation, waterways, bottling plants, hydroelectric power or municipal drinking water source) permitted in the
protected area?
•
Cultural and Spiritual Values: does the protected area have cultural
and historical values (e.g. archaeology, historic buildings including
temples, pilgrimage routes and/or historic/culturally important land
use patterns)? does the protected area include sacred natural sites or
landscapes (e.g. sacred groves, waterfalls and/or mountains)?, does
the protected area contain wilderness values or other similar iconic
values?
•
Health and Recreation Values: is the collection of medicinal
resources (e.g. herbs) for local use or for the pharmaceuticals industry
permitted from the protected area? is the protected area important for
recreation and tourism?
•
Knowledge: is the protected area an important resource for building
knowledge? Does the protected area contribute to education?
•
Environmental Services: can the protected area contribute to climate
change mitigation (i.e. by providing significant carbon sequestration
and / or by ameliorating local climate impacts)?, is the protected area
30
important for soil stabilisation (e.g. avalanche prevention, landslide
and erosion)?, is the protected area important for coastal protection
(e.g. mangroves, sand dunes, coral reefs)?, is the protected area
important for flood prevention (e.g. mitigation in small watersheds,
flood plains and wetland protection)?, is the protected area important
for water quality and quantity (e.g. filtration, groundwater renewal,
maintenance of natural flows)?, is the protected area an important
resource for pollination of nearby crops or for pollination products
such as honey?
•
Materials: is the management and removal of timber, including for
fuel wood, permitted from the protected area? is the extraction of
other materials (e.g. coral, shells, resin, rubber, grass, rattan, minerals,
etc) permitted from the protected area?
Together these values attempt to represent the main benefits to a wide
range of stakeholders. As the PA-BAT has been designed to use
globally, the range of values and the benefits they provide is
necessarily generic and not all will apply to every protected area.
b) Completing the datasheets: there are two steps in completing the data sheet;
Step one: each data sheet start by asking if the value is permissible in the
protected area. For each datasheet the assessment of benefits from each value
is only made where the answer is yes.
Step two: for each value, assessment then generally considers seven issues
relating to who benefits and what benefits are supplied.
c) The stakeholder group which benefits from the benefits from the values: the
main stakeholders groups are listed along the top row of the assessment form
and are divided into seven groups.
•
Indigenous/
traditional
people living,
either permanently or
temporarily, in the protected area.
•
Other local people living, either permanently or temporarily, in the
protected area.
•
Indigenous/ traditional/local people living near the protected area, this
can include people living in other countries when the protected area is
31
located near national boundaries; local groupings of people including
NGO’s and those living downstream of protected areas.
•
National population.
•
Government.
•
Industry, including national and international industries both within
the protected area, such as the tourism industry, and those industries
which rely on resources from a protected area such as water which
then supplies hydro-electric power to the wider population.
•
Global community, who, for example, benefits from environmental
services such as climate regulation, recreational values, etc. This
category includes international organisations who work in protected
areas.
d) Types of benefits supplies: multiple choice answers are supplied and
assessors are asked to mark relevant answers against particular stakeholder
group. Note that more than one answer may be applicable for a particular
stakeholder (for instance resources may have both subsistence and economic
value), so all relevant boxes should be marked. Those boxes which would
never be appropriate have been shaded and should not be completed.
Generally three options for the level of importance are given:
•
Potential: this value exists and there are benefits which could arise
from it that have not been exploited.
•
Minor: this could either reflect low importance for the stakeholder
group or that importance is significant to only a small proportion of
the stakeholder group, and thus overall the level of importance is
minor.
•
Major: this assessment should be made where the benefit is of
significance for a large proportion of the stakeholder group.
This assessment will usually be a matter a judgement, particularly in
the wider stakeholder groupings such as national population, industry
or global community. At the local level the assessment can be
strengthened by completing this section with, wherever possible, the
32
relevant stakeholder groups and by adding (in the box marked notes)
supporting research and studies.
e) Amount of protected area involved and period it is exploited: next, assessors
identify how much of the protected area is involved in supplying a particular
benefit, choosing from three options. In most of the datasheets the assessors
are also asked to identify how much of the time the park supplies the
benefits, once more choosing from three options for each relevant
stakeholder group. If the assessors have the relevant information it would be
possible to break this information down for each of the relevant stakeholder
groups given above.
f)
Economic value: the next section looks at two economic elements, one is if
the economic value of these benefits has been assessed and if so asks for the
US$ value and the date the assessment was made and secondly asks for any
information on whether the assessment of cost of managing this value has
been made.
g) Conservation Impact: this section provides the opportunity to give details as
to whether the activities relating to the values/benefits are consistent with the
area’s management objectives.
h) Management issues: although the PA-BAT’s primary aim is to identify the
range of values, their associated benefits and their importance to different
stakeholder groups, space is also given to suggest both current and future
management responses to particular issues that have been identified in the
assessment.
i) Notes: the assessment form also provides room to add notes, information of
the courses used etc.
3.4.2.3: Condition for the Use of Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool
There are some rules and guides in using the PA-BAT, and they are hereby
stated below
a. The protected area benefit assessment tool monitors permitted use only.
33
The protected area benefit assessment tool aims to assess legal resources
and the benefits that could accrue from that use, and thus is not a tool for
the assessment of overall resource use, which would include illegal use.
b. The protected area benefit assessment tool is not an evaluation tool.
Although the protected area benefit assessment tool includes the option to
record economic information in terms of values and benefits, the primary
purpose of the tool is to record the types of benefits provided the by
protected area and to whom they are provided, and not necessarily to put
an economic value on these benefits.
c. The protected area benefit assessment tool can help guide future
monitoring and assessment. It may also help identify key areas for future
more detailed monitoring and assessment if resources and capacity allow.
d. The protected area benefit assessment tool has been primarily designed
for use by protected area managers to work with stakeholders to identify
important values and benefits that they bring to a range of stakeholders,
from local to global. The tool can also be used by local communities to
identify values/benefits and by protected area advocates, such as N.G.O,
to help promote the range of benefits a protected area can bring.
e. Protected area benefit assessment tool should not be used to provide
score. The tool is meant to collect information about a wide range of
benefits that accrue in protected areas; it is not designed to produce a
score of how well the protected area is performing in this regard.
Summing up all the result will produce a bias towards multipurpose
reserve, so that category V and VI would be expected to routinely score
higher than I and II; these reserves are by no means always the best from
a conservation perspective and many excellent protected areas focus
solely on biodiversity conservation with perhaps some minor role for
visitors and research.
34
CHAPTER 4
THE STUDY AREA
4.1 Introduction
This chapter provides information about the study area, so as to get general
characteristics of the area. The chapter gives a brief geography of Nigeria, and
Katsina state, and then gives a detailed study of the Rugu National Park in Safana
local Government.
4.2 Nigeria
The location of Nigeria is approximately between Latitudes 4o and 14o north of
the Equator and between Longitudes 2o 2' and 14o 30' east of the Greenwich
Meridian. Located at the extreme inner corner of the Gulf of Guinea on the west
coast of Africa, Nigeria occupies an area of 923,768 sq. km, extending 1,127 East–
West and 1,046 km North–South. It is bordered by Chad on the North East, by
Cameroon on the East, by the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea) on the South, by
Benin (formerly Dahomey) on the West, and by Niger on the North West and North
with a total boundary length of 4,900 km, of which 853 km is coastline (See Figure
3.1).
35
Source: (Thomson Gale, 2006).
Figure 4.1: Map of Africa showing Nigeria.
4.3
Katsina State
The study area is in Katsina state of Nigeria, hence the need for a brief history
of the state. Katsina State, covering an area 23,938 sq. km., is located between
latitudes 110 8'N and 13022'N and longitudes 60 52'E and 9020'E. The state is
bounded by Niger Republic to the north, by Jigawa and Kano States to the east, by
Kaduna State to the South and by Zarmfara State to the West. The state lies within
the tropical zone, with a temperature of about 350 C, with very high humidity, with
an average rainfall of about 500-1000mm (KTMA, 1999). The population of Katsina
state in 2006 was 5,790,578 according to the head count of that very year (NPC,
2006).
36
NIGER
Chad
BENIN
Gulf of Guinea
CAMEROON
Source: Salele, 2005.
Figure 4.2 Map of Nigeria showing Katsina state.
4.4
Background of Rugu National Park
A brief study of the National Park is discussed here including history, location
and size, administration and laws.
37
4.4.1
History
Rugu National Park was established in the year 1960 by the then Northern
Nigerian government and Katsina native authority in conjunction with USAID. It
was formally known as Ruma Kukar Jangarai reserve, and later on the Katsina native
authority reserve No 2 and 11 respectively. The two areas (Ruma and Kukar Jangari)
were merged together as Rugu National Park in 1960. They forest reserve was
initially designed to serve the whole people in the Northern region for the following
purposes.
1. To protect wild life and landscape values.
2. To provide a special grazing reserve for the nomadic and sedentary Fulani
3. To lessen or completely stop the conflict between crop farmers and the cattle
rearers
4. To boost livestock husbandry in order to meet protein requirements
5. To enlighten the Fulani’s on new methods of livestock husbandry.
4.4.2
Location and Size
Rugu National Park lies within the Sudan zones of Nigeria. It falls between
longitude 70 22’ and latitude 120 25’. It is bounded on its Northern border by Niger
Republic and on the West by Sokoto-Zamfara State, Kankara local government in
the south, and Safana local government in the East.
Rugu National Park covers an area of 475.56 square miles or 122,000 hectares or
304380 acres of land. Which was initially divided into ten 10 ranges and later ranges
4, 5, 6 and 7 were subdivided into 4 divisions for easier management.
38
Rugu National Park
Source: Google Earth 2009
Figure 4.3: Rugu National Park
4.4.3
Vegetation and Climate
Due to the climatic conditions in the state, which falls under the Sudan
savannah, it consists of a modified vegetation transition consisting of light deciduous
vegetation. There are many pastures planted by the Federal Government within the
Protected Area which are meant for dry season feeding, these pastures are served
free of charge and monitored by the grazing control assistants and attendants. Much
of the Rugu national park reserve is occupied by range lands which provide an ideal
ecosystem for plants and animals. The forest provide a shelter for many plants, birds,
amphibians, mammals, reptiles and insect species of which some 120 are used
locally as medicinal plants, and over 278 animal species have been recorded in the
Rugu park. The National park is not subject to trypanosomiasis bearing infestation,
for this reason, most of the animals are not subject to tryponosomiasis infestation.
The presence of this disease only becomes apparent among animals that moved to
the southern areas during the long dry season.
39
The Rugu Park climate is tropical with 500-1000mm of annual rainfall within 100130 days rainy period with August peak and up to seven months with rain less than
25mm. The soil is deep fine textured grey sands.
Table 4.1: Dominant Species of Plants around the Park.
Name of Plants
Pedicellatum
Local Name
Kyasuwa
Pyramidals
Buruburwa
Rufa
Harkiya
Andropogan gayanus
Gamba
Sporobolis pyramdalas
Goga masu
Penicettum pedicellum
Kuka
Gunnea senegaleusis
Marke
Annona senegaleusis
Kanya
Source (FMANR, 1998).
The vegetation around the Forest is normally deciduous and fire resistant varieties as
shown by figure 4.3, and extensive grasslands in the valleys, rocks, clay flats, river
beds and flood plains.
Figure 4.4: Deciduous Plants within the Park
40
After the rainy season abundant grass cover is available, including high quality
fodder.
There are three major Rivers in the reserve namely Jangare, Koto, Kadaura, and
Lamba, which all flow westward direction until they reach Ruma river (outside the
forest).
There are thirty si (36) earth dams and ponds which were constructed at various
locations within the forest to provide water year round for livestock and wild
animals.
Table 4.2: Dams and Ponds Distribution in the Park
Range
Dams
Ponds
1
4
-
2
2
-
3
2
-
4
2
1
5
3
1
6
6
4
7
5
-
8
2
-
9
2
-
10
2
-
Total
30
6
Source (RRMC, 2008).
41
Figure 4.5: Kadaura Dam
1000
900
860
800
740
700
Yearly Rainfall (mm) from 1999 - 2006
780
681
660
2001
2002
731
691
660
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1999
2000
Year
Figure 4.6: Rainfall Data for the Park.
Source: (RMCR, 2007).
2003
2004
2005
2006
42
Figure 4.7: A Wild Camel Feeding From the Pastures
4.4.4
Laws and Regulations
The first wildlife conservation law enacted in Nigeria was the Wild Animals
Preservation Laws of Western Nigeria (CAP 132), in 1916. The Wild Animals
preservation Laws of Eastern Nigeria followed this in 1928, the Wild Animal laws of
Northern Nigeria was later on enacted in 1963. Essentially, all these legislation
sought to control and regulate hunting and killing of animals and birds in their
respective areas of jurisdiction (Lawan, 1999).
The present day law for the preservation and control of protected areas came
in force on the first day of January, 1990,which was prepared by professor Sam
Scruton Richardson, A.O, C.B.E. (Oxf) and sir Niggel Vernon Reed, C.B.E, T.D.,
L.L.B. (NZ). A law for the Preservation and Control of forest and wild life. NN 1963
Cap 44. KDSLN 5 of 1982. KTSLN 1 of 1987. This law is cited as the Forestry Law
Governor may constitute reserves and protected forest
43
It shall be lawful for the governor to constitute as government forest reserve
any of the following lands, lands at the disposal of government, or any land in
respect of which it appears to the governor on the advice of the chief conservator of
forests that the forest growth on such lands should be protected or reserved or forest
growth be established. The governor may by notice in the state gazette declare any
such land to be government protected forest.
Before constituting any lands as government forest reserve a notice shall be
published by the governor in the state gazette, specifying as nearly as may be the
situation and limits of the lands, declaring that the lands now form a protected forest,
declaring whether the land are at the disposal of the government or are lands coming
within section 4 (1) (b), appointing an officer, hereinafter referred to as the reserve
settlement officer. If for any reason the reserve settlement officer appointed under
this section is unable to perform his duties, the governor may, by notice in the state
gazette, appoint any person to act on his behalf or as successor.
The governor may make regulations for many purposes and may specify
the area or areas to which all or any regulations shall apply. Like prohibiting or
regulating the taking of forest produce or of any specified kind of forest produce on
land at the disposal of government or communal lands, prohibiting the sale and
purchase of forest produce or of any specified kind of forest produce by any person
other than the holders of licences and permits granted under this law, or by any other
persons or by any classes of persons specified in the regulations, providing for the
survey and demarcation of forest reserves and forests, regulating the taking,
collection and preparation of forest produce e.t.c.
44
4.4.4.1
Offences and Legal Procedure
Whoever in any forest reserve, except with the authority in writing of the
prescribed officer, takes any forest produce, uproot, burns, strips off the bark or
leaves from, or otherwise damage any tree, Hunts or fishes, Pastures cattle or permit
cattle to trespass, Resides or erects any building, shall be liable on summary
conviction to a fine of one hundred naira or be imprisoned for 6 months and in
addition thereof may required by the court to pay a sum equivalent to the fees and
royalties payable on any forest produce removed or damaged and also such amount,
if any, as the court may consider just as compensation. A full detail of the laws
governing the Rugu national park is attached at the appendix of the project report.
4.4.5
Administration
Since the establishment of the Rugu National Park in 1960, the Federal
Ministry of Animal and Forest Resources, and the Katsina Native Authority, now
Katsina State Government and USAID have been involved in projects aimed at
improving the Rugu National Park. Initially funded by the Katsina provincial
Government, later by subsequent governments, i.e state governments and federal
government and donor agencies like USAID (RMCR, 2007). The Katsina state
government is responsible for the running and maintenance of the forest reserve, the
local governments i.e Safana, Batsari, and Kankara and traditional councils assist the
state government to enforce rules and regulations governing the forest reserve, the
pastoralist and their Ardos sometimes assist in maintaining and repairing broken
down facilities like dams, wells etc within the reserve and report in some cases eject
encroachments and control bush burning. When some part of the Forest was opened
for grazing activities, the need for effective control of the resources becomes one of
45
cardinal programmes of management. The principal role of ten chiefs was foremost,
to act as a go-between for herdsmen and the councillor for agriculture and animal
resources, particularly in such areas as enlightment and dissemination of information
on policy implementation and maintenance of law and order. In addition, they are
also required to in collaboration with Wakilin Fulani to collect tax (Jangali). The tax
through the wakilin Fulani and districts heads is remitted to the local government
council. In case the district head receives a complain concerning a herdsmen (on
such matters as unauthorised trespass into lands or other related matters capable of
causing break of peace) it is their duty to bring the offender to the district head for
adjudication. This does not preclude the district head referring the case to a court in
case settlement cannot be affected through him. In real political terms these ten
Chiefs act as village heads even though they are still under the jurisdiction of the
later, the district head.
The headquarters of the Rugu National Park is situated at Runka town exactly 3
kilometres away from the main town. Comprising of three sections
1. Range management section
2. Diary scheme
3. Veterinary Section
Formally these sections were headed by one officer, but now each section is
controlled by an officer.
46
4.4.5.1
Range Management Scheme
The largest section of the three is headed by a range management officer
with one range assistant seven grazing control assistant, three stock man, twelve
labourers, ten range guards, two watchmen and a messenger under his control. There
is also one clerical assistant; all in all, the total number of staff in this section is 38.
Local grazing committee was formed and monthly grazing committee was formed
and monthly grazing meeting was inaugurated to link the management of objectives
with the wishes and aspirations of the herdsmen using the reserve. The committee
comprised of the following.
1. Chairman of Dutsinman local government
2. District heads of Safana, Batsari, Yantumaki, and Danmusa
3. Councillor for agric and natural resources
4. Head of agriculture department
5. Wakilin daji d/ma
6. Senior livestock superintendent
7. Wakilin Fulani higher range management superintendent
8. Ten Fulani chiefs and Fulani opinion leaders and other Fulani interested
groups.
In the first National Development Plan (1962-1968) a sum of 2 million naira was
allocated to the amenities programme, a large portion of the allocation was set aside
for range management, and Rugu forest was selected for pilot scheme (1963). During
the 3rd National Development Plan (1975-1980) another sum of 400,000 naira was
further allocated for the improvement of the existing infrastructure and development
of pastures in the forest. Based on this allocations, some commendable projects have
been executed, this include the demarcation of the forest into 10 ranges. New access
roads have been constructed and the existing ones improved. At present the Federal
Government in collaboration with World Bank have embarked on pilot projects in
ranges 8 and 9, total involvement on the project was estimated at 336.203 naira to be
spread over a three year period. (Source: FMANR 2008).
47
4.4.5.2
Diary Scheme
This section is headed by a livestock superintended with a livestock
assistant, 10 labourers, 2 watch men and 1 operator under his control. The livestock
superintended takes charge of the administrative and other operational activities,
while the livestock assistant assists him in other operations. With a plant processing
capacity of 500 litres per day to provide market for the excess milk produced by the
cattle rearears. The milk purchased from the cattle rearers is processed into yoghurt,
cheese, butter, cream and fresh milk for sale to institutions in the state. Big cold
rooms at Runka and Katsina selling points were used for storing milk products. The
diary equipments include Chuns, storage tanks (500 litres capacity, pasteurizer,
sealing machine, separator, cold rooms.
4.4.5.3
Clinic Section (Veterinary)
Veterinary clinics are located near Runka range management centre and
in Dutsinmaa township and various sub clinics adjacent to the park at Safana,
Batsari, Yar-malamai, Illela,
and Dan-musa. The Divisional Veterinary Officer
(DVO) at Dutsinma is in charge of this section, he is assisted by a livestock assistant,
2 invaculators, 2 labourers and a watchman.
4.4.5.4
Facilities, Utilities and Services
The following Facilities Utilities and Services were put in place over the
lifespan of the reserve.
i.
Access roads all over the ranges
48
ii.
36 earth dams for drinking water
iii.
One cattle dip, spray pumps for the treatment of outbreak of disease
iv.
Boreholes to provide clean drinking water to the pastoralist and their family.
v.
Machineries like heavy duty for dam’s construction and repairs, like
bulldozer caterpillar D7 and D8, grader for road construction and scrapper.
vi.
Filling station which provides fuel to the heavy duty machineries, tractors
and Lorries.
vii.
Generators that provide electricity for both the range and diary scheme.
viii.
Vehicles for the running of the day to day activities which include land rover
jeep, Scrappers.
4.4.5.4
Staffing
There are 32 staffs comprising of both junior and senior staff in running
the administration of the park. They include
i.
3 project officers
ii.
4 assistant project officers having required qualification in the field of range
management.
iii.
10 grazing control assistants
iv.
4 tractors operators
v.
4 drivers
vi.
3 extension officers
vii.
2 botanist
viii.
2 zoologist
49
4.4.5.6
Housing
To accommodate the supporting staff of the Rugu National Park. The
government built four types of staff quarters for the staffs.
I.
6 senior staff quarters.
II.
3 intermediate staff quarters.
III.
2 junior staff quarters.
IV.
2 labourers’ quarters.
Labour lines were also constructed for labourers that provide the labour force at the
project.
4.5
Settlements Within and Surrounding the Protected Area
There are settlements located right inside the protected area, and there are
other settlements located near the protected area.
50
Table 4.3: Distribution of Settlements and Population within the Protected Area
Name of Settlements
Population Figure
Habul
408
Kinfau
732
Kunkunna
234
Garin Tunau
109
Salihawar haki
58
Dan-tudu
138
Gobirawa
325
Sabuwar duniya
451
Muniya
1,563
Makera
58
Bare-bari
1,210
Illela
981
Total
6,267
Source: (NPC, 2006).
51
Table 4.4: Distribution of Settlements and Population Surrounding the Protected
Area
Name of Settlements
Population Figure
Runka
1,810
Gimi
515
Marina
820
Tashar barau
114
Kuka tara
313
Guzurawa
1,217
Gidan Tsohuwa
197
Mara-zamfarawa
231
Hanki biri
75
Yarlilo
1,105
Daulai
561
Gora
1,298
Total
8256
Source: (NPC, 2006).
52
CHAPTHER 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1
Introduction
The aim of this research is to evaluate the benefits of Rugu forest in Safana
local government, Katsina state of Nigeria, using protected area benefit assessment
tool.
5.2
5.2.1
Benefits Evaluation
Evaluation
Evaluation is a methodological area that is closely related to, but
distinguishable from more traditional social research. Evaluation utilizes many of the
same methodologies used in traditional social research, but because evaluation takes
place within a political and organizational context, it requires group skills,
management ability, and other skills that social research in general does not rely on
as much (Williams, 2006). Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the worth or
merit of some object. Evaluation can also be defined as the systematic acquisition
and assessment of information to provide useful feedback about some object (Gunn,
53
2004). Evaluation offer information which helps people to know what happens after
the initiation of a project or programme. (Medugu, 2007)
5.2.2 Benefits
Benefits here refers here to a resource that is being used to provide direct
gains (which could be in terms of money earned, or subsistence resources collected
or less tangible gains such as spiritual peace or mental well-being) to stakeholders.
The resources of the protected area become a benefit when they are successfully
used to provide such gains. (Nigel et al, 2008).
5.3
Sources of Data
Due to the fact that most of the respondents are illiterate, because they are
mostly villagers and nomads, it will be unwise to give them questionnaire to fill
themselves. This is because maximum information required may not be collected due
to non response and misinterpretation of the questions. Therefore the author has to
use the staffs in the Rugu National Park to fill some of the questionnaire, and also
conduct interview in which respondents will be asked questions according to the
questionnaire and their responses filled.
5.3.1
Primary Source
Primary data collection was carried out by field observation using naked
eyes, administering of questionnaires and also interviews. The methods of primary
data collection used in this survey are.
54
5.3.1.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaire are probably the most commonly used data collection
methods and are extremely flexible and has the advantage of gathering information
on almost any topic from large or small number of people, so questionnaires were
administered to the respondents, and the standard questionnaire designed by the
Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool was adopted in this survey.
Figure 5.1: Sample Questionnaire.
55
5.3.1.2
Field Observation
A field trip was carried out in some part of the study area, so as to
have a firsthand information and idea about the possible benefits of the protected
area.
5.3.1.3
Interview
As stated earlier in the beginning of this chapter, most of the target
respondents are uneducated, they cannot understand and fill the questionnaire, so
interview became necessary,
in which respondents will be asked questions
according to the questionnaire and their responses filled.
There are mainly three types of interviewing, depending on the
degree of being structured.
a) Structured interview which are like questionnaires, instead of the
questions being read by the respondents, they are asked by the researcher
who also record the answers. The surveys are carried out like this for a
number of reasons; the main reason is that it allows the researcher greater
control over the sample of respondents, the other main advantage is that
an interviewer can ask the respondent to explain an answer in a little
more depth. This kind of interview was very important for this study
because most respondents are illiterate.
b) Semi-structured interview provide much more scope for the discussion
and recording of respondents opinion and views. It consist of some open
questions, this methods is basically used to collect such discursive
information which usually contains a high degree of opinion or the
expression of attitudes.
56
c) In-depth interview the purpose of this kind of interview is to collect
complex information, containing a high proportion of opinion, attitude
and personal experience. The topic used is usually the subject which both
the respondent and interviewer are interested in.
The structured interview was selected for this survey, because it provides the room
needed for the researcher to ask the respondents questions from the questionnaire
and record their responses accordingly.
5.3.2
Secondary Source
Secondary information were drawn from the records of government
ministries like Federal ministry of Agriculture and water resources, federal ministry
of Environment, Katsina state ministry of agriculture, agriculture department of
Safana local government, and also from literature reviews from journals, theories,
books, publications, internet, and previous research work on the related field of
protected areas and benefits of protected areas.
57
Figure 5.2: The Researcher with a Respondent after Being Interviewed.
5.4
Sampling
In carrying out the research, sample population was selected from the
whole population, which is intended to represent the whole population under survey.
Simple random sampling was adopted because of its simplicity and effectiveness, in
simple random sampling each person in the area under research has an almost equal
chance of being selected (Tetsu, 2008). So all of the persons interviewed were
selected by chance.
5.4.1
Respondents
i.
Indigenous traditional people living in the Rugu National Park.
ii.
Other people living in the Rugu National Park.
iii.
Indigenous people near the Rugu National Park.
58
iv.
Government, three staffs of the federal ministry of agriculture and natural
resources were interviewed, two staffs from the Katsina state ministry of
agriculture and natural resources were also interviewed, and two staffs from
agriculture department of Safana local government.
These settlements were also sampled randomly; they were selected by chance.
Figure5.3: Indigenous People Living Within the Protected Area.
5.3.1
Settlements Within the Protected Area
These are settlements including helmets that are situated directly inside the
National Park, and they include indigenous traditional people from the area living
inside the park, and also non indigenous traditional people living inside the park.
Table 5.1: Indigenous Traditional People Living in the Protected Area
Name of settlement
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Total
Population
1,563
732
408
2,703
No of Respondents
26
15
10
51
Source: (NPC, 2006).
59
Table 5.2: Non Indigenous People Living in the Protected Area
Name of settlement
Population
No of Respondents
Makera
58
5
Total
58
5
Source: (NPC, 2006).
5.3.2
Settlements Around the Protected Area
These are settlements surrounding the National Park; they are located
around the National Park.
Table 5.3: Indigenous People Living Around the Protected Area
Name of settlement
Population
No of Respondents
Gimi
Kuka Tara
Gidan tsohuwa
515
313
197
12
9
8
Total
1,025
29
Source: (NPC, 2006)
Governments
There are also 7 respondents from the government, which makes up a total of
92 respondents.
Table 5.4: Different Tiers of Government Interviewed
Tier of Government
Federal government
State government
Local government
Total
Portfolio
Respondents
Federal Min of Agriculture
Min of Agriculture
Dept of Agriculture
3
2
2
7
60
CHAPTER 6
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1
Introduction
The basic concern of this research is to identify the benefits of Rugu protected
area in Katsina state Nigeria, using Protected Area Benefit Assessment Tool. This
chapter discuss and explore what sort of benefits, and details on exactly who the
beneficiaries are, either local indigenous people, or national population.
6.2
Values and Benefits
Benefits here refers to a resource that is being used to provide direct gains
which could be in terms of money earned, or subsistence resources collected or less
tangible gains such as spiritual peace or mental well-being) to stakeholders. The
resource of the protected area becomes a benefit when they are successfully used to
provide such gains (Sue and Nigel, 2008).
In the previous chapters much was discussed about protected areas and noted
that a number of them appear to provide benefits to local people and also about Rugu
national park, however, details on what sort of benefit are extracted from the Rugu
National Park are explained here. In order to evaluate these benefits the (PA-BAT)
was used to examine these kinds of benefits. So the tool which is a questionnaire was
61
used in the collation of information regarding the different types of benefits that the
people get from the PA, after which it was analysed and the results of the analysis is
shown below.
The benefits evaluated in this study were classified into three main categories,
namely
i.
Economic benefits.
ii.
Environmental benefits.
iii.
Social benefits.
6.2.1
Economic Benefits
These are benefits that provide ability to earn an income, or benefits to
consume and to have assets. Under which we have
6.2.1.1
Grazing and Fodder
The Rugu Park has served as a rainy season grazing resort for the settled
indigenous people, semi-settled non indigenous pastoralist residing in the area and
migratory groups from surrounding environs, such as Funtua, Zaria and Sokoto state,
and indigenous people living near the protected area. The Fulani are the major
pastoralist, they migrate from the south to the park in search of fodder and water for
their animals most of which are camels, cattles, sheeps, and goats. The pastoralists
utilising the park are divided into three groups
•
Permanent indigenous traditional reserve settlers: these are indigenous people
who live in the national park.
•
Indigenous traditional people pastoralists: those who stay in the reserve in the
surrounding village close to the park.
62
•
The non indigenous people living in the protected area: those who normally
move from other areas to the park at the beginning of the rainy season and
withdraw to their permanent site immediately the dry season begins.
The largest concentration of livestock’s in the reserve occurs during the wet season
from June to early November. From November onwards when the quality and
quantity of herbage declines due to intensive grazing, leaching of soil, accidental
bush fire and some climatic factors. So the use is not continuous rather regular. The
benefit is subsistence. Livestock grazing and fodder occurs in a rotational pattern in
the reserve.
Figure 6.1: Herds of Cattle Returning to Base after Grazing
63
Percentage of PA involved in grazing
11%
Indigenous People living in PA
5%
Non-Indigenous People living
in PA
8%
Indigenous People living
outside PA
Buffer zone
76%
Figure 6.2: Proportion of Protected Area in Supplying the Benefit.
The indigenous people living in the protected area are allotted with range 1 and 2 to
rear their animals, which makes up 11 % of the protected area.
The non indigenous people living in the protected area are only allowed to graze
their animals in range 1 which constitute 5 % of the protected area.
The indigenous people living outside but near the protected area are allowed to graze
on range 1 and some part of range 2 which make up 8 % of the protected area.
Table 6.1: Percentage of Grazing Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
GidanTsohuwa
Total
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
20
12
9
3
5
4
3
77
80
90
60
42
44
37
6
3
1
2
7
5
5
23
20
10
40
58
55
62
85
56
66
29
34
All settlements located within the PA have higher percentage of benefits because
they are allocated with range 1 and 2 to graze their animals; these settlements include
64
Muniya, Kinfau, Habul and Makera. While the remaining settlements outside the PA
do not have easy access to the PA and are allocated with range 1 only to rear their
animals which include Gimi, Kuka-tara, and Gidan-tsohuwa.
6.2.1.2
Fishing
There are four major lakes in the reserve used for fishing namely, Jangare,
Koto, Kadaura, and Lamba 1 lakes, they flow westward direction until they reach
Ruma river (outside the forest). Fishing is allowed in these lakes, Lamba 1 is situated
at the North Eastern part of the protected area, Kadaura, jangare and Koto located at
the North Western part of the reserve.
Table 6.2: Major Species of Fish Caught in the Protected Area
Scientific Name
English Name
Local Name
Tilapia spp
Synodontis eupterus
Labeo pseudocoubie
Alestes nurse
Fundulopanchax gardneri
nigerianus
Parachanna obscura
Tilapia
Catfish
African carp
characins
Nothobranchiidae
Buku
Kala
Jigo
Miki
Nigerian Killi
Snake Head
Kan maciji
Cat Fish
Tilapia Fish
Figure 6.3: some of the types of fish caught in the protected area.
Fish provides subsistence and economic benefit to the people as they consume it and
it’s a good source of protein, and the remaining surplus they sell it out and provide
income of USD 61 in a month (Source, Sarfillu). This activity is usually a regular
activity and not continuous, normally people are allowed to fish during the rainy
season, and not allowed to catch during the dry season.
65
Map of Rugu Park
Figure 6.4: Map of Rugu Park Showing the locations of Settlements and dams.
Table 6.3: Percentage of Fishing Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
66
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
Gidan Tsohuw
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
19
10
10
4
3
5
6
73
66
100
80
25
56
75
7
5
0
1
9
4
2
27
34
0
20
75
44
25
Total
85
57
67
28
33
Gimi has the lowest percentage of beneficiaries due to distance from the dams where
fishing takes place, all other settlements located outside the PA have less percentage
of benefits compared to settlements of Kinfau, Habul and Muniya which are located
right in the PA and close to the dams in which fishing activities is carried out.
6.2.1.3
Timber
Timber collection for fuel purposes is allowed within the protected area,
any other use of timber apart from fuel purpose is not allowed, the reason behind this
allowance for the collection of fuel wood is because gas and other source of energy
are not affordable for the common man. The Northern part of the park is set aside for
exploitation of this benefit; fuel wood is the major source of energy for the locals
living in the area.
67
Figure 6.5: A Local Resident Collecting Fuel Wood from the Park
Table 6.4: Percentage of Timber Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
Gidan Tsohuwa
Total
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
85
21
14
10
5
11
9
7
77
81
93
100
100
92
100
87
90
5
1
0
0
1
0
1
8
19
67
0
0
8
0
13
10
Fuel wood provides economic benefits to the people as they sell it out and earn
income of about USD 76 per month, it also provides subsistence benefits as they also
use it for other domestic use like cooking and heating, it is also used as a building
material.
6.2.1.4
Job Opportunity
One of the major economic benefits of the Rugu national park is providing
jobs to numerous people both the indigenous and local people in the protected area
and non-indigenous people, including people living outside the protected area.
During the survey, it was discovered 7 people living in the protected area were
employed, 3 as tractor operators with a monthly income of USD 77, and 2 as
68
invaculators with a monthly income of USD 95, and 2 as livestock grazing control
assistants with an income of USD 82 per month. Another 3 indigenous people living
outside the protected area and 2 are non locals but reside close to the protected area
were employed as forest officers, under the federal Ministry of Agriculture, their job
is to regulate felling down of trees and also arrest offenders, with a monthly income
of USD 100 per month, 1 indigenous person was also employed as livestock
assistant with a monthly income of USD 120.
Figure 6.6: Some Indigenous People Employed as Forest Officers.
Table 6.5: Percentage of Job Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
Gidan Tsohuwa
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
4
2
1
0
2
0
1
15
13
10
0
17
0
13
22
13
9
5
10
9
7
85
87
90
100
83
100
87
Total
85
10
12
75
88
69
Makera which is a settlement of Fulani’s who are settlers are non-indigenes do not
enjoy the opportunities of jobs provided by the PA, whereas they remaining
settlements both within and outside the PA which include indigenous Hausa people
have job opportunities.
6.2.1.5
Non Commercial Water Use
This is the benefit that almost everyone living in and around the protected
area enjoyed. The numerous benefits of non commercial water use includes domestic
use of water like washing, drinking, cooking, and also irrigation farming, this usage
became feasible due to the presence of various earth dams constructed all over the
protected area. The Rugu River is purposely used for the irrigation farming which is
situated at the Western part of the national park. The surplus produce is sold out
which provides income from the irrigation farming.
Table 6.6: Percentage of Water use Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
Gidan Tsohuwa
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
26
15
10
5
11
9
8
100
100
100
100
92
100
100
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
Total
85
84
99
1
1
Due to abundance of earth dams and various lakes within and around the PA, almost
all the settlements have access to water provided by the dams and lakes.
6.2.1.6
Medicinal Resources
Traditional herbs collection provides subsistence benefits and economic
benefits to both indigenes and non indigenous inhabitants that live in and around the
protected area, this has become possible due to dependence of traditional herbal
medicine which are still the primary medicine for the residents, the discovery of
70
traditional use of herbs for the treatment of Pile, a disease which affects most
Africans has greatly increase the benefits from the park. Gamji and Gawo are the
most effective herbs used for the treatment of this disease, so people around the area
use to sell and also make use of this herbs, amongst some of the widely used herbs
for medication include gawasa, bedi, kanya, marke, guga masu, which effectively
treats ailments ranging from malaria, cholera, body pain and body weakness.
Figure 6.7: Herbs Collectors, From Left Sarfilu, Middle the Author and Right Bello.
Table 6.7: Percentage of Medicinal Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
GidanTsohuwa
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
23
14
8
4
10
3
2
88
93
80
80
83
33
25
3
1
2
1
2
6
6
12
7
20
20
17
67
75
Total
85
64
75
21
25
Gidan-tsohuwa and Kuka-tara settlements’ always patronise government hospitals
when they fall sick, hence the reason for low percentage of benefits, while the
remaining settlements normally use local medicinal plants to cure their sickness,
illiteracy is a major factor why these remaining settlements don’t visit hospitals.
71
6.2.1.7
Hunting
Hunting of wild game for food and recreation is allowed within the
protected area. Range 9 and range 10 are set aside for this purpose which is at the
southern part of the park.
Table 6.8: Percentage of Hunting Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
GidanTsohuwa
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
18
8
9
3
2
1
3
69
53
90
60
17
11
37
8
7
1
2
10
8
5
31
47
10
40
83
89
63
Total
85
44
52
41
48
Figure 6.8: The Author Left and Mallam Danlami a Hunter Right.
72
Accessibility is the major reason why Habul, Makera, and Muniya have a higher
percentage of benefits as they are all situated right inside the PA, whereas Kuka tara,
Gimi and Gidan-tsohuwa have lower percentage due to distance away from the PA.
6.2.1.8 Recreation and Tourism
This is a two way benefits, one is the inhabitants enjoy the recreation
provided by the protected area and at the same time the serve as guide to tourist that
visits the national park which provides them with income, and it is the women that
mostly engage in this act. In the 1980 s more than 1000 tourist from over 40
countries were hosted in the Rugu national park (RMC, 1987). But now they number
of tourist is declining, the reason is wild life have move deep into the forest now due
to human disturbance. But there are so many places near and around the protected
area that are used for recreational purposes such as the Gimi waterfalls very close to
it is a natural spring water coming out from a very big mountain also called Gimi
mountain, which provides clean and portable drinking water for visitors and people
living within and outside the protected area.
Table 6.9: Percentage of Recreation Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
GidanTsohuwa
Total
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
85
20
10
10
3
8
3
7
61
77
67
100
60
67
33
87
72
6
5
0
2
4
6
1
24
23
33
0
40
33
67
13
28
73
6.2.1.9 Collection of non Wood Products
The collection of non-wood product is a very vital benefit, they non wood
products includes thatch grasses like the gamba grass which is used as a building
material, the grass is also gathered from the park and sold to other settlements
Table 6.10: Percentage of Non-Wood Beneficiaries and non Beneficiaries
Settlement
Respondents
Beneficiaries
%
Non Beneficiaries
%
Muniya
Kinfau
Habul
Makera
Gimi
Kuka tara
GidanTsohuwa
26
15
10
5
12
9
8
22
13
10
2
8
7
5
85
87
100
40
67
78
63
4
2
0
3
4
2
3
15
13
0
60
33
22
37
Total
85
67
79
18
21
The main reason why Makera settlement has the lowest percentage of benefits is due
to the fact that they are settlers and none indigines, they are not allowed to exploit
the PA as they wish, rather there is regulation on how the exploit the PA.
Figure 6.9: The Researcher Front Posing With a Non Wood Collector.
74
6.2.2
Social Benefits
These are benefits that bring about pride in the community and protected
area, including confidence, spiritual freedom, and education. They include.
6.2.2.1
Knowledge, Research and Education
The Rugu national park provides resources for research; however the
benefits the protected area provides is not directly enjoyed by the inhabitants living
in and around the protected area, rather by scientist and other technicians, an
increasing number of schools and universities runs trips to the Rugu national park,
students from the biological sciences and also from the pharmaceutical departments
of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria have been visiting the park for educational
purposes. There is a research which focuses on the use of a special plant known as
kanya, the research is on how to use the plant as bio fuel, and the research was made
possible due to abundance of kanya plant species in the protected area. The park is
also used as a case study as a venue for workshops on the awareness of
environmental protection.
6.2.3
Environmental Benefits
These benefits refer to those benefits that play roles in environmental
stability and the provision of natural resources, and they include.
75
6.2.3.1
Carbon Sequestration and Soil Stabilisation Protection
Most of the trees that makes up the national park contributes
immensely in the reduction of carbon within the atmosphere, because trees absorbs
carbon and produce large amount of oxygen, so in essence this will go a long way in
reducing or checking climate change and global warming, so the benefits here is a
global benefits, and it is a continuous process, it has been discovered that in a year,
one tree in the park can inhale 12 kilogramme of carbon and exhale enough oxygen
to keep a family of four breathing for a year (IUCN, 2002). Another major benefit of
the Rugu protected area from environmental perspective is in controlling soil
erosion, soil erosion is a very rampant problem around the region, but the protected
area has checked this menace, during the survey it was realised that there is the
availability of cover crops and trees all over the place, which greatly reduce runoffs
that causes soil erosion and also the trees serves as wind breakers which reduce the
speed of winds and winds action in erosion process, rate of erosion when reduced
will greatly increase crop yield and it will in turn reflects in the income of the
inhabitants.
Proportion of PA involved in the provision of
environmental benefits
23%
Amount of PA involved in the
provision of environmental
benefit
77%
Figure 6.10: Environmental Benefits Chart.
Amount of PA not involved in
the provision of environmental
benefit
76
6.2.3.2
Water Quality and Quantity
The Rugu protected area provides rich sources of drinking water; this
has become possible because of the natural vegetation which provides pure water.
The park is an important source of water for the local communities who have
observed that conservation of the park’s forests has improved water resources, all
these have become possible because the park is a watershed protecting and
stabilising stream flows, maintaining ecological cycles and micro climates. There are
also many dams located in different parts of the park which is a good source of water
to the people. Some of these dams include Lamba one, Kadaura dam, Koto dam,
jangare dam, Muniya dam, kurkal dam, Bunsuru dam,
6.3
Summary
The results of the analysis shows a clear relationship that exist between
protected areas and human beings, these relationship which are benefits are provided
by the Protected areas, these benefits include direct economic, environmental and
social benefits, however these benefits are more often linked to aspect of well-being,
such as the provision of food and clean water, maintenance of health and other
benefits linked to cultural and spiritual values.
They various benefits provided by the Rugu National Park were classified into
three main benefits; namely economic benefits, social benefits and environmental
benefits, which are shown by the figures below.
77
Economic Benefits
Beneficiaries
90
88
Non-beneficiaries
99
79
75
67
66
72
52 48
34
33
25
10
12
21
1
Figure 6.11: Economic Benefits from the PA
The above bar chart describes the holistic economic benefits that accrue from the PA
to the people; these are benefits that provide the ability to earn income, to consume
and to have assets. The first benefit is grazing with 66 % of the people benefitting
from it and 34 % not benefiting, while fishing has 67% beneficiaries and 33% not
benefiting from fishing, majority of the respondents interviewed shows significant
benefit from timber resources with 90% of the respondents benefiting and 10% not
benefiting, findings of this study also shows that a total of only 12% benefits from
Job opportunities while 88% do not benefit, another benefit is non-commercial water
use with a 99% of respondents benefiting from and just 1% not benefiting, and
medicinal resources with a total of 75% of respondents benefiting from it and 25%
not benefiting, the study also reveals 52% of the people benefiting from hunting
activity while 48% are not benefiting from it, non-wood products benefits with 79%
of the respondents benefiting from and 21%are not, lastly in economic benefit is
recreation and tourism with 72% of the population benefiting and 28% not
benefiting.
28
78
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1
Introduction
This chapter is the last chapter of the study; it includes recommendations
based on the findings and conclusions. Based on the findings of the study
recommendations are hereby presented.
7.2
Conclusion
It has been stated that protected areas especially in developing countries
address human concerns, ranging from benefits and values to other human needs
(James, 1997). So this project set out to discover if protected areas can now be said
to play a positive role in fundamentals of human concerns.
At the end of the research it was clear that there is a strong relationship
between protected areas and human beings, the protected areas provides important
benefits that helps in addressing issues of poverty, these benefits include direct
economic, environmental and social benefits, although these benefits are more often
linked to aspect of well-being, such as the provision of food and pure water,
maintenance of health and other benefits linked to cultural and spiritual values.
Sometimes they also play a direct role in poverty reduction, but more commonly the
PA provide a safety net for most of the poor people within and in the Rugu park and
79
stop them falling further into poverty and providing them with some of the
requirement for improving their lifestyle.
7.3
Recommendation
The Federal government of Nigeria should establish stiffer controls on fuel
wood extraction from the national park, because along the line during the study, it
was discovered that fuel wood collection is the major problem facing the park, it
pose a threat to the park as people fell down trees indiscriminately. Community
management of fuel wood resources should also be encouraged, there should be
reform in forestry afforestation, land and tree tenure, and environmental education
programmes should be promoted.
The government should also develop economic incentives and policy commitments
to support protected areas through the provision of economic incentives for local
communities in and around protected areas so as to conserve biodiversity and reduce
encroachment, conservation clubs and societies should also be formed.
The international agencies along with the state government should strengthen
capacity of national parks services to household protected areas and control
encroachment.
The government should also work towards establishing effective protected areas
system and buffer zones management. Enforcement review and update of strong anti
bushfire should be done. Also promotion of local participation in protected areas
management should be done.
Principle can be adopted to sustain parks existence because sustainable development
attempts to bridge the gap between economic growth and environmental protection.
If done, can support economic growth of the national park and enhance biodiversity
at the same time.
80
Sustainable use of the National Park should be encouraged; since the local people
have clearly recognised the park as a vital resource in their daily lives, they should
therefore manage and safeguard the biodiversity of the protected area.
Finally the federal government should totally surrender the entire park to the state
government, as the case in Yankari game reserve where the federal government
handed over the whole game reserve to Bauchi state.
81
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84
APPENDIX A
LAWS
The Laws of The Katsina State of Nigeria
In force on the first day of January, 1990. Prepared by. Professor Sam Scruton
Richardson, A.O, C.B.E. (Oxf). Sir Niggel Vernon Reed, C.B.E, T.D., L.L.B. (NZ).
A Law for the Preservation and Control of Forests. NN 1963. Cap. 44. KDSLN 5 of
1982. KTSLN 1 of 1987. This law may be cited as the Forestry Law.
PART 1- PRELIMINARY
The civil service commission or the local government service board, may
appoint such officers as may be considered necessary for the purpose of
giving effect to the provision of this law. (Appointment of forestry officers).
1. In this law unless the context otherwise requires. (Interpretations)
“forest” includes government forest reserves and protected forests, local
government forest reserves and protected forests, and communal forestry
areas;
“enclave” means an area completely surrounded by a forest reserve and
excluded from that forest reserve by an order made under this law.
“community” means any group of persons occupying any lands in accordance
with and subject to customary law.
“commissioner” means the state commissioner for the time being charged
with the responsibility for forests.
“communal forestry area” means any land within the area occupied by a local
community which land constituted a communal area under this law.
“forest growth” includes anything growing or to be grown on land other than
agricultural crops.
“forestry officer” means any officer of the forestry division of the ministry of
animal and forest resources or any officer appointed under section 3 for the
purpose of giving effect to the provision of this law
85
“chairman of the local government” means the chairman of the local
government council of the area within which the area, or the council in
question, is situated.
“forest produce” includes
a. Timber, firewood, charcoal, rubber, gutta percha, latex, wood
oil, gum, resin, natural vanish, tanning extracts, tanning barks,
fruits, fibres, bark, and lac. Whether found in or brought from
a forest or not.
b. Trees and all other parts or produce of trees not otherwise
herein mentioned,
Plants, including climbers and grasses, creepers and all parts
or produce of such plants.
Wood ashes
Peat surface soil and minerals other than minerals within the
meaning of any enactment regulating the working of minerals
Gravels, limestone, rock and laterite.
Honey, beeswax, guano, silk-cocoons, humus and all produce
from animals.
When found or brought in the forest.
“forestry property” means any stock, stores or materials owned by the
government or a local government and used or intended to be used in any forest
operation or any forestry work, and includes boundary marks and pillars, boundary
or survey beacons or signs, name plates, machinery, scientific instruments,
implements, tools, buildings, tents, fences, vehicles, roads and bridges.
“tress” include palms.
“forest reserve” means any area constituted a forest reserve under the law or under
any enactment repealed by this law, which shall not have ceased to be a forest under
any enactment.
“girth” means the circumference of a tree measured either at height of four feet six
inches from the ground measured at one foot above where the highest buttress
merges with the bole.
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“inquiry” means any inquiry by a reserve settlement officer.
“minor forest produce” means any forest produce other than timber.
“protected forest” includes
a. any area declared to be, or constituted as protected forest under this law.
b. any area proposed to be reserved, the preliminary notice in regard to which
has already been published.
“timber” includes all trees, whether standing, fallen or felled, stumps of trees and all
wood, whether or not cut up of fashioned or hallowed out for any purpose.
“to take timber” means to fell, lop or girdle trees or to carry away any timber from
the lands upon which the trees have fallen or been felled, whether the trees have
felled by cutting or by removing the soil from the roots or by any other method or
combination of methods.
“Working plan” means any plan of operation or work on any area whether in a forest
or not so decided upon and described as such by the chief conservation of forest
Preliminary Procedure for Constituting Government Forest Reserves.
(notification of intention to create a reserve and appointment of reserve
settlement officer).
2. 1. Before constituting any lands a government forest reserve a notice shall be
published by the governor in the state gazette.
a. Specifying as nearly as may be the situation and limits of the lands
b. Declaring that the lands now form a protected forest
c. Declaring whether the land are at the disposal of the government or
are lands coming within section 4 (1) (b).
d. Declaring that it is intended to constitute such lands a government
forest reserve, either for the general purposes of government or for
the particular use and benefit, wholly or in part, of any class of
persons or for the benefit of any community or authority.
e.
Appointing an officer, hereinafter referred to as the reserve
settlement officer, to inquire into and determine the existence, nature
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and extent of any rights claimed by or alleged to exist in favour of
any person or communities or brought to the knowledge of said
officer affecting the lands or any other rights in or over the lands
which it is proposed to constitute a government forest reserve.
2. If for any reason the reserve settlement officer appointed under this
section is unable to perform his duties, the governor may, by notice in the
state gazette, appoint any person to act on his behalf or as successor; such
notice may have retrospective effects for a period not exceeding one month.
3. (Notice of inquiry). Upon publication of notice aforesaid the reserve
settlement officer shall.
a. Immediately cause the particulars contained therein to be made known in
district or districts in which the lands are situated by causing the same to
be read and interpreted in the local language in every area court in the
said district or districts and also by far, as far as he considers essential,
informing the chiefs of the communities dwelling on, and the local
government having jurisdiction over, the lands aforesaid in writing, and
b. Fix and, in the manner aforesaid, make known a period within which and
place to or at which any person or community claiming any right in or
over or affecting the lands which it is proposed to constitute a forest
reserve shall either send in written statement of claims to him or appear
before him and state orally the nature and extent of their alleged rights.
The Inquiry
4. (Duty of reserve settlement officer at inquiry).
1. As soon as possible after the expiration of the period fixed by the reserve
settlement officer he shall-:
a. Inquire into and determine the limits of the lands specified in the
notice aforesaid
b. Determine the nature and extent of any claim or alleged rights
affecting the land which have been preferred or brought to his
notice.
2. The reserve settlement officer shall keep a record in writing of
a. All such claims and alleged rights
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b. All objections which may be made to such claims or alleged rights,
and
c. Any evidence in support of or in opposition to any claims or alleged
right.
5. (Reserve settlement officer to have judicial powers.)For the purpose of the
inquiry the reserve settlement officer shall have all the powers conferred
upon a district judge.
6. (Reserve settlement officer may sever or join claims.) The reservation
settlement officer may at any time during the inquiry join any number of
vlaims or server any claims joined and in his judgement may give a decision
which may join any number of claims or sever any claims which were
formerly joined.
Judgement
7. (Publication of judgement on completion of the inquiry).
1. Upon completion of the inquiry, the reserve settlement officer shall
deliver his judgement, describing the limits of the land specified in the
notice aforesaid and setting forth, with all such particulars as may be
necessary to define their nature, duration, incidence and extent, all claims
and alleged rights preferred or brought to his knowledge in respect of the
lands and admitting or rejecting the same wholly or in part, and shall fill
it at the land registry.
2. A notice shall be published in the state gazette specifying the land which
it is intended to reserve, the privileges concede in respect of such lands
and stating the special conditions intended to govern the reservation
thereof. In addition such notice shall be made known so far as may be
practicable to every person who, and the head of any community which,
preferred any claim or in respect of which any claim was brought to the
knowledge of the reserve settlement office.
Appeal
8. (Appeals from judgement of reserve settlement officer.)
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1. Any person who has made a claim on his own behalf, or where a claim
has been made on behalf of the community may, within three months of
the date delivery of the judgement, appeal to a district judge against that
portion of the reserve settlement officers judgement which affects his
claim or the claim made on behalf of the community which he represent.
2. An appeal shall lie to the high court within whose area of jurisdiction the
forest reserve is situated from decision of a district judge on appeal
against the judgement of the reserve settlement officer within thirty days
of the date of the decision appealed against. The decision of the high
court shall be final.
Constitution of the Forest Reserve.
9. (Order of the governor constituting the forest reserve.)
1. The governor may make an order constituting the lands in respect of
which an inquiry has been held a government forest reserve at the
expiration of three months from the date of publication of notice in the
state gazette under section 10. Provided that if an appeal has been made
against the judgement of the reserve settlement officer no such order shall
be made until such appeal has been determine or until the expiration of
the time within which an appeal may be laid.
2. Such order shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) set forth
a. The limits of the lands which constitute the reverse; and
b. All rights affecting the same as set forth in the judgement of the
reserve settlement officer or established by the court upon appeal
from such judgement; and
c. Such additional rights as the governor shall consider it just and
equitable to allow notwithstanding that such rights have not been
allowed in the judgement of the reserve settlement officer.
3. Such order shall not include therein such rights as may have been allowed
by the reserve settlement officer but which have been subsequently
modified or extinguish as hereinafter provided and where the boundaries
of the reserve have been modified as hereinafter provided the order shall
set forth the boundaries as subsequently determined.
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4. Such order shall be published in the state gazette and be made known in
the same manner as was the judgement of the reserve settlement officer.
5. From the date of publication of such order in the state gazette such lands
shall be a government forest reserve.
6. Any order made under this section may be revised or modified by the
governor and such revision or modification may be given retrospective
effects.
7. In any revision or modification made by the governor under subsection
(6) the governor may, after such inquiry, if any, as he shall in his decision
think fit:a. Exercise the powers conferred upon him by subparagraph (ii) of
section 13:
b. And such additional rights as he shall consider it just and equitable to
allow notwithstanding that such rights had not been allowed in the
judgement of the reserve settlement officer.
Modification of the Reserve settlement Officers Judgement
10. (Rights may be extinguished or modified by commissioner). Where the
reserve settlement officer has admittedly wholly or in part any right or claim
and in the opinion of the commissioner the exercise of such right or claim or
any part thereof:a. Would stultify the objects of any forest reserve.
b. Would seriously hinder the efficient working of any forest reserve, or
c. Would do serious damage to any forest reserve.
The commissioners:I.
May extinguish any such rights or claim and shall either give
monetary compensation, grant in exchange similar rights on other
similarly situated land either within or without the final
boundaries of the forest reserve;
II.
May confine or restrict any right or claims to certain areas either
within or without the forest reserve or the exercise of such rights
to certain times of the year, or
III.
May adopt wholly or in part any one or any combination of the
above methods of dealing with matter.
11. (Reserve may be made to exclude areas over which claims are admitted).
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If the reserve settlement officer has admitted wholly or in part any right on
any area which in the opinion of the chief conservator of forest could be
excised from the reserve without materially altering the objects of the
reserve, the governor may so amend the boundaries of the reserve or he may
create such excluded areas or enclaves within the boundaries of the reserve.
Provided that in altering the external boundaries of the reserve the officer
shall not include any area which lies outside the original boundaries set out in
the notice of the proposed reserve published in accordance with the provision
of section 5.
Further provisions Affecting Rights
12. (Government commissioner may close existing rights of way and water
courses if alternatives exist).
In any government forest reserve the commissioner may close any right of
way of water course. Provided that in his opinion another right of way or
watercourse equally convenient already exist or is provided.
13. (Extinguishment and revival of rights.)
Every right in or over land in respect of which no claim shall have been made
to the reserve settlement officer, or of which no knowledge shall have been
acquired by that officer before delivery of his judgement shall be extinguish.
Provided that if any person shall, within one year of the date of delivery of
final judgement, claim and satisfy the commissioner that he was possessed of
a right in respect of which he might have made a claim, and that through
ignorance of the fact that an inquiry was being held or for other sufficient
reason he failed to make such claims, the commissioner may direct-:
a. That such right shall be revived
b. That such claim shall be modified or extinguished in accordance with the
provision of section 13.
14. If any right within a forest reserve shall not have been exercised for a period
of ten years it shall be deemed to be extinguished.
15. It shall not be lawful for any person to alienate any right, affecting land
included in a forest reserve, which has been established before the reserve
settlement officer or before a court under section 11 or revived under section
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16, by sale, mortgage or transfer without the consent of the commissioner
first had and obtained. Any such sale, mortgage or transfer effected without
such consent shall be null and void.
16. During the period between the dates of the publication by the governor of the
notice of his intention to create a government forest reserve and of the order
of governor constituting the reserve-:
a. No right shall be acquired in or over the land comprised within such
notice otherwise than by succession or under a grant or contract in writing
entered into with the approval of the governor, and
b. Save as hereinafter provide:I.
II.
III.
No new house shall be built
No trees shall be cut
No forest produce shall be removed.
Provided that nothing in this section shall be deemed to prohibit
any act done with the permission in writing of the local
government or a forestry officer of a rank not below that of
assistant conservator of forest.
Miscellaneous
17. (Power to reserve) Replaced by KDSLN 5 of 1982.
18. The governor may by order direct that from a date named therein any lands or
any part thereof constituted a government forest reserve or a part of such
reserve and thereupon from such date such lands shall cease to be a
government forest reserve or a part of such reserve.
Provided that the rights, if any, which may have been extinguished therein
shall not revive in consequence of such cessation.
PART 3- GENERAL PROVISIONS
Entry upon lands
19. (Marking of boundaries. KDSLN 5 of 1982.)
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Any person required so to do by the commissioner for local government in
consultation with the ministry responsible for forest conservator of forests
with necessary workmen may enter upon any land for the purpose of erecting
any beacons or demarcating or cutting any boundary lines within and around
any land which it is proposed to constitute a forest reserve or a protected
forest and around any portion of land included as enclaves.
20. (Improvement of forest generally)
Any forestry officer not below the rank of assistant conservator of forest may
enter upon any land and may cut out and destroy any diseased, dead or dying
tree or any tree likely to cause damage to any forestry property or to life or
property.
21. (Prevention of offence).
It shall be lawful for any forestry officer, or police officer to prevent the
commission of any forestry offence.
22. (Power to exempt certain classes and districts).
The governor may by notice in the state gazette withdraw from the operation
of all or any of the provisions of this law any class of persons or any tribe or
part of a tribe, or any area specified therein, either for the period mentioned
in the notice or without period assigned.
Miscellaneous
23. It shall be lawful for the commissioner to take from any local government
forest reserve or protected forests any forest produce which may be required
for public purposes upon payment of a fair and reasonable price thereof
which price shall not exceed such fees and royalties as may be specified in
regulations and are generally applicable in respect of the reserve or protected
forest hence the forest produce was taken.
24. (Disposal of fees and royalties).
1. All fees received under this law shall be paid by the officer receiving
them into the treasury of the state save that fees payable in respect of any
local government forest reserve or any other area which the governor may
y notice in the state gazette prescribed as an area in respect of which fees
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are payable to the local government, shall be paid by the officer receiving
them direct to the local government.
2. Royalties shall be paid to the person or persons entitled to receive them.
Regulations
25. The governor may make regulations for all or any of the purposes following
and may specify the area or areas to which all or any regulations shall apply.
1. Prohibiting or regulating the taking of forest produce or of any specified
kind of forest produce on land at the disposal of government or
communal lands.
2. Prohibiting the sale and purchase of forest produce or of any specified
kind of forest produce by any person other than the holders of licences
and permits granted under this law, or by any other persons or by any
classes of persons specified in the regulations
3. Prohibiting the sale, purchase and possession of forest produce taken,
collected or prepared in contravention of this law.
4. Prohibiting the destruction of, or any act which may tend to the
destruction of or cause injury to, any forest produce or forest growth or
forest property in any forest reserve or on lands at the disposal of the
government or communal lands.
5. Regulating the grant and prescribing the form that any licences or permits
may take in any particular case.
6. Prescribing the procedure for fixing and making known to the public the
fees to be paid on the application for and the grant of any licence to
permit and the royalties and fees to be paid by the holders thereof
7. Providing for the collections, payment and disposal of fees, royalties,
tolls and costs of survey and demarcation.
8. Providing for the survey and demarcation of forest reserves and forests
9. Regulating the marketing of timber and the manufacture, use and
possession of marking instruments.
10. Regulating the taking, collection and preparation of forest produce.
11. Providing for the seizure, detention and disposal of timber or forest
produce taken, collected, prepared, sold, purchased, possessed or not
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marked, in contravention of this law or in respect of which any offence
against this law has been committed.
12. Requiring the holders of licences and permits to render returns and
accounts and to submit their books for inspection.
13. Providing for the termination, revocation and forfeiture of licences and
permits.
14. Regulating the transit of forest produce by land and water and by
different means and classes of transport
15. Regulating the salving and disposal of drift timber
16. Providing for the establishment and maintenances of nurseries and for the
forestation of lands, the preservation and production of forest produce
and the introduction of new species of trees or other forest produce.
17. Providing for the management, utilisation and protection of forest
reserve.
18. Prescribing the powers and duties of forestry officers
19. Authorising the payment of grants and bonuses out of the public revenue
for the encouragement of forestry.
20. Generally for giving effect to the objects and purposes of this law.
26. The governor may make regulations for imposing tolls on forest produce or
any kind of forest produce conveyed on any inland water ways opened or
improved by the government.
27. The governor may by notice in the state gazette exclude from the operations
made under section 46 or 47 any area prescribed in such offence.
Offences and Legal Procedure
28. Whoever in any forest reserve, except with the authority in writing of the
prescribed officer
a) Takes any forest produce
b) Uproot, burns, strips off the bark or leaves from, or otherwise damage
any tree
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c) Set fire to any grass or herbage, or kindles a fire without taking due
precaution to prevent its spreading
d) Smoke or lights a fire in any part of a forest reserve within which, or
at a time when, smoking or the lighting of fires is prohibited by an
order of the commissioner or a local government.
e) Pastures cattle or permit cattle to trespass
f) Digs, cuts, turns or cultivate the soil or makes a farm or plantation.
g) Trespass in any part of the forest reserve in which trespass shall be
prohibited by an order of the commissioner or a local government or
during any period specified in an order of the commissioner or a local
government.
h) Construct any dam or weir across any river or stream or otherwise
obstruct the channel of any river or stream
i) Resides or erects any building
j) Hunts or fishes
k) Damages in any way or destroys any forestry property, shall be liable
on summary conviction, to a fine of two hundred naira or to
imprisonment of twelve months or both.
29. Whoever within a protected forest, except with the authority in writing of the
prescribed officer
a. Uproots, fell or otherwise damages any protected tree of over two feet in
girth
b. Otherwise than during the period of year allowed for this purpose, either
sets fire to or allow fire to spread to any forest growth unless such forest
growth is being or has been felled for farming purpose.
c. Contravenes any of the provisions of paragraph (b) of section 19.
Shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine of one hundred naira or
be imprisoned for 6 months and in addition thereto may required by the
court to pay a sum equivalent to the fees and royalties payable on any
forest produce removed or damaged and also such amount, if any, as the
court may consider just as compensation.
30. Any forest officer or police officer not below the rank of assistant
superintended of police may himself or by any government employee acting
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under his directions, seize any forest produce reasonably suspected of having
been unlawfully obtained or removed.
31. It shall be lawful for any forestry officer to arrest without warrant any person
who may be reasonably suspected of having committed any offence under
this law, if such person refuses to give his name and address or gives a name
and address which is believed to be false, or if there is reason to believe that
he will abscond.
Provided that any person so arrested shall be taken before a magistrate or to
the nearest police station without necessary delay.
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Appendix B: Questionnaires
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110