vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Preface
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Aim and Objectives
4
1.4
Scope of Project
5
viii 1.5
2
3
4
Significant of the Study
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Hazardous Substance and Scheduled Waste
8
2.3
Types of Scheduled Waste Generated in Malaysia
10
2.4
Problems Associated with Scheduled Waste
14
2.5
Environmental Requirements on Scheduled Waste
15
2.6
The Basel Convention
19
2.7
Conclusion
21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
21
3.1
Informations Gathering
22
3.2
List of Data Collected
23
RECYCLING AND RECOVERY PROCESSES
27
4.1
Introduction
27
4.2
Dust, Slag, Dross Or Ash Recovery
27
4.2.1
27
General Elements of Dust, Slag, Dross Or
Ash
4.2.2
Statement of Need
28
4.2.3
Waste Acceptance Criteria for Solder and
28
Aluminium Dross
4.2.4
Recovery Process Description
29
4.2.5
Material Balance
32
ix 4.3
Waste Catalyst Recovery
32
4.3.1
General Elements of Waste Catalyst
32
4.3.2
Statement of Need
33
4.3.3
Waste Catalyst Acceptance Criteria
33
4.3.4
Process Description for Gold Recovery
34
from Waste Catalyst
4.3.5
Process Description for Silver Recovery
35
from Waste Catalyst
4.3.6
Process Description for Palladium
37
Recovery from Waste Catalyst
4.3.7
4.4
Material Balance
40
Waste Oil Recovery
42
4.4.1
General Elements of Waste Oil
42
4.4.2
Statement of Need
43
4.4.3
Waste Acceptability Criteria for Waste Oil
43
Recovery
4.5
4.4.4
Waste Oil Recovery Process Description
44
4.4.5
Material Balance
52
4.4.6
Oil and Water Mixture Or Ballast Water
54
4.4.7
The Recovery Oil
56
Waste Coolant Recovery
56
4.5.1
General Elements of Coolant
57
4.5.2
Statement of Need
57
4.5.3
Waste Coolant Acceptability Criteria
58
4.5.4
Waste Coolant Recovery Process
59
Description
4.5.5
4.6
Material Balance for Coolant Recovery
61
Solvent Recovery
61
4.6.1
61
General Elements of Solvent
x 4.7
4.6.2
Statement of Need
62
4.6.3
Waste Solvent Acceptability Criteria
62
4.6.4
Solvent Recovery Process Description
64
4.6.5
Material Balance
65
Used Industrial Container Recovery
67
4.7.1
General Elements of Industrial Container
67
4.7.2
Statement of Need
69
4.7.3
Waste Acceptability Criteria for Used
69
Industrial Container Recovery
4.7.4
Industrial Container Recovery Process
70
Description
4.7.5
4.8
Material Balance
73
Used Rags and Filters Recovery
73
4.8.1
General Elements of Rags and Filters
73
4.8.2
Statement of Need
74
4.8.3
Used Rags and Filters Waste Acceptability
74
Criteria
4.8.4
Used Rags and Filters Recovery Process
75
Description
4.8.5
4.9
5
Conclusion
78
78
CONCLUSION
79
5.1
Conclusion
79
5.2
Recommendations
80
REFERENCES
Material Balance
81
xi Appendix A
85
xii LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITTLE
PAGE
2.1
Examples of typical scheduled wastes
10
2.2
Reported incidents of scheduled wastes illegal disposals in
15
Malaysia
3.1
41 Types of scheduled wastes listed in the Environmental
23
Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005First
Schedule are found being recovered or recycled
3.2
Recovery Percentage for 16 Types of Scheduled Wastes
25
4.1
Solder and aluminium dross waste acceptance criteria
29
4.2
Material balance for solder and aluminium dross recovery
32
4.3
Waste catalyst acceptance criteria
34
4.4
Material balance for waste catalyst recovery
40
4.5
Potential land-based and water-based sources of used oils
44
recovery
4.6
Waste oil acceptance criteria
45
4.7
Material balance for waste oil recovery
53
4.8
Material balance for oil and water mixture or ballast water
56
recovery
xiii 4.9
Standard and specification of recovered waste oil
56
4.10
Waste coolant acceptance criteria for recovery
58
4.11
Material balance for coolant recovery
61
4.12
Boiling point, density and TLV of some common solvents
63
base on Material Safety Data Sheet
4.13
Waste solvent acceptance criteria
64
4.14
Material balance for waste solvent recovery
67
4.15
Industrial container acceptance criteria
69
4.16
Material balance for industrial containers recovery
73
4.17
Used rags and filters acceptance criteria
75
4.18
Material balance for rags or filters recycling
78
xiv LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITTLE
PAGE
2.1
Waste Management Hierarchy – “3 Rs” Concept
7
2.2
Scheduled waste generation Malaysia 1994 – 2005
12
2.3
Types of scheduled wastes can be recycled or
13
recovered
2.4
Examples of scheduled wastes illegal disposals will
16
pollute soil in the area
2.5
Overview of the scheduled waste management in
20
Malaysia
4.1
Ingot produced after smelting
30
4.2
Aluminium melting rotary furnace
30
4.3
Aluminium dross
30
4.4
Typical process flow diagram and material balance for
31
solder and aluminium dross recovery
4.5
Typical gold recovery process flow and material
36
balance by ion exchange
4.6
Typical gold recovery process flow and material
38
balance by acid treatment
4.7
Typical silver recovery process flow and material
balance by acid treatment
39
4.8
xv Typical palladium recovery process flow and material
41
balance
4.9
Typical process flow and material balance across the oil
48
recovery distillation process
4.10
The typical flow and material balance of the
49
evaporation process
4.11
The typical flow and material balance of waste oil
51
pyrolysis recovery process
4.12
Schematic diagram of pyrolysis system
52
4.13
Gravity oil water separator
53
4.14
Stainless steel wire mesh bag filters
53
4.15
The typical flow of oil and water mixture centrifuge
55
system recovery process
4.16
Typical process flow and material balance across the
60
coolant recovery
4.17
The typical flow diagram of solvent separation and
66
evaporation recovery process
4.18
Types of industrial containers
68
4.19
The typical flow process of containers recycling
71
4.20
Cleaning Of Containers
72
4.21
A: typical industrial washing machine; B: industrial
76
dryer used for rags/filters cleaning
4.22
The typical flow process of contaminated rags or filters
recycling
77
xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AuCl
auric chloride
Ag
silver
AgCl
Silver chloride
CCA
Copper-chrome-arsenic
CPI
Corrugated Plate Interceptor
DOE
Department of Environment
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EPU
Economic Planning Unit
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
H+
hidrogen
HCL
hydrochloride acid
HDPE
High-density polyethylene
HNO3
nitric acid
IBC
Intermediate bulk container
IC
Integrated Circuit
N2
nitrogen
NaCl
Sodium chloride
NaNO3
Sodium nitrate
NH4
Ammonium
N2H4
hydrazine
xvii NH4Cl
Ammonium chloride
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
Pd2+
palladium
R
Resin
SS
Suspended Solids
SW
Scheduled Waste
TDS
Total Dissolved Solids
WAC
Waste Acceptance Criteria
xvii LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITTLE
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations
2005
PAGE
85