vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Overview
1
1.2
Statement of Problem
2
1.3
Objective of Study
3
1.4
Scope of Study
3
1.5
Need of Study
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Characteristics of Pen Shell
5
2.1.1 Diagnostic Characters
6
2.1.2 Habitat and Biology
7
viii
2.2
Source of Food
10
2.3
Distribution of Pen Shell
11
2.4
Physical Water Quality Parameter
14
2.4.1 Total Suspended Solid
14
2.4.2 Turbidity
15
2.4.3 Temperature
16
2.4.4 Salinity
17
Chemical Water Quality Parameter
18
2.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen
18
2.5.2 Biological Oxgyen Demand
19
2.5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand
20
2.5.4 pH
21
2.5.5 Nutrients
23
2.5
2.5.5.1 Phosphorus
23
2.5.5.2 Ammoniacal Nitrogen
24
2.5.6 Metals
25
2.5.6.1 Arsenic
25
2.5.6.2 Cadmium
26
2.5.6.3 Chromium
27
2.5.6.4 Copper
28
2.5.6.5 Lead
29
2.5.6.6 Mercury
29
2.5.6.7 Nickel
31
2.5.6.8 Iron
32
2.5.6.9 Manganese
32
2.5.6.10Zinc
33
2.5.7 Oil and Grease
34
2.6
Marine Pollution
35
2.7
Impact of Heavy Metals in Marine System
35
2.8
Marine Water Quality Standard
37
2.8.1 Malaysian Interim Marine Water
Quality Standard
2.9
37
2.8.2 Singapore Marine Water Quality Criteria
38
Marine Water Quality Standard
39
ix
2.9.1 Food and agriculture Organization and
World Health Organization Standard
3
METHODOLOGY
41
3.1
Introduction
41
3.2
Study Area
41
3.3
Sampling Method
47
3.3.1 Specimen Collections and Identification
47
3.3.2 Pen Shell Sample
49
3.3.3 Water Sample
51
3.4
3.5
4
39
3.3.3.1 Grab Sample
52
3.3.3.2 Sample Preservation
52
3.3.3.3 Chemical Changes
53
3.3.3.4 Biological Changes
53
Chemical Analysis
53
3.4.1 Metal Testing
55
3.4.3.1 Spectrometer Analysis ICP-MS
57
3.4.3.2 Manual of ICP-MS
58
3.4.3.3 ICP-MS Advantages
58
Data Analysis
59
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
60
4.1
Distribution of Pen Shells
60
4.2
Species Identification
62
4.3
Water Quality Analysis
66
4.3.1 Ammoniacal Nitrogen
66
4.3.2 Salinity
67
4.3.3 Oil and Grease
67
4.3.4 Total Suspended Solid
68
4.4
Heavy Metal in Water
70
4.5
Heavy Metal in Pen Shells
73
x
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
77
5.1
Conclusion
77
5.2
Recommendation
78
REFERENCES
79
1
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Description of taxonomic diffrences of pen shell
(Idris, 2008)
9
Malaysia Interim Marine Water Quality Standard
(DOE, 2004)
38
2.3
Summary of Criteria for Site Selection for floating
39
2.4
Maximum Limit for Metal in Bivalve Mollusks
40
3.1
Analytical Procedures (Standard Method American
Public Health Association)
54
4.1
List of Pen Shells Species in the study area
60
4.2
Pen shells Identification at study areas
64
4.3
Water Quality Result at Merambong Island and
Merambong Seagrss Shoal
69
Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples collected
from the Merambong Island and Merambong Shoal
72
Heavy Metal Concentration in Pen shells (Pinnidae)
76
2.2
4.4
4.5
2
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Pen shells species in Pulai River
8
2.2
Pen shells or Tairagi in Japanese
11
2.3
Pen shells locally know as “siput kemudi” in Malaysia
11
2.4
Distribution recorded of Pen shell at surrounnding water
of Peninsular Malaysia in 1973-1974
13
2.5
Phosphorus inputs, outputs and transformation (Porter, 1975)
24
3.1
Map showing the study area, Merambong Island (A) and
Merambong Seagrass Shoal (B)
43
3.2
Study Area
43
3.3
Merambong Island reduced water 160 m during low tide
44
3.4
Station 1 for water quality at Merambong Island, 180m
from Island
45
3.5
Station 2, 130m from from Merambong Island
45
3.6
Station 3 at Merambong Seagrass Shoal, 1.5km from PTP
46
3.7
Station 4 at Merambong Seagrass Shoal, 1 km from
Merambong Island
46
3.8
Pen Shell around Merambong Island in soft sediment
47
3.9
Pen shell at sandy substrate of the Merambong Seagrass Shoal
47
3.10
Geographical Positioning System was used to determine
Coordinate and distance
48
Pen shell found at Merambong Island
48
3.11
3
3.12
Specimen of Pen shells were collected by using hand scooped
49
3.13
Soft tissues in Pen shell
50
3.14
The tissues samples were weighted (1g)
51
3.15
Sample digested using an open beaker digestion technique
on hot plate
51
3.16
Grab Sampling
52
3.17
Measuring pH via Consort 535 Analyzer and YSI 55 Probe
for Dissolved Oxygen
55
3.18
HACH DR 5000 Spectrophotometer
55
3.19
ICP-MS Manual Working Principles Scheme
57
3.20
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)
59
4.1
Number of Individual present for every collection area
61
4.2
The difference between Atrina and Pinna (Idris, 2008)
63
4.3
Mean Concentration of heavy metals Arsenic (a), Copper (b)
And Mercury (c) in water from four stations in Merambong
Island and Merambong Seagrass Shoal
71
Heavy Metal Concentration in Pen Shells (a)P.bicolor
(b)P.deltodes, (c)P.atropurpurea and (d)A.vexillium at
Merambong Island and Merambong Seagrass Shoal
75
4.4
4
LIST OF SYMBOLS
AMWQC
ASEAN Marine Water Quality Criteria
APHA
American Public Health Association
As
Arsenic
BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Cd
Cadminium
Cu
Copper
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Cr
Chromium
DO
Dissolved Oxygen
DOE
Department of Environmental
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
Fe
Iron
Hg
Mercury
IMWQS
Malaysia Interim Marine Water Quality Standards
Mn
Manganese
Ni
Nickel
Pb
Lead
SMWQC
Singapore Marine Water Quality Criteria
TSS
Total suspended solid
UTM
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
WHO
World Health Organization
Zn
Zinc