vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Research
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objective of Research
3
1.4
Scope of Research
3
1.5
Importance of Research
4
1.6
Visits to Kay Marine Sdn. Bhd.
5
1.7
General Outline Of The
Thesis
7
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1
Overview
9
2.2
Catamaran
10
2.3
SWATH
10
2.4
Semi-SWATH
11
2.4.1
11
2.5
2.6
Semi-Swath Structure Design and Component
12
2.5.1
Longitudinal Frame
15
2.5.2
Transverse Bulkhead
16
2.5.3
Stiffeners
16
2.5.4
Plate
16
Loading In General
17
2.6.1
In-Plane and Lateral Load
19
2.6.2
Failure Mode
20
2.6.2.1
Plate Buckling
21
2.6.2.2
Column Buckling
23
2.6.2.3
Overall Collapse
25
2.7
Ultimate Strength of Ship
27
2.8
Seakeeping
33
2.8.1
Wave Characteristic
34
2.8.2
Wave Forms
34
2.9
3
Concept of Semi-Swath
Summary of Study
36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
37
3.1
Research Design and Procedure
37
3.2
Development of Scale Down Model
39
3.2.1
DNV and Llyod’s Classification
44
3.2.2
Finite Element Analysis
45
3.3
Development of Data Acquisition System
46
3.4
Development of Principle Approach
46
ix
4
DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST PRINCIPLE
APPROACH
53
4.1
First Principle Approach
53
4.1.1
Longitudinal Section
54
4.1.2
Transverse Section
57
4.2
Ultimate Strength of Ship
4.3
Computer Programming for First Principle
Approach
4.4
59
Verification of First Principle Approach
Programming
5
58
63
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF BEAM
WAVE
64
5.1
Introduction
64
5.2
Limitation of Finite Element Method
65
5.2.1
Static Condition
65
Semi-SWATH Modeling
65
5.3
5.3.1
Hull Module of Semi-SWATH
Structure
67
5.3.2
Material
68
5.3.3
Load
68
5.3.4
Boundary Conditions
70
5.4
Validation of FEM
71
5.5
Computational Analysis of Beam Wave
73
5.5.1
Parameters of Computational
Analysis
73
x
6
DEVELOPMENT OF DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEM AND EXPERIMETAL SETUP
77
6.1
Data Acquisition Concept
77
6.2
Sensor Using Strain Gauge
78
6.2.1
Installation of Strain Gauges
81
DAS Hardware and Validating Signal
82
6.3.1
83
6.3
6.4
6.5
Excitation Voltages
Application Software –LabVIEW
83
6.4.1
Concept of Hooke Law- Stress Strain
86
6.4.2
Poisson Ratio
87
Calibration of Measurement
On Semi-SWATH Structure
6.6
Experimental At National Hydraulic
Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
7
88
90
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
93
7.1
Background
94
7.1.1
Scale Effect
94
7.1.2
Static Load Analysis
94
7.2
Discussion on DAS System and
Finite Element Results
96
7.3
Discussion on First Principle Approach
96
7.4
Result Comparison
97
7.4.1
Static
99
7.4.2
Dynamic – Wave
101
7.5
Application on Evaluation Initial Design
of Steel and Composite Structure Strength
111
xi
8
CONCLUSION
113
8.1
Conclusion
113
8.2
Future Development
115
REFERENCES
117
Appendices A-D
127-219
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
PAGE
Summary of Previous Researcher on Strength
of Structure
36
3.1
Dimensions Semi-SWATH Hull Design
41
3.2
Summary of Analysis/Method for Semi-SWATH
50
4.1
Development of First Principle Approach
53
4.2
First Principle Approach Results Comparison
63
5.1
Aluminum & Wood : A Material Properties
For Yield and Tensile Strength
68
5.2
Boundary Condition for Semi-SWATH Structure
71
5.3
Main Parameter of Grillage 1a Smith (1975)
71
5.4
Main Parameter of Beam Sea Computational Analysis
74
6.5
Calibration Results on Semi-SWATH Structure
88
7.1
Results Data for Semi-SWATH Using Maxsurf Software
95
7.2
Overall General Comparison
98
7.3
Position Strain-Gauges Connected to DAS System
By Experiment
7.4
98
Experiment T6- Major Result of the Maximum
Stress Occur at Semi-SWATH Structure – Static Condition 107
7.5
Comparison of Form Moment Acting
109
xiii
7.6
Early Application by First Principle Approach
112
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
SWATH Ship
2
1.2
Catamaran Boat at Kay Marine Sdn. Bhd.
5
1.3
Catamaran Boat under Construction
6
1.4
Grillage Deck Structure
6
1.5
Bulkhead & Frame Structure
7
2.1
Semi-SWATH Design
12
2.2
Semi-SWATH Structure and Module
13
2.3
Grillage of Longitudinal Frame
15
2.4
Instability Failure Mode
20
2.5
Overall Collapse
26
2.6
Wave Characteristic
34
2.7
Hogging and Sagging Moment Relation to the Wave
35
3.1
Flow Chart of Methodology
38
3.2
Grillage 2a – Overall Collapse (Smith, 1975)
40
3.3
Grillage 2a (Smith, 1975)
40
3.4
The Original Design of Scale Down Semi-SWATH
3.5
Model
41
The Design of Scale Down Semi-SWATH Model
41
xv
3.6
The Scale-Down Semi-SWATH Model at Marine
Technology Lab UiTM Shah Alam
4.1
42
Flow Chart of First Principle Approach Computer
Programing
62
5.1
Wireframe of Semi-SWATH - CATIA
66
5.2
Finite Element Full Modelling
66
5.3
Displacement
67
5.4
Load Static on Semi-SWATH Hull – Hydrostatic
Pressure – Half Breadth
69
5.5
Pressure Loading & Constrains
70
5.6
Boundary Condition for Grillage Models 1a
– In-Plane Load Only
72
5.7
FEM Result of Grillage Models 1a
72
5.8
Element and Node of Semi-SWATH
74
5.9
SeaFEM Result on Beam Wave of Semi-SWATH
75
5.10
Beam Wave Analysis Result for Bottom Structure
of Semi-SWATH at Wave 0.1 m. Heading 180o
75
6.1
Strain Gauges Attach to Structure – Top View
79
6.2
Strain Gauges Attach to Structure
79
6.3
SCXI-1600 and Terminal Block (SCXI-1314)
83
6.4
Data Acquisition Concept – Lab View
84
6.5
Block Diagram for Data Acquisition Software (Stress)
85
6.6
Block Diagram for Data Acquisition Software (Strain)
85
6.7
Front Panel for Stress
86
6.8
Graph Stress Vs Time at Front Panel
86
xvi
6.9
Calibration Equipment for Semi-SWATH Structure
89
6.10
Load Apply on Semi-SWATH Structure
89
6.11
Calibration Results Compared to Standard Data
90
6.12
Flume with Wave Generator at NAHRIM
91
6.13
Wave at 0.1m
92
6.14
Early Preparation in Flume
92
7.1
Static & Dynamics Wave Test at NAHRIM
94
7.2
Position Strain Gauge at Semi-SWATH
99
7.3
Stress Comparison at Static Condition for Joint
Transverse and Longitudinal Stiffness (ST): ST5, ST10,
ST13, ST14
7.4
Stress Comparison at Static Condition for
Transverse Stiffness (ST): T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7
7.5
100
101
Stress Comparison at Static and Wave Condition for Joint
Transverse and Longitudinal Stiffness ST14
102
7.6
Stress – Wave. Comparison between L16 & ST14
103
7.7
Stress Comparison at Static and Wave Condition
for Longitudinal Stiffness L16, L17, L19
7.8
Stress Comparison at Static and Wave Condition
for Longitudinal Stiffness L16
7.9
105
Stress Comparison at Wave Condition for
Transverse Stiffness (ST): T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7.
7.10
104
106
Highest Stress On T6 and Comparison T8
(Forward Structure) - Wave – Experiment
108
xvii
7.11
Form Moment Acting : Sagging on Structure of
Semi-SWATH
7.12
109
Form Moment Acting : Hogging on Structure of
Semi-SWATH
110
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
a
-
spacing of transverse frame, plate length
A
-
length of panel
AA
-
cross-sectional area
AB
-
area of the bottom including stiffeners
AD
-
cross-section area of the deck including stiffeners
Ae
-
effective cross section area
As
-
effective shear (web) area
ASR
-
area of one hull side including stiffeners
AT
-
cross sectional area of longitudinal
Av
-
volume of electrode metal melted off per unit length
b
-
spacing between longitudinal stiffeners, plate width
bwt
-
spacing between transverse stiffeners/frame, plate width
B
-
width of panel
C
-
spring stiffness of plate
D
-
depth of the midship section
Df
-
flexural rigidity
Dx
-
longitudinal flexural rigidity
Dy
-
transverse flexural rigidity
E
-
modulus of elasticity
-
stress deck
F
-
factor gage
g
-
gravity = 9.81 m/s2 or 32.185 ft/s2 or 385.92 inch/s2
gS
-
distance from the center of the deck area to the plastic neutral axis
G
-
modulus of elasticity
fD
xix
h
-
wave height
Ic
-
current
I
-
moment of inertia
Ia
-
moment of inertia (longitudinal)
I et
-
effective second moment of areas panel section
Ie
-
effective second moment of areas panel section
I pc
-
polar moment of inertia
I px
-
moment of inertia of the effective plate associated with the
stiffeners extending in the x directions
I py
-
moment of inertia of the effective plate associated with the
stiffeners extending in the y directions
Is
-
second moment of area of panel
Ix
-
moment of inertia of stiffeners with effective plate extending in
the x-direction
Iy
-
moment of inertia of stiffeners with effective plate extending in
the y-direction
Iz
-
moment of inertia about vertical axis through CE
k, K c
-
buckling coefficient
K
-
St. Venant torsion constant
Ki
-
constant coefficient – initial distortions
L
-
length of wire
l
-
length of stiffener
LT
-
length of stiffeners between tripping brackets
m
-
number of half-waves plate in x direction
Mo
-
maximum bending moment
Mp
-
Caldwell fully plastic moment
M uc
-
Caldwell ultimate bending moment
M uh
-
Hughes ultimate bending moment
M uho
-
ultimate bending moment in hogging condition
xx
M usa
-
ultimate bending moment in sagging condition
n
-
number of half-waves plate in y direction
P
-
pressure
Pcr
-
critical load
R
-
resistance
Rm
-
plate coefficient MIT
r
-
radius of gyration
re
-
effective radius of gyration
s
-
spacing between stiffeners
S
-
spacing of primary members
Sx
-
spacing of stiffeners extending in the x direction
Sy
-
spacing of stiffeners extending in the y direction
t
-
thickness of plate
t p , t pt
-
built thickness of plating (longitudinal)
t tt
-
built thickness of plating (transverse)
tw
-
thickness of stiffener web

-
possion ratio
w
-
equivalent fillet
ye
-
distance from the centroid axis to the transverse cross section
yf
-
distance from the centroid axis to the mid-thickness of the
Av
0 .6
stiffener flange
yp
-
distance from midthickness of the plate to centroid axis effective
cross section of panels
V
-
voltage
Zp
-
plastic section modulus

-
stress
 cr
-
critical stress
e
-
transverse stress
xxi
 ecr
-
elastic critical stress
f
-
total stress in stiffener flange
m
-
average compressive stress
 necr
-
elastic critical after correction
o
-
average yield stress
p
-
proportional limit gradual stress; may be taken as 60 % of  o
r
-
residual stress
y , fy -
yield stress of material
 uf
-
axial compression-stiffener flange
 ul
-
ultimate stress plate
 ult
-
ultimate Strength
 up
-
axial compression-plate flange
 ue
-
loss of plate stiffness due to compression

-
slenderness ratio

-
aspect ratio a/b
B
-
keel hull aspect ratio
D
-
deck hull aspect ratio
S
-
side hull aspect ratio

-
equal area axis

-
warping constant
a
-
element of area
o
-
initial deflection

-
strength factor
 cp
-
strength factor critical panel
D
-
deck strength factor
S
-
side hull strength factor

-
displacement in tones
e
-
initial eccentricity
xxii
P
-
eccentricity caused by the loss of plate stiffeners
L
-
change in length of wire

-
torsion coefficient

-
column slenderness ratio
ε
-
strain
ρm
-
receptivity of wire material
Ω
-
ohm
ε1
-
strain for 1st reading
ε2
-
strain for 2nd reading
ρ
-
density of water (1000 kg/m2)
ABS
-
American Bureau of Shipping Classification
l
r
y
E
SWATH-
Small Water-plane Area Twin Hull
DAS
Data Acquisition System
-
NAHRIM -
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia
FEM
-
Finite Element Method
DNV
-
Det Norske Veritas Classification
Unit Converter
N
-
Newton
x 0.102 = kgf
N/m
2
-
Newton/Square Meter
x 0.00145 = Pound/Square Inch (psi)
tsi
-
Tonne/Square Inch
x 2000 = Pound/Square Inch (psi)
psi
-
Pound/Square Inch
x 6.894757 = kilopascal (Kpa)
x 0.689476 = N/m2
kg/m2
-
Kilogram/Square Meter
x 9.81 = Newton/Square meter N/m2
x 0.00142233 = Pound/Square Inch (psi)
kg/m3
-
Kilogram/Cubic Meter
x 0.0624279 Pound/Cubic Foot
xxiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
PAGE
Calculation First Principal Approach By Computer
Programming Using Fortran90
127
B
Experiments Results
160
C
List Paper & Journal
196
D
Static Load Analysis – Weight Calculation
198