vii
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ABSTRACT
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
iv
vi
vii
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
xx
1.1 Introduction
1
1.3 Problem Statement
2
1.2 Focus of Study
1
1.3.1 Global Concern on Waste
2
1.3.3 Issues in University
8
1.3.2 Local Concern
1.4 Objectives of Study
1.5 Methodology of Study
1.5.1 Research Design
1.6 Scope
6
11
11
13
15
viii
xi
1.7 Significance of Study
16
1.9 Summary of Chapters
17
1.8 Research Contributions
2
WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions
2.2.1 Facilities Management
2.2.1.1 Area of Facilities Management
2.2.2 Sustainable Development
2.2.3 Environmental Education
19
19
20
21
22
22
2.2.4 Waste
23
2.2.6 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management
26
2.2.5 Sustainable Waste Management
2.3 Waste Management in Malaysia
25
27
2.4 Methods of Managing Waste
29
2.6 Waste Minimization
35
2.8 Waste Management in Universities
39
2.5 Waste Management Hierarchy
2.7 Waste Management Policy
2.8.1 Declarations
2.8.1.1 The Stockholm Declaration
31
39
41
47
2.8.1.2 The Tiblisi Declaration
48
2.8.1.4 Agenda 21: Chapter 36
51
2.8.1.3 The Tallories Declaration
2.9 Summary
3
16
BEHAVIORAL STUDY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Environmental Behaviour
49
52
54
54
xii
3.3 Awareness
3.3.1 Definition of Environmental Awareness
3.3.2 Components of Awareness
3.3.2.1 Theories
58
59
59
3.3.2.2 Framework of Environmental
Awareness
65
3.3.2.3 Components of Awareness
68
3.4 Persuasion Theories
3.4.1 Definition
3.4.2 Elements of Persuasion Theories
3.4.2.1 Source
3.4.2.2 Message
74
75
75
76
77
3.4.2.3 Channels of Communication
77
3.4.2.5 Outcome
81
3.4.2.4 Receiver
3.5 Summary
4
57
PROCESS MODEL IDENTIFICATION
81
81
4.1 Introduction
83
4.3 Process of Modelling Techniques
84
4.2 Types of Modelling Techniques
4.4 Identification Criteria for Choosing Modelling
Technique
4.5 Types of Process Modelling Technique
4.5.1 Flow Chart (FC)
83
85
87
87
4.5.2 Swim-lane Flowchart
89
4.5.4 Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD)
93
4.5.3 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
4.5.5 Integration Definition 0 (IDEF0)
4.5.6 Petri-Nets (PNs)
91
94
97
ix
xxiii
4.6 Process Model Selection Table
4.7 Summary
5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Research Design
5.3 System Thinking
5.4 Soft System Methodology (SSM)
5.4.1 Stages in Soft System Methodology
5.4.2 Adapting the Soft System Methodology
in Research
5.5 Phases of Research Methodology
5.5.1 Phase 1
5.5.1.1 Stage 1: Exploring the Problem
Situation
5.5.1.2 Stage 2: Expressing the Problem
Situation
5.5.2 Phase 2
5.5.2.1 Stage 3: Naming of Relevant
System
5.5.3 Phase 3
5.5.3.1 Stage 4: Constructing Conceptual
Model of the System
5.5.3.2 Stage 5: Comparing Conceptual
Model with Reality
5.5.3.3 Stage 6: Defining Feasible and
Desirable Changes
5.6 Summary
6
ANALYSIS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data Analyses: Components of Awareness
100
100
102
102
104
106
107
108
109
110
110
112
112
113
119
119
120
122
122
123
123
xi
xiv
6.2.1 Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Test:
Components of Awareness
6.2.2 Kruskal-Wallis Test: Components of
Awareness
6.2.3 Frequencies Calculation: Components of
Awareness
6.2.4 Importance Index Calculation: Components
of Awareness
6.3 Data Analyses: Channels of Communication
6.3.1 Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Test:
Channels of Communication
6.3.2 Kruskal-Wallis Test: Channels of
Communication
6.3.3 Frequencies Calculation: Channels of
Communication
6.3.4 Importance Index Calculation: Channels of
Communication
6.4 Summary
7
124
124
125
126
126
127
129
130
133
135
DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
AWARENESS MODEL
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Framework of the Model
7.3 Swim-lane Flowchart
7.3.1 Source
7.3.1.1 Model Procedures for the ‘Source’
136
136
137
138
138
7.3.1.2 Standard Operating Procedures for
the ‘Source’
140
7.3.2.1 Model Procedures for the ‘Message’
142
7.3.2 Message
7.3.2.2 Standard Operating Procedures for
the ‘Message’
7.3.3 Channels of Communication
7.3.3.1 Standard Operating Procedures for
Channels of Communication
141
142
150
152
xii
xv
7.3.4 Receiver
154
7.3.5 Outcome
155
7.4 The Waste Minimization Awareness Model
155
7.5 Validation
158
7.6 Summary
8
162
DISCUSSIONS
8.1 Introduction
164
8.2 Discussion of Key Findings
8.2.1 Finding 1: Awareness a Key Success
Factor for Solving Waste Management
Issues in Malaysia
8.2.2 Finding 2: Awareness Programs Should
Start at University Level
8.2.3
Finding 3: Identification
Components of Awareness
of
Six
8.2.4 Finding 4: Identification of 49 Channels of
Communication
8.2.5 Finding 5: Identification of Message
Learning Approach
8.2.6 Finding 6: Waste Minimization Awareness
Model (WMAM)
8.3 Summary
9
CONCLUSIONS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Research Objectives Revisited
9.2.1 Objective 1: To Identify Components of
Awareness
9.2.2 Objective 2: To Identify Channels of
Communication
9.2.3 Objective 3: To Develop the Waste
Minimization Awareness Model
9.3 Contribution to Knowledge
164
164
166
166
168
170
171
173
174
174
174
175
175
176
xiii
xvi
9.4 Limitations of the Research
9.5 Recommendations for Further Research
REFERENCES
Appendices A – B
177
177
179
204 - 213
xiv
xvii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Status and technology gaps in 3R implementation in
developing Asian countries
4
1.2
Chronology of some declarations
sustainability in higher education
9
1.3
Factors affecting effectiveness of sustainability in
Higher Educations
10
2.1
Scope of Facilities Management research
21
2.2
Sources and types of municipal solid waste
24
2.3
Strategy 3, National Strategic Plan for Waste
Management
28
2.4
Strategy 5,
Management
28
2.5
Solid Waste Management service target
29
2.6
Recommendation and action from National Strategic
Plan for Waste Management
30
2.7
Waste Management Hierarchy
32
2.8
Old and new Waste Management Hierarchy
33
2.9
Chronology of some declarations
sustainability in higher education
3.1
Advantages of awareness and education program
58
3.2
Summaries of Channels of Communication used in the
selected countries
78
related
to
National Strategic Plan for Waste
related
to
42
xviii
4.1
Required identification criteria
Minimization Awareness Model
4.2
Symbols used in flowcharts
4.3
Required identification
Flowchart
4.4
Required identification criteria for Data Flow Diagram
92
4.5
Required identification criteria for Functional Flow
Block Diagram
93
4.6
Type of IDEF methods and its usage
95
4.7
Required identification criteria for IDEF0
96
4.8
Required identification criteria for Petri-Nets
99
4.9
Summary of required identification criteria
100
5.1
Usage of SSM, ANT and STD
105
5.2
Previous empirical
methodology (SSM)
5.3
Stages in Soft System Methodology (SSM)
107
5.4
Adapted SSM in the research design
108
5.5
The need for literature review in Chapter 2
111
5.6
Undergraduate population in the selected public
universities
115
5.7
Size of population and required sample
115
5.8
Respondents’ age group
117
5.10
Area of study
5.9
6.1
for
the
Waste
86
88
criteria
studies
for
using
Swim-lane
soft
system
Gender
90
106
117
117
Cronbach’s Alpha for components of awareness
124
6.2
Reliability Statistics for components of awareness
124
6.3
Kruskal-Wallis test for components of awareness
125
6.4
Frequencies for components of awareness
125
xix
6.5
Order of components of awareness
Importance Index for components of awareness
126
6.7
Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test for channels of
communication
127
6.8
Reliability statistic for channels of communication
128
6.9
Kruskal-Wallis test for channels of communication
129
6.10
Frequencies of channels of communication
131
6.11
Order of channels of communication
132
6.12
Importance Index for channels of communication
134
7.1
Functionality and hierarchy of importance of solid
waste management knowledge
148
7.2
Ranking of channels of communication
150
7.3
Validation table
160
8.1
Ranking of components of awareness
167
8.2
Ranking of channels of communication
169
6.6
126
xvii
xx
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Research gap analysis
13
1.2
Research methodology
14
1.3
Research objectives
15
2.1
The definition of Facilities Management
20
2.2
Resource use model
31
2.3
Current and future solid waste management
hierarchy
33
2.4
Sound Material-cycle Society model
37
2.5
Three key stakeholders and strategies for waste
minimization
37
2.6
Guidelines on enhancements of 3Rs activities in
schools, prepared by Japan International
Cooperation Agency in the Master Plan of Waste
Minimization
38
3.1
The Theory of Reasoned Action
60
3.2
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
62
3.3
The Integrated Waste Management Model
63
3.5
Gap analysis
3.4
3.6
3.7
Conceptualization of environmental behaviour
64
Development of environmental awareness
66
Stages of environmental awareness
67
65
xxi
3.8
The Grob’s Model of environmental behaviour
68
3.9
Message Learning Approach
76
3.10
Groups of channels of communication
80
4.1
Business Process Modelling
85
4.2
The four worlds of process engineering
86
4.3
The example of swim-lane flowchart
90
4.4
Example of data flow diagram
91
4.5
Example of the functional flow diagrams
93
4.6
IDEF0 for solid waste management
96
4.7
A sample of Petri-Nets
98
4.8
PNs used for Solid Waste Management
98
5.2
Literature review hierarchy
components of awareness
5.3
Literature review hierarchy for waste minimization
112
5.4
Phase 2 research framework for identifying
components of awareness
113
5.5
Phase 3 research framework
120
7.1
Message Learning Approach (MLA)
137
7.2
Framework to develop the WMAM
138
7.3
‘Source’ model procedures
139
7.4
Standard operating procedures for the ‘source’
141
7.5
Message
142
7.6
Standard operating procedures for ‘message’
143
7.7
Concept map
144
7.8
Construction concept of the proposed conceptual
framework
145
5.1
Overall research methodology
for
103
identifying
112
xxii
7.9
Conceptual Framework
Management Knowledge
7.10
Waste management route
149
7.11
Channels of communication
150
7.12
Standard operating procedures for channels of
communication
152
7.13
Waste management policy
153
7.15
Outcome
155
7.14
for
Solid
Waste
Receiver
147
154
7.16
Waste Minimization Awareness Model (interim
stage)
157
7.17
Waste Minimization Awareness Model (final stage)
158
7.18
8.1
Waste Minimization Awareness Model (revised
version)
Waste Minimization Awareness Model
162
172
xxiii
xx
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
3R
-
ANT
-
CBA
-
IDEF0
-
BYEE
EPA
IIUM
IS
-
-
-
-
reduce, reuse, recycle
actor network theory
Bayer Young Environmental Envoy
(program)
cost–benefit analysis
Environmental Protection Agency (US)
Integration Definition Language 0
International Islamic University Malaysia
(Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia)
information systems
LCA
-
life-cycle analysis
MLA
-
Message Learning Approach
PBC
-
perceived behavioural control
-
standard operating procedure
MDM
NGO
-
PN
-
SPSS
-
SOP
SSM
STD
-
-
multi-criteria decision analysis
non-governmental organization
Petri-net
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
soft systems methodology
socio-technical design
TPB
-
theory of planned behaviour
UM
-
Universiti Malaya
TRA
-
UNEP
-
WMAM
-
UTM
-
theory of reasoned action
United Nations Environment Programme
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Waste Minimization Awareness Model
xxi
xxiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX NO.
TITLE
PAGE
A
Solid Waste Management Policy
204
B
Questionnaire
206