vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION .............................................................................. ii
DEDICATION ................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................iv
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... v
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................. vii
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................... xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................... xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................... xx
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................ xxi
1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
1.1
Introduction ............................................................................... 1
1.2
Problem Statement ....................................................................5
1.2.1 Problems in Implementing Green Retrofit
Projects ...........................................................................6
1.2.2 Current State of Research on CSFs for the
Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects .................... 11
1.2.2.1
Lack of Comprehensive List of CSFs for
the Implementation of Green Retrofit
Projects .......................................................... 11
1.2.2.2
Lack of CSFs in the Facilities Management
Field .............................................................. 13
1.3
Research Questions ................................................................ 14
1.4
Objectives of the Research ...................................................... 15
viii
1.5
Scope of the Research ............................................................. 15
1.6
Research Methodology ............................................................ 16
1.6.1 Literature Review .......................................................... 16
1.6.2 Experts’ Opinion ........................................................... 17
1.6.3 Questionnaire Survey .................................................... 17
2
1.7
Significance of the Research .................................................... 18
1.8
Organisation of the Thesis ....................................................... 19
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN RETROFIT PROJECTS ...... 21
2.1
Introduction ............................................................................. 21
2.2
An Overview of Facilities Management (FM) .......................... 22
2.3
Green Retrofits ........................................................................ 26
2.4
Stakeholders and Change Agent .............................................. 28
2.5
Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Green
Retrofit Projects ...................................................................... 31
2.5.1 Costs Management ........................................................ 43
2.5.2 Green Building Professionals ........................................ 43
2.5.3 Financial Incentives ...................................................... 44
2.5.4 The Quantification of Green Development .................... 44
2.5.5 Green Awareness .......................................................... 45
2.5.6 Communication ............................................................. 45
2.5.7 Internal Leadership ....................................................... 46
2.5.8 Green Materials and Technology ................................... 46
2.6
Project Success ........................................................................ 47
2.7
Project Success Criteria ........................................................... 49
2.7.1 Stakeholder Satisfaction ................................................ 51
2.8
An Overview of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) ..................... 52
2.8.1 CSFs Identification Methods ......................................... 54
2.8.2 The Hierarchical Nature of CSFs ................................... 56
2.9
CSFs for the Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects .......... 57
2.10 Proposed CSFs for Successful Implementation of
Green Retrofit Projects ............................................................ 73
ix
2.11 Conceptual Framework of CSFs for the Implementation
of Green Retrofit Projects ........................................................ 80
2.12 Conclusion .............................................................................. 84
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................... 85
3.1
Introduction ............................................................................. 85
3.2
An Overview of Methodology ................................................. 85
3.3
Literature Review .................................................................... 92
3.4
Experts’ Opinions and Formation of ISM-Based Model........... 93
3.4.1 Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) ..................... 94
3.4.2 Initial Reachability Matrix ............................................ 97
3.4.3 Final Reachability Matrix .............................................. 98
3.4.4 Classification of Factors ................................................ 98
3.4.5 Level Partitions ........................................................... 100
3.4.6 Formation of ISM-Based Model .................................. 104
3.5
Quantitative Approach........................................................... 107
3.5.1 Survey Based Research ............................................... 107
3.5.2 Self Administered Questionnaire ................................. 108
3.5.2.1
3.6
Data Collection Procedure ........................... 109
Pre-Test ................................................................................. 114
3.6.1 Pre-Test Sampling Frame ............................................ 115
3.7
Data Analysis Methods .......................................................... 115
3.7.1 Preliminary Data Analysis ........................................... 116
3.7.2 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) .......................... 116
3.8
Different Approaches to SEM................................................ 120
3.8.1 Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM)............................. 120
3.8.2 Partial Least Square SEM (PLS-SEM) ........................ 121
3.9
Procedures for Applying PLS-SEM ....................................... 125
3.9.1 Stage 1: Specifying the Structural Model..................... 126
3.9.2 Stage 2: Specifying the Measurement Model ............... 127
3.9.2.1
Formative Measurement Models .................. 128
3.9.2.2
Reflective Measurement Models .................. 128
3.9.3 Stage 3: Data Collection and Examination ................... 131
x
3.9.4 Stage 4: Model Estimation and the PLS-SEM
Algorithm ................................................................... 134
3.9.4.1
Results ......................................................... 136
3.9.5 Stage 5: Evaluation of PLS-SEM Results of
Measurement Models .................................................. 138
3.9.5.1
Stage 5a: Reflective Measurement
Models......................................................... 139
3.9.5.2
Stage 5b: Formative Measurement
Models......................................................... 145
3.9.6 Stage 6: Assessing PLS-SEM Results of the
Structural Model ......................................................... 156
3.9.6.1
Step 1: Collinearity Assessment ................... 157
3.9.6.2
Step 2: Structural Model Path
Coefficients ................................................. 158
3.9.6.3
Step 3: Coefficient of Determination
(R2 Value).................................................... 160
3.9.6.4
Step 4: Effect Size f2 .................................... 161
3.9.6.5
Step 5: Blindfolding and Predictive
Relevance Q2 ............................................... 161
3.9.6.6
Step 6: Goodness-of-Fit Index ..................... 164
3.10 Summary ............................................................................... 164
4
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS .................................... 165
4.1
Introduction ........................................................................... 165
4.2
Experts’ Opinions and Formation of ISM-Based Model......... 166
4.2.1 Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) ................... 167
4.2.2 Initial Reachability Matrix .......................................... 180
4.2.3 Final Reachability Matrix ............................................ 180
4.2.4 Classification of Factors .............................................. 181
4.2.5 Level Partitions ........................................................... 183
4.2.6 Formation of ISM-Based Model .................................. 185
4.3
Preliminary Data Analysis ..................................................... 187
4.3.1 Response Rate ............................................................. 187
4.3.2 Internal Consistency of the CSFs ................................. 188
4.3.3 Frequency Analysis on the Agreement Level............... 189
xi
4.4
PLS-SEM Analysis................................................................ 192
4.4.1 Path Model Creation Using the SmartPLS Software .... 193
4.4.2 Stage 4: Model Estimation and the PLS-SEM
Algorithm ................................................................... 194
4.4.3 Stage 5: Assessing PLS-SEM Results of the
Measurement Model.................................................... 199
4.4.3.1
Stage 5a: Reflective Measurement
Models......................................................... 199
4.4.3.2
Stage 5b: Formative Measurement
Models......................................................... 199
4.4.4 Stage 6: Assessing PLS-SEM Results of the
Structural Model ......................................................... 209
5
4.4.4.1
Step 1: Collinearity Issues ............................ 210
4.4.4.2
Step 2: Structural Model Path
Coefficients ................................................. 211
4.4.4.3
Step 3: Coefficient of Determination
(R2 Value).................................................... 215
4.4.4.4
Step 4: Effect Size f2 .................................... 216
4.4.4.5
Step 5: Blindfolding and Predictive
Relevance Q2 ............................................... 216
4.5
Conclusion ............................................................................ 217
4.6
Summary ............................................................................... 218
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................... 220
5.1
Introduction ........................................................................... 220
5.2
The Identification of CSFs for Successful Implementation
of Green Retrofit Projects ...................................................... 221
5.3
The Evaluation of Criticality and Ranking of the CSFs
for Successful Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects ...... 222
5.4
The Development of Structural Relationship among the
CSFs for Successful Implementation of Green Retrofit
Projects ................................................................................. 224
5.5
Summary ............................................................................... 226
xii
6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 227
6.1
Introduction ........................................................................... 227
6.2
Main Conclusions .................................................................. 228
6.3
Implications and Significant Contribution of the Research ..... 232
7.3.1 Theoretical Implications .............................................. 232
7.3.2 Managerial Implications .............................................. 233
6.4
Thesis Limitations ................................................................. 234
6.5
Directions for Further Research ............................................. 236
6.6
Summary ............................................................................... 237
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 238
Appendices A - D ....................................................................................... 268 - 284
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
GBI Certified Projects in Malaysia
6
1.2
GBI Certified Projects by Rating Categories
7
1.3
The Problems/Challenges/Obstacles/Barriers Faced by Building
Stakeholders
1.4
9
A Critical Review of Researches Related to the Implementation
of Green Retrofits Projects
12
1.5
Previous Studies on CSFs across Various Sectors
13
2.1
Definitions of Facilities Management
23
2.2
Factors Affecting Green Retrofit Projects in Different Stages
31
2.3
Challenges in Executing Green Projects
33
2.4
Challenges in Implementing Green Buildings at Three
Different Stages
35
2.5
Factors Impeding the Adoption of Sustainability
37
2.6
Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Green Retrofit
Projects
40
2.7
Summary of Project Success Definitions
48
2.8
Success Related Factors
58
2.9
Factors and Related Groups
59
2.10
Factors and the Five Major Groups
59
2.11
Projects Aspects and the Success Related Factors
61
2.12
Classification of Factors
62
2.13
Factors and Major Groups
63
2.14
Major Groups and Success Factors
64
2.15
Success Factors and the Major Dimension
65
2.16
Success Criteria and Components
66
xiv
2.17
Selected Success Factors of EPC for Sustainable BEER in
Hotel Buildings
69
2.18
Success Factors
69
2.19
Principles and Elements
70
2.20
Strategies of Going Green
71
2.21
Proposed CSFs and Indicators
74
3.1
Research Approaches
86
3.2
Types of Research Approach
88
3.3
The Blank SSIM for the Implementation of Green Retrofit
Projects
95
3.4
The Comparison Form of Experts’ SSIM
96
3.5
An Example of the Final SSIM
96
3.6
Example of Initial Reachability Matrix
97
3.7
Example of Final Reachability Matrix
98
3.8
Iteration 1
101
3.9
Iteration 2
101
3.10
Iteration 3
102
3.11
Iteration 4
102
3.12
Iteration 5
102
3.13
Iteration 6
103
3.14
Iteration 7
103
3.15
Iteration 8
103
3.16
Iteration 9
103
3.17
CSFs Constructs, Indicators and Question Statements for the
Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects
112
3.18
Organization of Multivariate Methods
117
3.19
Key Characteristics, Properties and Issues of PLS-SEM
123
3.20
Guidelines for Choosing the Measurement Model Mode
129
3.21
Guidelines for Examining Data Used for PLS-SEM
133
3.22
Guidelines for Initializing PLS-SEM Algorithm
135
3.23
A Summary of PLS-SEM Algorithm Results
137
3.24
Systematic Evaluation of PLS-SEM Results
139
3.25
Rules of Thumb for Evaluating PLS-SEM Results
139
3.26
An Example of Fornell-Larcker Criterion Analysis
143
xv
3.27
Criteria for Evaluating Reflective Measurement Models
143
3.28
Reliability and Validity Reporting Guidelines
144
3.29
An Example of Results of Reliability and Validity for Reflective
Outer Model
145
3.30
An Example of Tolerance and VIF Values in SPSS Output
150
3.31
Rules of Thumb for Bootstrapping Routine
155
4.1
Experts’ Profile
166
4.2
Complete SSIM from Expert 1
167
4.3
Complete SSIM from Expert 2
168
4.4
Complete SSIM from Expert 3
168
4.5
Complete SSIM from Expert 4
168
4.6
Complete SSIM from Expert 5
169
4.7
Complete SSIM from Expert 6
169
4.8
Complete SSIM from Expert 7
169
4.9
Complete SSIM from Expert 8
170
4.10
Complete SSIM from Expert 9
170
4.11
Complete SSIM from Expert 10
170
4.12
Complete SSIM from Expert 11
171
4.13
Complete SSIM from Expert 12
171
4.14
Complete SSIM from Expert 13
171
4.15
Complete SSIM from Expert 14
172
4.16
Complete SSIM from Expert 15
172
4.17
Complete SSIM from Expert 16
172
4.18
Complete SSIM from Expert 17
173
4.19
Complete SSIM from Expert 18
173
4.20
Complete SSIM from Expert 19
173
4.21
Complete SSIM from Expert 20
174
4.22
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Green Building
Professionals
4.23
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Costs
Management
4.24
4.25
174
175
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Green Development
Quantification
175
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Policy Support
176
xvi
4.26
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Internal Leadership
176
4.27
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Green Awareness
177
4.28
Comparison of the Experts’ Opinions on the Green Material and
Technology
4.29
Final SSIM of CSFs for Successful Implementation of Green
Retrofit Projects
4.30
178
The Initial Reachability Matrix of CSFs for Successful
Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects
4.31
178
180
Final Reachability Matrix of CSFs for Successful
Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects
181
4.32
Iteration 1
183
4.33
Iteration 2
184
4.34
Iteration 3
184
4.35
Iteration 4
184
4.36
Iteration 5
184
4.37
Iteration 6
185
4.38
Lower Triangular Matrix of CSFs
186
4.39
Response Rate
188
4.40
Number of Valid Cases
188
4.41
Reliability Statistics
189
4.42
Frequency of Agreement Level
189
4.43
Path Coefficients Results
195
4.44
Outer Weights Results of the Formative Measurement Model
195
4.45
Stop Criterion Table in SmartPLS
197
4.46
Tolerance and VIF Values of the Indicators of Each Construct
200
4.47
Final VIF Value of Costs Management Construct
203
4.48
Outer Weights Significance Testing Results
204
4.49
Outer Loadings and t-Values of Formative Indicators
206
4.50
VIF Values of Set (1)
210
4.51
VIF Values of Set (2)
210
4.52
Path Coefficients Values of Structural Model
211
4.53
Total Effects of Constructs
212
4.54
Significance Testing Results of the Path Coefficients
212
4.55
Significance Testing Results of the Total Effects
213
xvii
4.56
R2 Values of the Endogenous Latent Variables
215
4.57
f2 Effect Size of Endogenous Latent Variables
216
4.58
The Final Indicators of the Formative Measurement Models
217
5.1
Ranking of CSFs Based on Two Different Source
222
xviii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
The Circle of Blame
8
2.1
Onion Model (Developed for this Study)
80
2.2
Initial Conceptual Framework for Successful Implementation
of Green Retrofit Projects
83
3.1
IDEFO Function Node
91
3.2
Methodology for Preparing ISM
94
3.3
Example of Completed Driving Power and Dependence Diagram 99
3.4
Example of ISM-Based Model of CSFs for Implementation
of AMTs
106
3.5
Procedure for Applying PLS-SEM
125
3.6
An Example of Structural Model
127
3.7
Formative Measurement Model
128
3.8
Reflective Measurement Model
129
3.9
An Example of Structural and Measurement Model
130
3.10
How to Start the PLS-SEM Algorithm
135
3.11
How to Set the PLS-SEM Algorithm
136
3.12
An Example of PLS-SEM Results
137
3.13
Outer Loadings Relevance Testing
141
3.14
The Assessment Procedure of Formative Measurement Models
146
3.15
An Example of Redundancy Analysis
147
3.16
The Validation Roadmap of Formative Measurement Models
149
3.17
Correlation Matrix Demonstrating Collinearity
149
3.18
Collinearity Assessment in Formative Measurement Models
3.19
Using the VIF
150
Process of Retaining or Eliminating Formative Indicators
152
xix
3.20
Bootstrapping Sign Change option
154
3.21
Bootstrapping Setting
155
3.22
Structural Model Assessment Procedure
157
3.23
An Example of Structural Model
157
3.24
Blindfolding Settings
163
3.25
An Example of Blindfolding Results
163
4.1
Driving Power and Dependence Diagram of CSFs for
Successful Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects
4.2
ISM-Based Model of CSFs for the Implementation of Green
Retrofit Projects
4.3
182
186
The Proposed CSFs Model for the Implementation of Green
Retrofit Projects
193
4.4
PLS-SEM Algorithm Results
194
4.5
Bootstrap Results
204
4.6
Formative Measurement Models after PLS-SEM Results
Assessment
208
4.7
PLS Algorithm Results
209
4.8
Final Structural Model
218
6.1
A Structured CSFs Relationship Model for Successful
Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects
229
xx
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BEER
-
Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit
CB-SEM
-
Covariance Based Structural Equation Modeling
CSF
-
Critical Success Factors
DFD
-
Data Flow Diagram
FM
-
Facility Management
GBI
-
Green Building Index
IFMA
-
International Facility Management Association
ISM
-
Interpretive Structural Modeling
PLS-SEM
-
Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling
SEM
-
Structural Equation Modeling
SPSS
-
Statistical Package of Social Science
SSIM
-
Structural Self-Interaction Matrix
VIF
-
Variance Inflation Factor
xxi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
PAGE
Experts Opinions on the Relationship Between
the CSFs for the Successful Implementation of
Green Retrofit Projects
B
268
Questionnaire Survey for Determining Critical
Success Factors (CSFs) and Indicators for Successful
Implementation of Green Retrofit Projects
C
D
272
Regression Output to Determine Tolerance and
VIF Value
278
Accepted Paper
282