Low-Earth Orbit Radiation
Measurements for Short and Long
Duration Missions
Ramona Gaza, Ph.D.
USRA/DSLS Brown Bag Seminar - August 21, 2008
Space Radiation Analysis Group
(SRAG) - Mission Support
I. Radiological support during missions:
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Space Weather Monitoring
Pre-flight and Extravehicular Activity
(EVA) Crew Exposure Projections
Crew Radiation Safety Monitoring
including recommendations in case of a
radiation contingency
II. Radiation measurements for crew and space
vehicle
ƒ
ƒ
Monitoring the radiation exposure of crew
members and Space Shuttle (STS) area locations
since April 1981 - total of 124 Shuttle Missions
flown
Radiation monitoring of crew members and
International Space Station (ISS) area locations
since May 1999 (3381 days)
Space Radiation Analysis Group
(SRAG) - Mission Support
II. Radiation measurements for the space vehicle
ƒ Active monitoring using radiation instruments to perform real-time
measurements
¾ Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) – portable;
alarm capabilities (when radiation levels exceed a specific
threshold)
¾ Charge Particle Directional Spectrometers (CPDS) – IV-CPDS &
EV-CPDS – charge, energy and direction
Space Radiation Analysis Group
(SRAG) - Mission Support
II. Radiation measurements for crew and the space vehicle
ƒ Passive monitoring using a suite of luminescence and nuclear track
detectors
¾ Crew Passive Dosimeters (each crew member carries a
radiation detector for the whole duration of the mission)
¾ Passive Radiation Dosimeters (6 locations inside Space Shuttle)
¾ Radiation Area Monitors (22- soon to be 24 - locations onboard
ISS)
Space Radiation Analysis Group
(SRAG) - Radiation Research
ƒ International MATROSHKA Project – to measure the depth dose
(at different organs) and the skin dose using a simulated
anthropomorphic phantom, outside and inside ISS
¾ collaboration with Günther Reitz and Thomas Berger, DLR, Cologne,
Germany; in addition 17 other institutes participated
Upper Torso
Poncho & Hood
Carbon Fiber Container
Pictures courtesy of Thomas Berger, DLR – German Aerospace Center
Multi Layer Insulation
DLR/ESA MATROSHKA 1, 2A and 2B
Projects
¾ MATROSHKA 2A (Jan 2006 –
Dec 2006) – 337 days exposure
inside ISS (docking DC1);
¾ MATROSHKA 2B (Oct 2007 –
present) – inside ISS SM
¾ MATROSHKA 1 (Jan 2004 – Aug 2005) –
539 days exposure outside ISS; simulated
the astronauts radiation exposure during
EVA
Pictures courtesy of Thomas Berger, DLR – German Aerospace Center
DLR/ESA MATROSHKA 1, 2A and 2B
Projects
SRAG’s contribution to MATROSHKA
¾ Participated to Matroshka 1, 2A and 2B
¾ Couple of hundreds of passive detectors OSL/Al2O3:C, TLD-300/CaF2:Tm; TLD100 (LiF:Mg,Ti), and PNTD (CR-39)
¾ TEPC (active instrument)
¾ Analysis of all radiation measurements and intercomparison with the other
groups involved in the project
Dose points of interest:
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Top of the Head
Eye
Lung
Stomach
Kidney
Intestine
Skin
Picture courtesy of Thomas Berger, DLR – German Aerospace Center
Space Radiation Analysis Group
(SRAG) - Radiation Research
ƒ International BRADOS Experiment/Space ICCHIBAN - to measure
the radiation inside ISS SM and to intercompare the results (2003
– present)
¾ collaboration with N. Yasuda & Y. Uchihori (NIRS), Eric Benton (OSU &
ERI), Yuri Akatov (IBMP) & Michael Hajek (ATI)
ƒ Low, Medium and High Energy Proton Exposures (2002 – present)
¾
¾
¾
¾
Texas A&M University (TAMU Cyclotron) (10 – 40 MeV)
Proton Icchiban at Loma Linda (70 – 250 MeV)
MD Anderson Proton Facility (70 – 250 MeV)
NSRL Brookhaven Laboratory (1 GeV)
ƒ High and Medium Heavy Ions and Neutrons Exposures (2002 –
present)
¾
¾
¾
¾
ICCHIBAN 1 through 8
NSRL ICCHIBAN (high-energy heavy ions)
Texas A&M University (TAMU Cyclotron) – low energy heavy ions
CERF ICCHIBAN (neutron exposures)
Current SRAG Operational Passive
Radiation Measurements for ISS
CPD and RAM detector types used for ISS radiation monitoring
ƒ Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLDs): LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100, -600,
-700), CaF2:Tm (TLD-300)
ƒ Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSLDs): Al2O3:C
(Luxel)
ƒ Plastic Nuclear Track Detectors (PNTDs): CR-39
Current configuration of CPDs/PRDs/RAMs
TLD-100 (6 detectors)
TLD-300 (6 detectors)
TLD-600 (2 detectors)
TLD-700 (2 detectors)
OSLD/Luxel (6 detectors)
CR-39 (2 detectors)
Operational Radiation Protection
Quantities
Radiation Protection Quantities of interest:
ƒ Dose Equivalent, H (Sv) defined for particle i at a point x in tissue:
H ( x ) = ∑ H i ( x ) = ∑ ∫ Di ( L , x )Qi ( Li ( E ))dL
i
i
ƒ Effective Dose, E (Sv) – stochastic effects
E = ∑ wT H T ≈ ∑ wT H T = M T−1 ∫ ρ ( x )H ( x )dx
T
T
x
What we can measure with passive detectors:
ƒ Integral and Differential Absorbed Dose D and Di (L);
ƒ Differential LET Spectra;
ƒ Dose Equivalent H and Quality Factor Q
Dose Equivalent and Quality Factor - the
TLD/OSLD/CR-39 Combination
NCRP 142, 2002 Recommendation 11, Equation 6.1:
H = QDTLD OSLD + ∫ Q( L )D PNTD ( L )dL
DTLD/OSLD - dose measured for the “low-LET” region (LET ≤ 10 keV/µm in water
and Q=1)
DPNTD(L) - dose measured for the “high-LET” region (LET ≥ 10 keV/µm in water
and Q=Q(L))
H total = H low− LET (TLD OSLD ; Q = 1) + H high − LET (PNTD ; Q = Q(L ))
Dose Equivalent and Quality Factor - the
TLD/OSLD/CR-39 Combination
TLD/OSLD/CR-39 Combination method to calculate Q and H
Q=
H total
Dtotal
where
(TLD OSLD ; Q = 1) + H LET ≥10keV μm (CR − 39; Q = Q(L ))
H total = H LET ≤10keV
μm
TLD OSLD
Dtotal = DLET
≤10 keV
CR −39
(
)
+
1
−
ε
D
aver
LET ≥10 keV
μm
μm
LETmax
ε ave =
∑ εμ(L )D dose(L )
Li =10 keV
i
i
i
m
CR −39
LET ≥10 keV μm
D
Benton,E. R., Ph.D.Thesis, Radiation Dosimetry at Aviation Altitudes and in Low-Earth Orbit, Dept. of Exp.
Phys., Univ. College Dublin, Ireland
Zhou, D., Semones, E., Gaza, R., Weyland, M., Radiation measured with passive dosimeters in low Earth
orbit, Adv. Sp. Res. 40 (2007), 1575-1579
NASA-SRAG Radiation Dosimetry
Laboratory Equipment
Risø TL/OSL-DA-15C/D Reader
NASA-SRAG Radiation Dosimetry
Laboratory Equipment
Manual and Semi-automatical Optical Microscopes
NASA-SRAG Radiation Dosimetry
Laboratory Equipment
Harshaw 5500 TL Readers
Short Duration Missions – Space Shuttle
Radiation Measurements
Mission
Launch Date
Landing Date
Duration
Inclination/
Altitude
STS-121
7/4/2006
7/17/2006
12d 18h 36min
51.6 º/330.4 km
STS-115
9/9/2006
9/21/2006
11d 19h 6min
51.6 º/344.1 km
STS-116
12/10/2006
12/22/2006
12d 20h 45min
51.6 º/338.8 km
STS-117
6/8/2007
6/22/2007
13d 20h 10min
51.6 º/327.6 km
STS-118
08/08/2007
08/21/2007
12d 17h 56mi
51.6 º/344.6 km
STS-120
10/23/2007
11/07/2007
15d 2h 23min
51.6 º/343.2 km
STS-122
02/07/2008
02/20/2008
13d 20h 10min
51.6 º/328.6 km
STS-123
03/11/2008
03/26/2008
15d 18h 11min
51.6 º/334.8 km
STS-124
(in work)
05/31/2008
06/14/2008
13d 18h 13min
51.6 º/343.4 km
Space Shuttle Radiation Measurements:
PRD Dose Rates (µGy/d)
STS-121
STS-115
STS-116
STS-117
Detector
PRD1
PRD2
PRD3
PRD4
PRD5
PRD6
TLD-100
187.1 ± 2.3
240.3 ± 2.3
239.5 ± 3.9
179.2 ± 3.1
227.8 ± 3.1
205.1 ± 3.1
TLD-300
186.3 ± 3.9
235.6 ± 3.9
230.1 ± 7.0
173.8 ± 3.9
236.4 ± 4.7
194.1 ± 6.3
OSL/Luxel
179.0 ± 3.6
232.3 ± 4.8
215.8 ± 5.0
180.2 ± 3.6
210.8 ± 4.6
196.4 ± 4.2
TLD-100
157.7 ± 1.7
173.8 ± 2.5
226.4 ± 1.7
184.0 ± 3.4
192.4 ± 1.7
187.4 ± 1.7
TLD-300
145.2 ± 5.8
165.4 ± 4.6
220.1 ± 4.0
180.4 ± 3.5
187.7 ± 4.2
172.5 ± 3.4
OSL/Luxel
156.7 ± 3.0
176.7 ± 3.7
226.6 ± 4.4
182.3 ± 3.9
187.3 ± 3.6
184.5 ± 3.6
TLD-100
176.9 ± 2.0
294.5 ± 3.1
303.0 ± 2.7
190.6 ± 2.4
252.2 ± 2.7
220.5 ± 2.4
TLD-300
182.2 ± 4.5
313.2 ± 7.6
327.6 ± 9.6
191.2 ± 4.6
283.5 ± 9.1
233.8 ± 6.0
OSL/Luxel
181.9 ± 1.6
295.4 ± 3.9
299.3 ± 2.3
192.0 ± 3.9
258.1 ± 3.9
222.3 ± 2.3
TLD-100
167.6 ± 2.9
252.9 ± 4.3
251.4 ± 4.3
182.8 ± 4.3
195.1 ± 3.6
192.9 ± 2.9
TLD-300
169.8 ± 2.9
254.3 ± 5.8
260.1 ± 7.9
184.2 ± 3.6
202.8 ± 3.8
194.4 ± 4.3
OSL/Luxel
165.6 ± 3.0
242.4 ± 4.8
234.8 ± 4.6
177.9 ± 3.0
200.0 ± 4.1
189.6 ± 3.7
Space Shuttle Radiation Measurements:
PRD Dose Rates (µGy/d)
STS-118
STS-120
STS-122
STS-123
Detector
PRD1
PRD2
PRD3
PRD4
PRD5
PRD6
TLD-100
181.6 ± 2.8
282.9 ± 4.4
276.3 ± 4.0
189.9 ± 2.9
209.9 ± 3.0
211.4 ± 3.2
TLD-300
180.9 ± 4.3
290.4 ± 6.7
289.2 ± 6.4
186.8 ± 6.8
214.1 ± 8.1
204.7 ± 8.0
OSL/Luxel
180.7 ± 1.6
277.0 ± 3.8
283.3 ± 2.0
194.6 ± 1.6
216.5 ± 1.9
210.1 ± 2.8
TLD-100
196.9 ± 2.2
313.8 ± 4.1
295.9 ± 4.2
198.7 ± 3.8
220.7 ± 2.6
225.4 ± 4.6
TLD-300
197.3 ± 7.5
311.6 ± 9.0
285.2 ± 7.4
194.6 ± 4.1
228.0 ± 5.6
230.6 ± 5.4
OSL/Luxel
190.6 ± 2.7
289.0 ± 4.8
279.0 ± 4.1
192.5 ± 2.9
216.3 ± 4.0
219.1 ± 3.8
TLD-100
176.1 ± 4.1
236.0 ± 4.7
284.5 ± 5.4
181.3 ± 4.0
209.0 ± 4.2
186.8 ± 4.1
TLD-300
178.1 ± 3.0
233.2 ± 4.7
273.1 ± 7.0
176.4 ± 5.3
213.1 ± 4.8
180.7 ± 5.2
OSL/Luxel
166.2 ± 2.8
222.6 ± 1.9
266.8 ± 2.5
174.5 ± 2.0
201.9 ± 3.2
184.1 ± 1.9
TLD-100
156.4 ± 1.8
267.0 ± 4.6
279.7 ± 3.3
179.3 ± 2.4
201.5 ± 3.1
195.2 ± 2.5
TLD-300
154.3 ± 1.9
255.5 ± 3.2
273.3 ± 2.2
173.4 ± 2.1
194.4 ± 2.3
185.3 ± 2.8
OSL/Luxel
150.7 ± 2.5
250.0 ± 4.8
262.8 ± 4.6
175.6 ± 2.5
202.1 ± 4.0
185.6 ± 4.2
PRD Dose Rate (μGy/d)
Space Shuttle Radiation Measurements:
Max and Min PRD Dose Rates (µGy/d)
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
TLD100
TLD300
Luxel
Max PRD
Min PRD
STS-121
STS-118
STS-116 STS-117
STS-120
STS-122
STS-123
STS-115
STS-121 STS-115 STS-116 STS-117 STS-118 STS-120 STS-122 STS-123
Mission
STS-116 and STS-121 Results: Dose
Equivalent (mSv) and Quality Factor
Dose
Low-LET
(<10 keV/μm
water) Q=1
(mGy)
Dose CR-39
High-LET
(>10 keV/μm
water) Q>11
(mGy)
Total Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)
Quality
Factor
0.37 ± 0.04
2.43 ± 0.05
6.41 ± 0.48
2.64 ± 0.20
Dosimeter/
Location
Dosimeter
Type
Measured
Dose
(mGy)
STS-116/
PRD-1
TLD-100
2.28 ± 0.03
2.06
TLD-300
2.34 ± 0.06
2.06
2.43 ± 0.07
6.41 ± 0.48
2.64 ± 0.21
OSL/Luxel
2.34 ± 0.02
2.13
2.50 ± 0.04
6.48 ± 0.48
2.59 ± 0.20
TLD-100
3.79 ± 0.04
3.47
4.01 ± 0.06
9.51 ± 0.48
2.37 ± 0.12
TLD-300
4.03 ± 0.10
3.61
4.15 ± 0.11
9.65 ± 0.49
2.32 ± 0.13
OSL/Luxel
3.80 ± 0.05
3.49
4.04 ± 0.06
9.53 ± 0.48
2.36 ± 0.12
Dose CR-39
High-LET
(>10 keV/μm
water) Q>11
(mGy)
Total Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)
Quality
Factor
0.36 ± 0.04
2.54 ± 0.05
6.44 ± 0.47
2.53 ± 0.19
STS-116/
PRD-2
0.54 ± 0.04
Dosimeter/
Location
Dosimeter
Type
Measured
Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Low-LET
(<10 keV/μm
water) Q=1
(mGy)
STS-121/
PRD-1
TLD-100
2.39 ± 0.03
2.18
TLD-300
2.38 ± 0.05
2.10
2.47 ± 0.06
6.37 ± 0.47
2.58 ± 0.20
OSL/Luxel
2.29 ± 0.05
2.08
2.45 ± 0.06
6.35 ± 0.47
2.59 ± 0.20
TLD-100
3.07 ± 0.03
2.79
3.28 ± 0.07
8.53 ± 0.68
2.60 ± 0.21
TLD-300
3.01 ± 0.05
2.64
3.13 ± 0.08
8.38 ± 0.68
2.68 ± 0.23
OSL/Luxel
2.97 ± 0.06
2.70
3.19 ± 0.08
8.44 ± 0.68
2.65 ± 0.22
STS-121/
PRD-2
0.49 ± 0.06
Zhou et al., Acta Astronautica, 63 (2008) 855-864 and Zhou et al., Acta Astronautica, 2008 (in preparation)
Long Duration Missions: ISS Radiation
Measurements
Harmony Module (NODE2)
NOD2_OP2
NOD2_S5
Japanese Experiment
Module (JEM/Kibo)
2 locations
ESA Columbus Module
COL_EPM
COL_EDR
TEPC location
Unity Module (NODE1)
NOD1_P403
NOD1_OP2
NOD1_S1
US Destiny Laboratory Module (US LAB)
LAB_OS6
LAB_D3 (near the window)
LAB_PD2
LAB_OS0
LAB_TESS (inside US Sleep Station)
LAB_D4D2 (inside CHeCS rack)
Quest Joint Airlock
A/L1 AD3
A/L1 OF3
Russian Zvezda Service Module
SM_P339 (behind the treadmill)
SM_P327
SM_P307
SM_W14 (window)
SM-P242(inside port SM crew quarters)
SM_P442 (inside starboard SM crew quarters)
ISS RAM SM_P242 location (inside SM
Crew Quarters)
ISS RAM TEPC location (attached to
TEPC)
ISS RAM NOD2S5 location (inside
Harmony Module)
ISS RAM Col_EDR location (inside
Columbus Module)
ISS Expeditions 13, 14 and 15 Mission
Parameters
ISS Expedition
Mission
Delivery to ISS /
Mission Return
from ISS
Date Launched /
Date Landed
Expedition
Duration
(d)
Orbit
Inclination
(deg)
Average Orbit
Altitude
(km)
Expedition 13
ISS Soyuz 12S
(TMA-8) /
ISS Soyuz 12S
(TMA-8)
03/29/06 – 09/28/06
183.0
51.6
349.3
Expedition 14
ISS Soyuz 13S
(TMA-9) /
STS-118/13A.1
09/18/06 – 08/21/07
337.0
51.6
343.4
Expedition 15
STS-118/13A.1
STS-123/1J/A
08/08/07 – 03/26/08
231.1
51.6
346.0
ƒ Total of 18 RAM locations (NOD1 – 3 locations; SM – 6 locations,
US LAB – 6 locations; Airlock – 2 locations; and TEPC location)
ƒ TL/OSL/CR-39 available on Expeditions 13 and 15; Expedition 14
only TL and CR-39 were flown
Results: Absorbed Dose Rates for ISS
Expeditions 13, 14, and 15
ISS Expedition 13/12S
360
TLD100
TLD300
LUXEL
340
320
SM-P442
300
LAB1-D3
280
AL1/AD3
260
SM-P242
240
NOD1-1
220
200
AL1/OF3
SM-W14
LAB1-PD2
LAB1-OS0
NOD1-3
180
SM-P307
160
SM-P327
140 NOD1-2
LAB1-OS6
SM-P339
TESS CHeCS
TEPC
120
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Presented
at COSPAR, July 2008
380
TL/OSL Dose Rate (μGy/day)
TL/OSL Dose Rate (μGy/day)
Presented
at COSPAR, July 2008
380
RAM Locations
TLD100
TLD300
LUXEL-not flown
340
320
SM-P442
LAB1-D3
300
280
AL1/AD3
260 NOD1-1
240
SM-W14
AL1/OF3
220
SM-P327
200
160
140
SM-P307
NOD1-2
120
LAB1-PD2
LAB1-OS0
SM-P242
NOD1-3
180
LAB1-OS6 TESS
CHeCS IVCPDS
SM-P339
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
RAM locations
380
TL/OSL Dose Rate (μGy/day)
Highest observed absorbed dose rate:
SM-P442 – sleeping crew quarters
LAB1-D3 – lab window
Lowest observed absorbed dose rate
TESS – US sleeping station
CHeCS rack – pharmaceuticals storage
ISS Expedition 14/13S
360
ISS Expedition 15/13A.1
360
340
TLD100
TLD300
LUXEL
SM-P442
LAB1-D3
320
300
AL1/AD3
280
NOD1-1
260
SM-W14
AL1/OF3
240
220
SM-P327
SM-P242
NOD1-3
200
180
160
NOD1-2
140
LAB1-PD2
LAB1-OS0
TEPC
SM-P307 LAB1-OS6
TESS
SM-P339
120
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
RAM Locations
Gaza, R., Zhou, D., Semones, E., Roed, Y., Zapp, N., 2008. Adv. Sp. Res. (in preparation)
16
18
20
Results: Absorbed Dose; Dose
Equivalent and Quality Factor for ISS
Expedition 15
Dosimeter/
Location
SM-P327/
Overhead, forward
of treadmill
SM-P442/
Inside Starboard SM
Crew QuartersOutboard wall aft
upper corner
LAB1_TESS/
Inside the
Polyethylene lined
Sleep Station
TEPC/
Locations: US
LAB_S4; SM_P327;
NODE2_PD;
SM_P410; COL1_A3
Dosimeter
Type
Measured
Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Low-LET
(≤10
keV/μm
water)
Q=1
(mGy)
TLD-100
42.71 ± 0.41
37.84
TLD-300
46.79 ± 0.48
39.37
OSLD-Luxel
44.49 ± 0.79
TLD-100
Dose CR-39
High-LET
(≥10
keV/μm
water)
Q>11
(mGy)
Total Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)
Quality
Factor
46.23 ± 0.46
141.6 ± 2.6
3.06 ± 0.06
47.76 ± 0.52
143.2 ± 2.6
3.00 ± 0.06
39.85
48.24 ± 0.82
143.7 ± 2.7
2.98 ± 0.06
69.99 ± 0.71
61.94
75.54 ± 0.80
205.7 ± 4.0
2.72 ± 0.05
TLD-300
77.98 ± 1.19
65.83
79.43 ± 1.25
209.6 ± 4.1
2.64 ± 0.05
OSLD-Luxel
69.38 ± 1.05
61.67
75.27 ± 1.11
205.5 ± 4.1
2.73 ± 0.05
TLD-100
38.46 ± 0.32
34.06
41.62 ± 0.59
123.9 ± 5.9
2.98 ± 0.14
TLD-300
38.47 ± 0.46
31.80
39.36 ± 0.67
121.6 ± 5.9
3.09 ± 0.15
OSLD-Luxel
39.46 ± 0.54
35.28
42.84 ± 0.73
125.1 ± 5.9
2.92 ± 0.14
TLD-100
44.32 ± 0.36
39.68
47.60 ± 0.59
130.2 ± 5.4
2.73 ± 0.11
TLD-300
47.25 ± 0.97
40.24
48.16 ± 1.08
130.7 ± 5.5
2.71 ± 0.11
OSLD-Luxel
45.99 ± 0.67
41.59
49.51 ± 0.82
132.1 ± 5.5
2.67 ± 0.11
8.39 ± 0.21
13.60 ± 0.37
7.56 ± 0.49
7.93 ± 0.47
Results: Absorbed Dose; Dose
Equivalent and Quality Factor for ISS
Expedition 15
Dosimeter/
Location
SM-P327/
Overhead, forward
of treadmill
SM-P442/
Inside Starboard SM
Crew QuartersOutboard wall aft
upper corner
LAB1_TESS/
Inside the
Polyethylene lined
Sleep Station
TEPC/
Locations: US
LAB_S4; SM_P327;
NODE2_PD;
SM_P410; COL1_A3
Dosimeter
Type
Measured
Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Low-LET
(<10
keV/μm
water)
Q=1
(mGy)
TLD-100
42.71 ± 0.41
37.84
TLD-300
46.79 ± 0.48
39.37
OSLD-Luxel
44.49 ± 0.79
TLD-100
Dose CR-39
High-LET
(>10
keV/μm
water)
Q>11
(mGy)
Total Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)
Quality
Factor
46.23 ± 0.46
141.6 ± 2.6
3.06 ± 0.06
47.76 ± 0.52
143.2 ± 2.6
3.00 ± 0.06
39.85
48.24 ± 0.82
143.7 ± 2.7
2.98 ± 0.06
69.99 ± 0.71
61.94
75.54 ± 0.80
205.7 ± 4.0
2.72 ± 0.05
TLD-300
77.98 ± 1.19
65.83
79.43 ± 1.25
209.6 ± 4.1
2.64 ± 0.05
OSLD-Luxel
69.38 ± 1.05
61.67
75.27 ± 1.11
205.5 ± 4.1
2.73 ± 0.05
TLD-100
38.46 ± 0.32
34.06
41.62 ± 0.59
123.9 ± 5.9
2.98 ± 0.14
TLD-300
38.47 ± 0.46
31.80
39.36 ± 0.67
121.6 ± 5.9
3.09 ± 0.15
OSLD-Luxel
39.46 ± 0.54
35.28
42.84 ± 0.73
125.1 ± 5.9
2.92 ± 0.14
TLD-100
44.32 ± 0.36
39.68
47.60 ± 0.59
130.2 ± 5.4
2.73 ± 0.11
TLD-300
47.25 ± 0.97
40.24
48.16 ± 1.08
130.7 ± 5.5
2.71 ± 0.11
OSLD-Luxel
45.99 ± 0.67
41.59
49.51 ± 0.82
132.1 ± 5.5
2.67 ± 0.11
8.39 ± 0.21
13.60 ± 0.37
7.56 ± 0.49
7.93 ± 0.47
Results: Absorbed Dose; Dose
Equivalent and Quality Factor for ISS
Expedition 15
Dosimeter/
Location
SM-P327/
Overhead, forward
of treadmill
SM-P442/
Inside Starboard SM
Crew QuartersOutboard wall aft
upper corner
LAB1_TESS/
Inside the
Polyethylene lined
Sleep Station
TEPC/
Locations: US
LAB_S4; SM_P327;
NODE2_PD;
SM_P410; COL1_A3
Dosimeter
Type
Measured
Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Low-LET
(<10
keV/μm
water)
Q=1
(mGy)
TLD-100
42.71 ± 0.41
37.84
TLD-300
46.79 ± 0.48
39.37
OSLD-Luxel
44.49 ± 0.79
TLD-100
Dose CR-39
High-LET
(>10
keV/μm
water)
Q>11
(mGy)
Total Dose
(mGy)
Dose
Equivalent
(mSv)
Quality
Factor
46.23 ± 0.46
141.6 ± 2.6
3.06 ± 0.06
47.76 ± 0.52
143.2 ± 2.6
3.00 ± 0.06
39.85
48.24 ± 0.82
143.7 ± 2.7
2.98 ± 0.06
69.99 ± 0.71
61.94
75.54 ± 0.80
205.7 ± 4.0
2.72 ± 0.05
TLD-300
77.98 ± 1.19
65.83
79.43 ± 1.25
209.6 ± 4.1
2.64 ± 0.05
OSLD-Luxel
69.38 ± 1.05
61.67
75.27 ± 1.11
205.5 ± 4.1
2.73 ± 0.05
TLD-100
38.46 ± 0.32
34.06
41.62 ± 0.59
123.9 ± 5.9
2.98 ± 0.14
TLD-300
38.47 ± 0.46
31.80
39.36 ± 0.67
121.6 ± 5.9
3.09 ± 0.15
OSLD-Luxel
39.46 ± 0.54
35.28
42.84 ± 0.73
125.1 ± 5.9
2.92 ± 0.14
TLD-100
44.32 ± 0.36
39.68
47.60 ± 0.59
130.2 ± 5.4
2.73 ± 0.11
TLD-300
47.25 ± 0.97
40.24
48.16 ± 1.08
130.7 ± 5.5
2.71 ± 0.11
OSLD-Luxel
45.99 ± 0.67
41.59
49.51 ± 0.82
132.1 ± 5.5
2.67 ± 0.11
8.39 ± 0.21
13.60 ± 0.37
7.56 ± 0.49
7.93 ± 0.47
Operational Radiation Quantity
1000
ISS Expedition 13/12S
SM-P442
800
LAB-TESS
600
TEPC
400
200
3
TL/OSL Dose Rate (μGy/d)
Dose Rate Equivalent (μSv/d)
Quality Factor
2
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Operational Radiation Quantities
Results: Operational Radiation
Quantities for ISS Expeditions 13, 14, 15
The Dose Rate, Dose Rate Equivalent
and Quality Factor values represent
the weighted average over all
luminescence detectors (TLD-100,
TLD-300 and Luxel)
Operational Radiation Quantities
Radiation Area Monitoring Locations
1000
ISS Expedition 14/13S
SM-P442
800
600
IVCPDS
LAB-TESS
400
200
3
TL/OSL Dose Rate (μGy/d)
Dose Rate Equivalent (μSv/d)
Quality Factor
2
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Radiation Area Monitoring Locations
1000
ISS Expedition 15/13A.1
SM-P442
800
SM-P327
LAB-TESS
600
TEPC
400
200
3
TL/OSL Dose Rate (μGy/d)
Dose Rate Equivalent (μSv/d)
Quality Factor
2
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Zhou, D., Semones, E., Gaza, R., Zapp, N., 2008. Adv. Sp. Res. (in preparation)
Area Monitoring Locations
Gaza, R., Zhou, D., Semones, E., Roed, Y., Zapp, N., 2008. Adv. Sp.Radiation
Res. (in preparation)
TLD-100 Dose Rate (μGy/day)
/2
05 0/9
/1 9-0
09 9/0 5/2
/0 0- 9/
12 8/0 09/ 00
/0 0- 20
04 1/0 12/ /00
/1 0-0 11
07 9/0 5/ /00
/1 1- 01
08 2/0 07/2 /01
/1 1-0 4/
12 0/0 8/2 01
/1 1-1 2/
04 5/0 2/1 01
/0 1-0 7/
06 8/0 4/1 01
/0 2-0 9/
11 5/0 6/1 02
/2 2- 9/
10 4/0 12/ 02
/1 2-0 07
/
04 8/0 5/0 02
/1 3-0 4/
10 9/0 4/3 03
/1 4-1 0/
4
0
04 /04 0/2 4
/1 -0 4/0
10 5/0 4/2 4
/0 5- 4/
03 1/0 10/ 05
/3 5- 11
09 0/0 04/ /05
/1 6-0 08
8
/
08 /06 9/2 06
/0 -0 9/
8/ 8/ 06
07 21
-0 /0
3/ 7
26
/0
8
05
Summary of ISS Passive Dosimetry
Measurements 1999 - 2008
300
280
260
Node 1
SM
LAB
Airlock
EXPD14
EXPD13
EXPD15
240
200
180
160
140
Standard Deviation*
(variation in shielding)
220
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Node1: 2 - 21 %
SM:
10 - 29 %
US Lab: 12 - 37 %
Airlock: 0.5 - 12 %
120
100
* Standard Deviation is used to represent the measured dose rate variation between
different location measurements within a specific ISS module
Fading after 168 days
Fading Results for the
Luminescence Detectors
1.2
Relative OSL Signal
LUXEL
1.1
1.0
ƒ Luxel (Al2O3:C) – fading ≤ 3%
0.9
0.8
- preirradiation bleaching for 3 min/ 525 nm green
0.7 - power ~43mW/cm2
- emmision filters Hoya U-340 (7.5 mm)
0.6
0.1
1
10
100
ƒ TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti) – fading ≤ 5%
ƒ TLD-300 (CaF2:Tm) – fading ≤ 3%
1000
Elapsed Time from Exposure (d)
TLD-100
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.1
- preirradiation annealing 1h at 400C & slow cool
- postirradiation annealing 30min at 100C
- heating rate 6C/s
1
10
100
1000
Elapsed Time from Exposure (d)
Relative TL Signal (HTP Area)
Relative TL Signal (MP-area)
Fading after 363 days
1.2
Fading after 363 days
1.2
TLD-300
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
- preirradiation annealing 1h at 400C & 2h at 100C
0.7 - postirradiation annealing 30min at 100C
- heating rate 6C/s
0.6
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Elapsed Time from Exposure (d)
Fading Results for CR-39
ƒ Fading of the CR-39 Sensitivity was observed for all CR-39
detectors for long duration missions
ƒ Compared to TEPC and DOSTEL data, results measured with
CR-39 were low
ƒ Results must be corrected for fading of latent tracks irrespective of
the source use – suggested method “Fe peak”
A correction formula was found: Sc = So/(1-(a+bT))
where So = etch rate ratio before correction
Sc = corrected value of etch rate ratio
Sc1 = So1/(1-(a+bT1))
Sc2 = So2/(1-(a+bT2))
for exposure times T1 and T2
Zhou, et al., Radiation measured for ISS-Expedition 12 with different dosimeters, Nucl. Instr. Meth A
580 (2007), 1283-1289.
Fading Results for CR-39
Mission
(Time)
Exposure
Position
Absorbed Dose
(≥10keV/µm water)
Dose Equi. (ICRP60)
(≥ 10 keV/µm water)
(mGy)
(mSv)
P1
Eye
Stomach
R1
R2
29.90/ 36.94
14.94 / 21.60
14.96 / 18.89
13.90 / 17.93
13.85 / 17.55
270.97/ 437.00
176.59 / 274.82
156.95 / 246.13
148.74 / 217.31
135.29 / 215.04
9.06/ 11.83
11.82 / 12.72
10.49 / 13.03
10.70 / 12.12
9.77 / 12.25
Matroshka-2
(367)
P1
Eye
Stomach
R2
10.86 / 12.90
9.13 / 10.99
8.40 / 9.66
11.23 / 12.97
121.10 / 150.66
106.88 / 134.48
96.23 / 118.82
123.85 / 152.16
11.15 / 11.68
11.71 / 12.24
11.46 / 12.30
11.03 / 11.73
Expedition 12
(190)
TEPC
TESS
SMP327
SMP442
5.31 / 6.19
4.92 / 6.22
5.31 / 6.83
7.99 / 10.59
60.06 / 69.03
59.21 / 68.89
68.98 / 78.48
89.05 / 105.61
11.32 / 11.15
12.04 / 11.08
12.98 / 11.49
11.14 / 9.97
TEPC
TESS
SMP442
4.90 / 6.23
4.55 / 6.18
7.98 / 9.31
65.33 / 74.20
64.09 / 73.39
94.90 / 109.95
13.33 / 11.91
14.09 / 11.88
11.89 / 11.81
(Days)
Matroshka-1
(616)
Expedition 13
(183)
Q
Factor
Zhou, et al. – to be presented at the 24th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids,
Bologna, Italy (Sep 2008)
Conclusions and Future Work
ƒ Space Radiation Measurements are imperative to reliably obtain
Dose Equivalent and Quality Factor values when assessing
radiation risk for crew members
ƒ Analyze the 4 new RAM detectors placed inside Harmony Module
and Columbus Module and compare the results with all other ISS
RAM locations
ƒ Addition of extra ISS RAM detectors at two different locations
inside the Kibo Japanese Experimental Module
ƒ Continue to evaluate the efficiency of the current SRAG’s Passive
and Active Radiation Detector packages and choose the best
configuration for the radiation monitoring of Constellation's next
generation of space vehicles
ƒ Continue to be part of international collaboration such as
MATROSHKA, BRADOS and ICCHIBAN
Acknowledgements
SRAG Team
Semones Edward, NASA
Dazhuang Zhou, USRA
Yvonne Roed, USRA
Bob Rutledge, NASA
Neal Zapp, NASA
Stephen Guetersloh, NASA
Clif Amberboy, LM
Steve Johnson, LM
Terrie Bevill, LM
Kerry Lee, LM
Joel Flanders, LM
Tom Lin, LM
Nick Stoffle, LM
Dan Fry , LM
Eliseo Gonzales, LM
Lollie Lopez, LM
National and International Collaborators
ƒ Stephen W.S. McKeever, Eric Benton and the OSU Team, Stillwater, OK
ƒ Yukio Uchihori, Nakahiro Yasuda and the ICCHIBAN Team, NIRS, Chiba,
Japan
ƒ Günther Reitz and Thomas Berger - DLR, Cologne, Germany - and the
Matroshka Team
ƒ WRMISS participants