Demographics
Canadian & World Issues
Demographics
1. Studying Population
2. Population Pyramids
3. Global Village
Studying Population
• Population Geography
– The study of SPATIAL variations in the distribution,
composition, migration, and growth of populations
over time.
• Demography
– The study of human population dynamics. It looks at
how populations change over time due to births,
deaths, migration and ageing.
• Demographics
– A term for population characteristics. Demographics
include birth rate, death rate, immigration, age,
income, sex, education, occupation, religion,
nationality, …
Studying Population
Population change over time will inevitably affect….
• Political Systems
• Economics
• Social Structures
• Environments
Studying Population
Billions
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Developed countries
1
95
1 0
95
1 5
96
1 0
96
1 5
97
1 0
97
1 5
98
1 0
98
1 5
99
1 0
99
2 5
00
2 0
00
2 5
01
2 0
01
2 5
02
2 0
02
2 5
03
2 0
03
2 5
04
2 0
04
2 5
05
0
0
Developing countries
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant.
Studying Population
• Factors that may lead to population increase
include:
–
–
–
–
Food
Health
Economic Growth
Migration
Studying Population
• Growth Rate
– the number of persons added to (or subtracted from)
a population due to natural increase and net
migration.
• Birth rate: number of live births per 1,000 population per
year.
• Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population per
year.
• Rate of Natural Increase
– birth rate – death rate = rate of natural increase
Studying Population
• Factors that contribute to the decline in death
rate include:
–
–
–
–
Better Nutrition
Better Access to Medical Care
Improved Sanitation
Better Immunization
• Net Migration = immigrants – emigrants
Studying Population
• Effects of Population Increase
–
–
–
–
Increased poverty
Resource depletion
Medicine shortages
Urban sprawl
Studying Population
Births
• A specific pattern of population growth has
occurred in many developed nations during the
past 60 years.
Baby Boom
Baby Echo
Generation Y
Generation X
1945
1965
1985
2005
2025
Studying Population
• Factors that may lead to population decline
–
–
–
–
–
Heavy Emigration
Disease
Famine
War
Sub-replacement Fertility
• a fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area’s
population. Sub-replacement fertility rate is 2.1 children
per woman or higher.
Studying Population
• Population Decline in the past
– The Black Death
– Old World Diseases
– Potato Famine
• Population Decline today
– Sub-replacement Fertility Levels
– Migration (to be discussed in the next lesson)
Studying Population
• Why low sub-replacement fertility rate?
– Urbanization
– Contraception
– Government Policies
• Exception: United States where natural increase rates
have remained stable…
• And within the US, incredible regional variations
Studying Population
60-81
50-59
40-49
30-39
20-29
Studying Population
Pregnancy Rate
Canada & US
1974-1997
(not just birth rate
as illustrated in
previous map)
Studying Population
Average Number of Children per Woman
South Korea
1.19
Italy
1.26
Japan
1.28
Germany
1.3
Spain
1.3
Canada
1.49
United Kingdom
1.72
Netherlands
1.73
Sweden
1.74
Australia
France
United States
Source: PRB, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.
1.77
1.9
2.03
Studying Population
• Effects of Population Decline:
–
–
–
–
–
Deflation
Rise in the standard of living
Population aging
Small impact on the environment
Political power?
Studying Population
In the developed countries, there are fewer and fewer
young people and more and more elderly.
Millions
Age
80+
70-74
Males
Females
60-64
50-54
40-44
30-34
20-24
10-14
0-4
300
200
100
00
100
200
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.
300
Studying Population
The young population of the developing countries
translates to great growth potential.
Millions
Age
90+
80-84
Males
Females
70-74
60-64
50-54
40-44
30-34
20-24
10-14
0-4
300
200
100
00
100
200
300
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.
Studying Population
Europe is the only world region projected
to decline in population by 2050.
Millions
North America
Latin
America/
Caribbean
Europe
Africa
Asia
457
326
778
549
668
728
2050
2005
1,941
885
5,385
3,875
Population Pyramids
• A population pyramid is two back-to-back bar
graphs, one showing the number of males and
one showing females in a particular population in
five-year age groups (also called cohorts).
• A great deal of information about the population
broken down by age and sex can be read from a
population pyramid, and this can shed light on the
extent of its development.
– Birth rate trends
– Death rate trends
– Number of economic dependents (<15, >65)
Population Pyramids
• Three basic shapes of population pyramids.
Population Pyramids – CAN 1961
Aging Population
Depression
Baby Boom
Population Pyramids – CAN 2006
Population Pyramids – US 1990
Population Pyramids – US 2000
Population Pyramids – US 2025
Population Pyramids – US 2050
Population Pyramids – US 2100
Global Village
• If the world were a village of 1000 people, it
would include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
584 Asians
124 Africans
95 Eastern and Western Europeans
84 Latin Americans
55 former Soviets
52 North Americans
6 Australians and New Zealanders
Global Village
• The people of the village would speak:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
165 Mandarin
86 English
83 Hindu/Urdi
64 Spanish
58 Russian
37 Arabic
and the remaining villagers would speak a variety
of 200 other languages
Global Village
• The religion practiced by the villagers would be:
– 329 Christians (among them 187 Catholics, 84
Protestants, and 31 Orthodox)
– 178 Muslims
– 167 "Non religious"
– 60 Buddhists
– 45 Atheists
– 32 Hindus
– 3 Jews
– and 86 of other religions
Global Village
• Financially speaking in this 1000 person
community
– 200 people receive 75 percent of the income
– Another 200 receive only 2 percent of the income.
– Only 70 people of the 1000 own an automobile
(although some of the 70 own more than one car).
– About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking
water.
Global Village
• Looking at the social structure of the village, there
are:
–
–
–
–
–
5 soldiers
7 teachers
1 doctor
3 refugees driven from home by war or drought
and half of the adults are illiterate
Global Village
• The village has a total yearly budget, public
and private, of over $3 million - $3,000 per
person if it is distributed evenly.
• Of the total $3 000 000:
– $181,000 goes to weapons and warfare
– $159,000 to education
– $132,000 to health care
Global Village
• Nuclear Power in the Village:
– The village has buried beneath it enough explosive
power in nuclear weapons to blow itself to
smithereens many times over. These weapons are
under the control of just 100 of the people.
– The other 900 are watching them with deep anxiety,
wondering whether they can learn to get along
together; and if they do, whether they might set off the
weapons anyway through inattention or technical
bungling; and if they ever decide to dismantle the
weapons, where in the world village will they dispose
of the radioactive materials of which the weapons are
made?