University of Baghdad
College of Nursing
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Overview of
Anatomy and Physioloy –II
Second Year Students
Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.
Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
2012 - 2013
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II
Brief Contents
1- Cardiovascular System
2- Blood
3- Lymphatic System
4- Urinary System
5- Male Reproductive System
6- Female Reproductive System
7- Sensory Function
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Text book
Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2001.
References:
1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical
Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010.
2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier,
Philadelphia, 2005.
3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base Syndromes. 5th ed.,
Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.
4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998.
5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and
Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston,
2006.
7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed.,
Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C.
8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill,
Boston, 1998.
Contents:
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
I- ANATOMY OF THE HEART
II- ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS
III- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
IV- PHYSIOLOGY BLOOD VESSELS
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
FOURTH LECTURE
Physiology of Blood Vessels
Blood Pressure
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
OVERVIEW OF CARDIOVASCULAR
PHYSIOLOGY 702
Why Normal Blood Pressure
to: Maintaining Blood Flow
(Tissue Perfusion) Through
Capillary Bed.
Blood pressure (BP), sometimes
referred to as arterial blood
pressure, is the pressure exerted
by circulating blood upon the walls
of blood vessels, and is one of the
principal vital signs.
Peripheral Resistance: resistance to the passage
of blood through the blood vessels, especially
the arterioles. (tension of artery wall)
ORGANS, STRUCTURES AND FACTORS INVOLVE IN
MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE
I- Central factors (Heart)
1- Cardiac output
2- Heart rate
II- Peripheral factors (blood vessels)
1-Peripheral resistance ( tension of arteries wall )
2-Blood volume
3-Venus return
4-Elasticity of blood vessels
5-Vescosity of blood
6-Diameter of blood vessels
7-Velocity of blood flow
ARTERIOLES AND SMOOTH MUSCLES
BLOOD PRESSURE
Lateral pressure exerted by contained
Column of the blood on wall of arteries.
Systolic blood pressure
120 “ 110 – 140 “ mmHg
Diastolic blood pressure
80 “ 60 – 80 “ mmHg
Pulse pressure 40 mmHg
Mean arterial pressure = diastolic + 1/3
Pulse pressure = 93 mmHg
Blood Flow to Different Organs and Tissues
Under Basal Conditions 717
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE
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Age
Sex
Body built
Diurnal variation
After meal
During sleep
Emotional variation
After exercise
REGULATION OF
ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE (711)
1- Nervous mechanisms
“ short term regulatory mechanisms ”
2- Renal mechanisms
“ long term regulatory mechanisms “
3- Hormonal regulation
4- Local regulation
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
NERVOUS
REGULATION
HORMONAL
REGULATION
RENAL
REGULATION
LOCAL
REGULATION
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD
PRESSURE (Nervous Regulation) (712)
I- Vasomotor center “medulla oblongata”
1- Vasoconstrictor area
2- Vsodilator area
3- Sensory area
II- Vasoconstrictor fibers “sympathetic
nerve fibers” (secrete norepinephrine)
III-Vasodilator fibers “parasympathetic
nerve fibers” (secrete acetylcholine)
Areas of the brain that play important roles in the
nervous regulation of the circulation.
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
(Renal Regulation)
I- By regulation extracellular fluid volume and
composition
II- Through renin angeiotensin aldosterone
mechanisms
Hormones regulate ECF:
Aldosterone, ANH, PTH, calcitonin, ADH
And vitamin D
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
(HORMONAL REGULATION) (715)
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Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Thyroxine
Aldosterone
Vasopressin (ADH)
Angeotensin
Acetylcholine
8- Vasoactive intestinal
peptide (VIP)
9- Bradykinin
10-Prostaglandin
11-Histamine
12-Serotonin
13-Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANH)
HORMONE AFFECT BLOOD PRESSURE
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HORMONE
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Norepinephrine
Vasoconstriction
Epinephrine
Vasoconstricton and
heart rate and force of contraction
Aldosterone
Na+ and water
reabsorption
ADH
reabsorption of H2O
ANP
Excretion of Na+ , H2O
(1,2,3,4, increase BP and 5 decrease BP)
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSUR
( LOCAL REGULATION )
I- Local Vasoconstrictors
1- Endothelins: 3 types, ET1, ET2, ET3,
produced by endothlium of blood vessels.
II- Local Vasodilators
1- Vasodilators of metabolic origin e.g. CO2,
lactate, hydrogen ions (H+) and K+ in ECF,
adenosine, histamine and fever
2- Vasodilator of endoyhelial origin e.g. nitric
oxide (NO) produce from arginine by
stimulation of Ach, bradykinin, VIP,
substance P and platelets breakdown product,
FACTORS CONTROL VASOCONSTRICTION AND
VASODILATATION
1- Neuronal :- sympathetic or
parasympathetic
2- Local :- endothein-1 and nitric oxid
..etc
3- Hormonal :- epinephrine, ADH,
acetylcholine, histamine
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF
BLOOD PRESSURE
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF
BLOOD PRESSURE
1- Hypertension: Persistent increase in arterial
pressure. The systolic presssure
raise above 150 mmHg, and diastolic
pressure raise above 90 mmHg.
2- Hypotension: Persistent decrease in
arterial pressure. The systolic pressure fall
below 100 mmHg and diastolic pressure
fall below 50 mmHg.
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
I- Primary Hypertension:
( Essential Hypertension )
1- Benign Hypertension
2- Malignant Hypertension
II- Secondary Hypertension
1- Cardiovascular Hypertension
2- Endocrine Hypertension
3- Renal Hypertension
4- Neurogenic Hypertension
5- Pregnancy Hypertension
HYPERTENSION:
Abnormally High Tension; especially high
blood pressure.
TENSION : resistant, stiffness, nervousness
High blood pressure is often called the
FACTORS RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERDYNAMIC
HYPERTENSION (increase
cardiac output )
1- Increase ECF
2- Increase Blood Volume
3- Autonomic Effect “Catecholamines”
a- Epinephrine
b- Norepinephrine
C- Dopamine
4- T3 and T4
5- Cortisol
6- Increase Venous Tone
FACTORS RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
HYPERTENSION (increase peripheral resistance)
1- Vascular hyperactivity
(atheroma)
2 - Angiotensin II
3- CNS
4- Adrenal medulla
a- adrenal hormone
b- noradrenalin hormone
Routine Lab tests and diagnostic
procedures
CONSEQUENCES OF ARTERIAL
HYPERTENSION
1- Congestive heart failure
2- Atherosclerosis
3- Left ventricular hypertrophy
4- Left heart failure
5- Renal ischemia
6- Renal failure
7- M.I. Myocardial infarction
8- Peripheral vascular disease
9- Apoplexy (extravasation of blod-stroke synd.)
10- Malacia ( softening of tissue)
11- Hypertensive encephalopathy
12- Bleeding
PLAQUE BLOCKING AN ARTERY 697
VARICOSE VEINS
TYPES OF HYPOTENSION
1- Primary Hypotension
2- Secondary Hypotension
3- Orthostatic Hypotension