Animal
Physiology Unit
Organ Systems
• _____________is composed of many different sytems with
cells being the smallest unit of life.
• When cells are similar in shape and size, they work together
and form tissues.
• four main types of tissues:
1. _________- protection; lines body cavity, organs, etc
2. _________- provides support and holds things together
3. ________ - bundles of cells which contract to create movement
4. ________ - provides communication between all structures
• Your body also have various types of organs which carry out
different but specific tasks.
• These organs have to work together in order to achieve the
desired result in something called an organ system.
Organ System
Major Organs
Main Funtion
Digestive
Esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver
and pancreas
Breakdown of food (phys and chem.)
Circulatory
Heart, blood, vessels
Respiratory
Lungs, trachea, blood vessels
Gas exchange
Reproductive
Testes, vas deferens, ovaries, uterus,
fallopian tubes, glands
Sexual reproduction
Excretory
Kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra
Removal of wastes
Locomotion
Bones, muscles
Movement of body and body parts
Endocrine
Pancrease, pituitary gland, adrenal
glands
Coordination and chemical regulation
of body activies
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, peripheral nerves
Response to environment; control of
body activities
Transport of nutrient, gases and
wastes; defence against infection
Central Nervous and Endocrine
System
_____________
• body is constantly changing and so are levels of nutrients, water, etc
• homeostasis helps to maintain the bodies stable state
– for ex.
• Blood = 7.35 pH
• Body temp = 37 celcius
• Heart rate = ~ 72 bpm (beats per minute)
• there is a ______ which determines when a change is drastic and
dangerous versus normal and safe
– for example, if your body temp drops below 36.2 C then, you will shiver
in an attempt to warm up
– if your body temp rises about 37.2 C then, you will sweat in an attempt
to cool off
• diagnosising a patient with a sickness has to do with comparing their
symptoms to those of the normal range
Component
Normal
Range
Unit
Diagnosis
Body temperature
(outside)
36.2- 37.2
Blood pH
7.35- 7.45
pH Unit
Acidosis ( low pH)
Alkylosis (high pH)
Resting heart rate
pulse
50-100
Beats/ min
Tachycardia (fast hrt rate)
Bradycardia (slow hrt rate
Resting breathing
rate
16-20
Breaths/ min
Hyperventilation (fast breathing rate)
Hypoventilation (slow breathing rate)
Degrees
celcium
Fever (high body temp)
Hypothermia (low body temp)
Digestive System
• Ingestion
– taking food in, eating
• Digestion
– Process of reducing food to small molecules so that it can be
absorbed by the body
– Molecules must be small enough to fit inside the _____
– Digestion takes place in the _________________ which is the
tube starting at the mouth and ending at the anus
– There are two types of digestion
• 1. ______________________
– Physical breakdow of food into smaller particles
– Inolves chewing (__________) and muscular churning (___________)
• 2. ______________________
- Involves chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
with the use of ________________.
Absorption: movement of nutrients into the blood and cells
Egestion: elimination of waste or unusable nutrient
The Mouth
(a.k.a.- the beginning)
• Teeth
– _______________
• front teeth (chisel shape)
• used for biting or cuting food into smaller pieces
– _______________
• pointed shape
• tear food
– _______________
• grinding and chewing food
– _______________
• grinding and chewing
The Mouth con’t
• Saliva
– Makes food easier to swallow
– 3 pairs of glans (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
– Contains enzyme called ________ which breaks
down big sugars into smaller sugars
• Tongue
–
–
–
–
Muscular organ
Keeps food where it can be chewed
Forces food to the back of the mouth for swallowing
Responsible for taste
The Mouth- Swallowing
• Tongue forces food to back of the mouth called the
___________
• _________ closes the upper part of the pharynx
• Epiglottis is a trap-door like structure that prevent food
from entering the windpipe
• Esophagus
– Tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach
– Muscular tube
– The hollow interior space of the esophagus is called the
___________
– it’ is lined by a layer of cells called mucosa cells
– these secrete mucus
Step 1: Food is pushed to
the back of the mouth by
the tongue.
Step 2: Tongue raises
and pushes food further
back. Soft palate lifts to
close nasal cavity.
Epiglottis starts to close,
glottis closed.
Step 3: Soft palate
closed, epiglottis closed
and food slides down
esophagus.
Step 4: Soft palate
opens, epiglottis and
glottis open.
Peristalsis
• Rythmic muscular action that moves food
through the entire alimentary canal
Stomach
• Opening to the stomach is controlled by a
____________ muscle
• ‘j’ shaped
• ________________ is its major function
• 3 kinds of cells line the stomach and secrete
– __________
– __________
– Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and water
• Enzymes, water and HCl combine to form
________.
Stomach con’t
• Gastric Juice
– Has a pH of 1 (strong acid)
– Helps to break up connective tissue, cell
membranes as in food, and also kills many
harmful bacteria
• Enzymes produced by the stomach are
mostly ___________
• The principal stomach protease is called
_________
– Pepsin breaks down protein
Why are stomach cells not
destroyed by the gastric juice?
• __________ acts as a protective barrier
• gastric juice wears at the mucus, thus the
stomach must continually renew its protective
coating
• Occassionally stomach cells are attached by
gastric juices and produce ________
– Stress can cause a decrease in production of mucus
Lower Alimentary Canal
• There are 2 organs that food DOES NOT enter
but play an important role in digestion
1. ___________
• 2 functions
– Produce regulatory hormones for blood homeostasis
– Produe pancreatic juice (BASIC)
» Neutralizes stomach contents
» Contains digestive enzymes
1. ____________- breakdown protien
2. ____________- breakdown food
3. ____________- breakdown carbohydrates
Lower Alimentary Canal con’t
2. Liver
- converts extra glucose into glycogen and
stores it until it is needed
- produces bile; an emulsifier that breaks fat
and oil into tiny droplets
- bile travels through the ducts to the
______________, where it is stored
- bile is released through the common bile duct
to the small intestine
Small Intestine
• Main job is digestion and absorption
• lining of the small intestine has small
finger-like projections called _________
– increase the surface area so nutrients can
pass through the lining cells and enter the
circulatory system rapidly
– Each villus contains many blood and lymph
vessels
• Collect nutrient and transports them to locations
where they’re needed
Small Intestine con’t
• Villi are made up of smaller ________
which further improve the absorption
• Some substances ingested are composed
of small molecules that dissolve readily
– ie. ________and ___________- not digested.
Simply pass through the stomach wall and are
absorbed directly into the blood stream
Small intestine con’t
• Composed of three parts:
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
Small Intestine con’t
1) Duodenum
- first ______ of small intestine
- bile and pancreatic juice enter here
- digestive enzymes produced here
- polypeptides  amino acids
- disaccharides  monosaccharides
Small Intestine con’t
2) Jejunum
- next several meters
- many small molecules are absorbed
through the villi into blood vessels
- most of the chemical digestion is
completed here
Small Intestine con’t
3) Ileum
- last half of small intestine
- place of absorption
- amino acids and glucose enter the blood
stream and go to the liver
Large Intestine
• Twice as wide as small intestine
• Major function is to absorb water and ions
• Where the small and large intestine join
there is a small structure called the
________
• Humans  no function
• Rabbits  digest cellulose
• Appendicitis bacteria enter appendix, grow and
secrete toxic waste
Rectum
- last 20-30 cm of colon
- stores feces
Anus
- way out for feces!!