Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 1 of 11 Elementary Education – Initial Preparation Annual Program Report Academic Year 2008-09 October 15, 2009 1. Continuous Assessment Results a. Admission Data Table 1 provides the average admission test scores and average admission GPAs of Elementary Education candidates approved by the Professional Education Council (PEC) for admission into initial teacher preparation programs during the 2008-09 academic year. Before the Office of Teacher Services submits their names for review and approval by the PEC, candidates must meet minimum requirements established by the state and/or the WKU Professional Education Unit. Table 1 Approved Candidate Test Score Averages by Program Major Code ACT N Mean 23 131202-Elementary Education 134 PPSTMath PPSTRead PPSTWrite N 13 N 14 Mean 176 Mean 176 N 15 Mean 174 Admission GPA N Mean N Mean 5 1096 184 3.27 SAT b. Course Based Assessment Data Table 2 provides the percentage of candidates scoring at each level of proficiency on critical performances (CP) within Elementary Education courses for the 2008-09 academic year. Proficiency levels are based on a scale of 1 – Standard Not Met, 2 – Standard Partially Met, 3 – At Standard, and 4 – Above Standard. Table 2 CP Proficiency Level Percentages COURSE ELED-345 ELED-355 ELED-365 ELED-405 ELED-406 ELED-407 ELED-465 1 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2 4% 1% 2% 3% 3% 2% 7% 3 82% 58% 71% 63% 82% 40% 86% 4 14% 40% 26% 33% 14% 59% 7% Table 3 indicates the level of Elementary Education candidate proficiency across critical performances related to the Kentucky Teacher Standards. Candidates receiving an overall rating of 3 or 4 on a CP are considered to have demonstrated proficiency on the standards associated with the CP. Compared to the unit-wide results, Elementary Education candidates are typically performing as well or better than average. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 2 of 11 Table 3 Percent of Elementary Education Candidates Scoring Proficient on CPs by Kentucky Teacher Standards Kentucky Teacher Standards Program 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elementary Ed. 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 94% 96% 95% 95% Unit-Wide 94% 95% 95% 94% 95% 93% 96% 96% 95% 10 99% 97% Table 4 indicates the number of Elementary Education candidates who have scored 2 or lower (below proficiency) on 3 or more critical performances during the 2007-08 academic year. Table 4 Elementary Education Candidates (N = 25) Scoring Below Proficient on 3 or More CPs during 2008-09 WKU ID 800051921 800219307 800219855 800298722 800307984 800317126 800323888 800324772 800344698 800351012 800355369 800357724 800362671 800366703 800371902 800439388 800491693 800234143 800292438 800320323 800510525 800328315 800348335 800214873 800413250 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 Grand Total 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 c. Clinical Experiences Data The Elementary Education program has identified the following courses and experiences to evaluate candidate dispositions: EDU 250, ELED 365, and EDU 490. The program has identified the following courses and experiences where candidates report the diversity of their field experiences: EDU 250, ELED 345, LTCY 420, Block I, and Block II. LTCY 420 has been designated as the experience where candidates must work in settings at or above the average 11% diversity of the schools in the 31 counties that represent our service area. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 3 of 11 Table 5 reports how 2007-08 Elementary Education program candidates performed on dispositions as they entered and progressed through their program and during their student teaching experience. Students are considered “proficient” who average at 3 or higher on each disposition category. Table 5 Elementary Education Proficiency Rates on Unit-Wide Dispositions WKU Professional Education Dispositions Period Values Values Personal Values Values Values Learning Integrity Diversity Collaboration Professionalism Prior to Student Teaching 94% 99% 99% 99% 98% During Student Teaching 98% 99% 100% 99% 97% Over the 2008-09 academic year, 461 candidates reported demographic information on 1191 field placements with an average of 19% diversity (based on National Center for Education Statistics). This diversity percentage continues to be well above the average 11% diversity of the schools in the 31 counties that represent our service area. Table 6 reveals the percentages of field experiences with various characteristics. Note that candidates could choose all the characteristics that applied for any given experience. Table 7 represents the reported characteristics of the schools in which students were placed. Table 6 Candidates Self-Reported Interaction With At Least One P-12 Student With Below Characteristics % Candidates working with Students with Physical Impairments % Candidates working with Students with Learning Disabilities % Candidates working with Students with Moderate/Severe Disabilities % Candidates working with Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders % Candidates working with Gifted Students % Candidates working with English Language Learners % Candidates working with Students with Visual Impairments % Candidates working with Students with Hearing Impairments % Candidates working with Students with Speech/Language Delays % Candidates working with Students with Development Delays % Candidates working with Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder % Candidates working with Students with Other Impairments % Candidates working with Students Reading Below Grade Level % Candidates working with African American Students % Candidates working with Native American/American Indian Students % Candidates working with Latino/Hispanic Students % Candidates working with Asian Students % Candidates working with Students with Special Needs (Aggregate) % Candidates working with Diverse Students (Aggregate) 14% 62% 14% 46% 50% 44% 8% 6% 36% 23% 16% 6% 1% 88% 9% 64% 42% 91% 94% Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 4 of 11 Table 7 School Percentages of Student Characteristics Reported by National Council of Education Statistics and Kentucky Department of Education Average % of Native American P-12 Students Average % of Asian American P-12 Students Average % of African American P-12 Students Average % of Hispanic P-12 Students Average % of P-12 Students Receiving Free Lunch Average % of P-12 Students Receiving Reduced Lunch Average % of Diverse P-12 Students (Aggregate) Average % of Low SES P-12 Students (Aggregate) Average % of English Language Learners Average % of P-12 Students with Disabilities 0% 3% 12% 5% 41% 8% 19% 49% 0% 19% Overall, in 91% of their field experiences Elementary Education candidates reported working with at least one student with special needs and in 94% of their field experiences candidates reported working with at least one student from a diverse ethnic group. d. Culminating Assessment Data As Component 4 of the WKU Professional Education Unit Continuous Assessment Plan (CAP) strategy, all initial preparation candidates complete a culminating assessment of professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills, the Teacher Work Sample (TWS). This assessment is also used to demonstrate candidates’ ability impact P-12 student learning. In particular, candidate performance on Assessment Planning and Analysis of Student Learning have been identified as key indicators of candidates’ ability related to student learning. Although in spring 2008 the Professional Education Council agreed that candidates who score a holistic score of at least “2 – Developing” are able to exit the program, for program evaluation purposes our goal is that at least 80% of program candidates will achieve “3 – Proficient” or higher. Table 8 represents three-year proficiency rates for Elementary Education candidates. Table 8 Initial Preparation TWS Proficiency Rates Program Type 2008-09 Rate 2007-08 Rate 2006-07 Rate† Elementary Ed. 92% 89% 79% Unit-Wide 93% 86% 71% †Results are based on “independent scorers”; this and future reports will only include faculty scores. Because faculty also score TWS at the indicator level, we are able to use their scores to ascertain candidate success in meeting each component of the TWS. For program evaluation purposes, candidates are considered successful who average at least 2.5 on a three point scale (1 – Not Met, 2 – Partially Met, and 3 – Met) on indicators aligned to a standard. Chart 1 depicts the percentage of Elementary Education candidates who averaged at least 2.5 on the indicators for each TWS Factor: CF – Contextual Factors, LG – Learning Goals, AP – Assessment Plan, DFI – Design for Instruction, IDM – Instructional Decision Making, ASL – Analysis of Student Learning, and RSE – Reflection and Self-Evaluation. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 5 of 11 Chart 1 Below are these scores as they relate to Kentucky Teacher Standards (Chart 2 and Table 8). Chart 2 Percentage of Elementary Education Candidates “Passing” Each Teacher Standard Table 9 Percentage of Elementary Education Candidates “Passing” Each Teacher Standard ELED Unit-Wide KTS1 93% 94% KTS2 95% 93% KTS4 84% 85% KTS5 76% 77% KTS6 90% 87% KTS7 72% 76% KTS9 76% 76% Additionally, all candidates are assessed during their student teaching experience using the Student Teaching Evaluation form. Table 10 reports the percentages of 2008-09 Elementary Education student teachers successful on each standard. For program evaluation purposes, Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 6 of 11 candidates are considered successful who average at least 2.5 on a three point scale (1 – Not Met, 2 – Partially Met, and 3 – Met) on indicators aligned to a standard. Table 10 Elementary Education Proficiency Rates by Kentucky Teacher Standards Kentucky Teacher Standards Program 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elementary Ed. 97% 96% 96% 91% 94% 94% 90% 95% 96% 92% Unit-Wide 96% 93% 95% 88% 88% 85% 88% 92% 93% 87% e. Exit and Follow Up Data Table 11 delineates the Educational Testing Services reports of the pass rates on the Elementary Education Praxis II content exams of candidates (N=184) who completed the program in the 2007-08 academic year (the most recent year with complete data). The last column allows for pass rate comparison of our candidates to our 2006-07 results. Table 11 Pass Rates on Content Tests for Initial Teacher Preparation Program/Type of Assessment Overall Academic Content Area Exam Statistics: Elementary Education ELEMENTARY ED CONTENT KNOWLEDGE Code Number 014 Candidate N (2007-08) 381 WKU Pass Rate (2007-2008) 96% WKU Pass Rate (2006-07) 92% 184 94% 96% Below are the results of the electronic WKU Teacher Survey sent to Elementary Education student teachers and alumni, of which 224 responded. Survey items requested the respondent’s perception of WKU preparation on each of the Kentucky Teacher Standards using a scale of 1 “Poor” 2 “Fair” 3 “Good” and 4 “Excellent.” Standards with average scores of 3 or better across items were considered to demonstrate acceptable program quality. Table 12 reports combined Elementary Education student teacher and alumni results. Table 12 Average Scores on Teacher Standards Questions for Elementary Education Candidates Kentucky Teacher Standards Program 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elementary Ed. Unit-Wide 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.0 Respondents were also able to provide explanation if they answered “poor” for any item. Table 13 presents Elementary Education respondent comments. Table 13 Elementary Education Respondent Comments A couple thoughts I have had through out my experience at Western. Writing KTIP lessons would be so much easier if the same format was required through out the entire program. Let student teachers and Block students write evaluations on their placement teachers. During my block 2 experience my teacher had me make copies and do bulletin boards. I worked with the students twice. Other students should not be placed with the teacher I had. I also feel this way for the internship program as well. Not all teachers out there should serve as a mentor. New teachers need GREAT mentors. Overall I am pleased with my experiences at Western. I have developed many meaningful relationships with a few professors and have learned a lot. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 7 of 11 As far as analyzing data, I feel that in Block 2 we did not sufficiently learn how to do this the correct way. In that particular Block 2 we were not required to do the analysis of student learning in our Teacher Work Sample. Because of that, I feel that we were not given the adequate instruction to analyze data in an educational setting. Before student teaching, there was not a lot of opportunities to create differentiated lessons. When student teaching began it was a challenge to differentiate lessons for various developmental levels. There was not a lot of experience with actually making lessons for students who are at, above, or below grade level. creating a positive learning, managing time, and using space and materials effectively can only be improved by being in the classroom. My advice for improving this would be to allow block students MORE time in the classroom. During Block 2, we should have been integrated into some sort of social activities that the school provided so that we may have developed our network of professional colleagues and friends. Also to help us to get to know the school systems better. Any type of after school activity or homework help that we could've been integrated into to provide one on one help with. During our Block classes we never talked about a professional growth plan, or how to write one. Everything taught in the block classes was very thoroughly covered. However, when student teaching was upon us, instruction obviously took a back seat. Therefore, learning how to identify students for collaboration and leadership opportunities was more of a self-taught concept. How to communicate with parents and colleaques, work in a competetive, professional setting, and classroom management are the areas that I feel the least prepared for and have caused the biggest problem this year. After passing KTIP I still do not feel I have a good grasp on this. I also feel like another classroom strategies class would be very beneficial. The only true "strategies" class for classroom management that I got was from Pre Block. I think a course that goes over how to deal with parents, hold parent conferences, be organized with grades and papers, teaching ideas and strategies, tips on various situations would be VERY beneficial for education students. Just a thought. I am prepared to work with the lower level students - several classes helped to prepare me for that. But I have found that planning for the higher level learners has been more difficult and something that I have struggled with this year. I answered fair in the technology section because I felt very unprepared to incorporate technology into lessons. Smart Boards and Active Boards are everywhere and I had no clue what I was doing. I wish we could have incorporated the use of technology and how to assess students using technology (ThinkLink, Dibles, etc.) in the classroom. I believe that our Spring 2008 semester was the cause for this and many of the "fair" responses. We were not prepared for the TWS at all during Block II. Also, I think it would be beneficial to incorporate filling out the REAP application into our EDU 489 course because many of us were unaware of this process. I believe the only experience that would have prepared me more for students teaching would be teaching more lessons in the actual classroom. I did not answer poor to any of the questions, however, I would like to say that I have had a great experience with my education at WKU. I do think that the only thing I did not receive much training on would be how to TEACH writing. I feel that I needed more training on this. I did not feel that leadership ideas, concepts, or even that leadership was identified. My two supervising teachers had trouble telling me what leadership was. I didn't mark any question as poor but for my own benefit I would like to see more classes offered regarding assessments. I feel ok about them, but the more knowledge I can gain, the more comfortable I would feel. I feel as if WKU should have offered more classes on working with special education children. There are so many out there in classrooms and I feel as if we were unprepared on how to handle situations. Whether it be a child with autism to a child with EBD, WKU needs to offer more classes on exceptional/special education. I feel like WKU did an excellent job preparing me to be a teacher, however there are just a couple areas that I didn't feel prepared in when I got "in" to teaching. I feel more field experience prior to student teaching would benefit the items I marked poor. Other than that, I feel I was adequately prepared. I feel that I did not have any experience with leadership activities within a school in my education courses here at WKU. I think that it would have helped to had that experience before student teaching. I was very unsure as to what to plan for leadership activities when I entered student teaching. I also feel that I did not have any experience with developing a professional growth plan. That was the only other thing that I think would have been a great thing to have had experience with before entering student teaching. I feel that more time should be spent with students. I think a lot of the standards have to do with natural abilities. I feel that having more time in the classroom before student teaching would help to showcase natural teaching abilities. I think that one area that WKU could improve on is helping education majors with differentiation of instruction for all students. I feel that this is an area that was discussed and expected but how to do it wasn't truly taught. I feel that the diversity class focuses more on the different cultures and SES classes and not on how to teach students from different backgrounds and different academic levels. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 8 of 11 I think that the classes that we were required to take did not prepare us enough to manage the time in the classroom. Overall, the experiemce was good, but it sometimes lacked. I was never even shown how to create a professional growth plan. Maybe they should tell college students about that. I was not prepared for how to do an accurate PGP, and show evidence. I feel as if more instruction had been given to this area then I would have more motivation, and options on how to grow as a teacher. I was not taught how to design a professional growth plan. I didn't know anything about that when I had to do it in student teaching. I hadn't even heard of it. Als, I hadn't learned about providing leadership. I would have liked more courses that foucus on dealing with parents and/or difficult situations with students. Leadership was touched on during the courses, however, true leadership activities were not model or made part of the earlier requirements before Student Teaching so that we could practice and learn what activities qualify for this task. More instruction and classroom management, communication with parents and students, and balancing the many pressures of pleasing colleagues, principals and family would also be nice. My only struggle throughout Block and Student Teaching classes was that going from one semester to the next, I found that instruction was somewhat inconsistent. (As far as how to write lesson plans, learning goals, objectives, etc.) Now that I feel that the education department at WKU does an excellent job of preparing their students to complete the required paperwork and design lesson plans. However, that is only a tiny part of what we do when we get into the classroom. Being a successful teacher is not filling out paperwork and writing plans; it is implementing those plans and using them to help the students learn. I do not feel that I was prepared at all to run a classroom. As a student at WKU, there is no real opportunity for you to establish expectations and see them followed through. Having more time in front of a class would have been extremely beneficial. While teaching individual lessons in a controlled environment is helpful in the beginning, it is not real life. Learning to manage a classroom for an entire day or week without the help of the classroom teacher would have been more helpful during my preservice years. I believe that during our student teaching semester, we should stay in one room, and should manage the entire class all day all semester long. Creating and implementing a single lesson plan is the easy part of teaching, but that is not what teachers do. Classroom management and establishing expectations is the hard part, and that is what we should have been working on when we had a regular classroom teacher there to help and critique our methods. Now that I have a classroom, there is no one there to see what I do on a daily basis and give me pionters to improve, it is simply a trial and error. This is not the most effective way to run a classroom. One of the things that I felt least prepared for was assessment. In several of our practicum situations we only hypothetically assess the students, and this does not give us any practice with actually assessing student learning. One suggestion that I would recommend is that you cover more classroom management strategies in the block classes. This is one area where I and others that I have spoke to struggle the most during their first year. Teaching strategies are very important but having the classroom management skills makes it much easier to teach. One thing I feel very unprepared for is getting a job. With all of the classes we had to take not one focused on interviewing or how to apply for jobs. When we got to the job fair very few of us knew about kyreap. The people representing the school districts felt like this was something we should have already done. We were never told about it. Overall, however, I am very grateful to WKU for the education that I received there! Overall, I have felt very prepared for my first year of teaching. The only area I have struggled with is learning that I do not have to "reinvent the wheel" for my lessons. I wish some of my assignments would have taught me how to find resources from books and things instead of making my own worksheets, etc. I hope this helps! Student teaching was the best experience to fully understand the profession. Methods courses were helpful for learning content, but I only remember bits and pieces of information from year to year. More time should be spent in the classroom during Block courses. teach more about assessments: how to communicate to parents, students, and also how to create a variety, and also I knew very little about student self-assessments. The teachers in the classes prior to student teaching need to provide the students with more information regarding the professsional growth plan, the leadership and collaboration that is required during student teaching. When I was informed of these requirements I felt completely unprepared to complete them. I also feel that students should be prepared for or at least notified of all the requirements that they will have to meet while student teaching, because many of them are not addressed before student teaching orientation. This leaves the student feeling overwhelmed and unprepared in an already intemidating situtation. We spent more time doing Professional Growth Plans and Teacher Work Samples than the most important things such as learning how to develop higher-order lesson plans. The focus in the Department of Education is on paperwork and reflections instead of how to be the best possible teacher. I found many of the assignments I was made to do that counted as a great percentage of my grade were more busy work and a waste of my time and effort. we were not given encouragement to do anything that was not directly related to that specific class. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 9 of 11 WKU could have better prepared me for communicating student learning to parents. I am still fairly uncomfortable with how I will relate to parents who are difficult to talk to when I have my own classroom. I was also not prepared for all of the different ways technology had to be implemented in my KTIP lessons. I felt very comfortable with using technology myself in my lessons but not with integrating student use and communicating learning to students and parents with technology. WKU could have taught how to intergrate student use of technology. I had many opportunities to integrate it into instruction, but the students didn't. WKU doesn't prepare teachers for the real world experience in a classroom. There were so many student issues with IEP's, behavior problems, how to teach gifted and special students, and WKU didn't prepare me for any of it. A lot of the teachers at the school I did my student teaching at told me that WKU doesn't have a clue what it is really like. WKU really needs to focus more on classroom management. There needs to be an ENTIRE class related to classroom management and it needs to have REALISTIC ideas that WORK! WKU should have shown studnets how to communicate student learning and progress to parents with technology as that was a HUGE part of points lost on my KTIP observations during student teaching. I also worry that most of the information in the methods courses was not easily carried over to the next methods course. WKU's Elementary Education program prepared me in every area EXCEPT for classroom management. This is a vital aspect of teaching, and I did not have any classes on classroom management! 2. Summarize the above results by Kentucky Teacher (Initial Programs) OR Program Standards (Advanced Programs) AND other key Conceptual Framework values. Be sure to describe what the results tell you about your candidates’ progress toward/proficiency on each standard/CF value. The data indicated that 94-99% of students enrolled in the ELED initial program demonstrated proficiency on all 10 Kentucky Teacher Standards. ELED students met or exceeded the unitwide performance on 9 of the 10 standards. The data in Table 2 indicates a significant increase in proficiency level percentages from 2007/2008 to 2008/2009. The single most significant increase was in social studies (ELED 407), which soared to 59% in 2008-2009 from 16% in 2007-2008. Other major increases includes Strategies 1 (ELED 365) which increased from 6% to 26%, Diversity (ELED 355) which increased from 8% to 40%, and Math Methods (ELED 504) which increased from 14% to 22% during the 2008/2009 year. In Chart 2 and Table 9, Standards 1, 2, and 6 show the highest percentage of students “passing” each Teacher Standard. It appears from Table 4 that 25 students scored below proficient on 3 or more critical performances during 2008/2009 semesters. On Unit-wide Dispositions (Table 5), 98 to 100% of ELEM students demonstrate proficiency. By examining Table 10 and comparing elementary education percentages with the unit, it is evident that the proficiency rate for Teacher Standards is higher for elementary education candidates. According to Table 11, the pass rates on the Overall Academic Content Area for PRAXIS rose from 92% to 96%, however, the Content Knowledge portion slipped from 96% o 94%. No ELEM critical performance scores were lower than Unit-wide scores. Standard 7 (reflection) is the lowest in two sets of data. This is surprising, as students are required to reflect in all courses. Student teacher comments include more experiences needed in technology, leadership, professional growth plan, and differentiation for special needs students. The data supports a deficit in technology, which could be an important point to note for future planning. Overall, indications are that faculty members are doing well in teaching content within their respective courses and teaching students how to design and plan instruction. Elementary education majors continue high scores for their admission into the WKU Professional Education Unit. Their ACT scores of 23 match the 2007/2008 academic year. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 10 of 11 Working with special needs students (91%) and diverse students (94%) continues to be exceptional opportunities for WKU teacher candidates. It is apparent that students are becoming actively involved with children in gifted and talented programs, special education, title I and English Language Learners. 3. Summarize your efforts to report and disseminate your results (Unit/College-wide meetings, department/program level meetings, written reports, presentations, etc.). An ELED coordinator was appointed and program faculty members were involved in reviewing the data. Each ELED faculty member examined the data and made suggestions as to how to improve the program. Informal discussions were held among ELED members. Final results will be shared with the School of Education and the college. The School of Teacher Education faculty members meet on a regular basis each semester of the academic year to review and analyze program area assessment results. Generally, the faculty is responsible for examining data from within their respective classes, especially critical performances, to complete a Unit Action Plan. The Unit Action Plan relates to NCATE documents. All reports are usually reviewed by the elementary faculty before submitting to the department head and other responsible parties within the college and university. Each year, program assessment data is reviewed and evaluated for information which warrants program changes and course modification. 4. Summarize key discussions and/or decisions made based on assessment results: a. Describe any assessment or data collection changes you have made/will make based on your assessment results. 1. Critical performances will need to be reviewed to ensure they are appropriate. 2. Collaborate with other faculty members to strengthen candidates contextual factors and assessment plans. Leadership and collaboration need to be emphasized. 3. Discuss why critical performance proficiency level percentages have significantly increased from 2007/2008. 4. Schedule a training session for all elementary faculty to help them determine exemplary products. 5. Design a remedial course for students falling below the proficient level. 6. Address the issues and needs of student teachers with regards to working with special needs students, gifted and talented students, and English Language learners. b. Describe any program curriculum or experience changes you have made/will make based on your assessment results. 1. An area of concern is the Praxis Content Knowledge pass rate. Program faculty will meet to determine how to better prepare students for this test. 2. Additional math courses have been added to the ELED program to strengthen the mathematics component of the test. Elementary Education 0809 APR Page 11 of 11 3. Two classes show more students moving to a level 4 proficiency. There needs to be consistency among faculty members about what a level 1, 2, 3, and 4 mean on critical performances. 4. Students who score below a 2.5 on critical performances will not be allowed to student teach. There needs to be a plan of action for these students. c. Describe any decisions about group/individual student progress you have made/will make based on your assessment results. 1. An increase on technology use, reflection and evaluation should be implemented in each course. 2. Students will need more practice on differentiation in lesson plans. 3. Students will be encouraged to use library resources. 4. Students need to be surveyed regularly to determine issues and concerns they might have in their course or field experiences.