APPENDIX I: METEOROLOGICAL DATA
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APPENDIX I: METEOROLOGICAL DATA CONTENTS OF APPENDIX I Table 1- Coordinates of some meteorological stations in the Arab States Table 2- Average number of daytime hours Table 3- Mean daily air temperature Table 4- Mean daily maximum temperature at selected stations Table 5- Mean daily minimum temperature at selected stations Table 6- Mean relative humidity of air at selected stations Table 7- Average number of daily sunshine hours at selected stations Table 8- Sky cloudiness at selected stations Table 9- Short wave radiation at the top of the earth’s atmosphere Table 10- Global radiation at selected stations Table 11- Mean daily wind speed at selected stations Table 12- Mean monthly and annual rainfall Table 13- Annual rainfall series for selected stations Table 14- Evaporation measurements at selected stations Sources of information 1 2 appendix i Table 1. Coordinates of meteorological stations in the Arab Region frequently used in the book Ser. No. Code No. Station Name Latitude ’ N/S Longitude ’ W/E Height, m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Mrt 1 Atar 2 Tidjika 3 Nouakchott 4 Boutilimit 5 Kiffa 6 Nema 1 Tanger 2 Melilla 3 Oudja 4 Rabat 5 Meknes 6 Casablanca 7 Ifrane 8 Marrakech 9 Ouarzazate 10 Agadir 1 Alger 2 Cap Carbon 3 Maison Blanche 4 Miliana 5 Beni Abbes 6 Biskra 7 Oran 8 Tebessa 9 Laghouat 10 C. Bechar 11 El-Golea 12 In Salah 13 Ouallen 14 Tamanrasset 1 Bizerte 2 Kelibia 3 Tunis 4 Jendouba 5 Kairouan 6 Monastir 7 Sfax 8 Gafsa 9 Tozeur 10 Gabes 11 Djerba Mellita 12 Remada 1 Tripoli City 2 Shahat 3 Garian 4 Derna 5 Aziziyah 6 Misurata 7 Benina 20 18 18 17 16 16 35 35 34 34 33 33 33 31 30 30 36 36 36 36 36 34 35 35 33 31 30 27 24 22 37 36 36 36 35 35 34 34 33 33 33 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 13 11 15 14 11 07 05 03 01 06 05 07 05 08 06 09 03 05 03 02 02 05 00 08 00 02 02 02 01 05 09 11 10 08 10 10 10 08 08 10 10 10 13 21 13 22 13 15 20 225 399 21 77 115 269 35 32 470 75 549 58 1640 466 1136 19 60 767 28 722 498 56 99 816 767 806 398 393 347 1378 3 29 4 143 60 2 21 313 45 5 6 300 25 625 725 9 145 6 132 Mor Alg Tun Lib 31 N 32 07 32 38 37 43 20 47 03 53 34 31 37 56 23 46 45 43 20 08 48 38 26 46 38 34 12 36 48 14 51 50 29 40 40 43 25 55 53 35 19 57 49 44 44 33 25 06 04 W 26 36 41 24 16 54 00 56 40 32 40 07 02 54 39 03 E 06 15 14 10 W 44 E 37 W 08 E 56 15 W 52E 28 17 32 49 05 14 48 06 45 41 49 10 06 47 24 12 51 01 38 12 06 16 3 appendix i 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Lib Egy Sud 8 Nalut 9 Abdel-.Nasser A.P. 10 Mizda 11 Sirte 12 Ajdabiyah 13 Ghadames 14 Hon 15 Gilao 16 Sebha 17 Kufrah 1 Sidi Barrani 2 Sallum 3 Damietta 4 Rosetta 5 Mersa Matruh 6 Port said 7 Alexandria 8 El Arish 9 El Mansurah 10 Damanhour 11 Tanta 12 Zagazig 13 Delta Barrage 14 Cairo (Ezbekiyah) 15 Giza 16 Suez (Pt. Tewfik) 17 Helwan 18 Faiyum 19 Siwa 20 Beni Suef 21 El Tor 22 El Minya 23 Hurghada 24 Asyut 25 Qena 26 Quseir 27 El Dakhla 28 El Kharga 29 Deadalus Island 30 Aswan 1 Wadi Halfa 2 Port Sudan 3 Tokar 4 Atbara 5 Khartoum (G.C.) 6 Kassala 7 Wad medani 8 Gedaref 9 Ed-Dueim 10 El Fasher (A.P.) 11 Sennar 12 Geneina 31 31 31 31 30 30 29 29 27 24 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 21 19 18 17 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 52 51 27 12 43 08 08 02 01 13 38 33 25 24 22 17 12 07 03 02 47 35 11 05 02 56 52 18 12 04 14 05 17 11 10 08 29 26 55 02 55 37 25 42 37 28 24 02 59 38 33 29 N 10 23 13 16 20 09 15 21 14 23 25 25 31 30 27 32 29 33 31 30 31 31 31 31 31 32 31 30 25 31 33 30 33 31 32 34 29 30 35 35 31 37 37 33 32 36 33 35 33 25 34 22 59 55 00 35 10 30 57 34 26 20 58 11 49 25 14 15 53 46 23 28 00 30 08 17 13 23 20 51 19 08 37 44 46 06 43 18 00 34 52 23 20 13 45 58 33 24 30 24 20 20 37 27 E 620 155 400 22 5 338 261 52 444 382 27 7 3 2 7 1 32 10 7 6 14 11 20 26 21 8 112 28 17 28 3 39 1 71 73 6 110 70 3 108 125 6 18 348 385 501 407 599 379 790 419 779 (Continued) 4 appendix i Table 1. (Continued) Ser. No. 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 C.I. 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 Code No. Djb Som Com Syr Leb Jor Pal Station Name Latitude ’ N/S Longitude ’ W/E Height, m 13 Obeid, El (A.P.) 14 Singa 15 En Nahud 16 Er Roseires 17 Renk 18 Malakal 19 Raga 20 Akobo Post 21 Wau 22 Juba 23 Torit 1 Djibouti-Serpent 1 Cape Guardafui 2 Bender Cassim 3 Erigavo 4 Berbera 5 Hargeisa 6 Gallacaio 7 Obbia 8 Lugh Ferrandi 9 Mogadiscio 10 Chisimaio 1 Moroni 1 El Qamishli 2 El Haseke 3 Aleppo 4 Raqqa 5 Lattakia 6 Deir ez Zor 7 Hama 8 Palmyra 9 Abu kamal 10 Damascus 1 Tripoli 2 Rayack 3 Kasara Observatory 4 Beyrouth/Khaldeh 1 Irbid School 2 Salt 3 Amman A.P. 4 Madaba 5 Shaubak School 1 Nablus 2 Ramallah 3 Jericho 4 Jerusalem (Pal/Isr) 5 Hebron 13 13 12 11 11 09 08 07 07 04 04 11 11 11 10 10 09 06 05 03 02 00 11 37 36 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 33 34 33 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 32 31 31 31 31 30 33 28 34 32 31 25 33 28 31 32 43 51 49 47 45 44 47 48 42 45 42 43 41 40 37 39 35 40 36 38 40 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 35 570 433 540 467 382 389 460 403 433 462 625 7 80 6 1730 8 1370 302 10 193 9 10 6 451 N.A. 392 N.A. 8 203 309 404 N.A. 729 8 921 918 24 585 796 777 785 1300 925 N.A. N.A. 10 N.A. 10 09 42 51 45 32 28 48 42 51 25 30 49 17 37 26 31 51 20 45 02 22 S 42 S 03 N 31 11 58 33 20 08 33 28 29 35 52 50 49 33 02 57 43 32 13 53 51 47 31 14 57 26 23 47 39 41 03 01 37 33 09 17 11 22 02 06 16 34 35 21 26 14 13 39 13 02 45 09 45 18 55 14 00 00 53 29 51 44 57 48 33 14 11 24 59 07 5 appendix i 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 Irq Kuw Bah Qat S.A. UAE Oman Yem 6 Gaza 1 Mosul 2 Sulaymaniyah 3 Kirkuk 4 Baghdad 5 Ar Rutba 6 Kut al Hai 7 An Najaf 8 Ad Dywaniyah 9 Al Amarah 1 An Nasiriyah 11 Basrah 1 Failaka Island 2 Shuwaikh 3 El Omariyah 4 Kuwait A.P. 5 Al Ahmadi 6 Al ahmadi Port 1 Al Manamah 1 R. al Faras 2 Al Utoriyah 9 Abu Samra 1 Tabouk 2 Hail 3 Dahran 4 Er Riyadh 5 Medina 6 Yanbu 7 Jidda 8 At Taif 9 Gizan 1 Sharja 1 Muscat 2 Sur 3 Al Masirah 4 Salalah 1 Hajjah 2 Marib 3 Sana’a A.P. 4 Kamaran Island 5 Dahi 6 Al Hodeydah A.P. 7 Riyan 8 Yarim 9 Rihab 10 Zabid (Gerba) 11 Ibb 12 El Barh 13 Al Mokha 14 Al Khod 15 Aden Khormaksar 16 Barim Island 31 36 35 35 33 33 32 31 31 31 31 30 29 29 29 29 29 29 26 25 25 24 28 27 26 24 24 24 21 21 16 25 23 22 20 17 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 29 19 33 28 14 02 10 59 59 51 05 34 28 20 17 13 06 04 12 49 31 44 22 30 16 39 33 07 28 29 52 20 37 35 41 03 41 27 22 20 13 46 39 18 13 09 59 27 19 05 50 39 34 43 45 44 44 40 46 44 44 47 46 47 48 48 47 47 48 48 50 51 51 50 36 42 50 46 39 38 39 40 42 55 58 59 58 54 43 45 44 42 43 42 49 44 44 43 44 43 43 45 45 43 26 09 27 24 14 17 03 19 59 10 14 47 17 03 56 59 08 09 30 20 12 50 35 02 10 42 43 03 10 32 35 26 35 31 54 06 36 19 13 37 03 57 23 23 11 36 11 42 15 20 01 24 48 223 853 331 34 946 15 670 20 9 3 2 5 3 21 55 122 16 5 14 34 3 769 971 21 591 632 6 6 1457 3 5 5 14 16 17 1300 1100 2240 6 70 10 25 2400 1500 1300 1800 600 5 5 7 27 6 appendix i Table 2. Average number of daytime hours Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Apr Average number of daytime hours for May Jun Jul Aug Sep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 1093 1104 1106 1110 1115 1115 990 993 1002 1004 1005 1008 1009 1022 1027 1031 982 982 983 985 986 1002 991 992 1006 1021 1030 1052 1069 1080 978 981 981 983 990 990 1002 1000 1005 1005 1008 1016 1012 1013 1014 1014 1015 1016 1124 1132 1134 1135 1138 1138 1065 1067 1070 1072 1072 1074 1075 1083 1085 1087 1060 1060 1061 1061 1062 1070 1065 1066 1075 1083 1087 1100 1109 1116 1057 1059 1059 1061 1065 1065 1070 1071 1073 1073 1074 1080 1077 1078 1078 1078 1079 1079 1188 1189 1189 1189 1190 1190 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1182 1182 1182 1180 1180 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1187 1180 1180 1180 1180 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1182 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1182 1247 1243 1242 1241 1238 1238 1291 1187 1288 1286 1286 1284 1284 1277 1275 1274 1295 1295 1295 1294 1294 1288 1292 1291 1285 1277 1274 1265 1258 1253 1296 1296 1296 1294 1292 1292 1288 1287 1285 1285 1284 1279 1282 1281 1281 1281 1280 1279 1297 1286 1285 1281 1277 1277 1384 1382 1378 1373 1372 1370 1370 1357 1353 1351 1391 1391 1390 1388 1387 1378 1383 1382 1371 1358 1352 1332 1318 1308 1395 1392 1392 1390 1384 1384 1378 1376 1372 1372 1370 1362 1366 1365 1364 1364 1363 1362 1321 1308 1306 1302 1296 1296 1433 1429 1424 1417 1416 1414 1414 1399 1393 1389 1442 1442 1442 1437 1436 1424 1432 1430 1415 1401 1390 1365 1347 1336 1447 1442 1442 1440 1433 1433 1424 1421 1416 1416 1414 1405 1410 1409 1408 1408 1407 1406 1309 1298 1295 1292 1287 1287 1410 1407 1402 1397 1396 1393 1393 1378 1373 1370 1418 1418 1418 1414 1413 1402 1409 1408 1395 1379 1371 1349 1332 1322 1422 1419 1419 1416 1410 1410 1402 1400 1396 1396 1392 1383 1389 1388 1387 1387 1385 1384 1267 1260 1258 1256 1253 1253 1328 1327 1324 1321 1321 1319 1319 1309 1307 1304 1333 1333 1333 1332 1331 1324 1328 1327 1320 1310 1305 1293 1283 1276 1335 1334 1334 1332 1329 1329 1324 1322 1320 1320 1319 1313 1316 1315 1315 1315 1314 1313 1212 1211 1211 1211 1210 1210 1221 1221 1221 1220 1220 1220 1220 1219 1218 1217 1222 1222 1222 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1220 1219 1218 1216 1215 1213 1222 1222 1222 1221 1221 1221 1221 1220 1220 1220 1220 1219 1220 1220 1220 1220 1220 1219 Oct Nov Dec 1153 1158 1159 1160 1163 1163 1111 1112 1115 1117 1117 1119 1119 1125 1127 1129 1108 1108 1108 1109 1109 1115 1111 1112 1118 1125 1128 1136 1144 1147 1106 1107 1107 1109 1111 1111 1115 1116 1118 1118 1119 1123 1121 1121 1121 1121 1122 1123 1104 1115 1117 1120 1124 1124 1014 1016 1020 1026 1027 1029 1029 1042 1047 1049 1007 1007 1007 1010 1011 1020 1015 1016 1028 1042 1049 1069 1084 1093 1003 1006 1006 1009 1014 1014 1020 1023 1027 1030 1029 1037 1033 1034 1035 1040 1036 1038 1079 1091 1093 1097 1104 1004 965 969 974 980 981 984 985 1001 1006 1009 956 956 956 961 962 974 967 968 982 1000 1008 1024 1052 1064 952 955 956 961 965 965 974 976 981 981 984 995 989 990 991 991 993 996 7 appendix i 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 1017 1019 1019 1022 1024 1028 1033 1039 1040 1053 1070 1021 1022 1023 1023 1024 1024 1025 1026 1026 1026 1028 1030 1033 1033 1034 1034 1035 1038 1039 1040 1045 1046 1051 1052 1058 1059 1063 1063 1067 1072 1084 1098 1105 1109 1120 1121 1126 1128 1129 1131 1080 1081 1081 1083 1084 1086 1088 1092 1093 1101 1110 1083 1083 1083 1083 1084 1084 1084 1085 1085 1085 1086 1087 1089 1089 1089 1089 1090 1092 1093 1093 1096 1097 1100 1100 1104 1105 1107 1107 1108 1111 1119 1128 1132 1135 1142 1142 1146 1147 1147 1148 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1183 1183 1183 1184 1186 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1184 1184 1185 1185 1185 1185 1185 1186 1188 1189 1189 1189 1190 1190 1192 1192 1192 1190 1278 1278 1278 1276 1275 1273 1273 1270 1270 1264 1257 1277 1276 1276 1276 1276 1276 1276 1275 1275 1275 1274 1274 1273 1273 1273 1273 1273 1271 1270 1270 1268 1267 1265 1265 1262 1262 1261 1260 1259 1256 1251 1245 1243 1241 1236 1235 1233 1232 1232 1231 1361 1359 1359 1357 1355 1353 1350 1344 1343 1331 1316 1358 1357 1356 1356 1355 1355 1355 1354 1354 1354 1353 1352 1350 1349 1349 1350 1348 1345 1344 1343 1339 1383 1333 1332 1326 1325 1322 1322 1320 1315 1304 1292 1286 1283 1272 1271 1266 1264 1264 1263 1404 1402 1402 1398 1395 1392 1387 1380 1379 1364 1330 1399 1399 1398 1398 1397 1396 1395 1395 1394 1394 1392 1390 1387 1386 1386 1387 1385 1381 1380 1379 1373 1372 1366 1365 1358 1357 1353 1353 1349 1343 1331 1315 1308 1304 1290 1290 1284 1281 1280 1278 1382 1380 1380 1377 1375 1372 1368 1361 1360 1348 1282 1378 1378 1376 1376 1375 1375 1375 1375 1374 1374 1372 1370 1368 1368 1367 1368 1366 1362 1361 1360 1355 1354 1350 1349 1343 1342 1338 1338 1335 1329 1318 1303 1297 1294 1281 1281 1276 1272 1272 1269 1313 1311 1311 1309 1308 1306 1303 1299 1299 1292 1214 1310 1310 1309 1309 1308 1308 1308 1308 1307 1307 1305 1304 1303 1303 1302 1302 1301 1300 1299 1299 1297 1297 1293 1293 1289 1288 1286 1286 1284 1281 1274 1263 1259 1257 1249 1249 1245 1244 1244 1243 1219 1219 1219 1218 1218 1218 1217 1217 1217 1216 1145 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1218 1217 1217 1217 1217 1217 1217 1217 1217 1216 1216 1216 1216 1216 1216 1215 1215 1215 1214 1213 1211 1211 1211 1210 1209 1208 1208 1208 1208 1124 1124 1124 1125 1127 1128 1130 1132 1132 1137 1185 1125 1125 1125 1125 1126 1126 1126 1126 1127 1127 1128 1128 1129 1129 1130 1130 1130 1131 1131 1132 1134 1134 1136 1137 1140 1140 1142 1141 1143 1145 1149 1156 1158 1160 1165 1166 1168 1169 1169 1170 1038 1040 1040 1042 1045 1047 1051 1057 1058 1070 1086 1042 1042 1043 1043 1044 1045 1045 1045 1046 1046 1047 1049 1151 1151 1052 1052 1053 1056 1057 1058 1063 1064 1069 1069 1074 1075 1078 1079 1081 1087 1097 1110 1116 1119 1130 1131 1136 1138 1138 1140 996 998 998 1001 1004 1006 1011 1018 1019 1035 1055 1000 1001 1002 1002 1003 1003 1004 1004 1005 1005 1006 1008 1010 1011 1011 1012 1013 1017 1018 1019 1027 1028 1033 1034 1041 1042 1046 1046 1049 1056 1069 1085 1091 1095 1110 1111 1118 1121 1122 1124 (Continued) 8 appendix i Table 2. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Apr Average number of daytime hours for May Jun Jul Aug Sep 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 C.I. 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 1131 1131 1133 1133 1136 1141 1142 1153 1158 1162 1163 1178 1180 1143 1141 1143 1148 1149 1153 1167 1175 1183 1192 1202 1260 980 983 986 987 991 993 995 1000 1000 1009 1000 1005 1005 1006 1015 1018 1019 1020 1030 1016 1019 1020 1021 1149 1148 1149 1149 1151 1153 1154 1160 1164 1166 1166 1177 1179 1154 1153 1155 1157 1158 1160 1168 1175 1182 1187 1196 1238 1058 1060 1062 1063 1066 1067 1068 1072 1071 1075 1070 1072 1073 1073 1079 1081 1081 1082 1087 1080 1081 1082 1083 1190 1190 1189 1189 1187 1185 1185 1189 1193 1195 1195 1197 1198 1185 1185 1186 1187 1187 1189 1195 1197 1198 1200 1200 1207 1180 1180 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1182 1182 1182 1183 1182 1182 1182 1182 1230 1230 1229 1229 1229 1227 1226 1222 1219 1218 1218 1212 1211 1226 1227 1225 1224 1224 1222 1216 1212 1209 1205 1201 1175 1296 1295 1294 1293 1291 1187 1289 1288 1287 1284 1288 1286 1285 1285 1280 1278 1278 1277 1274 1279 1278 1277 1277 1262 1262 1260 1260 1258 1253 1253 1244 1238 1235 1234 1223 1221 1252 1253 1251 1248 1248 1244 1230 1224 1218 1209 1200 1148 1393 1390 1387 1386 1383 1382 1380 1376 1376 1370 1377 1372 1372 1371 1363 1360 1359 1359 1352 1361 1359 1359 1357 1278 1277 1276 1276 1274 1269 1268 1252 1249 1245 1244 1228 1225 1267 1269 1265 1261 1260 1252 1239 1230 1222 1211 1201 1134 1444 1440 1436 1435 1431 1429 1431 1422 1421 1414 1422 1416 1416 1416 1407 1403 1402 1401 1390 1405 1402 1401 1399 1269 1268 1267 1267 1265 1260 1259 1246 1243 1240 1240 1226 1224 1259 1260 1257 1254 1253 1246 1235 1227 1221 1212 1202 1141 1420 1416 1413 1412 1408 1407 1405 1401 1400 1393 1401 1396 1395 1395 1385 1381 1381 1379 1371 1383 1380 1379 1377 1243 1242 1241 1241 1241 1238 1238 1228 1225 1223 1223 1215 1213 1237 1238 1237 1233 1232 1228 1221 1216 1211 1206 1196 1153 1334 1332 1331 1330 1328 1327 1326 1323 1322 1319 1323 1321 1320 1320 1314 1312 1312 1311 1305 1313 1311 1311 1309 1208 1208 1208 1208 1208 1207 1207 1205 1205 1205 1205 1203 1203 1206 1207 1206 1205 1205 1205 1205 1203 1202 1201 1200 1185 1222 1222 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1220 1220 1221 1220 1220 1220 1220 1219 1219 1219 1218 1219 1219 1219 1218 Oct Nov Dec 1170 1171 1171 1171 1172 1175 1175 1181 1182 1184 1184 1190 1191 1176 1175 1176 1177 1178 1181 1186 1190 1192 1196 1201 1227 1107 1108 1109 1110 1112 1112 1113 1115 1116 1119 1115 1117 1118 1118 1122 1124 1124 1125 1128 1123 1124 1125 1126 1140 1141 1142 1142 1144 1148 1149 1161 1164 1167 1168 1179 1181 1150 1148 1151 1153 1154 1161 1170 1178 1184 1192 1200 1253 1005 1008 1011 1012 1016 1016 1018 1023 1023 1029 1022 1027 1027 1027 1036 1039 1040 1041 1049 1037 1040 1040 1041 1124 1125 1126 1126 1129 1134 1135 1150 1154 1158 1159 1174 1177 1136 1134 1138 1141 1142 1150 1164 1172 1180 1190 1201 1269 954 958 962 963 967 969 970 976 976 985 976 981 982 982 993 997 997 999 1008 995 998 998 1001 9 appendix i 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 1022 1040 985 991 992 1010 1012 1017 1018 1018 1019 1026 1030 1037 1038 1038 1039 1039 1040 1058 1061 1062 1068 1044 1049 1056 1068 1069 1071 1087 1087 1114 1064 1076 1081 1092 1113 1119 1120 1121 1121 1122 1124 1125 1126 1127 1127 1128 1131 1132 1133 1135 1136 1083 1093 1061 1066 1066 1075 1077 1080 1081 1081 1081 1085 1087 1091 1092 1091 1092 1092 1093 1104 1106 1106 1109 1095 1099 1104 1109 1110 1111 1121 1121 1138 1107 1113 1117 1124 1137 1141 1142 1143 1143 1143 1145 1145 1146 1146 1147 1147 1148 1149 1150 1150 1151 1182 1183 1181 1181 1181 1181 1181 1182 1182 1182 1182 1182 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1183 1185 1185 1185 1186 1183 1184 1185 1185 1186 1186 1188 1188 1190 1185 1186 1188 1188 1190 1190 1190 1191 1191 1191 1191 1191 1192 1192 1192 1192 1190 1189 1188 1188 1187 1276 1270 1294 1291 1291 1283 1282 1279 1278 1278 1278 1275 1274 1271 1271 1271 1270 1270 1270 1262 1261 1261 1258 1268 1265 1262 1258 1258 1256 1250 1249 1239 1260 1255 1252 1247 1239 1236 1235 1235 1235 1235 1234 1133 1231 1132 1232 1232 1231 1230 1229 1229 1229 1357 1343 1388 1383 1382 1368 1366 1361 1360 1360 1359 1354 1352 1346 1345 1345 1344 1344 1343 1326 1326 1323 1319 1340 1335 1326 1319 1317 1315 1301 1301 1278 1321 1313 1307 1297 1279 1271 1271 1271 1271 1271 1267 1267 1266 1265 1265 1264 1262 1261 1259 1258 1258 1399 1379 1438 1431 1430 1412 1410 1404 1403 1403 1402 1395 1390 1382 1381 1381 1379 1380 1379 1358 1355 1354 1348 1374 1368 1359 1348 1347 1344 1328 1327 1298 1352 1341 1334 1322 1299 1291 1290 1289 1289 1289 1285 1284 1283 1282 1282 1281 1278 1277 1275 1275 1274 1378 1360 1414 1408 1408 1391 1389 1382 1381 1381 1380 1374 1370 1363 1362 1362 1361 1361 1360 1343 1340 1339 1333 1356 1351 1343 1333 1332 1330 1315 1315 1288 1337 1327 1320 1310 1289 1282 1281 1280 1280 1280 1276 1275 1274 1273 1273 1272 1269 1268 1266 1266 1265 1310 1299 1332 1328 1327 1317 1316 1313 1312 1312 1311 1308 1304 1300 1300 1300 1299 1299 1299 1289 1287 1286 1283 1298 1295 1289 1283 1282 1281 1272 1271 1254 1285 1279 1275 1268 1254 1250 1249 1248 1248 1248 1246 1246 1245 1244 1244 1244 1243 1242 1241 1241 1240 1218 1217 1221 1221 1221 1220 1220 1219 1219 1219 1219 1218 1218 1217 1217 1217 1217 1217 1217 1216 1216 1216 1215 1216 1216 1216 1215 1214 1214 1212 1212 1210 1215 1214 1213 1212 1210 1210 1210 1209 1209 1209 1209 1209 1208 1208 1208 1208 1208 1208 1208 1208 1208 1125 1132 1109 1112 1112 1120 1121 1124 1124 1124 1124 1126 1128 1131 1131 1132 1132 1132 1132 1140 1141 1141 1144 1133 1135 1139 1144 1144 1145 1150 1150 1162 1142 1146 1148 1156 1162 1165 1165 1166 1166 1166 1168 1168 1168 1169 1169 1169 1170 1171 1172 1172 1173 1042 1058 1010 1015 1016 1031 1033 1038 1039 1039 1040 1046 1049 1055 1056 1056 1057 1057 1058 1074 1077 1078 1083 1061 1067 1074 1083 1084 1086 1099 1100 1124 1079 1089 1094 1104 1123 1129 1130 1131 1131 1131 1134 1135 1136 1137 1137 1138 1140 1141 1142 1144 1145 1001 1019 960 967 968 987 989 996 997 997 998 1004 1008 1016 1017 1017 1018 1018 1019 1041 1044 1045 1051 1025 1032 1040 1051 1053 1055 1072 1073 1102 1047 1059 1066 1078 1101 1108 1110 1112 1112 1112 1116 1117 1119 1119 1120 1121 1124 1125 1126 1128 1129 10 appendix i Table 3. Mean daily air temperature Ser. No. Jan Mauritania 1 200 2 196 3 211 4 218 5 222 6 230 Morocco 7 120 8 138 9 94 10 125 11 102 12 128 13 21 14 118 15 93 16 143 Algeria 17 109 18 119 19 107 20 78 21 108 22 112 23 109 24 61 25 80 26 101 27 98 28 126 29 161 30 128 Tunisia 31 110 32 120 33 115 34 103 35 106 36 116 37 112 38 94 39 111 40 117 41 125 42 116 Libya 43 123 44 94 Mean air temperature, C, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Feb Mar Apr Oct Nov Dec Year 226 218 220 254 257 262 260 266 239 277 295 304 287 299 251 297 333 333 314 333 269 330 364 370 346 347 271 331 369 358 356 339 272 299 336 334 352 325 280 305 321 318 337 325 290 310 296 323 310 312 281 322 322 337 256 257 248 269 280 292 213 217 209 230 231 235 288 286 253 287 303 307 125 138 103 133 113 133 39 135 114 151 136 149 128 147 128 143 61 154 145 164 144 162 151 164 143 154 95 172 174 168 175 189 178 180 179 178 113 209 217 189 202 214 221 206 212 203 166 238 258 202 222 246 257 225 250 222 218 282 295 220 23 253 260 230 253 226 209 283 285 220 214 232 230 220 224 215 163 250 245 214 186 200 184 197 184 191 114 209 192 202 147 166 135 164 139 159 76 162 135 177 125 138 104 136 107 133 29 123 92 145 172 186 170 177 170 174 109 195 187 183 114 125 111 88 136 131 118 75 97 125 124 152 196 154 133 144 125 116 180 165 138 105 128 164 165 199 236 187 149 150 150 131 223 197 154 137 158 193 207 245 280 223 181 184 179 176 267 246 189 177 212 248 256 298 321 260 215 217 215 226 322 298 220 231 261 293 312 346 372 289 243 244 244 266 358 328 250 264 299 336 338 374 381 288 250 256 249 269 345 324 255 259 291 335 331 361 374 282 229 236 228 231 301 281 232 221 244 280 291 331 352 267 189 196 188 167 230 212 189 162 179 210 220 267 295 227 150 163 148 123 166 161 148 111 122 149 154 201 231 181 119 139 115 92 115 120 115 72 83 101 103 143 172 138 173 181 172 164 229 214 176 156 179 211 216 254 281 219 115 121 120 109 122 125 123 112 128 130 134 133 123 128 132 119 139 139 138 132 161 150 151 156 140 143 153 137 172 160 157 162 200 174 174 188 175 177 191 188 206 208 196 213 250 206 209 230 218 216 229 234 256 254 232 261 288 240 241 272 246 243 258 265 288 283 255 287 322 265 265 289 255 253 266 269 288 285 263 284 311 273 273 288 231 232 241 236 261 250 244 248 278 255 255 263 188 194 199 186 211 200 202 191 222 212 215 211 144 155 157 135 161 150 151 130 150 164 167 154 119 131 125 106 117 123 121 98 111 125 136 124 172 176 182 174 194 191 183 184 211 193 195 202 134 99 156 114 185 145 219 185 259 219 276 227 276 231 261 213 221 181 176 148 137 110 201 164 11 appendix i 45 88 46 141 47 117 48 133 49 126 50 92 51 117 52 102 53 137 54 128 55 108 56 108 57 131 58 116 59 129 Egypt 60 123 107 147 133 141 134 113 128 124 149 164 134 129 149 145 154 129 159 156 157 152 138 148 153 165 172 170 159 180 181 193 161 179 194 180 189 175 181 191 187 206 211 206 223 232 242 206 204 233 209 225 218 215 234 213 244 253 245 263 275 283 253 237 272 242 259 259 247 275 243 256 301 283 297 310 306 265 254 288 261 259 275 255 288 252 261 305 279 296 301 303 269 262 288 268 264 277 257 289 263 267 310 277 295 301 302 238 248 278 256 251 251 240 259 254 256 277 262 276 287 280 194 226 233 224 224 201 211 211 229 228 218 218 237 240 242 151 196 183 184 182 150 170 165 191 200 166 165 185 183 183 132 142 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 122 152 150 133 139 144 122 134 139 122 122 130 133 112 144 122 122 117 124 150 122 158 117 132 183 123 131 222 155 133 152 150 139 139 150 128 140 139 122 123 140 150 125 156 123 128 133 141 156 141 162 133 150 189 141 149 217 172 156 167 172 156 161 172 150 162 172 144 150 160 178 154 183 161 161 167 169 183 171 187 171 194 206 181 191 228 213 The Sudan 90 159 91 235 92 244 93 222 175 232 244 234 219 242 261 266 103 159 128 145 142 104 129 114 157 150 112 121 145 129 141 180 201 211 200 201 188 192 203 203 211 214 204 223 225 231 166 193 220 238 245 235 209 178 190 189 178 189 193 178 198 189 189 189 198 211 192 217 200 200 206 202 217 214 222 222 246 239 234 239 244 262 206 220 222 200 222 217 211 238 228 228 222 237 250 233 256 239 250 211 237 256 261 262 266 298 272 282 290 272 305 233 245 239 233 250 244 228 263 250 250 261 262 278 260 277 272 278 283 266 283 280 285 288 317 294 304 310 283 329 250 263 261 250 261 261 250 278 261 261 272 277 283 269 294 272 278 294 274 294 290 295 294 320 294 308 314 300 332 244 272 272 256 272 267 261 278 272 261 272 274 283 267 294 272 261 288 276 294 287 300 291 321 306 305 311 300 330 233 263 261 250 261 267 250 261 250 239 239 252 261 243 272 250 261 267 246 272 261 280 265 291 288 281 286 288 309 222 245 250 228 239 244 228 240 228 222 222 232 239 220 250 222 228 239 226 239 238 252 238 260 272 249 260 278 283 174 136 184 167 212 206 194 200 206 178 203 200 178 178 192 200 180 211 189 189 183 185 206 192 212 186 203 239 192 202 261 226 144 172 172 156 161 167 139 154 161 139 150 148 150 132 161 139 128 133 135 161 140 177 136 150 206 138 150 233 174 194 213 211 200 211 211 189 211 211 200 200 208 222 199 228 211 211 217 207 228 216 233 217 240 250 228 236 261 258 267 305 266 29 4 278 311 304 334 322 323 333 348 322 345 350 336 322 348 350 327 305 322 333 336 282 294 306 316 226 274 278 275 176 250 256 282 257 286 294 295 (Continued) 12 appendix i Table 3. (Continued) Mean air temperature, C, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Apr 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 236 250 242 259 237 206 250 224 210 257 234 262 247 270 242 284 267 288 283 250 261 252 275 250 222 261 245 226 268 242 275 265 284 258 298 280 296 289 282 288 282 303 278 253 291 258 258 296 256 298 281 304 274 309 295 295 288 314 316 310 323 309 284 320 291 293 320 304 316 319 310 288 302 298 288 281 336 332 325 327 321 301 324 296 307 321 304 310 312 294 280 280 284 274 268 336 321 319 301 318 305 312 294 302 303 300 286 293 274 266 271 272 265 259 317 291 291 271 296 287 284 271 280 278 274 268 271 263 255 261 262 255 248 306 280 278 263 284 270 274 254 270 268 266 264 263 262 252 261 260 256 248 Djibouti 113 256 261 272 288 311 339 350 Somalia 114 233 115 250 116 150 117 250 118 180 119 259 120 256 121 317 122 272 123 269 250 250 165 250 200 270 267 333 283 271 256 267 170 261 225 281 283 339 278 279 272 288 185 283 231 287 300 328 288 280 278 311 195 311 245 284 283 311 278 270 272 356 195 355 245 279 267 306 267 262 Comoro Islands 270 270 269 265 256 Syria 124 69 125 70 126 56 127 68 128 117 129 67 130 76 131 75 132 61 133 70 82 88 81 90 128 89 95 86 84 89 107 115 109 118 147 133 142 128 115 120 168 171 164 172 177 189 188 179 166 167 Lebanon 134 120 135 51 129 62 141 90 172 129 Oct Nov Dec Year 322 296 289 274 295 281 282 261 279 276 276 269 269 270 258 269 266 264 258 321 312 302 293 308 278 299 261 287 294 284 280 285 278 266 274 274 272 264 284 294 277 289 282 238 284 242 253 285 248 278 273 276 253 282 275 277 270 250 262 250 266 248 211 260 232 220 264 237 265 265 270 242 278 268 281 269 296 292 285 287 286 261 287 261 266 286 269 281 279 280 261 281 275 276 269 344 328 294 272 261 300 272 356 195 361 236 275 256 294 261 257 267 361 195 356 236 275 256 294 261 258 270 333 190 333 241 284 261 306 267 259 256 278 167 288 214 275 267 311 272 269 250 256 155 267 206 271 278 311 278 270 233 256 146 267 185 263 267 311 272 272 256 300 171 300 216 275 267 311 272 268 242 233 232 237 248 260 267 254 223 226 214 218 208 247 239 228 222 209 285 288 259 263 238 291 287 273 266 244 322 325 267 269 262 331 322 293 305 267 323 326 267 262 270 322 320 295 308 275 274 280 247 238 255 281 274 254 252 242 214 221 197 205 223 217 228 205 184 197 136 141 133 146 174 150 162 126 125 139 89 91 78 84 132 87 96 84 84 89 191 195 173 179 194 200 202 185 181 176 203 175 240 213 234 238 260 242 255 215 223 174 178 119 136 69 191 148 13 appendix i 136 137 57 136 67 139 97 156 140 183 186 217 218 244 240 262 243 275 218 264 180 239 127 194 78 156 154 205 75 79 81 82 62 99 101 100 103 87 128 136 131 136 125 139 126 119 134 141 199 207 217 215 208 228 227 233 240 226 249 251 250 258 241 252 255 253 256 239 236 239 239 238 218 200 207 206 208 195 150 152 156 162 133 96 97 103 105 94 171 173 174 178 163 Palestine 143 90 144 96 145 107 146 89 147 87 148 133 88 111 126 94 90 150 119 149 163 131 112 189 166 185 224 164 168 239 207 222 266 206 208 283 240 256 304 225 237 311 248 258 309 239 244 317 244 258 304 242 244 311 225 234 286 231 220 283 205 215 258 211 209 256 175 172 228 164 175 206 131 133 169 111 126 150 182 191 229 176 177 233 Iraq 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 65 40 86 97 70 112 100 104 104 118 120 86 63 102 117 89 132 132 127 135 137 137 120 105 133 153 114 170 178 165 177 169 182 173 156 194 217 178 231 237 228 237 237 241 239 219 264 278 233 313 298 298 300 296 292 302 286 323 317 272 343 341 318 341 327 325 337 325 351 339 297 358 362 339 360 341 338 327 321 348 339 300 354 355 336 351 342 334 269 278 304 306 267 320 325 319 322 316 314 201 213 242 247 214 265 259 260 255 259 257 131 128 165 178 144 179 173 176 178 188 193 79 66 106 117 86 126 114 123 121 126 136 194 183 220 225 189 242 240 234 240 238 239 Kuwait 160 128 161 139 162 135 163 128 164 138 165 135 146 156 152 144 162 158 194 200 198 186 208 206 249 256 255 242 256 261 298 306 308 297 304 312 356 350 348 322 347 352 369 367 361 347 359 368 368 367 363 350 366 364 344 333 329 325 340 339 280 272 275 278 282 286 203 206 209 206 216 220 146 150 148 150 162 166 257 259 257 248 262 264 Bahrain 166 170 181 206 250 294 317 333 336 314 281 317 186 265 Qatar 167 166 168 158 169 151 173 180 174 206 229 223 254 283 267 306 315 297 329 331 310 343 361 335 340 340 311 319 329 309 281 280 263 230 241 229 185 184 176 261 269 254 Saudi 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 139 128 169 162 202 213 236 177 168 207 205 239 228 244 224 209 250 253 279 261 270 262 262 305 302 323 290 292 301 294 338 330 359 304 300 315 305 352 342 359 308 317 311 310 345 338 358 306 320 284 296 318 309 347 299 303 248 240 277 255 295 284 289 183 167 217 198 234 245 272 133 117 170 154 191 216 247 225 216 259 249 280 262 277 Jordan 138 139 140 141 142 Arabia 114 93 154 141 179 196 239 (Continued) 14 appendix i Table 3. (Continued) Mar Mean air temperature, C, for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 193 282 216 306 254 322 286 338 284 336 278 331 272 322 226 314 181 288 157 264 222 302 United Arab Emirates 179 178 189 211 242 281 306 328 336 311 275 244 200 258 Oman 180 181 182 183 211 217 231 225 219 226 246 233 248 255 259 253 294 298 280 270 338 342 294 286 357 352 293 289 346 339 274 259 312 314 253 253 312 310 264 261 294 291 267 256 259 255 263 250 230 228 228 239 285 288 263 256 Yemen 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 205 179 128 256 251 251 236 123 132 252 161 253 254 253 250 264 221 222 159 259 255 259 242 150 148 261 178 254 258 262 256 267 240 256 186 275 277 277 253 173 180 292 186 276 274 267 272 278 242 263 173 289 293 295 272 185 193 310 203 285 291 284 283 292 250 279 213 314 323 313 289 207 218 318 203 288 311 296 306 317 262 317 228 325 341 326 306 214 236 337 194 301 320 317 328 331 265 333 225 331 340 330 292 232 248 330 213 312 324 320 322 336 265 330 213 328 340 326 286 226 286 326 203 316 322 312 317 333 255 296 201 325 330 320 289 204 225 312 193 301 322 311 320 325 243 250 166 309 309 303 276 176 195 295 165 293 294 277 286 303 181 212 159 281 280 272 253 142 173 269 151 277 275 266 264 283 199 190 144 261 268 255 242 121 118 254 141 258 257 256 256 270 236 261 183 296 301 294 270 179 196 296 183 285 292 285 288 300 Ser. No. Jan Feb 177 178 156 262 164 267 15 appendix i Table 4. Mean daily maximum temperature at selected stations Feb Mar Mean daily maximum temperature, C, for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mauritania 1 276 2 278 3 292 4 299 5 307 6 300 303 307 311 327 338 330 334 339 331 357 370 370 353 360 336 378 381 400 391 398 343 406 404 420 418 411 342 407 401 420 417 390 321 375 372 380 407 373 327 359 348 350 396 378 347 366 371 370 368 366 356 375 390 590 325 329 342 351 364 360 273 277 293 301 306 310 355 351 328 358 354 367 Morocco 7 162 8 166 9 157 10 172 12 171 13 90 14 184 15 166 16 204 168 176 170 177 175 110 199 193 210 179 188 187 192 183 130 223 222 224 192 207 202 200 195 160 237 251 219 219 229 238 221 211 180 275 296 232 249 260 280 241 233 240 313 341 240 283 286 327 268 254 310 368 378 261 286 285 331 271 259 300 365 370 261 273 271 299 264 254 250 325 322 264 237 239 247 240 233 180 275 265 253 196 199 198 206 203 140 222 204 235 170 175 163 177 178 90 187 167 207 218 223 233 219 212 180 264 265 234 Algeria 17 165 19 164 20 117 21 177 22 166 23 165 24 117 26 162 27 170 28 216 30 203 173 172 129 212 188 175 135 190 202 251 226 185 190 152 245 218 190 157 220 234 286 254 204 208 174 283 256 208 192 256 280 332 295 235 239 220 332 307 238 246 303 329 380 329 270 275 274 390 362 272 307 359 386 435 352 306 307 321 419 397 305 342 397 405 447 346 312 316 322 415 389 314 333 390 401 440 341 292 294 280 366 338 292 286 339 355 403 325 251 251 219 295 273 250 226 271 288 341 288 207 207 164 229 211 206 165 206 223 271 243 172 172 123 178 171 171 129 163 175 219 210 231 233 208 295 273 232 220 271 287 335 284 Tunisia 31 146 33 157 35 161 36 158 37 167 38 147 40 165 42 159 154 165 183 169 180 170 181 194 171 181 206 185 195 197 197 223 194 207 244 200 218 236 218 263 233 249 283 225 254 287 246 312 274 290 339 280 289 337 273 357 305 326 378 300 320 368 306 372 307 327 372 307 322 362 313 375 286 297 333 294 298 316 295 338 243 252 278 249 260 257 260 273 200 205 222 214 214 198 215 223 156 167 172 179 176 154 175 169 222 235 267 230 241 252 237 272 Libya 43 44 46 47 48 49 180 137 182 200 201 180 200 157 197 228 209 200 230 196 217 272 231 250 250 238 243 311 263 290 290 275 275 361 298 320 300 277 284 378 319 320 310 278 290 378 324 320 300 252 276 361 306 310 280 222 267 311 281 280 230 194 237 244 249 240 180 148 192 189 202 190 243 208 236 283 256 256 Ser. No. Jan 170 127 177 172 188 170 (Continued) 16 appendix i Table 4. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Mean daily maximum temperature, C, for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 141 165 180 179 180 192 200 178 210 169 179 190 193 210 217 222 222 230 197 204 220 220 260 248 256 261 270 229 241 230 259 320 290 300 317 330 275 273 260 298 370 333 350 361 370 322 300 280 333 420 376 378 400 390 341 303 290 321 430 373 372 389 380 342 311 310 326 420 367 372 378 380 306 290 310 316 380 347 361 361 360 255 261 280 292 320 301 328 328 320 206 222 240 247 240 258 272 267 270 150 180 190 196 190 201 217 167 220 244 244 248 265 312 292 302 302 311 181 196 188 178 185 179 189 200 205 200 211 211 211 205 210 214 204 222 215 218 219 224 224 217 253 226 240 247 237 250 195 214 197 200 196 194 211 211 231 228 239 239 239 234 241 253 234 250 245 253 242 258 249 251 305 245 281 288 250 295 222 242 227 222 229 225 233 239 274 272 278 278 278 284 295 290 285 300 299 292 280 312 284 314 353 271 336 345 270 350 251 268 266 250 253 251 261 272 316 300 322 322 322 320 323 326 322 339 340 328 310 354 323 352 388 298 373 382 294 387 270 300 284 272 281 282 283 289 339 322 339 339 350 342 350 359 343 361 375 355 323 369 340 371 410 318 389 402 306 410 280 313 305 278 286 300 294 300 351 328 350 350 361 344 356 371 350 372 375 356 332 366 347 365 410 326 390 399 324 410 287 310 305 289 295 303 306 311 348 328 350 339 350 339 347 368 346 361 370 352 333 359 350 360 407 327 384 395 331 403 285 296 289 289 285 288 300 300 329 311 328 322 322 326 319 343 326 328 346 322 310 340 330 342 381 316 364 371 313 385 264 274 273 272 265 267 283 278 305 300 300 300 300 296 299 314 293 311 305 300 282 313 307 305 351 293 329 339 302 342 229 239 237 239 228 230 250 228 262 261 261 261 261 247 258 267 245 272 250 258 253 259 268 251 301 262 271 281 283 283 188 202 200 200 193 194 206 211 215 211 211 222 211 202 210 215 195 222 205 204 223 214 234 203 244 232 228 235 254 242 236 253 246 239 239 241 250 250 281 272 278 278 278 277 283 293 277 300 293 286 276 298 289 294 336 278 317 325 284 331 257 270 287 319 330 352 348 364 305 288 309 358 368 383 382 392 361 314 337 394 401 408 409 410 396 350 377 421 419 416 416 406 411 385 423 428 413 398 396 375 407 401 429 407 384 361 363 334 401 402 424 401 373 349 347 322 392 374 413 412 391 368 359 341 361 334 368 393 393 387 380 368 292 308 331 346 352 370 362 371 248 288 298 308 318 344 334 352 339 332 357 374 371 373 369 365 Egypt 60 175 61 186 62 181 63 178 64 177 65 174 66 183 67 178 68 197 69 200 70 200 71 200 72 200 73 188 74 193 75 198 76 185 77 211 78 193 79 196 80 209 81 204 82 216 83 193 84 227 85 219 86 215 87 221 88 240 89 210 The Sudan 90 233 91 268 92 282 93 297 94 308 95 337 96 329 97 347 17 appendix i 102 105 107 108 110 111 299 370 360 342 360 370 322 380 370 358 370 380 357 400 390 373 380 370 386 410 390 375 370 350 394 380 360 351 350 330 375 350 330 325 330 320 339 320 310 307 320 310 327 310 310 308 320 310 348 320 320 318 330 320 364 360 340 332 340 340 336 380 360 346 360 350 305 370 350 342 360 360 346 360 350 340 350 310 Djibouti 113 287 290 302 320 349 390 417 412 372 331 308 293 339 Somalia 114 267 115 290 116 240 117 279 118 245 119 324 120 297 121 320 122 300 123 300 278 300 260 292 264 331 298 330 300 300 283 310 260 307 289 347 304 350 310 310 306 340 270 310 295 351 316 360 320 320 317 370 270 357 306 345 316 350 310 300 311 410 260 428 309 337 297 340 300 280 311 410 260 429 295 323 292 330 290 280 306 400 260 419 294 330 289 330 290 280 289 390 260 397 301 341 290 340 290 290 294 330 250 331 283 330 295 340 300 300 283 300 240 300 255 332 299 340 310 310 272 290 230 286 240 326 299 330 310 310 294 350 250 345 281 335 299 340 303 298 Comoro Islands C.I. 302 303 306 303 294 281 275 274 279 289 306 306 293 Syria 124 125 126 128 129 131 132 133 106 111 100 154 122 119 140 124 126 135 125 164 151 147 163 148 169 180 165 183 195 191 211 187 220 236 222 215 254 249 265 241 291 307 288 241 317 305 328 294 360 367 335 258 369 352 380 339 403 403 360 288 399 379 404 362 395 401 359 296 393 376 403 359 353 355 331 290 353 344 361 333 277 285 266 263 288 280 297 277 195 204 185 219 207 199 223 203 126 137 121 176 140 136 162 142 252 260 238 229 266 256 278 251 Lebanon 134 170 135 101 136 116 137 167 170 114 121 172 190 150 153 189 210 199 208 222 250 252 257 256 270 297 294 283 290 323 322 306 300 330 327 317 300 301 296 300 270 256 255 272 240 195 193 228 190 129 134 183 238 221 223 241 Jordan 140 122 142 91 140 103 173 143 225 190 270 225 307 265 319 275 321 283 306 259 266 227 200 171 141 122 233 196 Plestine 143 124 145 190 146 119 148 183 121 206 133 189 161 244 159 211 208 295 210 244 255 344 252 272 281 370 275 294 296 386 288 306 280 379 288 317 266 358 279 306 257 327 248 289 216 281 189 250 164 214 137 206 219 294 215 256 Iraq 149 151 152 153 154 153 155 178 156 200 190 193 217 200 240 254 255 294 256 298 329 329 361 317 369 396 392 406 361 415 434 428 433 383 435 430 425 433 389 438 387 383 400 361 408 312 316 333 300 350 223 230 250 217 262 150 161 178 144 192 282 284 303 268 315 128 137 156 128 175 (Continued) 18 appendix i Table 4. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Mean daily maximum temperature, C, for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 156 158 159 171 178 186 197 204 210 244 249 253 301 307 308 348 369 361 410 402 388 427 428 405 429 436 413 401 413 397 345 354 350 256 260 267 186 189 200 310 316 311 Kuwait 163 180 207 256 315 385 435 454 446 420 353 266 198 326 Bahrain 166 200 212 247 292 341 364 379 380 365 331 278 223 301 Qatar 167 215 168 210 169 205 231 208 219 269 246 258 329 307 316 390 366 358 410 381 370 424 399 387 419 393 387 406 377 376 361 331 338 298 273 278 241 216 231 333 309 310 Saudi 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 287 189 280 229 301 319 288 281 322 327 239 351 276 348 333 311 315 338 363 278 368 323 378 357 334 322 360 392 333 431 387 420 388 354 361 390 410 383 453 415 439 407 369 372 382 427 383 452 428 443 395 376 382 394 423 389 456 425 443 391 372 376 383 405 367 442 401 431 387 361 322 382 354 328 395 346 391 371 350 327 369 299 239 334 274 332 351 323 280 349 271 172 277 217 288 323 298 255 317 351 289 378 327 375 361 336 322 360 United Arab Emirates 179 242 252 288 340 385 408 422 417 398 360 309 262 340 Oman 180 181 182 183 250 262 272 272 250 273 278 278 289 311 300 300 322 361 311 311 366 411 322 322 378 420 317 316 361 408 278 278 333 381 272 272 339 382 289 289 339 355 306 305 300 311 300 300 261 280 283 283 324 346 294 293 Yemen 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 194 198 199 296 262 221 278 299 288 278 244 278 289 310 290 239 283 306 292 283 255 283 294 339 325 254 300 327 304 294 276 300 306 323 337 244 317 352 326 311 265 317 322 337 364 262 350 370 343 328 288 339 350 342 396 275 361 389 359 344 280 367 367 363 388 278 367 393 367 333 276 361 372 339 393 267 361 394 364 328 277 356 367 350 367 263 361 381 357 322 266 356 361 351 329 240 339 353 357 311 259 328 333 331 296 221 306 330 314 300 251 300 311 314 266 208 283 312 291 283 257 283 294 333 234 247 326 350 330 310 266 322 328 Arabia 256 167 295 202 284 315 290 266 305 19 appendix i Table 5. Mean daily minimum temperature at selected stations Ser. No. Jan Mean daily minimum temperature, C, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Feb Mar Apr Nov Dec Year 140 144 145 170 161 190 163 169 163 187 184 230 186 194 175 203 195 260 227 238 194 228 216 290 263 265 218 240 223 280 270 259 238 239 236 260 266 248 246 240 245 240 259 245 247 243 237 250 222 220 223 234 230 260 180 175 184 204 188 230 131 128 140 160 153 180 203 201 192 209 201 237 94 93 50 86 92 −30 76 45 94 101 109 58 92 99 −10 94 74 109 112 121 74 104 115 30 110 100 120 134 151 101 127 140 40 138 138 142 162 184 138 154 171 90 163 177 164 187 208 168 176 193 120 199 213 180 191 217 174 177 195 120 201 207 182 183 196 151 167 182 80 182 171 173 156 159 113 141 152 50 147 123 152 122 127 76 111 118 10 104 69 123 97 101 48 87 93 −30 65 24 85 136 146 99 125 136 30 128 113 134 64 60 62 76 86 68 19 64 49 100 75 70 72 74 113 109 78 34 96 80 133 107 90 91 90 150 142 99 59 132 126 171 149 120 120 125 198 188 129 100 181 174 221 195 156 157 170 246 236 163 142 227 227 276 226 185 184 210 279 266 190 165 263 247 292 227 191 193 211 276 265 196 164 261 243 288 222 171 174 177 235 226 174 137 216 211 258 205 137 137 133 168 171 135 95 152 146 197 159 96 97 92 104 114 92 48 91 81 130 103 70 71 62 52 78 63 20 43 34 78 67 117 119 122 162 163 120 83 147 137 185 149 74 72 44 63 58 41 75 59 75 74 56 74 65 54 84 79 90 83 72 95 84 77 104 96 109 104 94 118 110 107 136 125 138 137 128 150 144 148 169 158 174 173 167 198 178 187 207 195 20211211 200 208 194 200 218 223 199 211 213 215 226 235 212 219 196 190 183 210 198 188 217 202 160 155 144 164 161 140 174 159 122 113 94 118 106 84 121 113 98 82 56 89 67 47 84 69 137 133 117 143 132 125 153 141 Libya 43 80 44 65 46 107 47 56 48 88 49 80 90 67 109 67 92 80 100 78 119 83 112 90 130 98 138 106 135 120 160 128 161 150 163 160 190 166 198 183 199 190 210 179 224 200 218 200 210 163 215 194 214 190 180 143 189 161 181 170 130 117 159 117 141 140 90 82 123 67 101 100 149 122 164 133 156 137 Mauritania 1 2 3 4 5 6 125 122 134 154 149 170 Morocco 7 88 8 88 9 39 10 80 12 84 13 −50 14 59 15 19 16 79 Algeria 17 59 19 58 20 55 21 43 22 69 23 57 24 11 26 37 27 24 28 71 30 53 Tunisia 31 33 35 36 37 38 40 42 220 183 231 200 224 210 (Continued) 20 appendix i Table 5. (Continued) Ser. No. Mean daily minimum temperature, C, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Feb Mar Apr 54 64 80 78 30 29 56 50 50 69 70 90 83 40 39 72 78 70 86 86 110 103 80 67 94 106 100 112 117 140 129 130 113 133 156 150 159 151 170 161 180 146 189 194 200 191 184 190 193 220 186 206 233 220 212 198 220 194 220 185 217 233 230 213 203 230 197 220 184 217 233 230 190 189 210 186 190 174 206 211 210 69 91 83 123 85 106 106 73 71 75 63 58 64 76 55 94 81 60 36 53 88 62 101 61 69 139 48 60 202 101 76 89 92 119 90 112 110 79 74 79 66 65 69 84 61 100 88 72 52 64 96 73 100 71 78 144 63 71 199 112 88 113 109 136 107 133 128 101 94 96 83 85 84 106 80 121 110 94 80 85 126 98 125 101 114 166 99 112 209 145 112 135 139 157 131 157 150 127 121 121 110 114 111 135 107 148 141 128 119 111 163 135 159 145 161 196 143 154 226 191 135 172 178 192 160 186 180 149 159 155 149 151 149 171 146 186 175 171 162 146 201 175 202 189 208 234 193 212 252 235 170 197 201 222 191 215 208 177 187 182 175 178 177 199 177 209 199 195 191 178 230 200 230 214 232 257 224 232 261 258 196 212 215 242 212 232 230 202 204 200 193 196 196 217 195 227 211 211 205 193 242 214 243 224 241 264 231 234 273 264 202 214 218 249 219 238 236 209 208 204 195 197 201 219 197 231 214 214 202 201 246 216 250 228 242 270 230 228 280 264 The Sudan 90 95 91 197 92 200 93 144 94 156 95 165 96 143 97 172 105 190 197 154 170 172 159 183 146 199 209 191 205 201 191 216 194 216 220 223 236 230 216 238 233 237 231 261 271 258 245 252 250 259 251 282 273 257 249 234 249 282 280 273 259 239 233 216 249 289 283 269 253 234 225 212 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Egypt 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Jan Nov Dec Year 149 154 180 163 150 136 167 178 160 107 119 140 128 90 89 122 128 110 63 77 100 93 40 46 78 72 60 134 134 155 142 133 116 146 156 149 186 202 203 238 209 228 226 195 193 189 177 179 184 199 177 213 199 194 179 171 226 197 230 209 220 256 208 2121 271 240 160 178 190 216 184 211 202 174 176 170 157 160 163 176 155 192 183 171 146 153 185 175 197 185 188 233 175 186 260 216 122 148 158 183 151 176 169 132 144 139 127 128 127 140 121 155 146 131 99 112 146 133 157 129 136 198 123 130 241 165 83 107 107 141 106 126 126 88 93 96 84 81 82 96 77 108 100 82 52 66 102 82 120 79 89 160 67 80 217 118 133 155 158 185 154 177 173 142 144 142 132 133 134 152 129 165 154 144 127 128 171 147 176 153 165 210 150 159 241 192 244 268 262 273 260 240 222 214 215 253 253 250 255 243 220 221 157 238 236 202 210 214 184 210 113 213 212 161 171 179 153 181 188 237 236 224 227 219 203 212 21 appendix i 102 105 107 108 110 111 135 170 190 116 180 200 154 180 200 138 190 210 191 200 220 187 210 230 219 240 240 210 220 230 246 240 230 222 220 220 245 220 220 206 210 210 231 220 220 206 210 200 224 210 210 205 210 200 218 210 220 203 210 200 224 200 220 196 210 200 183 180 200 154 190 200 141 160 180 122 180 200 Djibouti 113 215 225 238 253 270 293 311 306 289 256 231 216 259 238 244 100 252 161 223 235 261 260 260 244 261 120 277 172 230 230 261 250 250 238 306 130 310 170 226 217 250 240 240 227 317 130 318 167 219 211 244 230 230 227 300 130 311 167 218 213 238 230 230 216 283 120 293 169 215 218 244 230 230 216 222 80 240 147 216 227 244 240 240 216 200 70 222 126 198 224 244 240 250 200 211 60 216 116 188 223 233 230 240 228 216 201 191 188 193 206 219 229 215 Somalia 114 206 216 233 115 206 206 216 116 60 70 80 117 213 216 233 118 112 120 146 119 177 183 202 120 217 220 225 121 238 261 267 122 230 230 250 123 240 250 250 Comoro Islands C.I. 236 235233233 Syria 124 125 126 128 129 131 132 133 201 200 210 180 200 210 222 250 90 258 148 208 222 250 238 243 23 13 17 84 25 21 23 05 35 20 29 91 37 38 32 15 62 49 53 110 70 68 66 36 102 91 93 140 120 114 114 75 147 140 136 170 171 158 163 101 196 187 180 207 219 193 205 139 232 218 209 237 251 213 232 166 227 212 208 243 245 212 228 162 193 161 176 219 194 190 180 128 144 106 125 182 137 140 134 83 88 55 66 138 72 75 73 38 41 26 34 101 32 35 34 12 Lebanon 134 100 135 04 136 19 137 106 100 11 20 106 110 26 40 122 140 53 70 144 170 84 104 178 200 113 131 206 220 133 153 228 230 139 156 233 220 119 130 228 190 90 100 206 150 54 65 161 110 162 21 71 31 82 128 171 Jordan 140 31 142 03 40 03 59 27 92 54 129 73 165 101 183 126 182 135 162 100 132 84 85 52 47 109 14 64 Palestine 143 62 145 44 146 41 148 94 61 59 46 100 82 96 63 116 118 136 95 138 152 182 124 164 174 202 152 195 188 219 172 214 191 211 173 222 175 205 163 205 164 176 137 177 138 166 95 145 93 116 57 116 133 151 110 157 35 55 56 22 63 85 89 58 102 130 139 100 150 188 194 150 195 237 228 183 229 267 244 211 218 265 244 211 166 224 211 172 114 172 161 128 70 113 106 72 33 68 56 28 117 154 147 112 Iraq 149 151 152 153 25 45 39 11 124 107 111 160 131 121 124 80 (Continued) 22 appendix i Table 5. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Mean daily minimum temperature, C, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Feb Mar Apr 55 41 59 70 69 58 77 87 107 96 115 126 156 145 166 180 210 200 224 237 244 231 253 269 264 243 261 277 259 236 252 263 225 203 220 226 Kuwait 163 72 91 132 184 241 275 293 285 Bahrain 166 139 150 172 211 256 278 294 Qatar 167 108 168 99 169 105 115 103 120 144 132 152 180 174 197 224 217 237 248 235 255 Arabia −11 00 39 39 59 78 30 38 76 98 101 104 158 159 42 53 198 202 27 78 112 84 124 125 171 68 201 48 111 153 120 150 146 183 89 216 117 172 197 175 202 175 211 133 244 United Arab Emirates 179 121 127 153 183 Oman 180 181 182 183 189 174 239 178 194 182 239 189 222 209 250 206 Yemen 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 193 194 198 199 115 180 30 233 250 203 194 186 161 222 239 132 215 60 233 253 217 200 203 178 228 239 153 250 66 250 279 231 211 228 186 244 250 154 156 158 159 Saudi 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 Nov Dec Year 174 158 171 183 118 104 120 132 70 64 75 80 163 148 166 178 246 197 138 86 187 294 272 239 206 156 222 263 249 270 260 248 270 234 226 245 202 193 206 162 155 165 129 119 126 189 179 196 168 211 239 214 250 209 234 172 270 182 228 254 233 246 225 247 179 266 192 228 256 237 262 230 257 184 274 155 194 219 194 238 209 235 160 253 89 161 179 143 190 187 217 106 242 51 122 109 85 131 144 198 81 207 18 56 71 33 93 111 176 45 193 86 137 161 132 171 164 204 109 231 219 246 275 277 243 206 164 135 196 255 249 261 228 300 292 283 250 301 305 294 261 305 291 300 239 289 271 300 233 283 264 289 233 266 243 272 206 228 204 255 200 200 183 244 194 253 239 269 218 152 266 95 261 299 256 233 244 203 250 261 161 295 95 278 319 267 250 254 203 272 283 170 314 109 289 332 283 267 280 194 289 294 177 325 122 294 339 284 250 278 213 283 300 172 326 120 294 324 282 244 276 203 278 300 146 298 90 289 328 272 256 250 193 283 289 130 252 43 278 300 250 222 234 165 244 272 116 216 35 256 268 226 206 214 151 228 256 114 189 24 239 257 200 200 193 141 228 244 145 261 74 267 296 248 228 237 183 256 272 23 appendix i Table 6. Mean relative humidity of air at selected stations Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Apr Relative humidity, percent, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 46 48 49 50 51 52 39 36 41 29 22 18 76 73 74 81 74 78 71 77 58 72 71 73 49 57 80 73 65 54 56 42 23 28 83 82 81 66 73 67 68 68 65 61 64 77 68 76 78 62 67 60 34 31 41 28 20 16 77 71 66 78 72 77 71 73 48 69 66 72 39 50 78 66 57 44 46 37 25 31 80 79 78 68 70 66 62 61 61 54 66 73 67 76 77 53 61 61 33 29 42 28 19 14 76 74 70 77 71 77 72 70 43 70 65 66 33 44 75 61 53 37 39 31 17 26 78 77 77 72 71 66 56 56 64 56 61 72 69 73 73 53 59 57 29 28 48 30 17 14 73 73 70 75 68 77 69 65 39 75 62 64 27 39 73 61 48 33 33 28 18 27 78 77 77 67 74 68 54 52 67 55 60 64 70 72 65 52 53 55 27 27 55 34 23 22 69 72 68 75 65 76 68 60 36 72 66 61 26 34 71 57 44 29 28 28 12 29 75 73 72 58 75 65 51 47 70 52 60 57 72 72 59 46 53 55 36 38 56 45 42 30 75 76 68 77 73 77 70 61 48 73 66 65 38 48 75 68 57 40 42 33 28 29 78 79 77 60 75 71 65 55 69 63 62 69 69 74 56 59 62 55 38 40 45 34 35 20 76 74 70 78 71 76 74 65 57 72 68 71 47 55 78 71 63 49 52 40 33 32 83 81 81 60 72 69 68 59 67 60 60 69 70 75 65 57 63 53 41 37 42 33 24 22 77 73 71 78 72 77 76 66 60 73 68 75 52 59 80 73 67 56 59 44 39 31 83 82 80 65 73 69 72 69 69 63 60 74 71 76 73 62 66 56 36 34 54 43 36 32 73 73 67 77 70 77 65 63 43 74 67 62 33 43 74 62 51 36 38 32 21 27 77 76 75 62 73 67 57 54 67 56 63 67 71 74 64 53 60 57 28 29 62 46 40 39 69 73 67 74 67 75 61 58 31 78 66 52 21 31 70 51 38 23 24 25 9 24 70 70 69 61 73 63 44 47 70 49 64 54 71 74 55 46 52 57 39 32 73 64 57 58 67 70 57 74 68 76 43 53 25 80 67 45 17 27 70 48 34 17 22 23 11 21 68 67 67 53 72 61 41 42 69 51 63 63 74 74 59 46 58 56 45 44 74 70 69 68 68 71 60 76 70 80 47 53 30 78 65 46 20 31 69 50 34 21 24 25 20 25 69 69 69 57 75 65 48 47 67 50 66 65 72 73 58 49 60 58 40 42 69 75 60 59 71 75 62 77 70 80 59 57 37 76 68 56 26 41 72 60 46 29 32 29 18 26 75 76 74 59 77 70 54 51 70 57 67 69 72 75 56 56 61 59 (Continued) 24 appendix i Table 6. (Continued) Ser. No. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 Jan Feb Mar Apr Relative humidity, percent, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 68 75 58 69 60 54 47 65 64 81 70 71 76 65 72 82 81 81 83 80 55 79 68 61 68 52 67 53 64 56 69 63 53 51 58 68 45 48 68 69 29 28 62 32 37 21 45 21 70 75 50 58 54 51 41 60 63 78 66 69 75 63 70 78 78 78 79 74 48 72 66 56 63 45 60 51 58 54 62 56 51 47 54 70 40 40 67 66 24 20 56 25 32 16 37 18 65 70 47 51 48 40 33 64 61 75 64 68 73 62 68 75 76 76 75 69 45 67 63 52 58 37 55 53 52 53 54 44 51 41 46 74 32 31 65 64 16 16 48 20 27 15 29 16 69 64 39 46 40 38 28 63 58 65 65 66 73 63 67 68 67 68 67 63 38 60 60 45 50 32 45 55 43 54 41 31 52 35 41 70 27 24 58 59 15 14 40 18 22 13 26 19 71 57 31 41 30 35 27 69 62 60 69 73 73 67 66 60 62 61 60 56 34 53 59 41 42 28 40 56 39 51 36 27 51 32 38 77 27 22 51 50 22 14 40 27 33 18 38 29 69 59 45 53 42 42 35 68 65 78 65 70 72 64 68 80 77 79 80 75 49 73 68 59 64 44 63 61 61 58 62 53 55 42 48 79 35 34 56 58 31 29 48 47 46 25 70 39 67 63 48 56 52 50 43 66 66 80 66 68 73 64 69 82 79 81 82 79 53 78 69 62 69 51 68 58 65 59 67 59 56 47 55 73 40 39 68 63 30 26 52 35 34 21 52 26 65 72 51 61 58 55 48 67 64 82 68 69 76 65 71 82 80 80 83 82 56 81 68 62 72 54 70 55 68 59 69 63 54 53 60 68 45 42 69 67 29 30 60 35 38 21 44 24 71 63 40 50 42 43 34 68 64 73 68 71 74 66 69 74 73 74 74 70 47 68 64 54 58 40 56 57 54 55 53 44 53 40 46 74 34 32 58 54 31 30 55 39 41 27 50 57 76 53 28 38 27 29 24 72 59 60 72 73 75 70 69 61 63 63 62 58 38 56 61 44 46 29 45 57 42 51 37 28 52 30 37 78 25 21 42 37 34 29 49 41 45 28 54 41 78 56 28 39 26 36 26 74 65 67 73 75 77 73 71 68 67 70 68 65 45 62 62 51 51 33 48 59 46 54 42 31 54 31 38 77 26 23 42 34 47 45 66 58 60 45 64 68 77 56 33 42 30 40 26 76 70 73 71 73 76 69 72 73 71 74 73 70 49 68 65 54 57 36 53 63 51 53 46 32 52 33 38 76 29 26 44 36 52 55 72 67 66 54 72 81 75 58 35 45 35 43 31 70 68 76 67 71 73 65 70 78 75 77 78 73 50 72 67 58 62 40 60 66 58 58 55 44 54 37 44 78 33 30 50 42 46 42 65 63 60 40 74 68 25 appendix i 102 104 105 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 23 64 41 23 32 43 35 43 39 74 66 38 78 63 61 82 40 85 17 59 34 20 33 43 29 41 45 72 68 45 79 58 67 97 34 85 14 55 27 22 39 45 36 50 53 74 64 51 79 58 67 84 38 84 14 56 31 35 50 63 45 63 67 76 64 63 81 56 69 80 53 83 26 56 48 55 65 75 64 85 73 70 62 59 73 57 70 82 54 83 42 54 66 66 71 79 73 77 75 53 48 59 49 54 65 74 52 85 61 53 79 73 75 84 78 82 79 39 40 54 44 53 67 79 51 85 68 55 83 76 75 85 80 83 79 44 48 57 45 53 69 77 52 83 59 53 80 73 71 84 76 77 74 55 56 63 51 53 66 82 48 83 37 50 70 66 61 78 71 71 72 67 70 48 72 52 69 85 49 84 24 57 49 41 44 71 55 63 62 71 74 36 74 58 72 82 47 85 25 65 42 27 37 58 46 52 53 73 71 40 76 66 69 88 44 85 34 56 54 48 54 67 57 66 64 64 61 51 67 57 68 81 47 84 C.I. 124 125 126 128 129 130 131 133 134 135 137 138 140 142 143 145 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 156 158 159 160 161 163 165 79 62 70 66 64 80 70 71 62 69 75 71 70 68 70 74 77 72 85 83 78 73 68 65 69 70 66 81 85 66 69 84 77 60 62 63 62 73 69 56 59 72 70 71 67 65 67 75 81 66 84 76 73 65 60 59 60 58 58 74 81 52 65 80 76 59 64 60 64 65 62 51 55 70 66 71 55 51 61 66 74 59 83 70 65 59 55 49 56 52 50 65 77 47 67 76 74 58 58 58 67 61 56 49 51 74 57 70 42 44 50 55 62 49 82 60 55 48 49 42 48 43 40 58 73 42 61 72 69 52 51 55 72 45 51 39 51 76 59 67 36 34 41 47 49 40 84 43 43 32 33 35 34 32 36 53 77 34 61 74 66 40 38 49 74 36 49 29 50 75 56 64 34 34 38 50 50 40 87 30 30 20 24 28 24 28 33 49 70 26 56 70 65 35 30 49 74 29 47 36 50 75 52 62 34 36 42 65 51 44 86 26 23 19 22 28 25 28 30 49 66 26 43 67 65 33 34 50 71 38 48 34 51 73 49 61 36 38 52 62 57 47 87 28 25 18 23 26 24 29 26 48 65 27 48 67 70 34 39 51 68 39 49 39 51 69 55 61 38 42 64 73 52 49 86 34 27 21 27 29 24 32 25 46 68 29 52 69 73 50 42 55 64 48 54 41 53 69 62 64 45 42 62 62 56 48 74 48 36 28 36 34 34 38 32 55 70 38 62 72 69 57 55 61 58 51 62 56 58 66 68 64 58 53 55 54 54 58 78 67 58 49 55 52 54 56 52 69 77 52 63 76 72 63 67 66 63 60 70 72 62 72 72 70 68 65 68 69 74 67 81 92 80 69 68 64 72 71 71 80 81 65 71 80 71 50 51 57 67 52 57 48 54 72 62 66 49 48 56 64 61 53 83 49 50 36 43 43 40 42 41 61 74 42 60 74 (Continued) 26 appendix i Table 6. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Apr Relative humidity, percent, for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 166 167 168 169 171 172 173 174 176 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 78 70 67 72 56 77 54 42 56 71 72 67 66 59 62 46 44 74 71 81 71 51 45 69 71 73 75 75 71 71 77 70 64 70 46 75 47 38 52 72 73 68 67 59 61 40 49 71 70 81 69 52 46 69 71 74 73 76 72 72 75 64 58 65 39 73 40 34 52 68 71 61 66 63 59 41 50 70 65 82 75 56 45 64 70 75 73 77 74 73 71 47 45 59 38 70 40 32 54 65 66 53 63 67 60 46 59 68 62 82 76 57 49 62 73 70 74 76 75 74 67 44 47 56 27 65 32 29 53 62 59 45 65 81 63 36 40 63 60 79 79 49 43 59 71 72 75 77 75 72 73 62 61 65 23 71 30 24 61 70 72 59 69 66 51 33 38 62 59 76 78 44 38 64 71 63 71 76 67 72 75 68 68 68 44 72 47 24 57 69 71 68 69 60 53 35 39 69 62 78 72 49 34 67 72 58 70 74 68 71 81 75 75 71 50 76 53 34 55 72 71 70 67 58 63 40 43 73 70 82 70 53 36 69 70 71 74 74 69 73 73 58 58 64 32 71 36 31 56 68 72 60 69 71 58 37 44 66 63 78 75 50 45 63 72 69 74 75 69 72 67 40 43 55 16 64 22 17 56 65 72 48 70 90 48 33 38 61 57 76 77 42 48 57 69 68 76 74 64 71 68 48 56 60 15 67 21 20 53 64 77 56 76 90 58 28 42 58 56 75 75 48 57 56 77 66 75 74 63 69 70 49 54 63 15 68 21 29 55 65 81 64 77 80 59 34 49 61 59 76 76 55 56 57 77 65 77 75 64 68 70 61 59 64 15 69 22 28 63 69 76 61 77 66 57 30 40 65 60 72 81 47 50 62 70 68 75 77 64 74 27 appendix i Table 7. Average number of daily sunshine hours at selected stations Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Average duration of daily sunshine, in hours, for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 43 46 48 49 53 55 59 60 61 64 65 83 88 78 87 89 50 53 58 54 53 53 51 69 72 76 45 106 47 51 63 72 52 52 68 79 84 89 84 46 52 43 69 68 68 73 76 55 49 59 65 64 80 89 70 70 65 69 92 93 87 92 94 59 56 69 65 65 64 61 75 83 82 56 107 60 59 75 79 57 73 82 88 90 94 91 58 59 65 73 68 79 74 82 67 67 77 78 81 85 91 74 75 73 73 95 100 94 100 98 69 61 75 71 71 74 67 81 94 92 67 99 71 70 75 84 76 80 90 99 95 106 100 70 65 77 80 82 80 79 82 73 66 77 79 76 83 95 90 90 78 86 103 108 106 108 99 88 67 90 88 82 90 80 90 103 99 76 104 79 77 90 94 82 80 99 107 102 111 97 79 80 78 93 90 86 78 87 85 77 85 88 75 91 95 99 99 100 98 84 88 86 89 91 56 55 65 61 65 58 54 72 79 76 51 108 52 54 70 71 54 61 73 80 85 91 89 51 58 48 71 72 73 73 74 62 63 71 74 68 82 97 73 73 83 87 81 81 80 81 83 46 51 59 55 59 54 48 66 74 74 47 106 47 50 62 68 51 53 66 76 81 82 84 43 49 55 64 69 69 67 67 53 47 58 55 54 75 84 68 68 66 66 92 93 89 94 90 82 67 86 81 86 79 77 87 90 86 76 101 79 78 85 90 79 83 92 98 98 104 93 79 80 77 90 91 89 86 89 81 77 86 90 82 93 102 96 96 94 96 105 101 100 105 93 99 79 101 96 97 94 90 94 105 97 97 103 99 89 95 103 96 100 107 112 109 112 100 98 96 88 104 103 102 98 92 99 91 102 105 90 101 112 99 99 107 109 103 88 95 100 89 108 87 108 100 104 98 100 107 98 96 100 99 102 104 109 111 99 102 114 116 110 116 92 110 106 90 115 107 102 100 101 99 99 101 112 109 103 114 123 123 119 120 93 97 88 98 87 118 88 120 108 117 100 113 115 95 86 114 86 111 115 114 117 113 123 116 117 117 122 100 124 122 110 124 128 118 116 119 115 102 122 126 115 120 122 127 127 122 122 94 96 85 90 85 112 82 111 103 111 97 102 106 91 85 105 87 107 106 103 106 105 106 108 110 112 116 99 115 113 94 112 114 116 107 116 109 96 114 118 112 114 121 122 122 119 118 88 90 83 88 87 95 63 96 89 96 89 86 94 89 85 89 100 91 89 89 90 89 94 99 100 98 108 89 89 86 78 94 93 95 89 95 86 79 91 97 82 91 103 109 109 104 110 85 90 83 86 88 76 61 92 75 79 72 69 78 84 80 64 103 69 72 72 86 74 72 86 91 90 99 89 67 66 71 81 93 79 79 78 73 72 77 80 65 85 99 97 97 88 100 (Continued) 28 appendix i Table 7. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Average duration of daily sunshine, in hours, for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 66 70 73 74 76 78 81 86 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 101 102 104 105 107 110 111 113 122 C.I. 124 125 126 128 129 130 131 133 135 137 140 145 146 148 149 152 153 159 161 163 70 70 74 73 76 78 81 95 87 101 102 69 40 101 106 101 106 98 103 105 103 102 99 97 97 93 82 92 60 48 44 39 44 52 35 53 53 48 48 63 61 58 66 51 62 65 72 80 80 78 75 81 81 85 94 90 99 91 103 104 82 51 106 107 104 106 100 107 107 106 102 99 93 93 82 88 89 63 55 60 50 53 64 50 66 65 59 53 74 66 64 68 60 72 76 79 90 89 90 92 90 89 94 94 92 102 104 103 103 91 67 105 99 102 105 96 10 99 99 96 95 90 84 71 90 91 73 66 68 64 64 72 55 74 73 70 63 96 79 75 78 72 79 85 85 90 90 106 101 102 102 106 95 101 105 113 104 100 104 88 120 104 108 108 99 101 96 103 103 97 83 76 65 93 87 64 74 79 81 100 81 78 86 83 86 75 102 96 97 88 81 86 88 85 80 80 82 80 82 82 86 103 87 100 92 103 104 83 68 103 108 101 106 99 109 108 106 103 98 86 89 79 97 87 77 64 68 62 64 69 60 71 69 66 66 80 83 70 79 69 71 82 76 80 80 67 66 68 72 76 87 76 94 83 99 98 76 53 101 106 100 105 99 105 105 105 106 98 101 98 81 89 84 68 48 49 41 49 52 44 53 53 44 47 62 67 60 66 52 63 55 73 70 70 98 96 97 97 102 101 100 108 109 106 106 93 68 104 101 99 98 92 96 93 93 92 83 77 80 76 90 84 72 81 85 82 80 86 75 88 87 87 82 101 98 95 91 87 89 93 91 92 92 109 110 107 110 114 115 109 115 125 112 113 109 92 111 103 105 102 95 99 97 98 96 83 77 82 78 100 88 75 93 100 103 96 100 94 103 104 106 99 114 117 112 107 100 97 104 109 100 100 119 122 121 124 128 127 122 122 130 118 119 103 65 104 99 102 94 90 92 86 85 79 68 55 79 75 79 73 77 113 124 125 107 113 107 121 119 126 121 137 131 137 113 122 116 122 113 100 100 120 121 120 121 126 123 123 124 134 113 110 99 49 99 86 84 77 75 77 71 73 73 55 53 57 59 76 73 76 115 123 118 105 120 85 123 118 126 119 138 135 132 114 123 112 123 109 100 100 119 116 115 116 121 120 117 121 129 111 111 96 71 95 87 84 78 76 74 6 68 68 59 59 62 69 89 82 75 113 120 113 102 115 120 117 114 122 113 129 128 129 109 121 114 120 107 110 110 111 107 106 106 111 82 105 112 116 106 100 100 83 98 100 97 88 86 86 86 83 86 69 60 70 75 94 88 74 104 106 101 96 103 85 99 102 111 92 120 112 113 102 108 105 104 102 100 100 99 94 95 93 98 96 100 106 103 105 107 99 87 102 103 103 100 91 99 101 93 93 80 73 74 76 100 86 76 82 83 79 80 83 85 85 86 85 82 99 95 93 89 86 88 91 94 100 100 29 appendix i 166 167 168 169 171 172 173 176 178 179 180 181 183 184 185 186 188 189 190 191 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 72 66 63 55 80 70 75 80 75 79 95 87 89 95 101 104 77 86 101 104 72 86 69 68 82 75 92 72 70 62 58 85 72 83 85 83 80 98 86 82 98 93 95 65 85 93 95 70 85 56 89 83 69 91 68 62 51 51 88 55 79 88 79 83 90 82 97 90 87 87 65 83 87 87 65 83 61 87 81 70 87 82 78 62 54 93 70 82 93 82 98 111 101 98 111 85 80 82 90 85 80 81 90 63 92 72 80 84 106 83 68 64 100 66 87 100 87 113 116 109 104 116 99 98 82 94 99 98 79 94 85 87 102 90 77 110 94 71 70 118 65 107 118 107 116 119 106 69 119 93 95 69 74 93 95 67 74 77 67 88 100 83 105 81 66 64 120 67 104 120 104 107 92 92 24 92 86 77 64 67 86 77 47 67 51 60 70 95 63 106 86 73 76 116 73 103 116 103 105 104 91 11 104 81 78 54 72 81 78 58 72 65 72 68 90 62 101 88 75 76 93 77 96 93 96 102 107 98 61 107 94 94 56 76 94 94 68 76 67 74 72 90 72 96 85 76 78 94 77 89 94 89 97 105 102 99 105 105 107 87 95 105 107 84 95 87 99 96 95 91 88 76 68 71 83 78 79 83 79 92 96 98 99 96 105 106 86 98 105 106 89 98 86 102 92 95 84 75 89 63 78 56 66 58 65 76 95 60 69 71 88 76 95 71 88 79 96 86 102 88 95 94 77 86 102 100 94 99 93 64 71 89 84 100 94 99 93 76 71 89 84 79 71 93 83 73 82 80 86 93 82 30 appendix i Table 8. Sky cloudiness (oktas of sky covered) at selected stations Ser. No. 1 3 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 17 20 22 23 26 27 28 30 31 33 35 38 40 43 46 47 48 49 53 55 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Jan 31 30 30 35 40 34 35 34 28 32 60 39 20 41 17 14 14 21 43 38 24 26 20 40 50 40 51 41 35 20 10 34 40 33 40 40 33 40 24 27 34 32 25 28 33 34 24 33 Feb Mar Apr May 22 30 31 34 40 34 36 35 29 32 41 36 31 39 16 12 12 20 36 35 25 21 19 32 41 33 50 49 35 12 11 35 30 27 35 33 32 40 23 24 29 31 24 23 32 31 24 31 21 20 20 38 41 35 37 35 31 34 40 33 31 30 14 11 11 20 33 36 26 26 24 31 45 31 49 40 31 21 10 26 30 29 34 32 25 40 25 22 26 25 17 21 23 28 24 24 20 20 31 34 39 36 33 33 30 34 40 32 30 31 15 13 15 21 31 31 22 27 26 30 32 25 41 32 30 19 09 27 30 25 27 17 23 30 17 16 22 23 16 18 17 22 16 22 29 20 39 30 35 30 32 36 29 38 31 29 21 31 14 13 18 29 24 25 20 21 26 30 30 24 39 30 28 20 06 22 20 21 23 25 16 30 16 15 19 17 09 15 16 22 17 17 Cloudiness, in oktas, for Jun Jul Aug Sep 30 40 30 26 33 27 31 34 20 37 29 22 20 29 13 12 18 30 19 21 16 23 23 13 16 23 20 19 16 11 05 14 10 11 16 09 09 20 09 10 09 09 08 09 09 08 09 09 31 40 41 14 30 15 21 29 14 32 20 15 12 21 12 07 10 22 10 11 10 13 12 06 15 08 19 11 24 06 05 15 05 14 17 07 08 20 08 15 13 08 07 16 08 10 08 08 30 50 51 15 27 19 23 29 15 39 20 16 11 19 14 09 11 29 11 12 13 10 10 04 14 08 21 19 25 05 06 19 05 17 21 16 15 20 07 13 14 07 07 24 08 12 08 07 32 40 40 25 41 25 27 31 21 35 30 22 19 21 14 13 14 30 22 24 18 18 18 12 24 16 29 21 26 11 09 17 10 17 22 17 16 20 09 09 11 15 08 17 07 16 08 08 Oct 39 40 32 27 39 29 28 31 27 36 40 28 20 30 16 13 15 21 32 32 22 23 24 29 39 24 48 30 30 19 09 22 30 21 23 24 17 30 16 14 16 16 08 18 16 20 09 15 Nov Dec 40 30 31 34 41 31 36 33 27 32 41 37 30 40 19 16 10 20 39 34 24 23 23 30 45 32 50 41 35 20 10 24 30 3 34 31 24 40 24 24 27 23 15 23 24 30 24 25 41 30 30 36 40 32 35 33 26 30 50 38 20 40 16 14 14 20 44 39 27 23 25 41 50 32 51 49 36 21 11 27 40 34 37 34 32 40 25 27 32 32 24 26 32 34 25 32 Year 3.2 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.5 3.4 3.7 2.9 2.2 2.9 1.5 1.2 1.4 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 3.4 2.4 3.9 3.2 2.9 1.5 0.8 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.1 3.1 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.9 31 appendix i 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 97 99 102 104 105 107 110 111 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 121 122 123 124 125 126 128 129 131 133 135 137 140 145 146 148 149 25 17 12 17 19 16 13 19 14 14 12 16 12 10 32 20 08 10 07 11 09 08 20 12 14 16 19 25 64 24 10 33 20 20 10 32 32 42 44 47 44 33 34 35 42 46 28 32 31 30 39 24 15 11 16 18 14 10 15 11 10 09 17 10 10 24 20 10 09 09 11 10 09 30 12 14 20 23 24 48 20 10 32 30 20 10 32 32 36 34 39 40 26 23 28 36 42 27 31 28 30 35 23 09 07 15 16 13 08 16 09 09 07 17 09 10 24 20 14 14 12 17 16 15 20 19 24 30 35 24 40 16 10 24 20 30 20 32 28 34 33 30 37 25 23 22 33 39 22 26 27 27 31 17 08 09 09 12 08 07 14 07 08 06 17 09 10 17 20 12 13 12 17 16 15 30 19 25 30 36 17 32 12 10 16 30 40 40 33 32 30 31 23 18 25 20 18 26 30 18 20 22 25 30 16 07 04 07 14 09 08 15 07 09 07 16 08 10 16 20 18 18 19 20 18 20 40 28 34 32 30 09 16 16 10 16 40 40 30 33 40 22 22 14 24 18 16 10 18 22 12 11 22 16 22 01 06 02 03 02 01 02 03 01 02 02 09 03 05 16 10 24 25 24 26 25 28 30 38 46 36 35 08 24 12 00 08 30 30 30 41 40 10 11 06 20 08 04 06 09 15 05 05 12 14 12 01 01 05 02 02 00 01 02 00 01 00 08 02 10 16 20 21 30 35 36 34 36 40 47 50 44 42 08 40 20 00 17 40 40 40 34 40 07 10 03 20 06 02 02 08 14 04 02 05 13 10 09 01 03 02 02 01 00 02 01 00 00 08 03 10 15 10 29 30 34 36 36 39 40 46 47 42 38 15 32 16 00 16 40 40 40 32 40 07 08 02 19 05 03 02 06 15 03 02 05 13 07 08 00 04 01 03 02 01 02 00 00 00 08 02 05 17 10 23 22 26 28 28 30 30 38 43 36 34 09 16 12 10 08 30 30 30 24 36 07 10 06 17 06 07 05 07 18 05 07 11 13 09 16 08 06 08 11 07 04 09 06 03 03 17 04 05 16 10 09 14 13 18 14 17 20 27 31 31 27 08 24 16 00 09 20 40 40 23 36 18 20 15 22 12 12 13 19 24 10 13 12 17 18 25 15 06 09 17 11 08 14 08 06 06 16 09 10 24 10 07 09 06 11 07 09 20 14 16 19 24 08 40 20 00 15 20 30 30 32 40 24 26 25 30 17 19 17 26 29 19 16 20 20 25 32 16 12 16 23 19 13 20 11 11 10 15 11 10 32 10 08 10 07 10 08 10 20 12 12 15 19 16 48 24 10 17 20 30 20 33 36 38 31 45 39 29 30 25 44 44 28 26 28 28 37 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.7 0.9 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 1.4 3.3 1.7 0.6 1.7 2.8 3.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.3 2.8 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.3 (Continued) 32 appendix i Table 8. (Continued) Ser. No. 152 153 159 161 163 166 167 171 173 176 177 179 180 181 183 186 188 190 193 196 198 Jan 31 29 32 18 32 32 30 19 24 24 24 21 24 16 16 06 25 08 29 19 48 Feb Mar Apr May 26 24 24 14 32 32 29 18 20 16 16 22 24 18 22 14 35 15 31 21 56 26 17 24 19 24 32 38 21 27 16 16 24 16 25 15 22 36 22 36 24 48 26 25 24 30 24 24 31 21 28 16 16 18 16 15 17 28 27 20 27 21 40 23 19 24 21 16 16 30 20 27 16 16 12 08 16 15 18 28 17 30 20 32 Cloudiness, in oktas, for Jun Jul Aug Sep 14 11 04 22 04 04 25 11 16 08 08 11 16 16 38 21 37 22 38 34 24 17 09 08 21 04 08 32 09 18 16 16 16 32 24 65 32 40 26 50 38 32 11 07 08 12 04 08 27 08 16 16 16 15 24 23 73 30 45 28 43 34 32 11 12 04 14 04 04 22 19 17 08 08 13 08 15 40 18 43 18 35 30 32 Oct 17 15 08 09 16 08 20 14 18 08 08 12 08 09 12 07 20 08 23 15 24 Nov Dec Year 25 16 24 19 24 24 24 18 22 08 08 12 16 08 09 05 19 06 17 11 24 29 36 24 25 32 32 32 21 26 16 16 20 24 14 12 09 35 08 26 1,7 48 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.8 1.7 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.8 1.8 3.3 1.6 3.0 2.4 3.7 January February March April May June July August September October November December Month 0 0 40 470 900 1085 1010 670 170 0 0 0 90 0 0 125 480 890 1075 995 660 255 25 0 0 80 0 70 275 565 855 1025 945 685 385 145 15 0 70 90 215 425 670 890 1000 945 770 510 285 120 60 225 360 555 750 930 1010 970 830 640 435 265 190 380 505 675 845 965 1020 985 895 740 565 415 335 Northern hemisphere 60 50 40 520 630 775 895 975 1000 990 925 820 685 560 490 30 660 750 850 920 960 965 960 935 875 785 685 630 20 780 840 900 925 915 900 905 915 905 865 800 760 10 885 915 925 900 850 820 830 870 905 910 890 875 0 965 960 915 840 755 710 730 795 875 935 955 960 10 1020 975 885 765 650 590 615 705 820 930 1000 1025 20 Geographical latitude, degrees 1050 965 830 665 525 460 480 595 750 900 1020 1065 30 1055 925 740 545 390 315 345 465 650 840 995 1080 1035 865 640 415 250 180 205 325 525 760 975 1075 1000 785 510 280 110 55 75 190 390 660 920 1060 Southern hemisphere 40 50 60 1000 695 375 130 10 0 0 55 250 550 885 1090 70 1035 645 225 15 0 0 0 0 100 450 905 1140 80 Table 9. Shortwave radiation flux at the top of the earth’s atmosphere, cal cm−2 d−1 , as a function of the month of the year and the latitude of the location 1055 660 135 0 0 0 0 0 15 440 920 1160 90 appendix i 33 34 appendix i Table 10. Global radiation at selected stations Ser. No. 17 30 33 60 61 62 64 65 66 67 69 70 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 89 90 91 94 96 99 102 105 107 110 111 122 148 167 168 169 173 180 181 Jan Feb Mar Apr Global/Solar radiation,cal cm−2 d−1 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year e/m∗ 185 437 194 287 292 301 292 303 287 302 306 314 318 290 321 323 335 338 350 366 359 364 473 388 395 396 394 380 406 483 354 483 483 480 497 526 421 430 458 606 290 341 259 316 323 331 297 237 508 253 360 365 368 358 374 352 363 376 380 376 375 381 390 400 404 418 432 422 436 441 446 561 434 459 495 471 557 449 557 433 550 526 564 521 542 464 615 349 413 295 371 394 389 329 392 589 361 461 458 470 453 475 449 461 473 479 475 498 483 486 500 515 325 538 526 529 541 543 557 574 554 584 547 612 539 612 576 590 536 602 527 478 462 614 450 454 323 403 451 459 383 426 639 476 539 549 569 551 571 545 544 566 568 564 576 568 575 583 588 604 618 605 604 614 611 627 649 615 648 619 648 612 648 602 600 492 622 536 472 454 581 351 517 397 483 486 537 444 470 656 579 592 603 613 595 619 593 600 616 617 604 635 612 671 624 626 640 649 633 632 640 641 648 704 644 698 639 622 625 622 584 610 497 600 510 454 479 558 608 573 426 502 525 594 475 185 427 226 310 318 329 312 330 309 326 337 342 430 319 348 352 365 362 380 390 383 391 399 402 417 440 417 440 426 488 383 488 489 490 483 518 487 545 457 588 326 389 265 360 385 385 317 145 394 176 260 268 278 265 270 257 271 280 289 285 266 290 295 304 306 321 326 322 330 346 356 362 387 363 387 375 455 340 455 466 472 480 501 476 475 445 570 270 330 220 309 320 335 271 360 545 405 469 480 495 473 490 467 478 491 494 497 488 488 506 511 514 522 533 527 522 546 539 556 568 545 566 544 556 502 556 512 543 464 554 490 481 462 580 456 473 346 428 463 466 380 m m m e e e e e e e e e e m e e e e e e e e e 553 636 630 643 658 662 648 666 648 654 665 662 655 667 661 668 673 675 672 680 678 678 678 676 674 717 675 714 664 589 577 587 459 560 456 570 448 450 459 492 645 599 457 523 580 586 449 545 654 630 639 669 655 649 658 634 646 658 653 645 663 562 671 669 673 670 675 670 571 675 669 668 707 666 700 653 571 564 571 474 540 387 527 448 453 415 503 624 557 424 507 570 534 411 456 606 566 612 647 632 625 632 610 618 638 634 630 610 635 646 648 658 655 660 659 658 662 657 658 676 656 659 640 563 552 563 484 520 399 534 486 458 466 567 607 544 399 485 544 516 420 405 517 452 524 535 541 526 549 517 540 548 554 552 533 556 561 577 577 582 584 587 594 596 596 601 606 599 587 592 562 547 561 562 570 370 552 484 535 509 613 536 507 371 466 513 495 400 263 480 313 396 400 422 401 427 403 408 428 432 430 420 434 440 451 448 647 476 474 477 486 486 501 524 499 498 498 522 486 522 533 530 442 533 487 480 480 615 413 456 317 414 461 446 372 e m e m m m m e m m m m e m m m m m m m m m 35 appendix i 183 184 185 186 188 189 192 383 336 464 340 368 415 462 402 365 508 379 381 413 487 457 439 522 411 434 454 525 475 489 574 382 513 507 518 482 528 604 456 530 492 565 Explanation ∗ e/m: e=estimated and m=measured 433 497 598 424 527 466 526 261 429 548 402 465 413 457 241 460 540 393 470 436 344 353 495 584 444 476 426 508 430 454 561 431 481 464 532 380 375 510 342 449 442 493 348 318 454 334 379 402 448 387 433 514 395 456 444 497 m S e m e e e 36 appendix i Mean daily wind speed at selected stations Ser. Ser. Jan Feb Mar 1 3 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 20 21 22 23 26 27 33 37 38 39 40 43 46 48 49 53 55 59 61 64 65 66 70 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 81 83 85 86 87 89 11 10 11 11 22 12 9 11 11 9 10 11 8 9 15 11 9 10 9 12 9 9 16 22 21 11 5 16 15 7 20 19 16 16 16 11 14 8 13 8 11 11 6 13 19 6 4 8 10 10 10 10 22 13 12 13 14 11 12 11 8 8 16 12 12 12 9 10 9 10 17 25 22 14 6 15 13 9 20 19 14 16 18 9 14 9 14 9 13 12 7 14 18 6 4 8 11 13 9 9 23 14 13 14 18 13 12 10 10 9 17 13 14 13 7 11 9 13 19 22 21 11 6 14 12 9 20 19 18 16 18 9 14 10 17 11 13 13 9 16 18 7 9 9 Apr Average wind speed, km h−1 , for May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 10 12 7 7 23 12 14 12 14 13 13 11 11 11 20 14 17 15 8 11 11 16 17 25 18 11 6 14 17 11 20 19 15 15 18 7 14 10 19 13 14 15 10 18 18 7 9 9 12 12 9 10 24 12 13 13 11 11 13 11 11 10 19 14 17 15 9 10 11 15 18 25 15 17 6 12 16 11 17 16 14 14 18 6 14 11 20 13 12 14 11 16 17 7 11 8 13 13 6 6 22 10 12 11 14 9 10 10 9 8 14 10 11 11 7 8 8 10 12 22 14 11 5 12 13 9 16 14 12 11 11 6 11 8 18 13 8 15 7 14 18 7 8 8 11 12 10 10 22 11 11 13 14 8 8 11 9 9 14 10 10 9 7 9 7 9 13 22 18 11 5 13 12 7 17 15 14 12 11 9 11 7 16 12 8 10 7 12 14 5 7 7 11 13 10 10 23 15 12 13 14 8 8 11 8 9 13 10 9 10 8 10 7 9 15 22 21 11 6 14 17 7 20 18 12 13 13 9 11 7 13 9 9 12 6 12 14 4 6 7 12 13 8 8 22 13 12 12 14 10 10 10 9 9 15 12 13 12 8 10 9 13 15 22 18 11 5 13 15 9 20 17 14 14 15 8 12 9 17 11 10 14 8 15 17 7 8 8 14 16 7 7 23 13 13 13 11 10 12 10 12 10 17 14 16 14 9 10 9 18 15 22 16 11 5 12 16 11 20 17 15 15 17 6 11 11 29 14 10 14 13 17 14 7 11 9 14 16 5 6 21 13 13 11 11 11 9 11 11 9 14 13 14 13 9 9 9 15 12 25 18 11 5 12 15 13 25 16 15 16 16 6 11 10 18 12 9 16 10 16 14 8 10 7 16 13 7 7 21 13 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 8 14 14 14 12 8 8 9 15 12 22 21 11 4 11 13 11 23 15 12 15 13 6 11 10 18 10 9 17 8 14 18 8 8 7 16 12 4 4 20 12 12 10 14 10 10 7 10 8 14 12 14 12 7 8 9 13 10 25 16 7 4 11 15 11 19 14 11 13 11 6 11 9 19 12 8 14 8 15 14 8 10 8 37 appendix i 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 102 105 107 108 110 111 121 122 C.I. 124 126 128 129 131 133 137 140 146 152 163 166 167 168 169 173 176 179 180 181 183 184 185 186 188 189 192 193 194 195 196 197 14 19 14 11 16 7 10 11 8 14 9 14 7 6 4 4 18 11 14 12 19 9 9 12 11 12 25 5 13 18 4 9 11 5 5 11 9 15 12 3 6 3 7 10 7 5 4 5 23 7 15 19 11 13 16 6 12 11 8 14 9 14 7 6 4 3 14 10 14 12 18 11 11 14 11 13 28 6 15 21 4 11 13 6 4 11 10 15 10 4 7 4 8 11 8 5 4 6 19 6 16 17 11 11 15 7 12 11 10 12 10 10 6 7 5 4 14 7 14 13 16 13 14 14 9 13 27 7 16 22 5 12 14 6 4 11 9 18 9 4 9 4 7 11 8 6 4 7 22 7 16 17 11 10 14 7 11 9 9 11 10 10 6 7 5 4 11 8 13 14 15 13 16 12 11 13 27 6 16 19 6 12 13 6 4 11 9 18 9 3 8 4 7 10 7 6 3 7 19 6 16 15 11 10 16 6 12 9 9 11 12 10 6 7 4 4 14 8 13 15 13 14 17 16 11 13 26 7 17 21 5 12 12 6 4 11 9 24 9 3 9 5 7 9 8 6 2 6 15 5 15 13 13 8 14 9 18 11 9 14 12 8 5 6 4 4 15 12 14 20 13 19 21 17 11 14 31 8 21 23 8 16 12 6 4 11 10 24 12 3 10 7 7 8 6 6 1 7 8 5 14 15 19 10 16 10 18 11 9 14 10 8 5 6 4 4 14 13 12 23 14 20 28 19 11 15 32 9 20 19 5 12 11 6 4 11 10 28 10 3 10 6 8 9 9 7 2 8 7 6 13 13 18 10 15 9 15 10 7 11 8 5 5 6 4 3 15 13 11 20 13 17 22 17 9 13 30 8 17 18 8 15 13 5 4 11 9 23 8 3 12 7 8 8 7 8 1 8 8 7 14 13 11 8 11 7 11 9 6 9 8 5 5 5 4 3 11 10 10 14 10 12 16 12 9 10 25 5 13 17 3 8 9 4 4 9 8 25 9 3 10 5 7 8 8 5 1 6 10 6 14 13 14 8 13 6 7 6 7 11 7 5 4 5 4 4 11 8 10 10 11 9 12 10 8 8 19 5 13 15 4 8 10 4 3 9 8 17 6 3 8 5 6 8 8 4 2 5 22 6 13 15 13 10 14 6 10 9 7 12 7 8 5 5 3 4 11 9 11 8 14 7 8 10 8 9 18 5 13 16 3 7 9 4 3 9 8 12 8 3 7 4 6 10 7 4 4 5 37 5 11 17 13 11 16 7 11 9 7 13 9 12 6 6 3 4 15 9 13 10 18 9 9 11 9 10 20 5 14 18 5 10 14 4 4 9 8 14 10 3 8 4 7 9 7 4 4 5 33 6 14 15 14 10 15 7 12 10 8 12 9 9 6 6 4 4 14 10 13 14 15 13 15 14 10 12 26 7 16 19 5 11 12 5 4 11 9 19 9 3 9 5 7 9 7 5 3 6 30 6 38 appendix i Table 12. Mean monthly and annual rainfall Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Apr May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 1 2 1 1 1 1 114 37 43 66 92 64 112 24 12 71 106 93 116 153 9 15 70 33 16 10 10 1 2 4 92 12 70 46 28 25 25 17 11 23 32 9 62 132 71 46 47 1 3 1 2 1 1 106 38 31 64 86 51 127 27 9 25 71 70 76 87 2 10 54 26 12 10 3 7 2 1 111 8 47 60 25 53 17 14 13 18 28 16 38 82 54 34 31 1 1 1 1 1 1 120 30 52 66 87 54 125 39 9 23 60 55 57 71 7 19 35 38 14 4 6 1 1 1 73 15 43 56 36 37 25 21 13 20 27 27 19 65 50 28 22 1 0 1 1 1 4 90 46 45 43 72 38 117 26 9 8 35 82 65 107 8 10 33 30 16 8 1 1 0 2 60 8 42 48 25 40 12 18 8 10 15 8 14 24 31 5 8 1 4 1 3 4 9 42 40 31 28 36 21 82 16 6 5 37 38 36 45 1 15 19 38 22 7 1 0 0 6 30 5 23 34 23 16 10 11 7 8 8 13 3 9 11 10 8 Rainfall depth,mm, for Jun Jul Aug Sep 8 10 1 5 24 27 15 8 15 8 14 2 38 9 4 0 14 22 14 23 0 7 7 29 10 1 0 0 3 4 11 1 10 21 13 4 5 5 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 0 2 8 21 18 32 77 62 1 1 4 1 2 0 8 2 2 0 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 10 7 1 0 0 2 3 4 1 1 4 5 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 33 56 81 64 127 105 1 1 1 1 2 1 11 5 6 0 5 12 4 4 2 4 3 10 9 5 1 0 6 10 7 1 11 18 8 11 2 7 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 35 37 38 46 80 55 23 6 13 1 17 7 40 11 15 0 39 51 27 24 3 17 16 33 24 10 2 0 5 7 40 5 37 40 38 43 22 12 8 13 18 6 10 11 17 9 5 Oct Nov Dec Year 8 10 10 15 15 12 99 42 15 49 49 40 137 20 17 5 69 112 84 92 10 15 43 29 13 6 3 1 1 2 87 8 52 40 31 55 28 21 9 30 41 9 32 60 33 11 16 10 4 5 3 2 1 147 30 29 84 72 56 152 35 21 33 93 129 93 102 6 21 46 30 9 8 4 0 0 2 109 15 57 53 30 41 30 20 14 31 38 7 41 68 31 57 25 1 1 1 2 1 1 137 66 58 86 95 85 163 21 11 46 114 91 117 101 12 17 67 29 15 9 12 2 1 2 61 10 68 39 25 62 15 15 12 15 242 6 65 113 48 55 61 108 149 156 173 333 279 895 345 337 496 624 419 1112 235 121 216 645 758 691 810 61 152 394 335 167 79 43 12 23 44 685 89 461 459 287 388 193 163 97 174 207 105 286 569 350 256 227 39 appendix i 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 66 47 19 22 7 48 40 5 3 1 3 2 41 20 26 60 36 15 50 24 11 25 11 9 3 5 7 4 4 8 5 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 6 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 18 12 6 28 28 3 3 1 1 0 19 13 19 30 19 14 25 16 9 21 8 10 4 3 7 3 4 5 2 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 28 27 10 10 12 3 5 2 1 0 0 13 9 13 14 11 11 10 14 7 9 7 6 3 2 8 4 3 4 4 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 5 18 4 9 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 5 4 5 5 3 4 3 7 3 2 3 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 2 3 10 10 4 4 3 2 2 4 1 0 0 3 3 1 2 4 2 2 7 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 3 4 12 13 26 11 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 28 30 93 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 5 20 48 89 109 177 84 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 32 70 109 124 192 112 12 9 5 2 7 8 2 1 3 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 19 52 53 97 44 25 11 14 11 10 18 7 2 5 1 2 0 21 14 7 10 17 5 6 5 3 5 3 2 2 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 7 2 4 9 14 27 9 26 58 15 11 4 30 22 5 2 2 1 0 18 19 17 28 20 8 33 14 8 9 7 4 1 3 4 2 3 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 0 52 22 0 0 1 1 5 0 51 56 15 17 9 37 27 1 3 2 2 0 42 19 24 53 34 17 56 23 10 23 11 10 4 5 6 3 6 7 2 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 25 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 246 260 143 93 68 186 135 28 28 10 11 3 163 103 112 203 147 78 186 110 54 96 53 45 18 20 36 20 24 29 16 9 13 4 10 1 3 4 1 4 11 1 1 107 82 66 153 304 346 623 284 (Continued) 40 appendix i Table 12. (Continued) Ser. No. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 Rainfall depth,mm, for Jun Jul Aug Sep Jan Feb Mar Apr May 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 11 21 14 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 6 17 20 21 42 48 26 2 3 4 2 4 3 13 5 24 55 77 67 102 95 13 8 21 18 14 28 19 50 32 92 138 130 130 149 128 5 14 57 43 26 75 41 122 79 116 174 119 172 118 116 1 71 125 156 105 150 105 169 132 158 222 160 191 134 169 2 112 157 201 128 184 126 201 138 170 259 194 212 143 142 8 0 18 8 3 0 13 2 1 0 79 54 61 36 184 30 74 21 22 39 190 159 155 191 58 121 69 59 72 155 165 59 132 141 0 13 2 8 3 0 4 0 1 68 43 51 31 102 23 53 18 17 30 110 123 134 157 45 64 74 48 62 135 137 44 132 64 1 33 5 25 1 8 28 9 9 67 43 43 36 97 27 49 20 23 26 104 76 70 94 89 119 30 62 41 90 103 20 64 88 3 38 12 61 24 20 113 58 70 65 44 35 24 49 20 33 19 21 12 44 34 41 56 23 32 17 38 29 34 37 4 28 71 3 81 8 61 60 33 40 56 104 35 18 23 16 21 9 13 7 9 8 16 16 15 18 1 2 6 9 5 5 8 1 3 5 0 63 1 58 2 0 1 82 98 18 11 6 7 5 4 7 2 4 4 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 10 1 42 0 0 3 58 57 6 7 2 4 1 0 3 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 2 81 2 0 0 40 27 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Oct Nov Dec Year 36 69 65 65 87 72 140 92 135 195 144 172 111 113 9 6 22 9 19 24 17 33 46 76 93 72 126 103 112 11 0 1 0 0 1 1 4 3 7 8 18 14 39 53 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 10 18 13 249 456 497 359 553 384 733 528 784 1164 941 1011 966 1023 135 0 114 1 58 1 3 1 23 45 5 4 0 6 9 3 5 1 2 1 12 1 1 5 0 0 2 3 0 2 5 2 2 0 2 8 2 10 41 38 47 27 25 20 18 23 17 70 8 23 9 7 11 23 16 18 51 16 45 7 12 4 17 20 3 13 17 7 13 5 8 14 25 56 36 31 42 28 35 21 90 13 38 15 11 26 101 66 69 132 34 82 35 39 41 60 72 5 71 73 3 2 5 1 1 25 15 9 1 62 39 58 33 168 22 65 20 21 39 144 113 120 185 94 153 47 106 57 158 171 65 86 145 19 434 52 416 149 165 310 399 468 469 310 338 233 799 160 365 132 140 202 745 603 625 893 360 618 288 380 312 656 718 204 533 605 41 appendix i 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 104 68 106 68 32 17 32 24 26 40 26 33 18 15 18 23 25 22 17 0 0 0 34 22 15 15 9 3 5 12 0 23 28 11 2 1 12 0 6 5 1 18 2 11 13 4 16 13 0 5 6 5 76 70 118 65 26 17 23 20 18 36 20 25 9 7 7 23 21 14 13 1 0 2 6 6 15 6 1 2 2 13 4 23 18 27 2 0 21 7 13 5 5 15 17 33 14 14 32 3 4 8 7 3 30 68 141 66 24 14 19 21 14 20 13 11 15 8 8 28 30 12 12 42 52 7 9 23 9 22 5 0 2 12 0 10 10 16 5 2 36 15 19 3 2 12 11 86 34 12 99 19 9 8 5 5 13 55 101 57 28 18 27 12 16 11 17 15 13 11 12 5 6 9 8 0 0 0 1 16 15 30 7 0 2 31 6 5 10 14 0 2 110 41 40 3 13 33 25 89 75 18 148 36 1 3 5 3 3 22 55 21 8 10 7 3 6 7 9 5 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 9 2 10 4 0 2 27 0 0 2 1 2 2 39 1 18 3 14 3 2 97 95 44 243 53 0 4 5 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 3 4 2 5 26 1 6 2 1 0 1 42 46 5 252 25 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 5 0 2 0 2 29 45 2 25 13 7 5 1 105 74 39 322 28 0 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 7 2 0 2 0 2 25 101 2 37 18 36 12 1 183 103 65 333 27 0 7 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 5 4 0 0 0 2 3 38 2 5 3 37 4 2 45 60 96 245 83 0 15 6 13 18 7 15 8 4 6 5 1 6 4 4 3 2 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 9 2 7 4 0 3 2 2 13 0 0 9 3 17 3 5 14 26 45 85 33 2 8 3 3 64 35 55 33 12 10 18 5 12 11 10 17 15 25 26 15 11 7 4 0 0 0 21 26 4 8 6 24 25 48 11 10 10 1 2 2 11 0 4 10 1 0 6 8 14 4 42 6 0 1 2 3 81 65 126 62 24 19 22 21 19 51 17 26 45 41 39 28 28 34 14 10 8 17 0 8 9 10 4 8 30 18 0 30 18 7 10 8 29 0 3 23 4 2 4 7 2 2 17 3 5 3 6 3 390 390 718 380 158 115 153 107 117 180 117 135 120 111 112 126 127 102 70 53 60 26 80 112 70 104 38 46 76 195 36 101 106 83 33 92 468 71 185 91 138 107 77 720 556 348 1834 329 21 66 50 50 42 appendix i Table 13. Annual rainfall series for selected stations Year 6 23 66 74 Annual rainfall, mm, at station No. 97 110 113 126 136 140 Beit Jala∗ 166 1886 87 88 89 90 1891 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 1900 1901 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1911 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1921 22 23 24 1925 26 27 28 29 30 198 15 55 17 85 212 82 13 53 84 41 34 34 18 36 42 70 202 262 241 262 252 167 237 167 213 304 493 543 588 519 455 641 429 466 390 335 478 503 657 639 546 384 734 570 812 744 736 462 485 610 503 848 514 193 73 92 153 153 119 58 105 46 241 250 110 94 109 26 232 36 10 116 123 42 125 NA 140 241 245 203 87 89 205 649 639 607 697 367 866 572 678 853 467 404 521 677 530 947 990 525 745 508 650 771 584 532 476 490 610 508 502 567 802 593 591 385 512 260 426 510 380 553 448 53 49 5 132 7 128 29 18 22 15 85 43 49 17 57 8 28 27 16 18 2 1 30 45 41 46 54 103 7 98 13 43 appendix i 1931 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1941 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 1949 50 1951 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1961 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 1971 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1981 221 467 235 325 222 315 183 135 391 305 299 270 299 288 288 290 246 232 184 345 359 332 485 506 386 258 476 355 305 289 301 304 315 190 335 266 278 259 210 202 238 268 220 182 332 215 100 342 227 188 357 598 170 227 388 263 471 432 528 411 371 370 563 355 473 482 499 289 321 268 422 483 464 335 254 520 317 633 243 610 442 442 446 457 425 318 264 431 361 192 228 75 199 155 93 194 218 198 144 113 284 294 150 130 139 164 241 185 250 307 116 203 178 127 169 124 290 165 269 175 142 230 194 240 241 138 405 147 164 184 171 160 82 161 9 22 15 16 17 38 36 30 30 37 25 24 12 55 54 9 30 16 28 34 3 24 11 34 8 7 10 19 19 22 13 17 5 26 62 4 26 13 3 11 20 27 18 4 450 778 599 678 870 509 647 394 704 563 611 427 570 495 554 861 497 518 615 713 469 575 571 557 588 698 474 590 589 439 599 574 743 555 600 616 661 549 451 518 550 618 598 712 608 462 609 603 775 645 659 1318 1156 1081 1165 944 892 1389 957 1189 1352 1068 1159 1487 985 1094 1181 1117 1328 1031 1210 1366 1211 1197 1100 1387 1275 1365 1004 1429 1033 1100 1269 954 733 892 1045 1042 1223 1004 1023 1161 1096 971 847 25 218 119 182 109 67 282 53 183 191 137 45 102 62 194 168 86 114 289 41 160 25 67 237 56 121 300 155 52 161 114 205 88 213 22 29 557 131 39 94 67 290 66 153 17 75 248 151 59 9 276 400 300 421 226 377 389 274 342 599 205 327 417 272 185 213 305 280 404 304 367 256 482 472 360 182 393 295 278 408 307 426 355 301 323 334 399 668 320 424 638 727 571 481 784 583 839 602 669 629 888 519 507 538 795 758 558 581 562 877 658 581 695 667 419 467 373 341 843 286 214 402 380 222 480 287 137 295 428 302 136 363 306 290 154 331 358 220 206 104 249 247 141 341 272 218 462 254 323 176 294 313 195 448 240 195 190 247 134 503 301 194 319 369 322 418 519 392 718 754 692 550 670 800 776 509 801 523 281 586 505 600 843 644 433 758 664 789 936 779 634 332 669 399 295 779 814 359 750 654 630 469 437 757 472 973 493 416 500 603 436 875 658 116 86 43 80 75 155 49 57 112 169 41 64 53 62 52 2 102 93 86 21 59 23 78 105 168 30 110 76 161 10 116 15 36 114 25 35 29 76 166 9 46 85 12 146 42 233 84 20 18 94 29 55 20 18 26 97 8 N.A. N.A. 103 18 12 26 33 28 36 23 20 58 12 42 23 91 61 56 26 25 31 45 95 51 9 27 43 19 18 97 32 32 10 18 177 122 45 85 52 26 24 32 5 12 144 (Continued) 44 appendix i Table 13. (Continued) Year 6 82 83 1984 85 86 87 88 89 90 1991 92 93 94 95 1996 97 98 99 2000 2001 2 23 66 74 322 173 409 259 395 324 264 274 458 352 340 311 232 405 347 286 227 421 260 482 260 193 189 118 203 219 189 212 332 98 405 242 12 11 29 19 19 33 40 38 21 50 15 Annual rainfall, mm, at station No. 97 110 113 126 136 710 482 322 745 604 473 584 761 372 419 574 905 825 945 1209 821 1259 306 290 176 94 116 71 31 464 186 320 294 241 318 314 448 499 135 178 319 264 249 383 254 140 Beit Jala∗ 166 198 422 200 279 109 264 359 244 156 198 540 257 163 279 605 865 750 650 197 80 51 49 55 25 129 67 45 88 132 165 9 10 12 128 27 45 Emplanation ∗ Beit jala is a village in the central part of the West Bank, Palestine at a distance of about 12km southwest of jerusalem. 45 appendix i Table 14. Evaporation measurements at selected stations Ser. No. 6 17 22 23 33 37 37 38 39 40 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 Jan Feb 66 86 18 22 30 37 08 12 26 27 25 28 40 44 35 37 32 42 24 38 41 47 73 95 48 48 66 73 27 32 39 40 64 74 59 62 48 52 34 40 27 33 28 34 21 28 19 25 29 38 25 33 33 42 51 58 52 68 34 44 48 64 71 78 31 42 107 115 39 51 33 42 80 56 68 83 95 116 96 89 73 88 88 109 84 86 138 162 122 146 112 130 Mar Average rate of evaporation, mm d−1 , for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 118 154 25 29 54 70 18 28 30 42 31 36 42 43 41 43 55 63 60 82 48 44 131 172 54 65 79 89 39 45 41 42 76 75 77 74 50 53 47 48 41 56 44 56 38 56 32 45 42 60 43 56 53 72 76 101 92 128 60 86 81 103 90 99 61 91 136 155 76 108 65 92 96 100 116 147 163 203 78 63 126 162 144 181 90 101 189 208 172 187 156 166 182 27 91 36 57 51 50 52 85 103 49 202 69 79 51 41 69 85 50 51 69 66 72 56 73 69 91 125 155 118 126 106 116 176 137 109 113 182 242 58 180 194 120 208 179 142 194 28 113 53 75 63 50 61 102 131 55 215 63 94 51 41 68 88 47 52 74 66 78 59 79 72 92 137 165 133 142 126 124 215 156 124 129 200 251 62 206 215 151 202 166 104 Device Nov Dec Year 198 172 173 127 84 7 30 32 29 26 22 20 124 116 89 59 38 28 70 60 44 23 12 09 80 65 53 50 39 29 28 26 71 67 51 36 54 65 59 44 47 42 63 62 51 41 36 35 117 105 78 54 38 29 141 126 88 62 34 21 58 50 50 44 40 39 220 191 192 141 93 78 70 66 78 68 66 54 97 82 79 72 69 71 48 46 45 41 35 27 41 45 49 47 43 39 69 75 83 81 68 64 92 91 100 93 78 55 47 50 55 52 49 49 51 50 51 48 39 34 68 60 51 45 34 27 58 54 48 42 31 28 67 57 45 36 27 20 52 44 35 31 23 18 76 62 46 40 31 26 65 56 45 40 30 24 84 70 55 48 35 29 132 124 108 88 65 52 153 142 120 102 72 53 118 101 80 65 45 32 144 132 111 84 58 48 117 114 98 78 75 70 117 104 86 66 46 32 195 198 176 137 115 104 139 128 106 71 49 37 118 114 86 61 44 34 115 119 112 94 88 79 190 184 164 131 89 64 245 239 226 198 137 99 60 64 59 56 80 90 186 186 177 149 102 72 194 175 182 159 117 86 164 160 118 78 79 82 185 161 166 164 148 135 129 100 117 140 136 121 66 48 56 86 104 106 135 26 71 31 48 43 48 46 67 76 47 150 63 79 41 42 72 80 50 46 49 46 45 37 50 46 59 93 108 76 95 94 76 152 91 77 98 135 184 71 142 154 109 172 143 106 P∗ CSP∗∗ CSP CSP P CSP P CSP CSP CSP CSP P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P (Continued) 46 appendix i Table 14. (Continued) Ser. No. Jan Feb Mar Average rate of evaporation, mm d−1 , for Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 96 97 99 102 103 105 107 109 110 111 166 167 167 168 169 173 176 180 181 183 143 124 116 160 181 116 165 103 119 123 16 21 61 42 51 40 62 61 82 112 165 148 142 184 200 134 182 118 126 120 32 30 62 59 56 57 62 62 88 94 204 170 162 216 191 156 157 109 120 97 40 52 83 78 57 78 9,6 83 128 82 21,5 172 188 218 144 156 109 88 94 74 55 84 125 122 112 97 117 125 195 69 146 130 128 172 102 96 83 46 77 71 31 38 73 57 63 53 101 73 101 94 136 121 110 158 133 109 136 78 102 92 23 28 61 40 51 39 74 61 86 101 147 115 129 154 106 96 90 63 76 70 50 69 92 101 87 94 110 92 160 66 204 146 186 182 90 124 70 53 64 49 64 98 154 141 119 121 132 154 245 60 187 104 103 150 59 80 44 39 47 43 84 123 142 174 127 146 135 142 268 47 113 70 102 101 37 47 29 29 37 33 78 108 114 158 117 148 128 114 232 24 66 54 72 73 29 34 25 24 35 34 73 114 60 170 118 139 146 67 153 18 71 60 110 86 32 40 29 31 39 44 60 70 81 89 98 117 124 81 183 37 114 84 132 145 44 61 37 36 47 54 46 56 92 80 79 89 125 92 153 60 Device P P P P P P P P P P N.A.x CAP∗∗∗ P CAP CAP CAP CAP P P P Explanation P ∗ = Piche, CSP ∗∗ = Colorado sunken pan and CAP ∗∗∗ = USWB Class A pan. ∗ Obtined from the Experimental Station at Khulys 22 08 N, 39 20 E and 112 m high and N.Ax = Not available SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. Arab Science Foundation for Research and Transfer of Technology (1986) The state of water resources in the West Bank and Ghaza Strip. Country paper of Palestine presented at the workshop on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the Arab World. ACSAD/AFESAD/KFAED, Kuwait 2. Agrar und Hydrotechnik GMBH (Jacobi K) (1991) The water atlas of Yemen. In: Yemen Water Master Plan, San’a (Yemen)/Essen (Germany) 3. Al Saleh MI (1983) Basic statistical characteristics of rainfall in the Syrian Badiat (Desert in Arabic text). J. Arabian Engineer 68:9–14, Damascus, Syria 4. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Die Witterung in Ubersee: Welt - Klima - Ruckblick (Global climate review), all monthly numbers from 1980 up to 2002. Published by Krupers & Co. GmbH, Hamburg, Germany 5. Elagib NAR (1995) Study of hydrological variations, drought and desertification in The Sudan, M.Sc. Thesis (in Civil Engineering), University of Bahrain, Al-Manama, Bahrain 6. Griffiths JF (ed) (1972) Climates of Africa. In: World Survey of Climatology, vol 10. Elsevier Pub.Co., Amsterdam - London - New York 7. Hakem J (1991) Application of disaggregation models to rainfall in the Syrian Arab Republic, M.Sc. Thesis (in Hydrological Engineering), International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands 8. Husary S, Najjar T, Aliewi A (1995) Analysis of secondary source rainfall data from the Northern West Bank. WARMP/TEC/J/07 (supported by the UK Overseas Development Adminsistation). Jerusalem, West Bank, Palestine and University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom appendix i 47 9. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Water and Agriculture (1999) Climatological data of Saudi Arabia. Personal Communication, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 10. Mehanna AM (1976) Estimation of potential evapotranspiration over Egypt. Meteo Res Bull 8(1):69–93 11. Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resouces (Yemen) and TNO Institute of applied Geoscience (The Netherlands) (1987–91) Water Resources Assessment of Yemen (Report WRAY-35) 12. (Formerly) Ministry of War and Marine of Egypt: Climatological normals for Egypt. Meteorological Department, Publ.C. Thomas & Co. Press-Cairo, Egypt 13. Muller MJ et al (1996) Handbuch ausgewahlter Klimastationen der Erde. In: Forschungstelle Bodenerosion (5)erganzte und vervesserte Auflage. Herausgeber G. Richter, Trier, Germany 14. —— (1980) Handbuch ausgewahlter Klimastationen der Erde. In: Forschungstelle Bodenerosion der Universitat Trier (5). Herausgeber: G. Richter, Trier, Germany 15. Nile Control Staff, The Nile Basin, Supplements Volume VI; monthly and annual rainfall totals and number of rainy days at stations in and near the Nile Basin for the periods: 1988–92, Paper No. 47, Supt. 11, 1994, Egyptian Survey Press, Cairo, Egypt. 1983–87, Paper No. 44, Supt. 10, 1990, Egyptian Survey Press, Cairo, Egypt. 1978–82, Paper No. 40, Supt. 9, 1986, Govt. Printing Offices, Cairo, Egypt. 1973–77, Paper No. 36, Supt. 8, 1984, Govt. Printing Offices, Cairo, Egypt. 1968–72, Paper No. 33, Supt. 7, 1979, Govt. Printing Offices, Cairo, Egypt 16. Quaye GNA (1993) Drought analysis of the Sahel Region, Africa. M.Sc. Thesis (in Hydrological Engineering), International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands 17. Republic of Algeria; Meteorological Service, 2003. Climatological data of Algeria up to 2002 (Personal communication), Alger 18. Robison N (1966) Solar radiation. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam- London-New York 19. Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) (2002) Climate of the World (averaged over the period 1971–2000). Avaiable on a CD rom annexed to Klimaatatlas van Nederland. Published by Elmaar B.V. Rijswijk, The Netherlands 20. Sadek MF, Shahin M, Stigter CJ (1997) Evaporation from the reservoir of the High Dam, Egypt: a new comparison of relevant methods with limited data. J. Theo. Appl. Climatol. 56:57–66 21. Shahin M (2002) Hydrology and water resources of Africa. In: Water science and technology library, vol 41. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht - Boston-London 22. Shahin M (1985) Hydrology of the Nile Basin. In: Developments in water science No. 21, Elsevier Pub. Co., Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 23. State of Bahrain (1994) Climate of Bahrain, 1902–88, with statistical abstracts for the period 1989–1992. University College for Sciences, Literature and Education, and the Directorate of Statistics, Bahrain 24. State of Qatar; Department of Agriculture and Water Research (1993) Climato- logical data of Qatar. Internal Report, Al Dawha, Qatar 25. Sultanate of Oman; Department of Meteorology (1995) Annual climatological summary for the period 1987–92 at three meteorological stations in Oman (Personal communication), Musct, Oman 26. Takahashi K, Arakawa H (eds) (1981) Climates of Southern and Western Asia. In: World survey of climatology, vol 9. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam - Oxford-New York 27. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; Water Authority, 1982. Rainfall in Jordan for water years 1976–80. Technical Paper No. 50, Amman, Jordan. 28. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOOA/Owen TW (ed) (1999) World weather records, vol 4: Asia 1981–1990 29. —— (ed) (1999) World weather records, vol 5: Africa 1981–1990 30. —— (ed) (1999) World weather records, Seperates for Asia and Africa 1991–95 APPENDIX II: HYDROLOGICAL DATA CONTENTS OF APPENDIX II Table 1- Some particulars of the perennial rivers traversing the surface of the Arab Region Table 2- Names of rivers, gauging stations, their coordinates and respective catchment areas Table 3- Mean monthly and annual discharges at the gauging stations on the rivers listed in Table 2 Table 4- Annual flow series (equal to or larger than 25 years) of large rivers traversing the Arab Region at selected stations Table 4(a)- Mean maximum and minimum monthly discharges of perennial rivers in the Arab Region Table 4(b)- Extreme discharges of rivers during the reported years of record Table 5- Catchment areas and average discharges of major wadis in Yemen Table 5(a)- Monthly and total flow of wadi Mwr at Shat el-erg for the period 1975–92 Table 5(b)- Monthly and total flow of Wadi Zabid at Kohla for the period 1970–92 Table 5(c)- Monthly and total flow of Wadi Rabwa at Saba Weir, Yemen, for the period 1973–89 Table 5(d)- Monthly and total flow of Wadi Bana, Yemen, for the period 1951–77 Table 5(e)- Monthly and total flow of Wadi Ahwar, Yemen, for the period 1951–77 at Fouad Weir Table 5(f)- Mean monthly and total runoff of 19 wadis over different periods Table 6- Catchment areas and average discharges of major wadis in Oman Table 7- Catchment areas and average discharges of the major wadis in Saudi Arabia Table 8- Catchment areas and average discharges of the major wadis in the United Arab Emirates Table 9- Estimated annual storm runoff for wadi basins in Jordan Table 10- Some data of seasonal (wadis) in Algeria and their respective catchment areas Table 11- Some precipitation, runoff coefficient data of the Gorgol and Ghorfa Wadis, Mauritania, for the period 1977–1979 1 2 appendix ii Table 12- Hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater basins in the Western and Central Sub-regions Table 13- Hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater basins in the Eastern Subregion Table 14- Hydrogeological and lithological data of groundwater aquifers in Muritania Table 15- Summary of vaialable hydrologeological properties of groundwater reservoirs in different parts of Algeria Table 16- Results of pumping test data as obtained from some aquifers in Egypt Table 17- Hydrogeology of groundwater reservoirs and formations in the Arab Republic of Egypt Table 18- Summary of groundwater potentials of the Eastern Region of The Sudan Table 19- Aquifers and groundwater springs in Syria, and their average discharges Table 20- Average yield of water wells used for drinking purpose in the West Bank, Palestine Table 21(a)- Groundwater in Jordan Table 21(b)- Some data of major groundwater resources in Jordan Table 22- Summary of descriptive assessment of the major groundwater aquifers in Iraq Table 23- Summary of water-holding characteristics of the groundwater formations in Kuwait Table 24- Summary of lithology and water characteristics in Saudi Arabia Table 25- Annual falag flows in the period 1972–82 in the different drainage areas in the United Arab Emirates Table 26- Lithology and hydrogeological chracteristics of rock units in Northern Yemen Table 27- Hydrology and water quality of wastewater treatment plants in Jordan Table 28- Capacities and capital costs for some of the seawater desalination plants in Saudi Arabia Table 29- Distribution and capacities of desalination plants in the United Arab Emirates Table 30- Distribution and capacities of desalination plants in the Sultanate of Oman Table 31- Some data of storage reservoirs in Morocco Table 32- Some data of the dams in Algeria up to 1988 Table 33- Storage dams already existing pre 1986 in Syria Table 34- Storage levels and capacities of reservoirs built in Iraq in the period 1951–83 Table 35- Dams in Jordan Table 36- Main features of recharge dams completed in the period 1985–94 in Oman Table 37- Names and characteristics of constructed dams and dams under construction or to be constructed in Saudi Arabia based on the 1981 survey of dams 3 appendix ii Table 1. Some particulars of the perennial rivers traversing the surface of the Arab Region No. Name of river or tributary Catchment area, 103 km2 Length of main stream, km Riparian countries 1 Nile 2900 4800 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Upper Nile (Eq. Lakes) Bahr el Jebel Bahr el Ghazal White Nile Sobat Blue Nile Atbara Main Nile 380 N.A. 526 400 225 3245 1125 940 2380 1166 980 600 1650 880 1880 Rwd, Bur, Ugd, Tnz∗ , Ken, Eth, Sud, Egy Ugd, Ken, Tnz, Sud Ugd, Sud Sud Sud Eth, Sud Eth, Sud Eth, Sud Sud, Egy River Tigris River Euphrates R. Shatt el Arab R. Barada R. El A’swag R. Quweiq R. El Kabier, N. R. El Asi (Orontos) El Afrin R. El Kabier, S. R. Jordan R. Zarqa R. Medjerda R. Meliana R. Zeroud R. Oum Rebia R. Sebou R. Cheliff R. Tafna R. W. Shebelle R. Juba R. Senegal 258 444 702 15 12 42 11 169 28 10 N.A. N.A. 237 23 88 33 37 438 72 260 200 218 1720 2330 190 79 90 126 80 571 149 90 225 120 380 110 N.A. 600 500 490 170 1650 1150 1790 Tur, Irq, Syr Tur, Syr, Irq Irq Syr Syr Syr, Tur Syr Syr, Leb Syr, Tur Syr, Leb Jor, Syr, Leb Jor Tun, Alg Tun Tun Mor Mor Alg Alg Eth, Som Eth, Som, Ken. Gun, Mal, Sen, Mrt 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Explanation∗ : Alg = Algeria, Bur = Burundi, Egy = Egypt, Eth = Ethiopia, Gun = Guniea, Jor = Jordan, Ken = Kenya, Leb = Lebanon, Mal = Mali, Mrt = Mauritania, Mor = Morocco, Rwd = Rwanda, Sen = Senegal, Som = Somalia, Sud = Sudan, Syr = Syria, Tnz = Tanzania, Tun = Tunisia, Tur = Turkey and Ugd = Uganda. 4 appendix ii Table 2. Names of rivers, gauging stations, their coordinates and respective catchment areas River Mauritania Senegal Morocco Ouergha Sebou Moulouya Bouregreg Oum er-Rabia El Abid Algeria Sabaou Mazafran Boudouaou Isser Melah Bousalem Rhumel Cheliff Rhiou Mina Tafna Tunisia Joumine Mejerdah Mellegue Merguellil Zeroud Egypt Main Nile Sudan Nile Atbara Main Nile Blue Nile White Nile B.el-Jebel No. Station Name Latitude, Longitude, Altitude, m 1 Bakel 14 32 N 12 27 W 11 218 000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ourtzagh M’Jara Azib Soltane Ain Timedrine Dar el-Caid Lalla Chafia Dech. al Oued Ait Ouchene 35 34 34 33 34 33 32 32 00 N 35 17 45 14 42 41 15 05 05 04 03 06 05 06 25 W 20 32 19 32 54 05 140 85 70 645 325 180 591 1070 4404 6190 17250 4392 24422 3230 3330 2350 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Baghilia F.Cheval Kaddara Lakhdaria Bensekrane Bouchegouf Sidi Yahia O.Athmaniya S. Belatar Ammi Moussa O. el-Abtal P. du Chat 36 36 36 36 35 36 36 36 36 35 35 35 48 N 40 39 37 04 27 25 14 01 52 30 09 03 02 03 03 01 07 04 06 01 01 00 01 52 49 25 35 13 43 36 18 22 07 41 27 20 10 60 90 287 95 220 710 2 140 205 60 2501 1912 0829 4149 1118 0552 4309 1220 43750 2398 6635 7245 22 23 24 25 26 27 Jebel Antra Sloughia Ghardimaou K 13 Haffouz Sidi Saad 36 36 36 36 35 35 57 35 16 07 38 23 09 09 08 08 09 09 28 E 31 26 30 40 43 130 67 192 327 250 232 0235 20895 1480 9000 0675 8575 28 29 30 31 32 33 El-Akhsas Assiut N.Hammadi Esna Gaafra Aswan Dam 29 27 26 25 24 23 42 11 03 19 19 58 31 31 32 32 32 32 17 06 15 34 54 54 20 51 69 80 85 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Dongola K3 Tamaniat Khartoum Mogren Malakal Mongalla 19 17 11 42 30 33 29 58 212 334 69000 15 15 09 05 37 14 35 12 32 32 31 31 33 50 37 46 363 325000 E W E W E W Catchment area, km2 1800000 450000 5 appendix ii Somalia Juba Shebelle Syria Euphrates Asi Barada Jordan Yarmouk Zarqa Jordan Iraq Tigris Uzaym (Adhaim) Euphrates 41 42 43 44 45 46 Lugh Ganana Belet Uen Bulo Berti Mahaddei Uen Balad Afgoi 03 04 03 03 02 02 39 47 52 00 22 10 42 45 45 45 45 45 10 12 40 32 25 05 47 48 49 Kadahiyah Jisr Echigour Hama 36 35 33 32 46 32 38 36 36 15 21 14 50 51 52 53 Maqarin Jerash Bridge Southern Stat.∗ Obstacle Br.∗∗ 32 32 33 33 44 12 02 02 35 35 35 35 52 49 38 37 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Mosul Fatha Baghdad Narrows Husseiba Hit Hindiyah 36 35 33 34 34 33 32 19 03 18 30 25 39 43 43 43 44 44 09 33 23 31 42 44 49 16 Explanation : situated in Senegal, and ∗ and ∗∗ in Israel. 179,520 211,800 231,000 255,300 272,700 278,000 307 128 760 114,000 5,130 467 60 64 5,950 3,100 1,495 1,376 215 34 162 56 28 54,900 107,000 134,000 9,840 200,000 264,100 274,100 Jan 126 142 209 103 208 276 244 400 190 240 615 076 662 215 260 617 069 353 590 283 737 272 126 285 101 313 227 1239 1199 Stat. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 736 159 235 113 269 312 351 597 322 414 239 236 259 300 617 109 027 968 121 383 995 657 264 590 145 254 290 1035 980 Feb 388 124 174 103 335 336 690 524 629 437 191 119 205 262 483 770 020 310 925 200 855 260 166 435 367 047 215 1126 1029 Mar 141 89 125 838 362 407 412 498 687 375 882 094 118 167 543 993 025 256 370 327 492 265 274 865 950 040 317 1110 1015 Apr 52 479 715 561 285 362 571 298 648 246 407 044 502 166 313 713 082 151 165 283 550 072 178 330 550 022 110 1170 1114 May 865 138 189 352 161 208 043 212 291 417 125 016 170 077 084 242 034 467 085 231 233 030 138 068 107 032 172 1542 1561 548 441 106 324 962 700 010 169 152 129 068 007 123 044 042 147 029 173 006 194 143 018 145 026 456 072 251 1742 1687 2185 272 25 236 733 393 011 154 121 035 031 001 032 031 033 052 021 243 014 212 101 012 131 018 357 084 167 1559 1466 Mean discharge, m3 s−1 , for Jun Jul Aug 3138 253 28 231 731 711 032 163 190 036 050 001 071 050 024 181 019 811 042 251 167 030 163 055 760 036 179 1191 1076 Sep 1537 951 134 271 106 106 039 187 201 087 192 006 224 090 088 164 017 295 300 540 102 050 157 171 221 069 297 1103 990 Oct 526 376 596 349 107 132 192 211 320 945 260 042 513 110 103 345 029 260 197 312 650 530 329 842 971 008 135 1075 974 Nov 230 101 155 533 127 139 162 362 172 200 433 071 631 140 296 477 046 310 347 161 670 192 165 436 116 022 258 1124 1003 Dec 709 611 898 574 184 205 230 315 327 181 619 059 729 143 318 483 035 256 355 281 551 199 186 343 505 083 605 1251 1174 Year 1904–84 1952–88 1951–89 1959–89 1965–84 1957–88 1980–84 1953–89 1980–84 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–79 1976–78 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1966–82 1949–78 1973–84 1973–84 Period of record Table 3. Mean monthly and annual discharges at the gauging stations on rivers listed in Table 2 (from UNESCO Publications, 1993, 1995 and 1996) 6 appendix ii 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 60 1314 1335 1401 1387 1335 635 1157 270 922 862 935 487 177 167 197 182 142 908 674 600 153 430 354 213 558 1178 931 504 765 700 699 588 1279 1474 1601 1608 1044 246 943 184 780 715 893 698 125 951 116 892 682 971 634 910 165 333 380 281 756 1555 1335 436 770 705 787 466 1379 1557 1681 1675 847 037 888 157 752 624 863 458 221 213 218 171 145 1032 530 129 167 062 345 316 1167 2278 1936 688 1118 815 1151 763 1331 1532 1663 1666 864 116 986 165 858 587 904 991 426 387 366 289 292 1300 350 186 126 310 311 251 1698 3222 2619 522 1840 920 2152 1382 1481 1716 1853 1891 812 299 930 188 756 629 1031 216 118 992 839 634 678 1654 251 157 557 106 194 165 1565 2963 2552 202 2010 1070 2387 1841 2011 2283 2505 2493 837 340 1103 418 691 788 1031 180 441 431 442 363 399 1460 138 882 491 082 131 102 717 1541 1467 422 1090 990 1223 1088 2124 2361 2578 2574 1967 573 2389 1863 511 951 1073 162 357 332 286 266 279 846 767 512 814 065 888 607 308 752 703 264 488 605 530 481 1799 2077 2263 2246 6982 1914 6030 5689 536 1085 1241 283 942 927 771 580 636 792 785 387 503 068 104 656 179 485 415 312 380 595 310 373 1396 1547 1711 1675 7930 1275 6012 5257 863 1201 1258 291 144 134 107 850 534 558 122 340 528 079 118 959 147 395 321 104 382 560 270 338 1275 1393 1565 1542 4979 287 3732 2662 1129 1281 1215 477 131 127 110 785 849 643 239 325 529 069 110 106 180 404 326 256 465 610 343 288 1264 1392 1572 1547 2611 560 1955 946 1075 1287 1135 366 902 949 862 691 712 692 229 332 573 092 126 112 272 566 452 131 518 645 464 278 1258 1383 1509 1491 1694 172 1422 469 1026 1183 1025 167 497 479 476 437 429 815 325 225 854 121 198 138 419 796 661 314 675 755 598 473 1493 1671 1825 1816 2666 350 2303 1529 825 939 1050 200 675 632 562 445 429 973 304 786 913 231 295 159 664 1345 1143 244 875 748 910 696 1973–84 1973–84 1973–84 1973–84 1900–95 1903–94 1911–95 1900–95 1911–95 1905–95 1912–82 1951–67 1954–73 1954–73 1954–70 1954–69 1954–72 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1965–75 1965–75 1965–72 1976–84 1931–75 1931–75 1931–75 1941–84 1958–84 1974–84 1931–75 1965–72 appendix ii 7 232 274 385 169 245 285 226 167 180 91 143 189 216 206 353 172 263 Year 1901 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1911 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 261 238 266 279 304 390 445 304 259 Country Senegal, River Maurit.a White Senegal Nile Station Bakel Malakal 445 254 593 405 764 769 482 517 479 776 507 907 728 1177 1189 910 831 868 822 707 455 838 692 1127 1104 809 768 819 873 693 939 825 700 915 689 1015 1047 967 Annual flow, 109 m3 y−1 , for the rivers given below at the respective gauging stations The Sudan Egypt Iraq Morocco Tunisia Blue Main Main Tigris Euph- Sebou Omm Moulouya Zurud Nile Nile Nile rates Sebou Ouergha er- Rebia Dar elSidi khartoum Dongola Aswan Mosul Fatha Baghdad Hit A.Soltane M’Jara D.el Oued Caid Saad Table 4. Annual flow series (equal to or larger than 25 years) of large rivers traversing the Arab Region at selected stations Somalia Juba Lugh Ganana 8 appendix ii 141 381 240 388 267 168 335 290 285 262 235 243 266 220 366 385 204 253 179 137 132 136 208 103 295 233 211 180 150 360 1921 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1931 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1941 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 246 263 286 253 254 288 304 280 291 295 251 288 319 293 288 283 263 273 285 233 230 225 264 247 251 254 244 268 284 248 414 527 471 394 486 590 506 561 528 531 478 506 473 556 664 559 504 635 436 402 461 518 525 528 406 560 475 514 698 447 679 862 766 757 811 1044 849 862 832 912 784 877 861 968 998 922 849 1013 770 671 809 883 906 877 730 902 792 827 1086 786 633 830 793 724 783 1041 859 871 847 900 769 847 823 914 965 879 803 1003 750 660 762 847 862 861 675 841 728 788 1023 737 262 223 278 178 166 252 152 253 195 197 161 125 122 126 163 176 155 231 221 242 593 509 510 378 380 588 315 437 478 462 314 290 352 300 332 373 403 470 478 578 507 459 485 394 330 529 288 399 421 417 323 285 308 280 297 355 360 469 458 513 375 306 353 332 276 320 262 358 232 249 259 184 156 183 280 362 258 357 296 355 191 311 189 209 327 125 351 330 177 145 083 176 212 158 135 186 338 123 287 157 118 144 241 571 370 130 186 136 375 589 292 061 166 401 197 703 272 191 335 436 (Continued) appendix ii 9 362 324 299 407 232 387 824 568 689 999 884 869 1106 853 714 924 738 745 781 559 553 563 1016 1002 898 1162 922 743 692 533 533 545 188 234 120 120 188 383 242 195 242 316 392 459 177 315 466 324 261 355 650 484 373 403 441 544 891 346 253 378 273 233 296 409 391 320 325 347 376 500 267 221 437 440 573 221 377 380 291 234 263 304 304 154 161 243 421 255 270 364 449 530 640 280 211 314 346 391 234 277 276 240 205 304 2.97 2.15 1.45 1.17 2.05 5.25 2.46 2.27 0.97 0.63 2.05 4.08 3.47 3.04 1.66 1.36 2.06 2.79 3.29 1.48 3.22 2.46 5.16 4.23 2.70 1.21 2.01 3.57 8.74 2.87 2.70 1.94 0.93 2.84 5.84 5.30 5.55 1.69 1.39 1.59 4.58 4.58 1.64 2.93 2.40 5.65 1.86 1.26 0.91 0.84 1.22 2.18 1.59 1.06 0.70 0.46 1.04 1.54 0.98 1.09 1.00 1.68 0.81 0.93 0.77 1.42 1.03 0.86 0.46 0.64 0.80 2.35 0.76 0.86 0.26 0.38 0.80 1.18 0.81 1.32 0.051 0.069 0.193 0.032 0.066 0.075 0.108 0.230 0.033 0.050 0.128 0.068 2.699 0.026 0.039 0.064 0.073 0.144 0.089 0.175 0.133 0.061 6.09 6.22 N.A. 9.85 5.84 5.37 5.08 4.48 4.83 8.30 N.A. N.A. 7.92 199 81 118 614 489 448 623 377 354 489 385 409 401 245 471 489 645 246 454 472 332 275 307 1971 72 73 279 342 402 485 479 388 359 353 348 352 146 248 245 345 139 224 230 182 132 155 297 241 211 303 330 265 339 137 252 184 742 752 830 1018 915 980 796 944 974 812 1961 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 749 734 823 1024 909 980 773 925 932 784 8.49 5.55 4.61 7.01 3.57 6.34 5.37 8.39 6.82 6.31 443 463 488 632 579 594 437 564 541 507 262 231 198 332 331 302 322 324 255 196 Year 1951 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 237 238 246 269 273 297 280 253 258 261 Somalia Juba Lugh Ganana Annual flow, 109 m3 y−1 , for the rivers given below at the respective gauging stations Country Senegal, The Sudan Egypt Iraq Morocco Tunisia River Maurit.a White Blue Main Main Tigris EuphSebou Omm Moulouya Zurud Senegal Nile Nile Nile Nile rates Sebou Ouergha er- Rebia Dar elSidi Station Bakel Malakal khartoum Dongola Aswan Mosul Fatha Baghdad Hit A.Soltane M’Jara D.el Oued Caid Saad Table 4. (Continued) 10 appendix ii 136 98 70 68 1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 1991 92 237 190 146 105 158 97 127 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 314 316 308 282 284 293 278 252 266 303 317 291 326 328 334 313 326 341 313 407 342 400 252 276 195 416 376 322 473 389 306 425 520 355 408 421 287 384 640 668 695 530 554 419 644 555 467 930 645 529 869 992 700 748 723 591 664 584 616 579 591 473 330 580 489 434 885 570 473 561 544 545 576 621 581 566 170 158 413 320 319 263 187 278 90 94 247 305 256 250 286 0.76 0.82 0.70 0.60 0.64 1.48 1.22 0.78 1.56 0.96 1.36 2.29 1.45 2.15 1.46 0.87 2.25 2.31 N.A. 1.09 3.14 2.12 0.73 2.20 1.25 3.06 4.39 3.14 3.82 1.11 0.40 0.48 0.39 N.A. 0.42 0.75 0.66 0.54 1.18 0.76 0.90 1.28 0.93 1.35 0.71 0.14 0.36 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.57 0.44 0.27 0.57 0.80 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.96 0.26 0.184 0.084 0.143 0.073 0.050 3.85 4.83 5.24 appendix ii 11 12 appendix ii Table 4(a). Mean maximum and minimum monthly discharges of perennial rivers in the Arab Region Station No. Monthly mean Qmax Qmin Period of record Station No. Monthly mean Qmax Qmin Period of record 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 6740 523 1553 663 83 155 21 170 143 160 72 61 68 47 115 24 19 60 265 65 28 13 63 125 22 33 536 1877 1829 2338 1904–84 1952–88 1952–88 1960–88 1965–83 1960–88 1980–83 1954–88 1980–83 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–79 1976–78 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1966–82 1949–78 1973–84 1973–84 1973–84 31 32 33∗ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41x 42x 43x 44x 45x 46x 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2460 2691 12345 12229 4928 9799 8834 x 2396 2740 808 235 208 140 102 98 2308 114 26 53 29 94 50 3510 6580 5240 172 x 5790 2711 1973–84 1973–84 1870–964 1912–84 1918–82 1912–73 1912–82 x 1912–82 1912–82 1951–78 1951–78 1954–73 1954–70 1954–69 1954–72 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1965–75 1965–75 1965–72 1976–84 1931–75 1931–75 1931–75 1941–84 x 1932–75 1965–72 0134 0300 0060 53 20 0000 0020 61 0670 0110 0140 0010 0020 0140 0200 0250 0110 0980 001 0110 0270 0110 43 0000 0310 0000 0138 735 750 985 1064 1008 393 416 0000 367 61 x 331 331 0000 0000 0000 0370 0000 0000 440 57 10 34 0240 40 0740 88 208 171 2.6 x 72 55 Explanation Qmax = maximum discharge, m3 s−1 , Qmin = minimum discharge, m3 s−1 , ∗ = river flow as from 1965 onward is regulated by the Aswan High Dam, x = with interruptions and = mean discharge for months of maximum and minimum flows averaged over the period of record. Sources of information Stations No. 1–25, 28–53 and 60 are obtained from UNESCO Reports (1993, 1995 and 1996), Stations No. 26 and 27 from Bouzaiane & Lafforgue (1986), and Stations No. 54–59 from Kamal ed-Din (1981). 13 appendix ii Table 4(b). Extreme discharges of rivers during the reported years of record (from UNESCO Publications, 1993, 1995 and 1996) Station No. Extremes, m3 s−1 Qmax Qmin Period of record Station No. Mean, m3 s−1 , of Qmax Qmin Period of record 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 9940 x 6530 3560 976 2030 151 N.A. N.A. 1480 566 109 479 185 1011 424 235 1137 434 162 995 255 735 1010 1354 740 1000 2130 1968 2546 1904–84∗ x 1951–89 1959–89 1965–84 1956–88 1980–84 1953–89 1980–84 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–78 1976–79 1976–78 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 1976–77 1976–84 1976–84 1976–84 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2685 3333 x 9583 x x 6870 x 1460 x x x x x x x 3685 268 36 x 213 214 140 7340 x x 393 x 7366 3271 1976–84 1976–84 x 1976–84 x x 1976–79 x 1976–79 x x x x x x x 1976–79 1976–79 1976–79 x 1965–75 1965–72 1976–84 1965–72 x x 1983–84 x 1965–72 1965–72 0 x 005 N.A. 183 000 002 N.A. N.A. 009 001 000 004 009 018 019 010 031 000 009 007 007 128 000 025 000 025 822 637 1007 1050 984 x 578 x x 114 x 601 x x x x x x x 260 5 070 x 017 3 002 123 x x 050 x 168 15 Explanation ∗ With interruptions, Qmax = maximum discharge and Qmin = minimum discharge. 14 appendix ii Table 5. Catchment areas and average discharges of major wadis in Yemen (from ECWA, 1981, Girgirah et al., 1987, Ba’Momen, 1995 and Farquharson, 1996) Zone Name of wadi or group of wadis Red Sea Basin W. Mawr W. Surdud W. Siham W. Rima W. Zabid W. Rasyan W. Mawza W. Jizan W. Dhamad Harad Other wadis Gulf of Aden Basin Rub al Khali Basin Arabian Sea Basin a- draining towards Ramlat Sabatayn b- Wadi Hadramout/ Masila tributaries Catchment area, km2 7910 2300 4900 2250 4630 1990 1480 1100 1000 1700 3750 Average rainfall, mm y−1 Mean annual runoff, 106 m3 gauged adopted 405 495 410 465 515 595 480 475 450 375 300 162 69 99 125 12 80 60 150 818 726 504 861 164 20 80 60 35 62 Subtotal 33000 W. Tuban W. Rabwa W. Bana W. Hassan W. Ahwar W. Hajar W. Maifa’h W. Suhaybiya Other wadis 5340 460 7400 3300 6410 9900 4300 1400 10110 Subtotal 46680 W. Najran Other wadis (east) Other wadis (west) 4400 70000 151 35 70 135 16500 40 36 Subtotal 90900 W. el Jawf W. Adhanah W.Harib W. Bayhan W. Markah Other wadis 14000 12000 2500 3800 4000 15500 Subtotal 51800 W. Amd/Du’an W. Al-Ayn W. Sarr W. Idim Ben-Ali Juaymah 6533 1500 2540 5485 720 760 7078 460 320 310 200 210 100 100 200 80 109 6 170 71 125 31 154 45 84 54-200 24-110 19 28 520 171 178 163 100 150 110 60 88 170 100 14 15 24 53 376 100 80 45 70 65 35 20 10 3 41 4 1 203 97 30 413 42 02 15 appendix ii b- Wadi Hadramout/ Masila tributaries c- Al Ghaydah Basin Thibi Haynan, Masila, other wadis 718 515 27296 Subtotal 46067 W. al Jiza 15000 60 80 9000 55 27 Other wadis Subtotal Total 40 55 55 2 19 16 82 1642 24000 107 292447 2046 690 445 1159 2071 (-) 340 (-) (-) 343 149 328 171 199 181 178 118 089 064 1975 76 77 78 79 80 1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 1991 92 540 401 895 1927 (-) (-) (-) (-) 690 162 113 200 306 242 157 785 508 064 Feb. 630 638 1098 1736 (-) (-) (-) 605 512 (-) 1617 1185 1167 255 1371 1163 678 042 Mar. Explanation (-) Data are not complete or missing Jan. Year 1966 2284 3884 2014 546 794 (-) 3540 1495 (-) 4065 4598 2382 693 4088 2827 2502 162 Apr. 823 1803 3383 4012 1853 (-) (-) 2611 1206 (-) 1632 2350 1364 242 1000 473 1290 472 May 2417 1333 1311 2028 341 554 (-) 845 1495 (-) 839 816 488 733 2378 1050 100 288 Jun. 2502 2377 1206 3611 975 709 1865 1210 644 754 1408 1813 521 1592 816 1180 1390 2747 Jul. 2741 3332 962 5065 (-) (-) (-) 3114 721 1013 1838 3040 2406 1907 3306 1218 1504 13074 Aug. 1778 2402 1432 4288 (-) 1953 808 (-) 730 540 1068 2362 616 1331 1316 593 802 5582 Sep. 981 1179 2775 2750 (-) (-) 409 (-) 355 209 465 745 209 422 324 210 244 1016 Oct. 511 1096 1826 2833 (-) 343 325 (-) 229 163 207 594 142 278 098 111 194 841 Nov. 639 1045 1662 2111 (-) 211 (-) (-) 135 130 237 681 148 230 142 084 400 2329 Dec. 1622 1834 2159 3445 (-) (-) (-) (-) 856 (-) 1382 1856 995 810 1517 981 970 2668 Total Table 5(a). Monthly and total flow, 106 m3 , of Wadi Mawr at Shat el-Erg for the period 1975–92 (cited in WRAY Report), Ministry of oil and Mineral Resources of Yemen and TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, The Netherlands, 1995) 16 appendix ii Jan. 287 325 361 387 212 250 223 529 1008 602 368 112 392 376 382 206 110 132 120 145 123 047 046 Year 1970 1971 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 1991 92 131 216 239 203 143 236 509 355 1111 807 295 092 224 411 294 185 126 113 093 238 145 037 029 Feb. 312 501 569 129 682 323 492 337 333 1026 421 2690 400 404 250 104 275 776 043 108 063 484 017 Mar. 683 511 1099 218 497 931 1139 825 457 1831 429 1502 559 4677 081 787 647 914 1434 1046 390 210 142 Apr. 585 1321 1227 559 1710 503 2784 3453 597 1406 2053 2365 363 1228 5993 795 933 1291 475 505 642 1308 1232 May 631 813 1258 700 980 1026 1954 1573 1345 2325 2201 1387 383 524 666 705 598 828 514 1145 286 249 596 Jun. 2427 1849 2557 1282 2290 3936 2065 1158 3692 5557 970 2548 1087 979 966 788 723 1342 1253 1253 2047 629 1476 Jul. 2052 2752 2173 3123 3971 8350 2437 1953 4851 3046 1249 1958 1121 841 1454 896 1318 2664 3810 2298 2922 855 2006 Aug. 1595 2578 1556 1799 3003 5027 1914 2955 2417 1000 1304 1476 2112 1362 845 861 1270 2007 1215 1181 1699 529 1630 Sep. 1653 878 646 673 1154 1700 970 4809 1212 492 940 693 1030 517 497 354 1263 722 556 398 320 154 1099 Oct. 362 580 447 003 322 758 906 3623 1143 383 292 339 1194 288 320 150 269 132 164 116 049 696 061 Nov. 279 299 405 199 216 571 437 2188 707 (-) 250 242 455 228 326 105 120 069 126 083 030 841 034 Dec. 1100 1262 1254 948 1518 2362 1613 2375 1887 1848 1081 1540 932 1184 1207 594 765 1099 999 852 458 981 893 Total Table 5(b). Monthly and total flows, 106 m3 , of Wadi Zabid at Kohla for the period 1970–92 (cited in WRAY Report,) Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, Yemen and TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, The Netherlands, 1995 appendix ii 17 Jan. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Year 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 316 226 000 000 020 000 000 040 Feb. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 054 730 029 000 000 030 114 000 267 Mar. 000 000 272 045 000 000 000 072 074 000 300 000 000 075 011 000 000 Apr. 500 025 000 025 036 000 000 000 000 092 147 042 158 000 000 000 000 May 000 000 013 000 029 000 000 000 000 000 027 090 000 000 000 000 000 Jun. 010 025 012 075 073 095 000 000 016 000 226 000 000 000 011 000 000 Jul. 065 000 211 050 069 105 098 248 050 037 028 048 004 032 199 092 000 Aug. 000 582 320 045 016 215 013 000 025 563 210 040 290 130 302 257 000 Sep. 000 000 094 055 816 000 000 000 000 020 000 000 000 025 089 000 000 Oct. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 018 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Nov. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Dec. 575 632 922 295 540 495 111 320 219 1776 1193 220 451 635 725 348 327 Total Table 5(c). Monthly and total flow, 106 m3 , of Wadi Rabwa at Saba Weir, Yemen, for the period 1973–89 (cited in WRAY Report), Ministry of Oil and Water Resources, Yemen, and TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, The Netherlands, 1995 18 appendix ii Jan. (-) 15 02 14 148 23 13 57 18 19 11 04 22 20 29 22 (-) 03 31 39 02 (-) 02 (-) (-) (-) 06 Year 1951 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1961 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 1971 72 73 74 75 76 77 (-) 08 01 24 26 13 48 38 16 17 15 04 10 15 06 76 (-) 61 48 09 (-) (-) (-) 20 (-) 130 17 Feb. 140 11 02 135 61 06 61 25 10 135 10 31 06 05 02 12 38 18 128 305 52 (-) (-) 26 (-) 10 07 Mar. 105 112 333 106 45 129 560 103 05 212 54 58 770 373 258 46 182 247 67 158 51 (-) (-) 02 (-) 197 194 Apr. 110 27 24 88 60 11 880 03 88 303 11 28 493 43 06 (-) 507 110 87 53 276 (-) 08 59 (-) 133 23 May 16 37 33 146 86 20 180 21 30 20 48 116 88 45 01 31 (-) 70 (-) (-) 110 (-) 07 62 (-) 56 60 Jun. 138 117 500 666 202 148 180 173 128 100 121 80 374 506 209 117 414 484 42 223 94 (-) 08 103 (-) 88 56 Jul. 1155 543 385 881 375 513 624 315 520 117 397 678 570 623 461 295 209 407 577 397 135 (-) 87 (-) (-) 54 360 Aug. 146 326 324 432 548 185 138 64 398 178 182 467 171 336 155 323 136 275 316 123 105 (-) 200 (-) (-) 33 173 Sep. 38 05 38 163 43 205 57 22 42 140 21 21 67 125 34 27 (-) 49 07 67 (-) (-) 642 (-) (-) 20 (-) Oct. 15 04 39 73 28 15 73 21 24 11 24 14 56 25 74 19 (-) 60 16 01 (-) (-) 02 (-) (-) 68 (-) Nov. 20 09 108 61 42 12 52 18 29 23 13 12 21 39 14 02 (-) 05 45 03 (-) (-) (-) 32 (-) 09 (-) Dec. 1789 1881 1214 1789 2789 1662 1280 2866 860 1308 1275 907 1513 2648 2155 1249 Total Table 5(d). Monthly and total flow, 106 m3 , of Wadi Bana, Yemen, for the period 1951–77 (cited in WRAY Report), Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources of Yemen and TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, The Netherlands, 1995) appendix ii 19 Jan. 090 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 076 253 000 000 Year 1972 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1981 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 3600 000 000 000 000 000 567 000 000 000 000 1290 000 000 000 000 000 000 Feb. 1660 094 000 000 2280 000 018 033 000 1294 2250 000 000 000 000 652 000 2434 Mar. 1370 000 000 1130 000 5100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 700 10170 Apr. 1130 627 130 000 000 1099 556 000 000 000 1650 000 3390 000 048 065 086 000 May 000 000 240 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 263 1401 000 Jun. 000 000 060 000 000 000 264 000 000 148 1030 000 000 1183 000 053 2865 000 Jul. 000 000 240 000 000 016 017 038 240 115 2249 000 000 000 1800 125 1020 000 Aug. 794 905 7600 1660 000 059 041 027 1250 156 1540 000 000 687 1612 000 2657 000 Sep. 000 000 000 000 000 520 349 000 270 200 000 510 000 000 000 000 351 000 Oct. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 516 000 Nov. 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Dec. 864 163 828 279 228 165 181 10 176 1360 2900 205 339 187 346 116 960 3451 Total Table 5(e). Monthly and total flow, 106 m3 , of Wadi Ahwar, Yemen, for the period 1951–77 at Fouad Weir (cited in WRAY Report), Ministry of and Mineral Resources, Yemen and TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, The Netherlands, 1995) 20 appendix ii 435 106 276 262 293 048 089 003 237 023 000 Mawr La’ah Surdud Rima Zabid Rasyan Tuban Rabwa Bana Ahwar Adhana Amd/ Du’an Al-Ayn Sarr Ben-Ali Juaymah Idim Thibi Masila 499 070 248 166 271 109 052 040 287 303 624 Feb. 907 107 273 643 467 074 025 072 515 3584 908 Mar. 2365 235 653 978 913 141 458 050 1819 1026 3633 Apr. 1634 340 819 1571 1458 140 883 060 1430 1037 1493 May 1063 250 400 604 986 147 887 009 583 106 063 Jun. 1518 090 501 1753 1864 088 1237 032 2108 311 247 Jul. 3016 520 1164 1838 2530 089 2767 096 4449 326 1082 Aug. 1725 650 751 813 1797 202 3100 177 2389 1055 094 Sep. 820 460 450 433 988 256 953 065 832 122 405 Oct. 612 170 401 375 548 066 324 001 315 029 021 Nov. Explanation The mean annual flow volumeis calculated as the mean of available, complete annual flow volumes. Periods of record used in caculation: W. Mawr; 1975–92, W. La’ah; 1975–77, W. Surdud; 1965–67 and 1984–91, W. Rima; 1976–85, W. Zabid; 1970–92, W. Rasyan; 1981–84 and 1987–92, W. Tuban; 1973–80, W. Rabwa; 1973–89, W. Bana; 1951–77, W. Ahwar; 1972–89, W. Adhana; 1987–94, and W. Amd/Du’an and the remaining wadis; 1977 and 1987–81. Jan. Wadi 678 160 265 263 373 019 169 000 271 000 183 Dec. 968 300 415 075 4130 190 510 1623 316 693 989 1250 119 1094 576 1699 709 875 203 Total Table 5(f). Mean monthly and total runoff, 106 m3 , of 19 Wadis over different periods (cited in WRAY Report), Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, Yemen and TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, The Netherlands, 1995) appendix ii 21 22 appendix ii Table 6. Catchment areas and average discharges of major wadis in Oman (from ECWA, 1981, Country report of Oman, 1986 and Mohsen et al., 1995) Zone Name of wadi or group of wadis Catchment area, km2 Average rainfall, mm y−1 Musandam Peninsula Al-Batinah (east and middle) 234 Subtotal 234 Lansab Ar-Rasiel Samail Taww Al-Ma’awel Bani-Kharus Al-Far’ Bani-Ghafer Hajer Mabrah Minor wadis 39 32 364 39 137 347 339 279 85 91 50 Subtotal Al-Batinah (north) Hulu Hatta Al-Fay Rajimi and Zabin Fizh Bani-Omar (north and south) Souq Jizzi Yanbu/Salahi Al-Hilti Saken/Shida Sarami Shafan/Kanut Al Hawasina Ahen Sohar Al-Gharbi Shinas Aday (Adai)/Mayh Harabis, Shab Tiwi, Minor wadis Subtotal Sharqiyah (Eastern) and coastal plains Mean annual runoff, 106 m3 gauged adopted Dayqah Mijlas Ben-Khaled Al Batha 2400 310 730 1050 1290 878 495 1090 193 167 187 187 195 232 200 138 8233 1802 254 780 306 725 290 490 211 172 225 187 186 155 54 133 41 95 77 159 1250 174 910 360 550 824 620 830 880 420 290 1200 193 124 150 190 163 180 132 177 124 113 19 249 60 100 44 83 81 111 75 69 37 21 94 1400 250 210 34 12379 2000 450 400 8300 1846 175 166 250 175 433 109 41 725 23 appendix ii Fulayj Andam/Samad Ibra Bani Battash Aghda Qanet Upper Saad Upper Ethly Ghulaji Fath Mangrid Al-Zaher Tima Salim Al-Qabil Subtotal Interior (Northern) Dhahirah Jufra Al Ayn Al Kabir Al-Aridh Yanqul Lusayl Sharm Sumayni Bijalah Al-Khubayb Buraymi/border wadis Muraykhat Sifa Tumayma Datah Dank Mangal Helm Minor wadis Subtotal Interior (north central and coastal Interior (Southern) 830 3170 189 188 595 190 140 225 200 200 758 87 16880 215 235 62 32 103 39 58 34 35 05 33 27 29 10 283 2508 720 1490 863 661 1460 1726 478 298 207 206 2750 168 173 169 225 250 247 250 225 225 225 163 52 148 141 33 66 175 27 36 14 39 359 250 290 1590 200 1250 168 168 168 168 168 21 66 267 14 125 733 14439 Jahla Al Abyadh Al Ajai Ma’will Rubkhab Al Hawqayn 350 1040 260 730 520 1160 Subtotal 4060 Al-Ula Sifam Bahla Halfayn Muaydan Nizwa 630 610 1000 420 340 2316 190 192 154 177 186 185 67 200 40 129 97 215 748 138 152 220 214 220 57 164 454 141 132 253 (Continued) 24 appendix ii Table 6. (Continued) Zone Name of wadi or group of wadis Catchment area, km2 Average rainfall, mm y−1 Tenuf Al-Ghul Remaining Omani wadis Mean annual runoff, 106 m3 gauged adopted 91 44 Subtotal 3000 Dhigda Aqbiyah Mistal Haylaln Huthal Doqal Al-Khabiyat Bld Dawr Ham Fujayra/Dahnah Dhabb Shansi Limah Khafifah Bani-Habib Al-Habyat Maqniyat.Khawir Al-Shukayyah Jawwal/Mudabbah Al-Musaydirah Ausaq Nagab/Shan 105 622 1010 702 600 540 662 175 475 387 663 236 140 394 789 369 1028 205 618 319 400 587 1336 175 165 215 193 200 200 180 150 207 200 225 250 250 225 227 275 250 250 225 225 225 250 Subtotal 11026 710 Total 70017 11500 25 appendix ii Table 7. Catchment areas and average discharges of the major wadis in Saudi Arabia Zone Name of wadi or group of wadis Asir-Wadi Dawasir Province (II) Turabah Ranyah Bishah Tathlieth Dawasir 3720 11950 35780 29782 Subtotal 82400 Asir-W. Najran Province (III) Idemah Habawnah Tabalah Najran Subtotal Er-Riyadh Province (V) 6475 4930 1270 4800 Average rainfall, mm y−1 Mean annual runoff, 106 m3 gauged adopted 200–300 35 30 150 60 (-) 330 200–300 250 5 65 25 90 146000 135 Tuwayq Mountains Marrat formations Aruma formations Other formations Subtotal Red Sea Coastal Belt Province (VI) Catchment area, km2 200 15 70 15 105000 Sabya 843 Khulab 869 Dhamad 1084 Jizan 1100 Liyyah 1293 Itwad 1553 Was’a, Qarah, A’qas, and Shahdan Atoud (–) Shafaqah and Hali Tieh and Yiba Qanunah Eyar and Al-Lith Fatima Khulays 5220 Baysh 5164 Rabigh Subtotal 300 275 500 346 550 266 163 (–) 350 300–400 194000 North Tuwayq Sudair, Meshgar / 152800 Namil, Northwest Aremah, Ashirah and Marrat formations South Tuwayq Wadi Birka- Al Maqran/Jadwal Hawtah, Nesah, 48300 162300 30 60 375 80 375 55 (–) 65 235 100 30 110 60 50 45 45 55 65 1060 50–100 95 55 100 (Continued) 26 appendix ii Table 7. (Continued) Zone Name of wadi or group of wadis Nesah-Sahba Ar Rema-Hafr el Batin Hanifa, Sahba W. Ar Rema, Hafr 1023700 el Batin, R. el-Khali, An Nafud, W. Sarhan Wajj and Aqiq 43200 As Sirhan 192300 At Taif Al Jawf Subtotal Total Catchment area, km2 Average rainfall, mm y−1 Mean annual runoff, 106 m3 gauged adopted 20 N.A. 25 N.A. 1622600 2150000 2120 27 appendix ii Table 8. Catchment areas and average discharges of major wadis in the United Arab Emirates (ECWA Report, 1981, Traditional water Irrigation, 1982 and Country Report of of United Arab Emirates, 1986) Zone E. Drainage East Coast E.Drainage (Southern Area) W. Drainage (Central Area) Name of wadi or group of wadis Qar (near J.Faiyah) W.Ham (near Bithna) W. Farah (U.S. old village) W. Farfar (U.S. Farfar) W. Hatta W. Ghor W. Masfut (Warrah) (Masfut) W. Siji (near Siji) W. Murrad W. Ghail W. Lamah (near Falaj al-Mulla) (near T. Qaran) W. Bih (near Burayrat) (near Al-Fulayyah) W. Semaini (near T. Bahuth) Peak flow, m3 s−1 42.5 29.5 Probable duration, h 20 2 Probable flood volume, 106 m3 106 m3 y−1 1.500 0.105 0.037 0.510 0.610 0.750 0.560 0.265 50.5 4 0.360 0.440 0.366 87.4 20 3.140 54.7 190.5 58.4 76.5 12 54 15 20 1.180 17.440 1.580 2.760 28 appendix ii Table 9. Estimated annual storm runoff for wadi basins in Jordan (ECWA Report, 1981 and Biswas (editor), 1994) Area/Wadi Year Annual rainfall volume, 106 m3 Runoff coefficient % Eastern Jordan Valley W. Arab W. Ziglab W. Jurum W. Yabis W. Kufrinja W. Rajib W. Zarqa W. Shueib W. Kafrein Subtotal 6.5 2.2 0.2 1.6 1.0 1.3 46.5 1.8 1.4 average dry wet 1025 811 1271 6.1 3.8 8.3 Dead Sea Basin W. Zerqa Ma’an W. Wala W. Mujib W. Al-Kerak W. Hasa Subtotal Desert Basins Subtotal Total Estimated surface runoff, 106 m3 y−1 62.5 30.8 105.5 3.0 16.6 20.7 3.2 4.9 average dry wet 1345 914 1810 3.6 1.8 5.4 48.4 16.5 98.8 average dry wet 2068 1381 2755 1.4 0.3 2.8 29.2 4.7 78.3 average dry wet 140.1 52.0 282.6 29 appendix ii Table 10. Some data of seasonal (wadi) streams in Algeria and their respective catchment areas (from Rapport National de la Republique Algerienne Democratique et Populaire, 1983) Name of principal catchment Chott Chirgui Zahrez Chott Hudna Chott Merhir Plains south of Mount Ksour Guir High Constantine Plateaus Total Catchment area, km2 Annual rainfall depth, mm Annual rainfall volume, 109 m3 49400 9100 25800 59200 22700 240 270 290 255 250 11856 2457 7513 14956 5675 240 60 250 380 150 2.02 2.47 3.33 2.54 2.64 22600 150 3390 200 5.90 9600 400 3840 200 5.21 49687 1480 2.98 198000 Surface runoff, −1 106 m3 y Runoff coefficient, % 30 appendix ii Table 11. Some precipitation, runoff and runoff coefficient data of the Gorgol and Ghorfa Wadis, Mauritania, for the period 1977–79 (ORSTOM/WMO Report PROJET MAU 77/005, 1980) Name of wadi and year of observation White Gorgol 1978 Black Gorgol 1977 1978 Ghorfa 1979 Total Average Catchment area, km2 Annual rainfall depth, mm Annual rainfall volume, 106 m3 Surface runoff, 106 m3 y−1 8370 237 1984 8950 200 261 1790 2336 213 287 11.9 12.3 5020 22340 301 1511 7621 5558 260 807.5 557.5 17.2 47.5 Runoff coefficient, % 2.4 10.0 ) ) 4000 > 500 250–300 Thickness, m ) ) 500–6000 300–3500 250–1200 500∗ –2500 40 T∗ , m2 d−1 Explanation ∗ T = transmissivity, ∗∗ S = storativity, R = recharge and = down to 300 m depth. Upp. Aqui = Upper aquifer and Low. Aqui. = Lower aquifer. Sarir Upp. aqui Low. aqui 675 Kufra Upp.aqui ) ) ) ) ) ) 1800 Nubian sandstone basin Libya Libya, Chad, Algeria, and Niger Chad, Libya, Egypt and Sudan Libya Algeria and Tunisia 375 240 175 350 Morocco 330 Grand Occidental Erg Grand Oriental Erg Tanzarouft Fazzan Marzuq (including Fazzan) Countries sharing the resource Areal extent, 103 km2 Basin/Aquifer 1–150 50∗ –0.1 S∗∗ 10−4 ∗ Well yield, l s−1 Salinity, ppm 4–140 20 60 600 300 R 106 m3 y−1 Storage , 106 m3 Table 12. Hydrogeological characteristics of the groundwater basins in the Western and Central sub-regions (from Gischler, 1979 and ECWA, 1981) appendix ii 31 Area extent, 103 km2 77 Umm erRadhuma 6.5 ) ) Al-Wassie ) ) Formations of Calcareous Facies Al-Dammam ) 20 Al-Ulat ) ) Al-Khobar ) Al-Manjour Al-Bayadh Al-Tabuk Al-Wajid Formations of Sandy Facies Al-Saq 160 Formation/ Aquifer Oman, Yemen, S. Arabia, Bahrain, Syria and Jordan Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain S. Arabia S. Arabia, Yemen, Qatar and Jordan S.Arabia JordanS. Arabia S.Arabia Countries sharing the resource ) ) ) 300 57 ) ) ) ) ) ) 3.5 – 5∗ 104 7800 0.5 – 112–8380 200–230 83 40–1380 864–1040 13–130 50–1800 35–24000 T, m2 d−1 350–400 30–630 20–1050 200–420 Thickness, m ) ) ) 83 3.0 – 2 1.3 1200 1.3 0.25 S ∗ 10−4 ) ) ) ) ) ) 10 – 70 7– 4–10 50–170 25–50 15–22 max. 100 15–40 max. 80 max. 127 Well yield, l s−1 ) ) ) 12 g l−1 1–5 g l−1 3500 1000 – ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1000–3000 ) ) 550–900 1000 Salinity, ppm 2.4 1.6 0.42 0.08 0.115 R, 109 m3 y−1 Table 13. Hydrogeological characteristics of the groundwater basins in the Eastern sub-region (from Gischler, 1979 and ECWA, 1981) 1.6 487 430 475 Storage, 106 m3 32 appendix ii 3–6 2–5 13000 35000 8500 55000 9- Discontinuous aquifers of the Mauritanide arch 50000 15000 N. I. 300–800 50–100 N. I.∗∗ 60–120 22–47 130000 400 25–55 Exploitable resource, 106 m3 90000 Surface∗ area, km2 8- Alluvial aquifers at or near the ground surface 1- Sedimentary basin south east of Mauritania 2- Sandy aquifer of the Aoukar 3- Continental Itercalary Sand-stones of Dhahr el-Na’ama 4- Sandstone aquifers of the Infra-Cambrian (Al-Ajoun) 5- Primary dolomites aquifer at the foot of the Tagant and Assaba Plateau 6- Primary sandstone aquifer of the Tagant and Assaba Plateaus 7- Discontinuous aquifers (pelites and dolomites) Basin No./name N. I. 5–10 N. I. 10–15 5–35 50–70 15–30 5–80 Depth below surface, m 50–70 70 + /20 50–70 15–30 70 + /20 15–30 10–25 100–120 20–40 12–20 60–100 25–40 10–20 50–70 40–150 10–70 20–40 Depth of well, m N. I. 1–10 1–4 4–6 10–25 0.5–10 5–20 60–150 2–6 5–50 2–6 10–20 1–4 20–70 2–5 2–5 Well discharge, m3 h−1 Fractured Schistes Silt, gravely sands and clays Fractured pelites/ dolomites Fractured sandstone Fractured and karstified dolomites Sandstone Fractured sandstone Sandstone Sandy clay Sand Sandstone Lithology Table 14. Hydrogeological and lithological data of groundwater aquifers in Mauritania (from country Report of Mauritania, 1986) (Continued) Recharge by seepage from Senegal River Artesian Artesian Remarks appendix ii 33 N. I. N. I. N. I. N. I. N. I. N. I. 50000 35000 1200 300000 N. I. Exploitable resource, 106 m3 250000 Surface∗ area, km2 Explanation ∗ Total surface area of groundwater sources = 1000000 km2 and 10- Discontinuous aquifers of crystalline rock, north of Mauritania 11- Primary sandstone aquifer of the Adrar 12- Pre-Cambrian sandstone and calcareous aquifers of the Adrar 13- Aquifers of the primary formations of the Tendouf Basin 14- Aquifers of the primary and secondary groups of the Taoudeni Basin 15- Deep aquifers (Maastrichtian) Basin No./name Table 14. (Continued) ∗∗ N. I. N. I. N. I. 40–? 50–100 50–70 Depth of well, m N. I. = No information. N. I. N. I. N. I. N. I. N. I. N. I. Depth below surface, m N. I. N. I. N. I. 5–15 N. I. Well discharge, m3 h−1 N. I. N. I. N. I. Calcareous sandstone Fractured sandstone Crystalline rock Lithology Remarks 34 appendix ii Keybouse Constantine coastal strip Kebir Rhumel Constantine upper plains Isser Sebaou Soummam Chott Hodna Algerian coast Zahrez Limestone, dolomite and alluvium alluvial alluvium-Quaternary Miocene-alluvial Miocene-Pliocene26000 Quaternary limestone, sand, alluvial alluvial alluvial alluvial alluvial Plio.-Quaternary Sandstone-Oligo miocene sandstone-lime stone- 9000 Quaternary alluvial, sandstone 1450 Tafna Ouahran coast Cheliff Surface area, km2 Type of aquifer Formation/ groundwater aquifer 50–300 50–200 50–300 Aquifer thickness, m artesian-30 artesian-30 5–40 Depth to water level, m normal normal normal normal normal partly artesian normal partly artesian normal normal normal normal normal normal Type of aquifer flow 250 Annual abstraction, 106 m3 34 88 30 65 50 100 157 140 345 50 44 60 120 80 Aquifer capacity, 106 m3 Table 15. Summary of the available hydrogeological properties of groundwater reservoirs in the different parts of Algeria 500–1500 500–3000 Volume of aquifer water, 109 m3 (Continued) 168 Salinity of water ppm appendix ii 35 alluvial, cretaceous sandstone alluvial dolomite cretaceous sandstone, alluvial sand, limestone Type of aquifer Sahara (Albien) sandstone Total capacity of reservoirs Mejerda Chott Chirgui Algeria’s high plains Sahara (Tertiary) Chott Melghir Formation/ groundwater aquifer Table 15. (Continued) 2200 100–300 Surface Aquifer area, thickness, km2 m Depth to water level, m artesian, normal normal normal normal normal Type of aquifer flow Annual abstraction, 106 m3 894 4051 1474 25 60 20 215 Aquifer capacity, 106 m3 400–1500 Volume Salinity of aquifer of water water, ppm 109 m3 36 appendix ii 37 appendix ii Table 16. Results of pumping test data as obtained from some aquifers in Egypt Basin Reservoir thickness, m Transmissivity, 103 m2 d−1 Storativity Daily recharge, 103 m3 Natrun/Qattara/Siwa Natrun (Pleistocene and Miocene) Lower formation Marmarica (Siwa depression) Moghra (Qattara - Natrun) 5–20 N.A. N.A. 0.1 N.A. N.A. 3.25∗ 10−3 N.A. N.A. 156–181 N.A. N.A. Nubian sandstone Northern part (Siwa Oasis) Middle part Southern part Bahariya and Farafra Oases Dakhla Oasis Kharga Oasis Nasser Lake East Uweinat 1000 2000 N.A. 1880 1850 1280 200 410 5.6 15.4 N.A. 0.85 0.95 0.51 N.A. 2.1 Nile Delta and Valley basin Nile Delta Nile Valley 100–900 10–200 5–30 0.5–2 420 1400 1221 16 (1–10)∗ 10−4 (1–10)∗ 10−4 N.A. N.A. 38 appendix ii Table 17. Hydrogeology of the groundwater reservoirs and formations in the Arab Republic of Egypt (from the documents presented to UNESCO meetings) Groundwater water-bearing formation Formation material Surface area, 103 km2 Northwest coastal basin Recent sand dunes sandstone Recent sediments sand and pebbles Old sand dunes limestone Natrun/Qattara/Siwa Pleistocene and Pleiocene sediments Marmarica (Middle Miocene) Moghra (Lower Miocene) Thickness of formation, m Depth to water level, m 1.0 1.5–10 0.5–2.5 2–4 2–15 2–20 10–20 10–20 basin sand and pebbles limestone 5–25 N.A. sandstone 0–550 N.A. Outflow from reservoir, 106 m3 y−1 0.360 0.250 0.25 29.2 ∗ 100 36.3+ Nubian sandstone basin Nubian sandstone sandstone 1000 200–2000 N.A. 323 Nile Delta and Valley basin Nile Delta sand and gravel Nile Valley sand and gravel 22.0 12.0 up to 500 15–250 2–4 2–8 1573 1361 Total Total recharge, storage, 106 m3 y−1 109 m3 6.2 27.9 27.9 62.0 125.0 36.3 317 2600 5500 6000 300 200 Explanation ∗ 50∗ 106 m3 y−1 are lost in Siwa Oasis and+ 36.3 ∗ 106 m3 y−1 are lost in the Qattara Depression. 39 appendix ii Table 18. Summary of the groundwater potentialities of the Eastern Region of The Sudan (Hussein, 1986) Aquifer Depth to water table, m Permeability, m d−1 Transmissivity, m2 d−1 Storativity, Annual renewed volume, 106 m3 Mesozoic sandstone/ Tertiary Basalt Paleo-Quaternary alluvial deposits Khor Arbaat Khor Baraka-Delta Tokar River Gash Rivers Seteit and Atabra 50–200 0.010.0.10 35–165 2∗ 10−7 –63∗ 10−2 40.0 10 7–9 0.87–250 20–4000 86–860 0.015 0.003–0.26 13.5 55.0 1–5860 71–5875 0.0019–0.2 0.22 72.3 ? 3–30 7 40 appendix ii Table 19. Groundwater aquifers and springs flowing in Syria, and their average discharges (from ECWA Report, 1982 and Country Report of Syria, 1986) Water-bearing formation/aquifer Spring Jurassic Dolomite and Limestone Banyas Barada Al-Bared Naour Senn 1700 3500 1300 650 8000 Middle Cretaceous Limestone and Dolomites Fijeh Fasraya Tannur Al-Sakhinah Tell-Ayoun East Ghab North Tartus Himma 8000 250 1200 450 5500 9000 1500 800 Paleogene and Marine Miocene Limestone Ras el-Ain Arous Rouj Plain Healan Qarena Maneen Gypsum, Anhydrite and Sandstone Volcanic Rocks Hol Khatouniya Tell Taban Mzeirib Zizon Sakhinah Ashari, ) Ghazoly, ) Bandak, ) Sheikh ) Maskyn ) Sayadah Burjiyat Fajir Juleibina Total discharge, m3 s−1 Average discharge, l s−1 45000 4000 2500 250 150 400 800 250 600 1500 7500 500 900 400 900 150 300 100 10805 41 appendix ii Table 20. Average yield of water wells used for drinking purpose in the West Bank, Palestine (from the Country Report of Palestine, 1986) Well. No. Name of well and it’s location Well yield, m3 h−1 Well No. Name of well and it’s location Well yield, m3 h−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Jenin Araba (1) Jabatiya (1) Tulkarm (1) Tulkarm (2) Tulkarm (3) Qeffin Zeeta Daer el Ghusoun Hebla Azzoun Qalqilya (1) Qalqilya (2) Beit Ieba Daer Sharaf (1) Daer Sharaf (2) 60 130–170 90–100 80 80 90 80 100 760 90 45–60 100 140–150 170–200 35–40 60–70 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 El-Bazzan (1) Al-Far’a (2) Al-Far’a (1) Tobas Az-Zawya Anabta (1) Anabta (2) Shebtin (4)∗ Ain Samia (1)∗ Ain Samia (2)∗ Batn el-Ghul (1) Batn el-Ghul (2) Batn el-Ghul (3) Beit Fujjar Beit el-samou’ Al-Fawwar (1)x Al Fawwar (2)x 270–300 160–180 45–60 80–90 30–40 70–80 70–90 120 160–180 75–80 330–380 220–380 100–120 50–60 30–40 50–70 Total Explanation ∗ = Ramalla area 4200 = Beitlahm area and x = Hebron Al-Khalil area. 42 appendix ii Table 21(a). Groundwater resources in Jordan (cited in ECWA Report,1982) Groundwater area Baseflow discharge Replenishment Yarmouk Basin East Jordan Valley Jordan Valley Zarqa River Basin Dead Sea Basin West Araba Basin Red Sea Basin Jafer Basin Azraq River Basin Wadi Sirhan Wadi Hammad area 34.0 91.1 56.0 35.8 137.5 14.7 0.6 2.4 15.1 (-) (-) 3.2 32.4 35.2 54.6 19.7 21.0 8.5 65.4 71.3 39.5 15.0 37.2 123.5 91.2 90.4 157.2 35.7 9.1 67.8 86.4 39.5 15.0 2.0 29.6 2.0 1.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 61.0 58.0 35.5 5.0 15 18 18 55 53 8 8 42 20 5 5 600 0 3550 1700 2900 1000 450 4400 1680 50 0 Total, 106 m3 y−1 387.2 365.8 753.0 203.1 247 16330 All figures in the above table are in 106 m3 y−1 . Total recharge Under flow Exploitation Available storage 43 appendix ii Table 21(b). Some data of major groundwater resources in Jordan (from Al-Weshah, 1992) Groundwater area Baseflow discharge Yarmouk (Historic average) Side wadis to the Jordan Zarka River Dead Sea wadis Wadis Mujib, Hassa and Yitim Wadi Araba Red sea Jafer basin Azraq River Basin Wadi sirhan Wadi-Hammad area 167 53 240–800 66 46 44 67 28 26 94 60 450–3000 400–3000 500–1000 8 8 78∗ 20 5 5 800–2500 700–1500 800–3500 300–800 >1000 >1000 Total, 106 m3 y−1 434 4 12 (-) (-) All figures in the above table are in 106 m3 y−1 . Exploitation 357 Salinity, ppm E1. Dibdiba E- Desert (northern and southern) E3. Sandstone E2. Limestone D2. Upper Fars Plain MiocenePliocene EocenePaleocene Cretaceous and older Miocene Miocene D1. Lower Fars D- Jezira Miocene/ Eocene B2. Marls and fold Quaternary Pliocene/ Pleistocene B1. Bakhtiari and older gravel C- Delta Plain B- Fold and Terrace PlioceneQuaternary A3. Alluvium A.2. Clastic Cretaceous and older as in A1 A.1. Limestone A- Mountain Age of aquifer Area Groundwater province Porous Fractured Porous Porous Porous Porous Porous, fractured Porous Porous Porous Fractured Type Moderate to low Moderate to low High Medium-low Medium Variable Variable High High Medium- low High Yield (per source) Moderate to poor Moderate to good poor Fair Poor Poor Good to poor Good Good Variable Good Water quality Moderate Variable High Moderate Moderate High Low High High Low Low Storage Table 22. Summary of descriptive assessment of the major groundwater aquifers in Iraq (from Jibrael, 1973) Limited Limited Moderate Poor Poor Good Variable Good Good Good Good Amount from the Eocene limestone aquifer Direct precipitation, wadi floods Precipitation and wadi floods Mainly from precipitation as in D1 Drainage, some precipitation Precipitation, lateral inflow from surface drainage and from other aquifers Precipitation, perennial drainage,overlying limestone Direct precipitation and surface drainage Precipitation, lateral inflow, perennial drainage Rainfall and snow Recharge source 44 appendix ii 45 appendix ii Table 23. Summary of water-holding characteristics of the groundwater formations in Kuwait (from Country Report of Kuwait, 1986) Formation Lithology Kuwaiti Group Recent Beach sand, eolian sand, valley fills and sabkha sediments Dibdibba Sand and ground complex with sandstone, clay and silt (105 m) Fars Calcareous sandstone with clays and gypsum (105 m) Ghar Quartzitic sandstone with gravel and some silt at bottom (275 m) Hasa Group Dammam Rus Umm erRadhuma Chert and silicious chalky limestone. Dolomite with subordinates of anhydrite and clays (180–220 m) Limestone and anhydrite (75–120 m) Limestone, dolomite with anhydrite Explanation = thickness of water-bearing formation Figure 9.21 Water-holding characteristics Exploitation area High permeabilioty, local freshwater Coastal areas High permeability, local freshwater under wadi beds and depressions. Salinity increases with depth Low permeability, low salinity at depths with local freshwater under wadi beds and depressions Generally contains deep groundwater with low salinity Rawdatein, UmAl-Aish Abdaly and other private wells Medium permeability with low water salinity in southwest Kuwait and high salinity in northwestern Kuwait Saline water Sulaibiya, Abdaliya, and well fields A∗ , B∗ , C∗ and other scattered wells Well field A∗ , Wafra and other private wells Saline water with H2 S gas ∗ = location of well fields are indicated on the map in 46 appendix ii Table 24. Summary of lithology and aquifer characteristics in Saudi Arabia (from ECWA Report, 1986) Era Age Formation Lithology∗ Cenezoic Quaternary/ Tertiary Surficial deposits and basalts Gr, Sa, Si, and Ba. Tertiary (Meocene/ Pliocene) Kharj Hofuf Dam Hadrukh (Eocene) Mesozoic Thickness, m Aquifer characteristics Ls, lac.Ls, Gy s. Ma, s. Ls Ma, Sh, Ss cal., si. Ss 28 95 91 84 Produce variable quantity and quality of water depending upon recharge. Basalt yields little water in western S. Arabia. Generally called Neogene aquifer. Irregular occurrence of water. Artesian and non-artesian conditions. Prolific aquifer in the areas of Hofuf, Wadi Miyah and some others in Eastern Province. Dammam Rus Ls, Do Ma, chl. Ls 35 56 (Paleocene) Umm er-Raduma Ls, Do 243 One of the most prolific aquifers of S. Arabia with transmissivity in the range 7,400–44,000 m2 d−1 . Cretaceous Aruma Ls 142 Produces little water of low quality. Wasia Ss, Sh 42–500 Low productive near outcrop, high productive artesian and non-artesian conditions in Eastern province. Hydraulically connected with Riyadh near outcrops. Riyadh Buwaib Ss, Sh cal. Ls 425–600 180 Yamama Biogenic 45 Sulaiy Hith chl. Ls An 170 90 Arab cal, aph. Ls 124 Jubaila Hanifa Tuwaiq Dhruma aph. aph. aph. aph. 118 113 203 375 Jurassic Triassic Ls Ls Ls Ls, Ss Produces fair amounts of water with artesian and non-artesian conditions. Moderately productive Sandstone aquifer, hydraulically interconnected with Wasia near outcrop. Yields always mineralized water Yields little water, mostly mineralized. Irregular occurrence of water. Same as Arab formation Produces moderate amount of water in the 47 appendix ii Sandstone aquifer. In the south it is hydraulically connected with Minjur formation. Paleozoic Marrat Sh, aph. Ls 103 Minjur Ss, Sh 315 Jilh aph. Ls, Ss, Sh 326 Sudair Sh 116 Khuff, Faw Ls, Sh, Ss in the south 171 Wajeed Ss, Precambrian B.C. 950 Devonian Jawf Ls, Sh, Ss 299 Devonian/ Siurian Tabuk Ss, Sh 1072 Saq Ss 300–600 Permian Yields fair amount of water with fair-poor quality Productive sandstone aquifer with flowing and non-flowing artesian conditions. Hydaulically connecdted with Minjur formation, produces poor-quality water. Moderately productive limestone aquifer, mostly mineralized water, Highly productive limestone aquifer, with flowing and non-flowing artesian conditions. Productive generally in el-Jawf area. Productive Sandstone aquifer with flowing and non-flowing artesian conditions One of the most productive sandstone aquifers of S. Arabia, with flowing and non-flowing artesian conditions. Cambrian Abbreviations ∗ Gr = gravel, Sa = sand, Si = silt, Ba = basalt, Ls = limestone, lac. = lacustrine, Gy = gypsum, s. Ma = sandy marl, s. Ls = sandy limestone, Ma = marl, Sh = shale, Ss = sandstone, cal. = calcarenite, si. Ss = silty sandstone, Do = dolomite, chl.Ls = chalky limestone, cal. Ls = calcareous limestone, An = Anhydrite, aph. Ls = aphanetic limestone and B.C. = basement complex Habisa B. Wier L/B B. wier R/B 5 6 7 Museira 4 Bathna weir 0.47 0.47 0.68 0.50 x Mamdouk 3 148 025 009 044 006 003 025 x x Farah Farfar East Coast 1 2 U.S. Old Village U.S. Farfar Village Mamdouk Village D.S. of Bathina wier Upper Bathina Bathina wier 107 093 030 069 096 202 047 201 159 1978 0.76 0.93 0.46 0.76 0.68 2.05 0.43 1.83 2.11 Discharge, 106 m3 y−1 , for the years, 1977 125 Location of falaj 1.42 Name of falaj Southern Drainage (Al-Ain area) 1 Ain Ain.Sukhna Park Suknah 2 Maziad Sheikh Zayed 3 Jimi Jimi Oasis 4 Qattarah Qattarah Oasis 5 Hili hili Oasis 6 Daudi D.S. Falaj Al-Ain 7 Al-Ain Near Hilton Ho. 8 Muttarad N. Clock Tower 9 Buraimi Al-Ain 10 Sarrah Buraimi Drainage area & Serial No. 073 013 001 019 008 005 022 107 x x 066 093 197 028 207 269 125 1979 047 009 025 024 006 003 013 121 x x 071 093 227 013 224 281 060 1980 119 001 047 025 001 x x 082 x x 082 084 222 013 237 222 063 1981 094 002 090 082 028 x 145 095 x x 067 032 102 x 119 211 152 1982 088 016 040 041 010 004 051∗ 098 093∗ 038∗ 072 077 193 029∗ 195 226 111 Average Table 25. Annual falage flows in the period 1977–82 in the different drainage areas of the United Arab Emirates (from the Country Report of UAE, 1986) 48 appendix ii Kalba 9 Dhaid Massafi Al-Mulla Manama 6 7 8 9 Nasla Rafaq Munnai Eastern Drainage 6 Howailat 7 Warrah 8 Dofdhaa 3 4 5 Eastern Drainage (Central area) 1 Hadaf 2 Sheedam Murrad Ghail 4 5 Western Drainage (Central area) 1 Fili 2 Bagah 3 Asimah Awina 8 Howailat Village Wadi Masfut Masfut area D.S. Wadi Ghor Munnai Village Hatta R/B of wadi Sheedam x D.S. Assima Village Wadi Murrad U.S. Ghail Village Dhaid Police Stat. Old Massafi Village Falaj Al-Mulla Village Old Manama Village 0.82 0.43 0.08 x 0.93 0.35 x x 0.25 0.44 0.22 0.46 x x x x 0.03 Fili Village Saqamqam Village Kalba 019 017 008 x 038 014 x x 006 032 028 044 x 025 006 x x 003 019 049 x x 048 013 x x 006 x 025 041 x 016 008 x x 003 x 063 006 x 038 019 x x 016 047 025 043 x 006 009 x x 002 019 035 006 060 075 x 043 023 003 047 035 054 003 006 025 009 013 x 002 04∗ 056 028∗ 06∗ 075 016∗ 061 023∗ 014 043∗ 028 043 044 039 025 009 012 x∗ 003 (Continued) 063 126 11 x 158 001 079 x 027 047 035 032 085 140 x x 022 x 006 appendix ii 49 Masfut Sagheer Sahreeha Hatta D.S. Hatta Dam 9 10 11 12 13 0.16 0.25 1.15 0.50 0 Khatt area Khatt area Khatt area Khatt area 0.28 0.18 0.35 0.40 Discharge, 106 m3 y−1 , for the years, 1977 area) Khatt area Wadi Masfut Hatta Hatta Hatta Hatta Location of falaj Explanation ∗ = Falaj has dried off or stopped flowing Western Drainage (Northern 1 Khatt Spring North 2 Khatt North 2nd Spring 3 Khatt Spring 4 Habab 5 Usayli Name of falaj Drainage area & Serial No. Table 25. (Continued) 050 013 088 032 006 02 017 013 019 1978 076 011 088 060 020 014 028 008 025 1979 069 0 063 063 035 016 044 020 045 1980 077 01 049 x 043 022 x 038 045 126 1981 054 016 073 x 058 06 063 x 035 429 1982 063 013 079 045 030 027 034∗ 023∗ 044 278 Average 50 appendix ii 51 appendix ii Table 26. Lithology and hydrogeological characteristics of rock units in North Yemen (formerly YAR) (ECWA Report, 1981) Formation Age Thickness, m Lithology Hydrogeology Tihama Plain Alluvials Quaternary 0–600 Good to excellent unconfined aquifer, good quality water Upper catchment alluvials Quaternary volcanics Quaternary Variable, up to 500 m Quaternary Variable Yemen volcanics Tertiarycretaceous Variable, up to 1200 m Tawilah Series Cretaceous about 400 m Allvium, conglomerate, silt, sand and gravel. Thickens towards the coast Alluvium, coarse boulders conglomerate to clay Basaltic lava interbedded with fluviatile and lacustrine sediments Lavas, aglomerates, tuffs interbedded with alluvium Sandstone with conglomerates Amran Series Jurassic ? 350 Kholan Series Jurassic 100–500 Pre-Cambrian PreCambrian ? Limestones, rocks, shales Sandstone and conglomerates Crystalline metamorphic and intrusive rocks Good to excellent unconfined aquifer, good quality water Fair to good, unconfined aquifer Fair to good, unconfined aquifer Good, satisfactory water quality, unconfined aquifer Aquiclude or poor aquifer Good semi-confined to confined but poor quality Aquifuge 52 appendix ii Table 27. Hydrology and water quality of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Jordan (after Al-Sheriadeh, 1997) WWTP Name Period of record Parameter s Flow m3 d−1 BOD5 mg l−1 Influent Affluent As’Samra 86–96 Aqaba 87–96 Mafraq 88–96 Ramtha 88–96 Ma’an 90–96 Madaba 90–96 Irbid 87–96 Salt 86–96 Jerash 85–96 AbuNusseir Baqa 88–96 Karak 88–96 Tafieleh 88–96 Kufrenja 90–96 M∗ s∗∗ M s M s M s M s M s M s M s M s M s M s M s M s M s 105573 31260 4520 1249 1325 449 1014 389 1209 373 1209 373 5373 2476 3559 287 1183 357.4 1417 90 4715 1777.3 797 322 672 300 811 337 6368 1308 3756 613 7582 2319 10975 2441 8307 1310 8307 1310 11794 287 8400 203 9323 168 6408 239 11541 2174 6442 550 9760 449 8643 237 743 379 871 138 1397 551 1529 657 2288 467 2288 467 2336 98 563 78 2007 91 636 38 1066 1548 1513 143 3603 52 1327 32 Total 88-96 133377 Explanation M∗ = arithmetic mean and s∗∗ = mboxstandarddeviation TSS, mg l−1 Influent 5526 1602 3599 2492 6406 2108 9546 2166 7246 2094 7246 2094 13713 408 8604 376 8833 317 6326 276 10936 1313 5241 742 7689 445 8706 336 Affluent 1347 278 498 1218 2602 387 1622 456 2132 418 2132 418 4051 180 965 242 1863 155 708 78 1578 683 1386 158 1900 122 3782 177 53 appendix ii Table 28. Capacities and capital costs for some of the seawater desalination plants in Saudi Arabia (from Bushnak, 1995) Year 1978 1979 1982 1985 1986 1987 1987 1988 1992 1992 1992 1993 1993 Total Type SWRO∗ MSF∗∗ MSF SWRO MSF MSF SWRO SWRO MSF SWRO SWRO MSF MSF Location Jeddah Jeddah III Jeddah IV Jeddah I-Rehab Assir Al-Khobar Jubail III Jubail IV Medina-Yanbu II Medina-Yanbu II Al-Jubail III Khobar III Shuaibah Capacity Mgd+ 103 m3 d−1 317 2100 5800 1500 2700 6300 3000 2400 3200 3000 2400 6300 10600 120 800 2200 568 1023 2400 1136 909 1280 1360 800 2400 4000 49617 18996 Capital cost, $US Gpd m3 d−1 946 164 936 287 474 458 376 642 600 757 577 472 397 2497 4330 2471 758 1251 1209 993 1695 1797 2010 1730 1417 1190 Explanation SWRO∗ = Seawater reverse osmosis, MSF∗∗ = Multi-stage flash and Mgpd+ = million gallons per day (all gallons are imperial gallons, 1 imperial gallon = 3.785 litres or 0003785 m3 ) 54 appendix ii Table 29. Distribution and capacities of desalination plants in the United Arab Emirates (Al-Sajwani & Lawrence, 1995) Area Location Type Capacity, m3 d−1 Area Location Type Capacity, m3 d−1 Villages and islands Jebel Dhana RO 9000 Sharja Kalba RO VC MSF RO VC 9000 7950 4540 4540 Umm Al-Nar East MSF MSF RO VC MSF 4540 1125 4540 4540 RO 1125 Mirfa Sila Rafeek Isl. Bukshisha Isl. RO Sirbani Yas Isl. RO Delma Isl. VC MSF Abu Al-Abyad RO Ajman RO Fujairah RO Umm AlRO Qaywan R. Al- Khaimah RO Subtotal 1125 2250 9000 2750 2250 18150 13600 11350 Subtotal Dubai Dubai East and West Subtotal Abu-Dhabi Abu-Dhabi P. S. Umm al-Nar East City Umm Al-Nar West Taweela ‘A’ Taweela ‘B’ Subtotal 15890 90800 106690 MSF 532915 532915 MSF 57650 MSF 166160 MSF 217920 132560 345950 920240 6800 118175 Total 1678020 55 appendix ii Table 30. Distribution and capacities of desalination plants in the Sultanate of Oman Al-Sajwani & Lawrence, 1995 Province Location Muscat Al-Ghubrah Al-Ghubrah Al-Ghubrah Al-Ghubrah Al-Ghubrah Subtotal AshSharqiyah Subtotal Al-Wasta Subtotal Musandam Subtotal Total 1 2 4 5 Type Capacity, m3 d−1 MSF∗ MSF MSF MSF MSF 22700 27300 27300 27300 27300 131900 4550 100 172 95 545 600 Sur Ras al-Hadd Ar-Ruwais Asylah Masirah 1 Masirah 2 RO∗∗ RO RO RO MSF TC Mahawt AS-saadanat Ash-Shuayr Madrakah Haytam Abu-mudhabi MSF RO RO RO RO RO Kumzar Shisar Lima VC+ VC ED++ 6062 50 50 50 50 50 50 300 272 408 230 910 139172 Explanation MSF∗ = Multi stage flash, RO∗∗ = Reverse osmosis, VC+ = Vapour compression and ED++ = Electrodialysis. 56 appendix ii Table 31. Some data of the storage reservoirs in Morocco (from the Country Report on Water Resources of Morocco and their Utilisations, 1986) Name of dam Wadi/location Year of construction Gross capacity, 106 m3 Regulated flow, 106 m3 Oum er-Rebia and Tensift Basins (existing dams) Sidi Said Maachu Kasbet Tadleh W. Oum er-Rebia L’iemfut Ad’Dawra Bine el-Oudiane W.Abid Ayet warda Moulaye Youssuf W. Tessaout Al-Masierah W. Oum er-Rebia Lalla Takarcost N’ffis Ayet Shwarit W. Al-Akhdar Dashr el-Wadi W. Oum er-Rebia Subtotal 1929 1931 1944 1950 1953 1954 1970 1979 N.A. 1988 1990 N.A. 0.1 N.A. N.A. 1500 N.A. 200 2724 78 270 740 N.A. 280 N.A. N.A. 880 N.A. 260 1360 85 350 485 Sebou Basin (existing dams) Kansara W. Beht Idriss I W. Inaouene Subtotal 1935 1973 272 1270 1542 210 990 1200 3800 595 80 33 45 N.A. 1600 256 270 N.A. 177 N.A. Other dams Subtotal N.A. 4553 483 2543 Bou Regreg Basin and Basins along the Atlantic Coast between Rabat and Casa Blanca Grauw W. Grauw 1969 S. Moh. Ben 1974 Abdalla∗ Wadi Mellah W. Mellah N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. El-Lokkus Basin and North Atlantic Basins Wadi Al-Makhazen W. El-Lokkus and El-Lokkus Ibn Battuta W. Al-Thulatha N.A. 480 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Moulouya Basin Machra Hamadi and Mohammad V M. A.Karim Al-Khattabi 1959 1967 N.A. N.A. N.A. 62 N.A. N.A. N.A. (projected dams) M’ajara M’dez Ayet Aoub Machraa Al-hajar Al-Herasa Matmata (tunnel) W. Ouerrha W. Sebou W. Menzel W. Menzel connecting Idriss reservoir to Ayet Auoub W. Moulouya W. Nakur 57 appendix ii South Atlantic Basins∗∗ Al-Hassan Al-Dakhel Al-Mansour Al- Dahabi Youssuf Ibn Teshfin Abdel Mu’men and Al-Dakhila W. Ziz N.A. N.A. N.A. W. Dra N.A. N.A. N.A. W. Massa Sous N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Explanation ∗ Planned to be heightened, ∗∗ reservoirs are also used for replenishing the groundwater resources. 58 appendix ii Table 32. Some data of the dams in Algeria up to 1986 (from the Country Report on Water Resources of Algeria and their Utilisations, 1986) Drainage Basin Situation of dams Existing Tafna Under construction Construction about to begin Beni Bahdel Mafrouch Sawani Sidi Abdel-Lai Maqu’ta (Macta) Bou Hanifa Farquouq Sarto Wizert Cheliff Bakhada Ben Ouda Marja Wadi Al-Fadha Bou Ghazoul Gharib Dardar Haraza Al-Shurfa Dahmouni Sidi Yaquob Farfar Al-Jazaeryiah Boroumi Quaddara Hamiz Bou-Kerdan Ladert Lakhal El-Soummam Issa Zada Tithi Haaf Al-Hodna Constantinian coasts Quassub Shefia Zerdzas Keneitra Maksena Araquin Eghil Umda Seybuse Hammam Maskhutien Hammam Quaaouz Ain Dahlia Kebir Rhumel M’jerda Cott el-Moghier Quir Total Fadwa Ghersa Harf el-Turba Regulated water, 106 m3 y−1 63 15 15 55 46 15 18 32 45 50 228 54 87 21 139 50 115 9 87 120 120 150 13 4 17 50 150 30 95 20 50 175 80 80 70 17 45 19 100 25355 59 appendix ii Table 33. Storage dams already existing pre 1986 in Syria (Sources: Report of ECWA, 1981, and Country Report of Water Resources in Syria, 1986) Name of dam Grand dams Euphrates Location Length, m Maximum depth, m Surface area, 103 m2 Storage capacity, 106 m3 Al-Tabqa 8800 60 625000 11600 Hamah North of Mouharda Lattakia South of Taldo Al-Hassakah Al-Hassakah 446 230 69 52 19000 4500 225.000 50.000 330 230 61 675 34 52 22 30 1125 4500 3200 2050 15.500 15.500 23.000 22.000 ∗ Medium dams Al-Rastan Mouhardeh Ballouran Taldo Bab El-Hadid ? Jabal el-Arab Small dams Richeh Al-Kalamoun Al-Dumair Khan Al-Manqoura Al-Qatifah Wadi Al-Quarn Al-Asslaha Gharbi Qara Gharbi Deir Atiyeh Rasas Al-Suwayda’ Al-Hien Al-Sahwa Khazneh Tayamam’a Radm Gwilien ? Al-Mashnaf Damascus 700 20 2600 19.500 Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Al-Zabadani Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus Damascus 190 610 425 212 160 154 93 340 146 56 435 815 160 N.A. 493 185 340 5.7 15 15.5 9.0 18 15 9.8 12 11.5 8.0 5.0 15 8.0 N.A. 15.5 24.4 18.2 1322 420 650 103 79.4 311 10 80 300 9.0 250 150 50 4 542 200 200 1.750 1.630 2.150 0.270 0.502 1.700 0.037 0.400 1.500 0.030 0.580 1.000 0.200 0.013 4.600 1.950 1.206 Ghadir El-Souf Al Mataiyah Etman Dar’a Al-Sharqui Abtah Al-Kabir Abtah Al-Saghir Dar’a Dar’a Dar’a Dar’a Dar’a Dar’a 200 135 175 208 608 500 7.0 10 9.0 34.9 14 10 100 137 80 1365 950 200 0.160 0.310 0.160 15.000 3.500 0.500 Umm Jloud Al-Shahba Al-Habit Aleppo Aleppo Idlib 432 216 101 14.2 6.0 16.5 462 5000 105 3.500 12.000 0.480 Ruwayhiya Maskana Al-Za’faranah Qunaitera Homs Homs 164 N.A. 240 5.1 N.A. 9.0 174 N.A. 90 0.215 0.960 0.231 (Continued) 60 appendix ii Table 33. (Continued) Name of dam Location Length, m Maximum depth, m Surface area, 103 m2 Storage capacity, 106 m3 Salim Al-Baoudiyah Al-Mokhaddayeh Taklekh Al-Sendyanah Rikaliyah Al-Talil Khirbet Al-Hamam Al-Quariatein Al-Shandaquiya El-Dalabouz Ram El- A’nz Al-Walaj Al-Wadi Al-Kabier Al-Marba’a Jbab Shaqra Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs Homs 190 262 306 270 190 100 355 214 360 262 500 548 320 312 420 184 12.3 13.4 9.0 10.0 12 12 14.4 15 13 12 17 4 4 10 10 14.4 56 86 185 90 90 29 207 185 1400 262 230 N.A. 20 200 1158 249 0.200 0.310 0.600 0.290 0.360 0.123 0.818 1.150 5.000 1.250 1.330 0.270 0.001 0.515 3.200 0.975 Abou-Faiadh Al-Kafat Wadi Al-Azeeb Al-Ilbawy Al-Lattamneh Al-Mubarakat Sraihien Hama Hama Hama Hama Hama Hama Homs 138 380 198 521 157 180 194 10.9 13.8 12 13.4 11 8 19 354 320 212 300 215 76 176 1.100 1.500 0.930 1.400 0.650 0.232 1.000 Beit Al-Kasir Burmana Saquiat Sadeq Kosana Al-Haffa Al-Qunboura Lattakia Lattakia Lattakia Lattakia Lattakia Lattakia 254 234 160 241 410 210 18 20 10 15 26.4 16.5 166 196 550 390 160 145 0.737 1.365 0.136 0.093 1.500 0.770 Al-Waar Abou Al-Kahf Al-Goudiyah Karima Khirbet Al-Hajji Ma’shouq Deir Ez-Zor Al-Reqqa Al-Hassakah Al-Hassakah Al-Hassakah Al-Hassakah 214 194 733 255 92 605 12.5 8.6 17 11.2 8.0 17 805 390 1484 800 290 334 3.345 0.620 8.000 1.900 0.440 2.500 Total Explanation ∗ Medium reservoirs as listed here are reservoirs with capacities 15∗ 106 m3 − 225∗ 106 m3 12072 550 Bokhma 118 425 Dams on the River Euphrates Haditha 147 Habbaniyah Explanation ∗ All levels are in m a.m.s.l. 31 434 92 Dams on the River Diyala Derbandi-Khan 485 Himrin 104 4708 1482 300 1775 329 Fatha Mosul Dead storage level 479 42 Normal retention level∗ Dams on the River Tigris Dukan 511 Tharthar 62 Name of dam N.A. 151 4935 1075 5548 1799 3335 5125 65 Maximum Storage level 33 82 30 395 83 233 107 68 776 27 75 25 23 78 193 97 55 385 Design capacity, 109 m3 Normal Live storage storage N.A. 22 11 14 06 27 18 04 78 Reserve storage Expected to be complete by 1986 Existing 1956, improved in 1969 Existing, 1961 Existing 1980 Existing, 1959 Exising, 1956, improved in 1972 and 1976 Planned Under construction Planned Remarks Table 34. Storage levels and capacities of reservoirs built in Iraq in the period 1951–83 (Source: National Report on Water Resources of Iraq submitted to UNESCO, 1983, Country Report of Iraq, 1986 and ECWA Report, 1982) appendix ii 61 62 appendix ii Table 35. Dams in Jordan (Source: Malkawi & Abdulla, 1997, and Al-Kharabsheh &) Ta’any, 2005) Name of dam and year constructed Location Dam body Dam height, m King Talal (1986) Wadi El-Arab (1984) Kafrein (1976) Ziglab (1964) Wadi Shueib (1964) Karamah (2001) Hasa Tannour (2002) Zarqa Irbid Balqa Irbid Balqa Balqa Tafila 1080 825 460 480 320 N.A. 690 750 169 25 30 14 78 78 800 200 85 43 23 550 168 Wala (2003) Sama Es Sirhan (1966) Ghadir El-Abyad (1966) Burqu’ (Old) Al-Aqqib (Khaldiya) (1983) Deir Al-Kahf (Old) Al-Sha’lan (1970) Al-Buweida (1967) Al-Qatranah (1964) Al-Sultani (1962) El-Lahfi (1963) Abu-Suwwaneh (1962) Wadi Rajil (1992) Suwaqa (1993) Ruweishid El-Shamali (1992) Jilat (Old) Muwaqqar (1960) Al-Ithna (1995) Yajuz (2001) Subtotal Madaba Mafraq Mafraq Mafraq Mafraq Mafraq Mafraq Irbid Karak Karak Zarqa Zarqa Zarqa Amman Mafraq Amman Amman Mafraq Amman Rockfill Rockfill Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill Reinforced Concrete Concrete Rockfill Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete Rockfill Rockfill Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill Concrete Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill 450 80 130 50 150 50 30 95 120 80 50 40 90 165 60 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 93 17 07 15 11 005 10 07 20 12 07 03 35 25 107 009 10 07 02 15334 93 17 07 15 14 15 11 07 42 12 07 025 35 28 107 01 10 07 02 2302 Mo’an Tafileh Karak Earthfill Earthfill R. concrete 150 370 510 Karak Mo’ta Karak Irbid Earthfill Earthfill Earthfill R. concrete Dams under construction Al-Jordaneh Al-Fidan Al-Mojib Other dams Subtotal Dams under planning (design stage) Al-Karak Medyen Ibn-Hammad Al-Adasiyah Subtotal Total Effective capacity, 106 m3 Total capacity, 106 m3 23 100 350 2205 2678 55 14 80 80 229 5209 63 appendix ii Table 36. Main features of the recharge dams completed in the period 1985–1994 in Oman (Abdel-Rahman & Abdel-Magid, 1993, Muqbali & Schmid, 1995 and Muqabali & Kotwicki, 2000) Name of dam Storage volume, 106 m3 Al-Batinah coastal plain Wadi el-Khod 125 Wadi Hiti Salahi 055 Wadi Jizzi 54 Main spillway Auxillary spillway Wadi Ma’awil 100 Fulayj 37 Wadi Taww 51 Wadi Far’a 06 Wadi Ahin 68 Wadi Hawasinah 37 Subtotal 4835 Maximum dam height, m Spillway type Design flood m3 s−1 Overflow length, m Year of completion 110 45 204 Gabion Gabion 12500 2200 3000 1120 1985 1985 1989 Concrete Gabion Gabion Gabion Gabion Rock armour Gabion Concrete 4700 3100 4000 2200 3100 3000 5600 6000 184 278 4040 1150 2500 430 4000 1135 1991 1992 1992 1992 1994 1994 Concrete 3300 430 1991 Gabion weir Concrete Gabion (cascade weir) Rock armour 1280 3000 300 118 1986 1989 2800 4200 330 600 1989 1990 Concrete Concrete slabs 850 2390 103 982 83 70 90 120 80 60 Sur Wadi Fulayj Subtotal 07 07 70 Interior Wadi Quryat Wadi Tanuf Wadi Ghul 014 06 04 53 170 76 Wadi Al-Kabir Subtotal 05 164 89 64 114 Salalah Wadi Sahalnawt Main spillway Auxillary spillway Subtotal Total 1993 64 5709 1985–94 64 appendix ii Table 37. Names and characteristics of constructed dams, and dams under construction or to be constructed in Saudi Arabia (based on the 1981survey of dams reported by ECWA, 1981) Location Height, m Length, m Storage capacity, 106 m3 Type of dam Purpose Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Riyadh Al-Diriyah Sdair Sdair Sdair Sdair Sdair Sdair Sdair Baha Jizan Al-Taif Al-Taif Asir Madinah Sharqa’a Asyah Qasim 95 120 80 140 40 60 60 50 95 116 40 60 80 70 140 110 70 416 100 80 330 125 100 70 80 390 500 400 400 325 190 170 400 380 630 100 1250 360 850 554 250 60 316 290 300 350 266 90 500 180 1.3 2.0 1.5 3.8 0.3 0.08 0.1 1.0 3.0 1.75 0.2 1.5 1.2 2.0 3.0 1.0 0.2 71.0 0.5 0.4 2.4 0.8 0.2 1.3 N.A. Concrete Rockfill Rockfill Concrete Earth Earth Earth Msonary Concrete Earth Concrete Earth Rockfill Earth Earth Earth Concrete Concrete Earth Rockfill Concrete Concrete Rockfill Earth Earth A.R. A.R. A.R. A.R. A.R. A.R. A.R. A.R. A.R. S/A.R, S/A.R. D. F.C./A.R. Dams under construction or to be constructed Rura’a N.A. Madinah 150 Al-Ghab N.A. Madinah 110 Al-Akoul N.A. Madinah 110 Al-sharaye’ N.A. Madinah 85 Okda N.A. Hail 70 Salf N.A. Hail 60 Hajla N.A. Asir 120 Sroom N.A. Asir 130 Surat Obeida N.A. Asir 220 Sfrat N.A. Sdair 130 Lia N.A. Al-Taif 450 Turba N.A. Al-Taif 210 Rumma N.A. Al-Qasim 70 Ok.Rabegh N.A. Rabegh 60 Murat N.A. Murat 120 Shuara’a N.A. Al-Dawami 110 Al-Hanabej N.A. Al-Dawami 70 450 650 450 500 100 230 110 75 170 490 190 380 700 800 110 95 700 2.0 1.0 7.0 0.088 0.1 0.15 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 10.0 20.0 1.5 N.A. 0.4 1.0 3.5 Earth Earth Concrete Earth Earth Earth Rockfill Concrete Rockfill Rockfill Rockfill Concrete Concrete Earth Earth Concrete Earth Dams under construction or to be constructed Kadoose N.A. Salboulkh 70 520 0.7 Earth Name of dam Catchment area, km2 Constructed dams Hanifa N.A.∗ Laban N.A. Nammar N.A. Hair N.A. Safar 54 Hirqua 19 Ghbeirah 21 Al-Ainyyah N.A. Lalyah N.A. Jalajil N.A. Melham 20 Hreimlah 350 Majma’a 100 Thadiq N.A. Rawdah N.A. Ghat N.A. Mellah N.A. Jozan 1100 Sa’ab N.A. Akramah N.A. Abha 58.5 Bathan 20 Shaqra’a N.A. Marid N.A. Ananiyah N.A. F.C./Ir. W.S. F.C./A.R. F.C. D. 65 appendix ii Table 37. (Continued) Name of dam Catchment area, km2 Location Height, m Length, m Storage capacity, 106 m3 Type of dam Houta B.Tameem Samnan Al-Ghayl Thama Najran N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Houta B. Tameem Al-Zulfi Al-Aflaj BabilKarn Najran N.A. 130 210 115 150 600 N.A. 770 150 126 145 250 N.A. 35 15 25 0325 850 N.A. Earth Rockfill Concrete Concrete Concrete Purpose Explanation N.A. = not available, A.R. = aquifer recharge, F.C. = Flood control, S. = Storage, D. = Diversion Ir. = irrigation and W.S. = water supply. ∗ SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. Abdel-Rahman HA, Abdel-Magid IM (1993) Water conservation in Oman. Wat. Int. 18(2):95–102 2. Algeria (1983) Rapport National de la Republique Algerienne Democratique et popu-laire, Reun. Reg. 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Malkawi AH, Abdulla FA (1997) Sedimentation problems in Jordanian reservoirs. In: Proc. Int. Conf. On Wat. Probl.in the Mediterranean Countries. vol I. Lefkosa, North Cyprus, pp133–140 23. Mauritania (1986) Country report on water resources and their utilisations in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. Document submitted to the Panel on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the Arab Region. ACSAD-AFESD-KFAED, Kuwait 24. Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources of Yemen and Dutch Institute of Applied Research in Geoscience (TNO) (1995) Water resources assessment in Yemen Arab Republic (WRAY). Series of reports prepared in the period 1987–91 by Yemen’s Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources and the Dutch institute of Applied Geoscience, Delft, The Netherlands 25. Mohsen A, Obrien W, Bradford M (1995) Hydrotechnical feasibility of recharge dams in eight interior catchments. In: Proc. Int. Conf. On Wat. Resourc. Mgmt. in Arid Countries, vol 1. Muscat, Oman, pp196–203 26. Morocco (1986) Country report on water resources and their utilisations in Morocco. Document submitted to the Panel on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the Arab Region, ACSADAFESD-KFAED, Kuwait 27. Oman (1986) Country report on water resources and their utilisations in the Sulta- nate of Oman. Document (in Arabic) submitted to the Panel on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the Arab Region. ACSAD-AFSED_KFAED, Kuwait 28. Palestine (1986) Country report on the water situation in the West bank and Gaza Strip. Document submitted to the Panel on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the Arab Region. ACSADAFESD-KFAED, Kuwait 29. Syria (1986) Country report on Water resources and their utilisations in the Syrian Arab Republic. Document submitted to the Panel on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the the Arab Region, ACSAD-AFESD-KFAED, Kuwait 30. UNESCO (1993) Discharges of selected rivers of the world. vol II (part II). Monthly annual discharges recorded at various selected stations, 20-Year Catalogue (1965–84), UNESCO, Paris 31. UNESCO (1995) Discharges of selected rivers of Africa. Studies and Reports in Hydrology 52, UNESCO, Paris 32. UNESCO (1996) Global river discharge data base (RivDIS vl.0), vol I. Africa, Tech. Doc. In Hydrol., International Hydrological Programme (IHP), UNESCO, Paris 33. United Arab Emirates (UAE) (1986) Country report on water resources and their utilisations in the UAE. Document submitted to the Panel on Water Resources and their Utilisations in the Arab Region. ACSAD-AFESD-KFAED, Kuwait APPENDIX III: WATER QUALITY DATA CONTENTS OF APPENDIX III Table 1(a)- Monthly and annual sediment load in the Senegal River at Bakel, Senegal Table 1(b)- Monthly and annual concentrations of suspended sediment load in the Senegal River at Bakel, Senegal Table 2(a)- Major cations and anions in the Nile River channel and Damietta Branch in July 1991 Table 2(b)- Average solute concentrations of the Nile in Egypt Table 2(c)- Spatial change of some of the chemical characteristics of the Nile water in the main channel and Damietta Branch in July 1991 Table 3(a)- Monthly sediment discharge and erosion rate in the Tigris River at two stations within the Baghdad area for the year 1983–84 Table 3(b)- Monthly dissolved solids discharge and erosion rate in the Tigris River at two stations within the Baghdad area for the year 1983–84 Table 3(c)- Mean monthly discharge and suspended sediment in the Adhaim River for the year 1983–84 at Narrows gauging station Table 3(d)- Mean annual discharge, erosion rate nd total transported dissolved load for the period 1959–82 at four stations in the upper reach of the Euphrates River, Iraq Table 4- Annual suspended sediment yield and concentration in some of the rivers and wadis of the Arab Region Table 5(a)- Annual erosion and sedimentation rates as obtained from three sets of experimental basins in the drainage basin of the Isser River, Algeria Table 5(b)- Annual erosion and sedimentation rates as obtained from six experimental basins of Wadi Mina Table 6- Electric conductivity of surface water in some wadis in the southern part of Yemen Table 7- Sedimentation in some reservoirs in Morocco Table 8- Reservoir sedimentation in Tunisia Table 9- Sediments deposited in the reservoir of the High Aswan Dam, Egypt/The Sudan in the period 1964–89 1 2 appendix iii Table 10- Major ion concentrations in some wells withdrawing groundwater from the coastal aquifer of Oued Nador, Algiers Region, Algeria Table 11- Summary results for concentrations of chemical constituents in the Blue Nile Basin Table 12- Chemical analyses of groundwater in the Mediterranean and Interior Basins, Lebanon Table 13- Chemical analysis of groundwater abstracted from wells in the SamaraTikrit area, Iraq Table 14- Groundwater chemistry of some wells in Kuwait Table 15- Analysis of water samples from the falajes in the United Arab Emirates Table 16- Relative salt tolerance of agricultural crops Table 17- ARAMCO reuse criteria for various uses of water 3 appendix iii Table 1(a). Monthly and annual sediment load in the Senegal River at Bakel, Senegal Year May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. Total 1979/80 1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 018 005 001 002 005 6.03 9.04 5.89 0.02 145 120 283 497 179 527 545 131 1009 606 482 718 904 711 493 343 108 79.7 95.1 125 130 142 153 161 118 200 365 134 459 320 670 192 488 140 426 263 113 069 066 166 096 021 039 009 031 018 014 007 005 003 008 1485 2635 2340 1422 1656 Average 005 33.3 321 790 634 108 155 627 302 102 024 007 1908 Explanation Sediment load is given in 103 t, and Ts in t km−2 y−1 . Ts = 68 for 1979/80, 12.1 for 1980/81, 10.7 for 1981/82, 6.5 for 1981/82 and 7.6 for 1983/84, with an average of 8.7. The area of river basin at Bakel is 218 000 km2 . 4 appendix iii Table 1(b). Monthly and annual concentration of suspended sediment in the Senegal River at Bakel, Senegal Year May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Avg. 1979/80 1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 400 343 456 137 93 55.0 161 65.3 20.8 722 145 333 421 267 505 205 302 200 194 258 210 174 163 144 162 70.9 62.5 55.5 86.5 114 187 308 279 210 573 132 601 203 182 467 166 466 122 465 411 269 184 163 480 479 187 325 66 298 275 300 199 133 93 257 157 208 175 149 239 Average 286 205 334 232 171 77.9 331 317 326 315 230 196 186 Explanation Al figures in Table are in mg l−1 . Avg = average 5 appendix iii Table 2(a). Major cations and anions in the Nile River channel and Damietta Branch in July 1991 (Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, Egypt, 1995) Anions, meq l−1 Distance, km below Aswan Cations, meq l−1 Ca++ Mg++ K+ Na+ CO3 HCO− 3 Cl− SO− 00 834 2069 3311 4720 6187 7480 8879 11800 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.2 2.9 0.1 Tr Tr Tr Tr 0.4 0.2 Tr Tr 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.5 −4 Explanation Ca++ = calcium, Mg ++ = magnesium, K + = potassium, Na+ = sodium, CO3 = carbonate, HCO− 3 = bicarbonate, Cl− = chlorine and SO−− 4 = sulfate. 6 appendix iii Table 2(b). Average solute concentrations of the Nile in Egypt (Martins & Probst 1991) Location Transport, 106 t TDS TSS TDS, mg l−1 TSS mg l−1 TSS/ TDS, Specific transport chem. mech. Q, 106 m3 d−1 Assiut 118 318 54 018 3.9 100 2.0 0.7 Explanation TDS = total dissolved salts, TSS = total suspended solids and Q = average discharge. 7 appendix iii Table 2(c). Spatial change of some of the chemical characteristics of the Nile water in the main channel and Damietta Branch in July 1991(from Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, Egypt, 1995) Distance, km below Aswan Q, 106 m3 d−1 Ec, umohs cm−1 TDS, TSS, COD, Alkalinity, Hardness, mg l−1 TSS/ TDS, % mg l−1 mg l−1 mg l−1 mg l−1 0 21 53 83 115 143 168 207 237 268 299 331 361 397 439 472 512 547 587 619 646 686 716 748 792 807 852 888 932 946 1166 1180 220 218 208 210 211 213 215 205 203 200 200 195 191 178 176 174 173 173 137 135 134 134 133 132 132 131 130 130 129 40 10 7 240 225 241 251 257 260 260 261 262 262 277 279 281 283 292 293 296 300 300 301 303 305 309 318 321 323 335 332 345 345 698 720 142 156 159 161 158 160 160 164 165 166 172 176 175 181 184 182 180 180 180 186 190 180 192 182 188 190 200 200 200 202 341 364 11 6 39 40 5 3 9 16 10 39 29 5 13 11 12 4 7 10 10 16 12 27 25 16 14 13 15 23 16 20 29 15 77 38 245 248 32 19 56 98 61 235 169 28 74 61 65 22 39 56 56 86 63 150 130 88 74 68 75 115 80 99 85 41 4 4 8 9 9 7 9 5 7 9 7 10 10 9 13 13 15 14 14 26 14 9 15 10 19 8 12 10 6 16 46 13 106 108 108 112 126 119 118 118 127 127 119 118 117 119 120 125 134 121 132 125 129 128 126 126 133 133 137 130 138 132 173 178 92 100 100 100 87 87 103 103 107 126 104 105 106 107 120 108 108 108 111 110 110 110 110 112 112 109 119 114 113 116 160 175 Explanation Ec = electric conductivity, COD = chamical oxygen demand All sampling sites are located on the main channel of the Nile, except the last two are on the damietta Branch. 8 appendix iii Table 3(a). Monthly sediment discharge and erosion rate in the Tigris River at two stations within the Baghdad area for the year 1983–84 (Al-Ansari & Ali, 1986) Month Q, m3 s−1 North Baghdad Station sediment load t % erosion rate∗ t km−2 Saddam Bridge sediment load t % 482 631 840 425 640 598 862 891 733 407 320 293 105 238 1 378 620 1 250 622 48 820 466 984 743 190 2 900 125 614 106 297 061 70 202 36 453 31 962 1 17 16 1 6 9 36 8 4 1 1 1 08 100 90 04 30 60 220 50 20 05 03 02 81 189 1 509 837 905 203 68 029 501 051 550431 1 807 980 547 111 324 567 83 312 67 575 50 037 1 23 14 1 8 9 28 8 5 1 1 1 7 122 7 943 383 100 59 6 496 322 100 594 21 703 October November December January February March April May June July August September Total Monthly average ∗ Mechanical erosionTs 50 17 750 9 appendix iii Table 3(b). Monthly dissolved solids discharge and erosion rate in the Tigris River at two stations within the Baghdad area for the year 1983–84 (Al-Ansari & Ali, 1986) Month Q, m3 s−1 October November December January February March April May June July August September Total 482 631 840 425 640 598 862 891 733 407 320 293 7,122 Monthly average 594 ∗ Chemical erosion Td North Baghdad Station solute discharge t % erosion rate∗ t km−2 Saddam Bridge solute discharge t % 805 321 835 961 1 044 753 864 017 918 873 1 063 713 1 103 551 1 165 616 946 876 745 880 625 085 566 236 10 685 882 60 62 78 64 68 79 82 87 71 56 47 42 797 908 277 940 053 1 147 745 1 061 107 964 989 1 177 580 1 053 830 1 147 725 957 673 832 887 653 367 656 904 11 502 137 8 8 10 9 9 10 9 10 8 7 6 6 100 66 31 427 29 196 7 8 10 8 9 10 10 11 9 7 6 5 100 10 appendix iii Table 3(c). Mean monthly discharge and suspended sediment in the Adhaim River for the year 1983–84 at Narrows gauging station (Al-Jabbari & Mansour, 1986) Month Discharge, m3 s−1 Qavg Qmx f l Suspended sediment load total load, rate flood load t t km−2 t Suspended sediment concentration, mg l−1 average (avg/max)fl October November December January February March April May June July August September 170 240 420 430 410 170 196 366 135 070 019 026 174 15 641 1 739 403 249 1 063 971 1 954 981 1 008 153 51 128 132 50 742 124 37 25 558 5 549 153 45 27 26 21 19.4 6.2 44.2 393 0.02 1.58 0.17 0.04 0.025 108 199 0.102 0.015 0.005 0.001 0.001 1 5482 1 370 1 063603∗ 1 928403∗∗ 3,551/15,670 652/2,340 1,719/11,832 17,372/52,000 Explanation = Flood event 26.11-1.12.1983, = flood event 26.12-29.12.1983, ∗ = flood event 24.03– 02.04.1984, and ∗∗ = flood event 22.04-28.04-1984. x = Average and maximum sediment concentrations for the duration of the flood event. 11 appendix iii Table 3(d). Mean annual discharge, erosion rate and total transported dissolved load for the period 1959–82 at four stations in the upper reach of the Euphrates River, Iraq (Al-Jabbari & Al-Ansari, 1986) Water year Husseiba Station B+ C∗ A Hit Station A B+ C∗ Ramadi Station A B+ C∗ Faluja Station A B+ C∗ 1958/59 1959/60 1960/61 1961/62 1962/63 1963/64 1964/65 1965/66 1966/67 1967/68 1968/69 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 1980/81 1981/82 631 876 485 706 x x 817 1140 1280 1563 1850 806 802 770 481 297 324 805 1010 920 832 944 969 983 55 39 49 64 49 53 66 70 82 91 54 52 51 38 28 31 54 65 61 58 61 63 64 x 110 077 098 130 099 110 130 140 170 180 110 110 100 076 057 062 110 130 120 120 120 130 130 x 600 931 483 730 1280 812 835 1130 1340 1630 2010 826 904 734 485 2.86 299 783 966 812 791 906 882 885 34 42 30 37 49 39 40 47 51 58 64 40 41 37 30 23 24 40 46 43 42 44 44 44 091 110 078 098 130 100 100 120 130 15− 170 110 110 098 078 060 064 100 120 110 110 120 120 120 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 32 45 26 37 58 40 41 53 61 72 85 41 43 37 26 17 18 40 48 43 41 45 45 45 088 120 071 100 160 110 110 140 160 200 230 110 120 100 071 046 049 110 130 120 110 110 120 120 x 614 765 x 1040 946 908 1130 1160 1390 1530 781 789 773 463 288 284 646 1040 918 920 967 929 1042 54 63 47 60 7.9 74 72 84 86 99 100 65 64 63 44 31 31 55 81 73 74 76 74 81 150 170 130 160 210 200 200 230 230 220 290 180 170 170 120 084 084 150 220 200 200 210 200 220 870 50 100 902 41 110 x 43 120 921 68 190 Mean Explanation A = discharge, m3 s−1 , B+ = rate of erosion, t km−2 , and C ∗ = annual total transported dissolved load, 107 t. 12 appendix iii Table 4. Annual suspended sediment yield and concentration in some of the rivers and wadis in the Arab Region (figures cited in Walling 1984 and 1986, Heusch & Cayla, 1986, and Bouzaiane & Lafforgue, 1986) River (R)/ Wadi (O) Location Country O. Isser O.Isser O. Allalah O.Ebda O. Agrioun O.Fodda N.A. N.A. Sidi Akacha Arib Ebda Eril Emda Lamatrine Algeria Algeria Algeria Algeria Algeria Algeria Inaouene Lebene O. Ouerrha O. M’Jara O.Aoudour O. Sra N.A. N.A. Bab Ounder N.A. Tafrannt Pont du Sker Morocco Morocco Morocco Morocco Morocco Morocco O. Merguellil O.Merguellil O. Nebanna O. Kebir O. Kasseb Haffouz Sidi Boujdaria Sidi Massoud Sidi Auouidet Bar.ge Kasseb Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia Basin area, km2 Runoff mm y−1 Sediment yield, t km−2 y−1 Concentration gm l−1 3595 31615 295 270 635 767 N.A. N.A. 120 338 360 110 2610 1712 4654 2493 5300 4700 N.A. N.A. 38.8 7.4 13.9 42.7 3324 792 1756 5190 1039 493 167 280 326 N.A. 490 683 1100 2250 3590 2910 3850 3500 6.6 8.0 11.0 N.A. 7.9 5.1 675 890 855 225 101 25 34 43 77 588 620 1080 1330 1313 5070 24.8 31.8 30.9 17.1 8.6 11900 N.A. 4110 N.A. 176 178 90 7605 21 115 218 20 36 25 25 26 1.7 0.2 0.1 1.3 High magnitude Diyala R. Derbendikhan Low magnitude Iraq O. Soubella O. Chouly O.Mefrouch O. Hamman S. Oudah R.N.7 Tlemcen Trois Rivieres Algeria Algeria Algeria Algeria Tigris R∗ . N. Baghdad Iraq 134000 140 59 3.2 Adhaim R. Narrows St. Iraq 9840 80 55 0.7 Jordan River N.A. Jordan/Israel 1590 N.A. 44 N.A. ∗ The figures for the Tigris at norhern Baghdad are for 1983–84, an exceptionally dry year 13 appendix iii Table 5(a). Annual erosion and sedimentation rates as obtained from three sets of experimental basins in the drainage basin of the Isser River, Algeria (from Bouguerra, 1986) Experimental Area, basin, code ha No. BS 21 No. I BS 21 No. II Soua- No.I gui No. II Bad- No.I lands No. II 169 84 27 27 18 8 Rainfall, Runoff Runoff coefficient, Sediment mm depth, volume, % yield, t mm m3 255 255 245 245 318 309 145 74 132 154 979 605 24563 6239 3578 4167 7834 10986 57 29 54 62 308 196 7798 2569 7879 1307 3883 5089 concentration, Erosion gm l−1 rate, gm m−2 318 412 2202 3137 496 467 4614 3059 29182 48418 48537 28274 14 appendix iii Table 5(b). Annual erosion and sedimentation rates as obtained from six experimental basins within the drainage basin of wadi Mina, Algeria (from Touaibia et al, 1999) Experimental basin, code No. Area, Rainfall, ha mm Runoff Runoff depth, volume, mm m3 coefficient, % Sediment yield, t concentration, Erosion gm l−1 rate, gm m−2 1 2 3 4 5 5∗ 6 6∗ 76.2 44.1 56.2 71.3 21.7 692 528 1303 1023 4141 2415 4557 329 74 64 101 85 237 690 223 940 1294 5581 1032 883 967 571 1291 997 245.5 237.2 140.9 121.0 107.6 110.0 106.9 114.0 26.5 94 82 129 121 175 35 204 35 5271 2323 7323 7295 8986 5205 12075 8764 1698 1249 1836 1238 4456 2631 4872 3763 Explanation ∗ Runoff, erosion and sedimentation data of the rainstorm of 11 May, 1990. The mean gradients of the drainage channels are: 11.3, 13.2, 10.2, 9.9, 18.6 and 19.0% for basins 1 thru’ 6. The maximum concentration for 5∗ and 6∗ were 165 and 267 gm l−1 , respectively. 15 appendix iii Table 6. Electric conductivity of surface water in some wadis in the southern part of Yemen (from ECWA, 1981) Wadi Flow, 106 m3 y−1 Electric conductivity, mmhos cm-1 Wadi Flow, 106 m3 y−1 Electric conductivity, mmhos cm−1 Maadin Azarik Rabwah 12 12 (10–15) 1500 440 620 Hturah ) Tarran ) 10 x Shuaib Masila Jiza Al-Wadi Bayhan Ahwar Hajar 075 28 100? 12 54 75 230 x 1250 x x 500 1780 x Harran ) Tu’a ) Kabran) 10 x Wajar Der’a Abadan Yesham Miafa’h 10 9 7 7 30 x 620 620 x x Aden ) Sarr ) Ben-Ali) 144 550 Tuban Bana Hassan 210 176 30 x x x 16 appendix iii Table 7. Sedimentation in some reservoirs in Morocco∗ Name of storage reservoir Initial capacity, 106 m3 Catchment area, km2 Average annual flow, 106 m3 M.B. Abdel-Karim Ibn Battouta Nakhla El-Makhazine Moulay Youssef Lalla Teberkoust Idris 1st Bin el-Ouaidane Mansour Eddahabi Al-Massira El-Kansera Mohammed V Youssef B. Tachline Sidi Mohammed Bin Abdallah Tamzaourt 430 545 130 789 198 344 1271 1484 567 2724 330 725 310 493 780 436 107 1820 1441 1707 3680 6400 15000 28500 4540 49920 3784 9800 80 65 68 829 386 165 577 1127 400 2954 373 768 122 836 2163 1300 87 Total 92522 383215 8837 Volume of sediments, 106 m3 y−1 Annual sedimentation, as %ge of reservoir capacity 27 049 012 18 14 10 20 33 47 90 14 145 11 25 6.3 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.7 2.9 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.4 2.0 0.4 0.5 02 0.1 4621 wt. average=0.5 ∗ Sources Laboratory of Physical Geography, University of Liege, Belgium (personal communication, 2000) and Country Report of Morocco (1986). 17 appendix iii Table 8. Reservoir sedimentation in Tunisia∗ Item Catchment area, km2 Initial reservoir capacity, 106 m3 Period of operation, y Accumulated sediments, 106 m3 Accumulated sediments, % Annual sedimentation rate, % Total catchment sediment yield, 106 m3 catchment sediment yield, 106 m3 y−1 annual inflow to reservoir, 106 m3 maximum denudation, t km−2 y−1 average concentration, gm l−1 Reservoir Mellegue Nebhana Besik Chiba Masri Lakhmess 10300 268 21.5 47.6 17.8 0.83 126.7 5.94 188 695 38 855 86.4 9.9 12.9 14.9 1.50 16.4 1.65 41.4 2300 47.5 N.A. 6.64 14.8 1.68 26 1.76 2.42 0.164 4.32 2430 45.6 64 7.86 12 2.65 33.7 2.81 2.7 0.225 3.72 4200 72.5 40 6.82 7.5 1.32 19.3 2.58 1.52 0.202 2.86 6050 85 131 8.0 9.3 2.01 25.1 2.69 2.92 0.313 4.15 2865 53 ∗ source laboratory of physical geography, university of liege, belgium (personal communication). 18 appendix iii Table 9. Sediments deposited in the reservoir of the Aswan High Dam, Egypt/The Sudan in the period 1964–89∗ Year Annual flow, 106 m3 Suspended load, 106 t y−1 Deposited sediments, 106 m3 y−1 Accumulated sediments 106 m3 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 97.7 88.7 71.5 92.5 74.3 74.7 79.1 69.1 57.3 69.1 87.3 99.4 71.4 75.1 73.5 59.2 66.7 69.8 53.2 55.5 42.1 64.4 55.4 46.7 92.9 64.4 253 185 91 212 104 105 127 82 44 82 176 268 91 107 100 49 75 84 35 40 16 65 40 22 215 65 1839 1344 668 1549 760 776 938 607 329 607 1302 1881 674 803 752 373 550 640 266 306 126 504 312 180 1712 528 1839 3183 3851 5400 6949 7725 8663 9270 9599 10206 11508 13389 14063 14866 15618 15991 16541 17181 17447 17753 17879 18383 18695 18875 20587 21115 ∗ Source From the Files of The Aswan High Dam Authority, Egypt. 19 appendix iii Table 10. Major ion concentrations (mg l−1 ) in some wells withdrawing groundwater from the coastal aquifer of Oued Nador, Algiers Region, Algeria (Messahel et al., 1997) Year Well ID Ca Mg Na K Cl HCO3 SO4 NO3 359 390 364 230 4160 280 305 384 401 869 215 170 217 195 430 x x x 31 2 1982 F2 F3 F6 P143 P159 131 149 169 135 470 47 44 59 32 270 190 197 195 130 1850 x x x x x 1991 F2 F3 F6 P143 P159 640 182 725 45 42 219 98 193 42 37 790 48 565 108 245 64 0 4 0 10 2225 510 2375 175 455 360 156 360 154 242 475 190 315 80 53 11 11 10 53 4 1993 F2 F3 F6 P143 P159 600 2830 640 140 214 425 76 190 27 82 1250 285 775 98 223 2 2 2 19 11 3900 795 2425 155 550 357 434 382 401 611 400 223 385 88 140 25 25 84 55 42 Explanation x = No information 20 appendix iii Table 11. Summary results for concentrations of chemical constituents in the Blue Nile Basin (Hussein, 2004) Constituent pH T.D.S., mg l−1 EC, mmohs cm−1 Hardness, mgl−1 Na+ mg l−1 K+ mg l−1 Ca++ mg l−1 Mg++ mg l−1 HCO3 − mg l−1 Cl− mg l−1 SO4 −− mg l−1 F− mg l−1 Nubian Sandstone aquifer Average Minimum Maximum Al-Atshan aquifer Average Minimum 79 395 515 145 50 7 27 38 210 40 14 18 80 340 540 145 46 60 27 20 200 24 18 05 44 168 130 54 1 <1 40 50 25 <1 <1 <1 86 800 1066 166 330 25 60 330 439 206 115 600 67 230 216 62 20 <1 3 <1 61 3 <1 <1 Maximum 85 2600 5000 458 282 40 77 153 805 151 13 13 21 appendix iii Table 12. Chemical analyses of groundwater in the Mediterranean and Interior Basins, Lebanon (cited from ECWA Report, 1982) Groundwater area/age Location Mediterranean Province Basin Karstified areas Jurassic Ayoun Kasraouan Barouk/Niha Cations, meq Anions, meq T.D.S. Hardness Ca Mg Na+K Cl SO4 CO3 HCO3 NO3 35 16 24 25 14 03 0.9 0.2 0.3 05 06 05 04 04 (-) (-) 57 01 386 01 22 (-) 151 (-) 26 (-) 157 30 15 135 (-) (-) (-) Cenomanian Mt. Lebanon Ras el-Ain Hadath Hazmiya 25 11 0.3 45 17 0.8 59 26 0.1 Not Available 06 01 10 01 20 09 Eocene Nabatiya Doubbe 38 17 1.2 Not available Meocene Koura Tripoli Permeable areas Cenomanian Mt. Lebanon Quaternary Akkar Choueifat South coast Interior Province Basins Karstified areas Jurassic Barouk/Niha Idita Hermon Northeast of Serghaya Cenomanian Mt. Lebanon Anti-Lebanon Beqa’ South Karaoua Tel ed-Deir Eocene Beqa’ South Marjayoun Anjar Beqa’ East Ras Baalbak Beqa’ West Zahla Ch. Permeable areas Quaternary Beqa’ Marj Hermel Beqa’ Plain 32 59 57 (-) (-) (-) 198 374 472 18 31 42 10 03 02 52 (-) 358 27 54 06 1.3 Not available 20 07 01 45 (-) 632 30 24 30 48 48 09 22 35 31 0.4 1.5 3.6 1.1 04 12 68 20 08 01 23 18 (-) (-) (-) (-) 180 340 792 414 167 28 375 345 35 35 25 28 09 09 14 11 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 05 05 04 06 03 01 03 01 05 (-) 02 01 38 01 266 38 01 266 33 (-) 214 33 01 227 22 22 19.5 19.5 (-) 02 (-) 01 25 52 28 51 22 08 0.1 28 11 0.4 34 11 0.5 Not available 03 (-) 06 02 07 02 (-) 28 (-) 160 01 33 01 227 01 40 (-) 251 15 19.5 22.5 32 Not Not 42 Not 30 Not 09 0.6 available available 13 0.5 available 04 0.2 available 07 03 01 34 02 346 20.5 06 06 01 45 02 364 27.5 06 01 02 27 17 41 18 0.8 Not available 85 41 4.7 09 06 01 48 03 450 29.5 63 51 01 50 08 1318 63 (-) 164 22 appendix iii Table 13. Chemical analysis of groundwater abstracted from wells in the Samara-Tikrit area, Iraq (Haddah et al., 1970) Well No. EC, mmhos cm−1 Total soluble salts, ppm Cations, meq l−1 Ca++ Mg++ Na+ Anions, meq l−1 Cl− SO4 − T.R.T. T.R.S. H46/76 167/67 H73/B4 H71/40 82/34 H47/76 88/4B H69/4B 034 032 103 096 122 129 120 140 172 172 259 225 668 672 677 770 840 940 1135 1267 259 259 389 410 648 313 950 497 551 907 119 119 367 324 335 843 184 415 529 281 02 02 325 180 175 140 140 400 750 700 04 05 245 240 260 140 080 490 180 300 358 348 27 674 898 1156 1194 552 1650 1588 H64/43 H53/43 H20/64 H84/31 157/56 H85/11 H48/75 146/57 H74/56 H76/43 637 758 684 673 611 628 900 718 803 772 5815 5940 6146 6164 6240 6390 6644 6885 7315 7364 3024 2700 3235 3200 2754 2722 2894 2570 2765 3200 2160 1998 1814 1200 3013 2127 1987 2916 2916 2400 3500 1765 3450 2900 3200 4240 4800 4700 5350 4800 2440 2695 2900 4514 1800 960 3553 1920 3040 3721 6244 5527 5200 3400 7167 8129 5643 8266 7991 6000 23 appendix iii Table 14. Groundwater chemistry of some wells in Kuwait (Al-Ruwaih & Shehata, 1998) Well pH TDS, Ec, Total Total Cations, ppm Anions, ppm Salinity No mg l−1 mmhos hardness, Alkalinity mg l−1 K+ Na+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Cl− SO4 − HCO3 − mg l−1 cm−1 mg l−1 15 26 35 36 44 101 102 117 765 770 770 760 785 785 810 765 2780 3594 3379 2685 3107 2910 2904 4897 3560 4790 5070 3910 4270 3750 3760 6930 1298 1425 1553 1410 1440 1234 1217 1745 133 68 88.5 135.5 164 122 136 138 1.3 15.5 17.5 15 15 14 15 28 370 545 585 370 540 415 445 950 126 106 130 144 144 118 114 172 312 509 1238 396 396 1031 408 1088 1089 328 532 1056 340 630 1213 300 558 1122 300 581 1089 416 1692 1337 162 83 108 165 200 149 158 168 2800 3600 3400 2700 3100 2900 2900 3600 Falaje Name Warrah Mutarrad Ghayl Ain Sukhnah Fili Dafdah Hatta al’Mualla Mazyad-1 Mazyad-2 Asimah Murrad Manama Siji Hafara Masafi Awaina Masfut Mamdoukh Saham Farfar Farah Daudi Sarrah Falaje Ser. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 710 1100 1180 10940 1020 610 400 1840 960 2830 470 750 680 750 2000 450 1030 750 600 650 900 1100 520 390 E.C., mmohs cm−1 84 84 90 79 93 83 79 78 88 85 89 88 89 93 87 88 84 87 84 88 87 86 91 89 154 180 129 3038 150 103 077 129 129 309 030 134 144 134 460 052 165 154 120 103 172 290 113 092 pH Ca Melliequivalent l−1 360 450 723 1225 210 289 290 459 410 818 303 395 415 444 060 301 070 355 240 447 338 430 210 161 Mg 250 520 404 8040 810 220 065 1304 470 1730 113 220 130 173 1450 087 780 230 248 130 365 457 190 130 Na 007 013 014 141 817 007 004 023 013 026 008 005 006 007 008 005 006 007 006 005 008 009 008 007 K 041 051 071 Nil 041 031 010 020 050 051 Nil 040 040 061 020 020 020 050 050 040 034 068 060 100 CO3 Table 15. Analysis of water samples from the falajes in the United Arab Emirates (from UAE Country Report, 1986) 306 326 449 306 244 104 224 449 306 425 153 316 337 347 277 194 214 34 357 440 340 545 214 133 HCO3 220 471 495 10853 503 218 105 950 420 1590 200 287 238 114 1238 162 604 270 190 180 400 476 170 124 Cl 190 300 210 1260 330 260 090 490 240 801 119 111 080 236 443 069 182 086 017 025 109 097 077 033 SO4 156 294 196 1740 604 157 040 760 290 720 090 140 080 100 900 070 720 140 180 080 230 240 150 116 S.A.R. 24 appendix iii 36 37 38 39 40 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Buraimi Al-Ain Hatta-1 Hatta-2 Dhaid Jimi Hili Museira Bithna Usayli Khatt Spring South Habisa Habhab Rafaq Howeilat Munai 740 2670 1700 1250 780 380 620 700 900 1180 750 750 1050 1050 2200 2250 90 86 83 87 90 90 90 86 86 83 80 86 84 82 89 86 093 395 275 165 124 103 113 134 134 100 100 175 144 144 395 430 276 372 248 207 229 151 250 456 535 230 223 225 493 493 242 24 353 1880 1170 890 420 120 250 087 195 826 391 348 391 391 1550 1550 012 022 013 013 010 006 010 023 036 015 016 010 015 015 020 021 060 034 051 068 068 060 082 100 112 060 082 040 082 082 034 034 204 390 306 357 425 163 225 368 265 337 204 347 388 204 357 374 333 1690 940 571 214 119 205 176 370 562 314 257 466 476 1430 1430 140 555 409 279 076 038 111 056 153 212 130 114 107 281 386 403 240 960 720 650 320 106 186 050 100 640 300 250 220 220 870 850 appendix iii 25 26 appendix iii Table 16. Relative salt tolerance of agricultural crops (from Asano, 1994) Degree of tolerance Group Crop Tolerant Fiber, seed and sugar crops Grasses and forage crops Barley, cotton and sugar beets Bermuda grass, salt grass, wheat grass and wild rye Moderately tolerant Fiber, seed and sugar crops Grasses and forage crops Oats, rye, safflower, sorghum and wheat Clover, rye grass, fescue grass, Sudan grass, wheat and barley Fruit and nut crops Fig, olive, pineappel, papaya, pomegranate and walnut Artichoke, red beets and squash Vegetables Moderately sensitive Fiber, seed and sugar crops Grasses and forage crops Fruit and nut crops Vegetables Sensitive Fiber, seed and sugar crops Fruit and nut crops Vegetables Broad bean, maize, millet, groundnut, rice, sugar cane and sunflower Alfalfa, clover, corn, oat grass, rye, oats Almond and plum Spinach and cabbage Bean and sesame Avocado, blackberry, cherry, strawberry and tangarine Bean, carrot, okra, onion, radish, sweet potato and tomato 27 appendix iii Table 17. ARAMCO reuse criteria for various uses of water (ARAMCO, 1980) Use Treatment requirements Quality requirements (no. of coliform/100 ml) Spray irrigation of food crops Disinfection, oxidation, coagulation clarification, filtration; or a process which provides equivalent degree of treatment and reliability Disinfection, oxidation 1- Median∗ <22 2- No more than one sample of >23 in any 30-day period Orchards, vineyards Primary (no fruit may contact water or ground) None Fodder, fiber, seed crops Primary None Disinfection, oxidation 1- Median <23 2- Not >240 in any two consecutive samples disinfection, oxidation, coagulation, clarification, filtration; or a process which provides equivalent degree of treatment and reliability 1- Median < 22 2- Not >23 in any sample in any 30-day period Disinfection, oxidation, coagulation, clarification, filtration; or a process which provides equivalent degree of treatment and reliability Disinfection, oxidation 1- Median < 22 2- No more than one sample of >23 in any 30-day period Surface irrigation of food crops landscape irrigation 1- Limited access: roadway landscapes and other landscapes with similar access 2- Unlimited access: parks, playgrounds, or areas with similar access Recreational impoundments 1- Non-restricted No limitation on body-contact water sports 2- Restricted None-body-contact sports: e.g., fishing, boating Median <22 Median <22 ∗ Median determined from bacteriological results of the last 7 days for which analyses have been completed Sources of information of Appendix III are the same as those listed at the end of Appendix II