Applied Poultry Nutrition
M.E. Persia
Iowa State University
4/16/2012
Digestive Anatomy
Beak no lips or teeth
Little insalivation
Few taste buds
Large eyes
Digestive Anatomy
Feed storage
Similar to checks in
chipmunks
Similar to rumen
Why?
Crop – Feed Storage
Adaptation to feeding behavior
Feeding Area
Cover
Digestive Anatomy
Gizzard or Ventriculus
Mastication
Rough inner lining
Grit
Muscular grinding
Discussion Question
Which diet would result in a larger gizzard and
what are the productive consequences?
Digestive Anatomy
Paired
Relative size…
Relative Importance of the Hindgut
Cecal/Colon Capacity % of Total Digestive Tract
Horse
61.3
Ox
10.7
Sheep and Goats
12.7
Pigs
37.3
Dogs
14.4
Cat
15.9
Chicken
1.1
WHY?
Digestive Anatomy
Exit point for feces, urine
and egg
What are Nutrients Used For?
Maintenance of life
Heat to maintain body temperature
Energy for vital body processes (including immune function)
Energy for movement
Nutrients to repair and renew cells and tissue
Important distinction no net gain or loss of body weight
Mostly energy – but also amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals
Factors affecting nutrient requirements
Exercise
Body size
Weather
Temperament
Stress
Production
Health
Individual variation
What are Nutrients Used For?
Growth (also called production or productive)
Increase in size of bones, muscles, internal organs etc…
Preferential growth vital organs grow faster, followed by muscle tissue
(Schmidt et al, 2012)
Discussion Question
Why would a younger animal (smaller) be more
efficient?
Utilization of Energy
Gross Energy
Fecal Energy
Digestible Energy
Urinary Energy
Metabolizable Energy
Heat Increment
Net Energy
Net Energy
Maintenance
Net Energy
Production
Poultry Nutrient Requirements
Species
CP
(%)
ME
(kcal/kg)
Ca
(%)
P
(%)
Na
(%)
Cl Vitamins
(%)
Broiler 1-3 wk
21
3000
1.0
.45
.2
.2
+++
+++
Broiler 4-5 wk
20
3100
.9
.35
.15
.15
++
++
Broiler 6-7 wk
18
3200
.8
.3
.12
.12
+
+
Laying hen
15
2900
3.25
0.25
.15
.13
+
+
Turkey 1-4 wk
28
2800
1.2
.6
.17
.15
+++
+++
Turkey 5-8 wk
26
2900
1.0
.5
.15
.14
+++
+++
16.5
3200
.65
.3
.12
.12
+
+
Turkey 16-20 wk
Minerals
Discussion Question
Species
CP
(%)
ME
(kcal/kg)
Ca
(%)
P
(%)
Na
(%)
Cl Vitamins
(%)
Broiler 1-3 wk
23
3200
1.0
.45
.2
.2
+++
+++
Broiler 4-5 wk
20
3200
.9
.35
.15
.15
++
++
Broiler 6-7 wk
18
3200
.8
.3
.12
.12
+
+
Laying hen
15
2900
3.25
0.25
.15
.13
+
+
Turkey 1-4 wk
28
2800
1.2
.6
.17
.15
+++
+++
Turkey 5-8 wk
26
2900
1.0
.5
.15
.14
+++
+++
16.5
3200
.65
.3
.12
.12
+
+
Turkey 16-20 wk
Minerals
How Does Feed Intake affect nutrient requirements
What Do We Feed Poultry?
Grains:
Byproduct meals:
Oils:
Soybean oil, Choice White Grease, Tallow, Poultry fat
Vitamins and Minerals:
Vitamin and Mineral premix
Diet Formulation
Ingredient
CP
ME
Ca
P
Na
Cl
Vitamins
Minerals
Corn
8
3350
-
.1
-
-
low
low
Soybean meal
48
2400
-
.1
.2
-
low
low
Soy oil
-
9000
-
-
-
-
-
-
Limestone
-
-
38
-
.05
-
-
low
Dical
-
-
16
21
.06
-
-
low
Salt
-
-
.3
-
39
60
-
low
Vitamins and minerals
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
Diet Formulation
Ingredient
CP
ME
Ca
P
Na
Cl
Vitamins
Minerals
50%
8
3350
-
.1
-
-
low
low
Soybean meal 40%
48
2400
-
.1
.2
-
low
low
Corn
Soy oil
6.0%
-
9000
-
-
-
-
-
-
Limestone
1.7%
-
-
38
-
.05
-
-
low
Dical
1.8%
-
-
16
21
.06
-
-
low
Salt
0.3%
-
-
.3
-
39
60
-
low
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
23
3200
1.0
.45
.4
.4
+++
+++
Vitamins and minerals
0.2%
Totals
100%
Diet Formulation
Ingredient
CP
ME
Ca
P
Na
Cl
Vitamins
Minerals
50%
8
3350
-
.1
-
-
low
low
Soybean meal 40%
48
2400
-
.1
.2
-
low
low
Corn
Soy oil
6.0%
-
9000
-
-
-
-
-
-
Limestone
1.7%
-
-
38
-
.05
-
-
low
Dical
1.8%
-
-
16
21
.06
-
-
low
0.3%
CP
(%)
ME
-
Ca
.3
(%)
-P
(%)
Na 60
Cl Vitamins
39
(%) (%)
Vitamins
Broiler
1-3
and
wkminerals
0.2%
23
-
3200
-
1.0
-
.45
-
-.2
-.2
high
+++
high
+++
100%
23
3200
1.0
.45
.4
.4
+++
+++
Species
Salt
Totals
Mineral
low
Considerations for Broiler Nutrition
Large feed complexes
Sourcing materials
All diets are pelleted
Increased feed efficiency
Considerations for Broiler Nutrition
Immature birds
 6 to 7 wks to market
18 wks to maturity
Microflora not set until 10 d
Enzyme production not
maximized until 2 wk
Discussion Question
Why is lighting important for poultry nutrition?
Considerations for Layer Nutrition
Mature birds
 18 to 110 wks
Can handle more complex diets
Little growth
Reproduction
Laying hens egg production
Very high calcium requirement. Why?
Large egg
75 calories of ME
7.5g of crude protein
2g of calcium
Considerations for Turkey Nutrition
Faster initial growth rate than broilers
Higher amino acids (protein) requirements
Higher P and Ca requirements - why?
Hens 16-18 wks for 30 lbs
Toms 20-22 wks for 45 lbs