DIGESTIBILITY OF FEEDSTUFFS PP 106 - 109 PURPOSES FOR DETERMINING FEEDSTUFF DIGESTIBILITY • Quantify the availability of nutrients • Quantify the available energy concentration of feedstuffs • Partition metabolism of nutrients in different compartments of the digestive tract DIGESTION TRIALS Standard Protocol • Place animal in metabolism stall • First 10 to 14 days (Adjustment period) – Feed animal to attain 10% waste to determine ad libitum feed intake – Do not collect feces or urine • Next 5 to 7 days (Collection period) – Feed at 90% ad lib intake (Collect weighback if necessary) – Collect an equivalent amount of diet daily and add to a composite diet sample daily – Collect feces, weigh, collect a 5 to 10% subsample, and add to a composite fecal sample daily – (Optional) Collect urine, measure volume, collect a 5 to 10% subsample, and add to a composite urine sample • Post-collection – Determine DM, chemical composition and/or energy concentration of feed and feces – (Optional) Determine chemical composition and/or energy concentration of urine DIGESTIBILITY CALCULATIONS • Dry matter intake (DMI) – DMI = Average amount of feed offered x %DM • Fecal output (FO) – FO = Average amount of feces excreted x %DM • DM digestibility (DMD) – DMD, % = (DMI – FO)/DMI x 100% • Individual nutrient digestibility (Example: CP) – Protein dig % = (DMI x %CPdiet – FO x %CPfeces)/(DMI x %CPdiet ) x 100% • Concentration of digestible nutrient in diet (Example: Protein) – Digestible protein, %DM = CP, % of DM x protein dig % LIMITATIONS OF STANDARD DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS 1. Feces composed of undigested nutrients and endogenous materials – Endogenous materials • Sloughed mucosa cells • Bacteria • Enzymes and bile salts – Therefore, the digestibility percentage determined by a standard digestibility trial should be referred to as the ‘apparent digestibility’ or ‘apparent digestion coefficient’ – The ‘true digestibility’ can only be determined if the endogenous materials are quantified and subtracted from the fecal output – Inserting and collecting digesta at a cannula in the ileum can be used to avoid errors associated with bacteria • Used for amino acid digestibility in nonruminants 2. Limiting feed intake to 90% ad lib will slow rate of passage of digesta in the digestive tract – Apparent digestibility coefficients determined in standard digestion trial may be higher than apparent digestion in producing animals – Methods to determine digestibility in producing animals • Fecal pans – Need to know individual feed intake • Fecal bags – Need to know individual feed intake • Digestibility markers – Markers » Chromic oxide » Titanium oxide » Acid-insoluble ash – Use a. Feed known amount of marker • Collect feces for 3 to 7 days • Analyze feces for marker • Fecal output = Amount of marker fed per day/ Fecal concentration of marker b. Feed known concentration of marker in diet • Collect feces for 3 to 7 days • Analyze feces for marker • DM dig. % = (1 – %markerfeed/%markerfeces) x 100% 3. Some feedstuffs can not be fed as sole diet – Digestibility may be determined as a ‘partial digestion coefficient’ Procedure – • • • • – Feed test ingredient at varying percentages in a diet Determine apparent DM digestibility of each diet Graph (or run regression analysis) of each digestibility on a line vs the test feed ingredient’s concentration in the diet Apparent digestibility of test feed ingredient will be at the intercept Assumption • Concentrations of other ingredients in the diet do not affect digestibility of test ingredient – No associative feed effects NITROGEN BALANCE • A measure of protein gain or loss • Measurement: Nitrogen balance = DMI x %N, DM basis – (FO x %N + Urine volume, L x N, gm/L)