PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Approaches for Linking Household and Community Surveys to Remote Sensing and GIS
edited by:
Jefferson Fox, Ronald R. Rindfuss, Stephen J. Walsh, and Vinod Mishra
Click to continue...
Press <Esc> to shrink window and quit
PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Approaches for Linking Household and Community Surveys
to Remote Sensing and GIS
2b.
Landscape (1996 Landsat TM Image, Bands 5, 4, 3)
3.
Examples of atypical properties
edited by:
4.
Time series of the trajectory of deforestation in Altamira
Jefferson Fox, Ronald R. Rindfuss, Stephen J. Walsh, and Vinod Mishra
5.
Farm property cohort of settlement
6.
Property sampling strategy
7.
Digital elevation model with property grid overlay
CHAPTER 1
8.
Using images in the field: farm and community level interview
Linking Household and Remotely Sensed Data:
Methodological and Practical Problems
9.
Comparison of Landsat TM and IKONOS Multispectral data
10.
Crops and terra roxa
11.
Colonist footprint: average deforestation trajectories across cohorts
12.
INCRA colonization: Altamira, Brasil Novo, Medicilandia -- distribution
of colonization cohorts and % deforestation
13.
Percentage of forest in 1996/farm lot/cohort
14.
General age pattern associated with deforestation on farms
15.
Current age/sex of household members (original & joining) and
children who have left
16.
Age/sex of household members at time of arrival
FIGURES
Ronald R. Rindfuss, Stephen J. Walsh, Vinod Mishra, Jefferson Fox, Glenn
P. Dolcemascolo
1.
A conceptual model of factors influencing land-cover/land-use
change
2.
Sampling land or households
CHAPTER 2
Land-Cover and Land-Use Change (LCLUC) in the Southern
Yucatán Peninsular Region (SYPR): An Integrated Approach
B. L. Turner II and J. Geoghegan
1.
The southern Yucatán peninsular region
2.
Types of ejidos in the study region
3.
Example of a field sketch map
4.
SYPR project image analysis methods
5.
Relationships among SYPR research components
CHAPTER 4
Integration Of Longitudinal Surveys, Remote Sensing Time
Series, And Spatial Analyses: Approaches For Linking People
And Place
Stephen J. Walsh, Richard E. Bilsborrow, Stephen J. McGregor, Brian G. Frizzelle,
Joseph P. Messina, William K. T. Pan, Kelley A. Crews-Meyer, Gregory N. Taff,
Francis Baquero
CHAPTER 3
1.
The study area location
Household Demographic Structure and its Relationship to
Deforestation in the Amazon Basin
2.
Settlement patterns in the Oriente
3.
An example of a sketch map for a finca
Emilio F. Moran, Andréa Siqueira, and Eduardo Brondizio
4.
Digital image data used in this research
1.
Conceptual model of demographic and environmental change
5.
Landsat TM image with a sector and finca boundaries superimposed
2a.
Property grid and landscape
6.
IKONOS multispectral and panchromatic images
7.
Referencing LCLU on a finca
Click on a caption to go directly to that figure, or use the navigation links at right
PREVIOUS
NEXT
8.
Tracking the links between subdivided fincas and finca madres
4.
Complexity scores are based upon focal statistics
9.
Pixel change trajectories
5.
Heterogeneity indices for southern Kajiado District
10.
General structure of the CA model used for LCLU simulation
6.
NDVI patterns in southern Kajiado district in the mid-1990s
11.
Comparison of “observed” and “expected” LCLU patterns
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 5
Household-Parcel Linkages in Nang Rong, Thailand:
Challenges of Large Samples
Ronald R. Rindfuss, Pramote Prasartkul, Stephen J. Walsh, Barbara Entwisle,
Yothin Sawangdee, and John B. Vogler
Linking Household and Remotely Sensed Data for
Understanding Forest Fragmentation in Northern Vietnam
Jefferson Fox, Terry Rambo, Deanna Donovan, Le Trong Cuc, Thomas
Giambelluca, Alan Ziegler, Donald Plondke, Tran Duc Vien, Stephen Leisz,
and Dao Minh Truong
1.
Tat hamlet: The study area in northern Vietnam
1.
Study area location, Nang Rong District, northeast Thailand
2.
Illustration of households in nonclustered and clustered villages
3.
Nang Rong District with village locations from the 2000 survey
4.
Cadastral map coverage of Nang Rong District in 1999
5.
Landsat Thematic Mapper classifications of the study area
6.
Nang Rong data
7.
Map showing land parcels associated with our sample village
8.
Steps in the Nang Rong household-land parcel linking, 2000
1.
Location map of Wolong Nature Reserve
9.
Illustration of households in clustered villages
2.
A conceptual framework
10a. Villages and map sets
3.
Sketch map
10b. Group discussion and map sets
4.
A subset of a panchromatic IKONOS image
11.
5.
Conceptual structure of a household-level model
Field maps used by the spatial team for year 2000 survey
CHAPTER 9
Human Impacts on Land Cover and Panda Habitat in Wolong
Nature Reserve: Linking Ecological, Socioeconomic,
Demographic, and Behavioral Data
Jianguo Liu, Li An, Sandra S. Batie, Richard E. Groop, Zai Liang, Marc A.
Linderman, Angela G. Mertig, Zhiyun Ouyang, and Jiaguo Qi
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 10
Linking Pastoralists to a Heterogeneous Landscape: The
Case of Four Maasai Group Ranches in Kajiado District, Kenya
Habitats, Hierarchical Scales, and Nonlinearities: An Ecological
Perspective on Linking Household and Remotely Sensed Data
on Land-Cover/Use Change
Shauna B. BurnSilver, Randall B. Boone, and Kathleen A. Galvin
1.
Conceptual model
2.
The study region
3.
Grazing pathways in southern Kajiado
George P. Malanson
1.
Remnants of tropical forest
2.
The species-area relationship of island biogeography
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Household characteristics and
decisions
Subnational, national, regional,
and global laws, policies,
treaties, and agreements
A
C
Village or community
characteristics and decisions
Regional and global ideational
forces
B
b
a
Technology
Regional and global commercial
forces
Biophysical characteristics
Other factors
Other factors
More distal forces
Land cover/use on
a specific parcel of
land
Corporations, religious groups,
military, and other institutional
elites
Proximate causes
a
b
Where
indicates direct,
interactive, and feedback type
relationships
There may be feedbacks from
land cover/user to other factors
Figure 1. A conceptual model of factors influencing land-cover and land-use change.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Panel A.
Panel B.
V1
T1
V6
HHi
V4
V2
V3
V7
Pj
V5
T2
V8
T = town
V = village
HH = household
P = plot or parcel
T = town
V = village
Panel C.
V6
V7
HHi
V3
V8
CONTENTS
V6
V5
Pi
Chapter 1, Figure 2
V4
V2
V7
T2
T = town
V = village
HH = household
sampled land area
V1
T1
V4
HHj
Figure 2. Sampling land or
households.
Pr
Panel D.
V1
T1
V2
Pi
HHj
V3
V8
T2
V5
Pj
T = town
V = village
sampled households
P = plot or parcel
PREVIOUS
NEXT
SYPR BORDER
19°N
ul
km
a
l
a
eC
d
io
icip
n
Mu
El Refugio
Xbonil
Lago
Ruta
Silvituc
186
Nicolas
Bravo Bajo
Z O N AS CHIL ERAS
Sabana
Central
io
cip o
i
n
Mu Blanc
.
O .P
archaeological site
settlement
road
study region boundary
18°N
national boundary
state boundary (in dispute)
Petén, Guatemala border
0
10
Arroyo Negro
90°W
89°W
20 kms
water/seasonal water courses
core zone: Calakmul
Biosphere Reserve
buffer zone: Calakmul
Biosphere Reserve
Figure 1. The southern Yucatán peninsular region.
CONTENTS
Chapter 2, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
19°00´
N
19°00´
25 KM
18°30´
LEGEND
Ejido Land
National Land
Private Land
18°00´
Forest amplifications to
ejidos outside region
90°30´
90°00´
89°30´
89°00´
Figure 2. Types of ejidos in the study region.
CONTENTS
Chapter 2, Figure 2
PREVIOUS
NEXT
GPS1
GPS1
GPS2
GPS2
GPS3
GPS3
Figure 3. Example of a field sketch map.
CONTENTS
Chapter 2, Figure 3
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Geometric Correction
Noise Removal I: Haze Removal
3 Bands
Noise Removal II: PCA
3 Bands
Texture Analysis
1 Band
NDVI
Training Site & Signature Development
Signature Evaluation
Supervised Classification
Land Use/Cover Map
Figure 4. SYPR project image analysis methods.
CONTENTS
Chapter 2, Figure 4
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Forest species,
biomass,
nutrients: plot
and transect
Upland
Image
class ification
Bajo
Pixel + its lc
implications
Successional
Imagery classification
Household survey:
Demog., ethnicity,
economic, land mgt.
HH parcels, GPS
specified: cleared,
fallowed, forest
Image
class ification
Regional socioeconomic, environmental,
locat ional, distance & data
Pixel + its lc
imp licat ions
Pixel
Parcel pixels only
Household-level model
Ejido- level model
Pixel or
pixel
clusters
Parcel data applied to
all ejido pixels
Regional or subregional model
Figure 5. Relationships among SYPR research components.
CONTENTS
Chapter 2, Figure 5
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Land Use & Environmental Change
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Stage V
Deforestation:
SS/Fallows:
Annual Crops:
Fruit Tree Prod.:
Agroforestry:
Cattle Grazing:
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
S
t
a
g
e
s
Household Composition
Nuclear - Young Adults
with Small Children
I
5-yrs.
II
Time Since Initial Settlement
10-yrs.
III
IV
Sampling Strata
Nuclear - Adults with
Older Children
Nuclear - Adults with
Teenage Children
15-yrs.
Nuclear - Older Adults
with Teenage & Young
Adult Children
Multi-Generational HHs;
Second Generation HHs
V
Figure 1. Conceptual model of demographic and environmental change.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
5
0
5
10
15
20 Kilometers
Figure 2a. Property grid and landscape.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 2a
PREVIOUS
NEXT
5
0
5
10
15
20 Kilometers
Figure 2b. Landscape (1996 Landsat TM image, bands 5, 4, 3).
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 2b
PREVIOUS
NEXT
2
0
2
4 Kilometers
Figure 3. Examples of atypical properties.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 3
PREVIOUS
NEXT
1970
1973
1976
1979
1985
1988
1991
1996
Figure 4. Time series of the trajectory of deforestation in Altamira.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 4
PREVIOUS
NEXT
5
0
5
10
15
20 Kilometers
Cohort of Farm
Settlement
< 1970
1970-73
1973-76
1976-79
1979-85
1985-91
1991-96
Not Occupied
Figure 5. Farm property cohort of settlement.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 5
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Property Grid
5
0
5
10
15
20 Kilometers
Original Sample
Figure 6. Property sampling strategy
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 6
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Property Grid
5
0
5
10
15
20 Kilometers
Elevation in Meters
21 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 250
250 - 300
300 - 350
350 - 361
Figure 7. Digital elevation model with property grid overlay.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 7
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Figure 8. Using images in the field: farm and community level interview.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 8
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Landsat TM
IKONOS (Multispectral)
28 meter pixel resolution
4 meter pixel resolution
Figure 9. Comparison of Landsat TM and IKONOS Multispectral data.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 9
PREVIOUS
NEXT
CROPS AND TERRA ROXA
90.00
Pasture (%)
Cocoa and Sugar Cane (%)
Other (%)
80.00
70.00
Crops (%)
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
None
1-25%
26-50%
51-75%
76-99%
100%
Terra Roxa (%)
Source: Survey in Altamira 1998, N=402
Figure 10. Crops and terra roxa.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 10
PREVIOUS
NEXT
cohort 1, <1973
(n=121)
18
cohort 2, 1973-76
(n=1033)
16
14
cohort 3, 1976-79
(n=791)
12
cohort 4, 1979-85
(n=443)
10
8
cohort 5, 1985-88
(n=176)
6
cohort 6, 1988-91
(n=90)
4
2
cohort 7, 1991-96
(n=531)
de
f9
6
de
f9
1
de
f8
8
de
f8
5
de
f7
9
de
f7
8
de
f7
5
de
f7
3
0
de
f7
0
Average percentage deforested on farm lots
20
cohort 8, new
(n=533)
deforestation periods
Figure 11. The colonist footprint: average deforestation trajectories across cohorts
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 11
PREVIOUS
NEXT
INCRA Colonization: Altamira, Brasil Novo, Medicilandia
Distribution of Colonization Cohorts and % Deforestation
(estimated from multiple source remote sensing data and colonization
property grid)
N Farm lots = 3718
30
Percentage
25
20
15
10
5
w
ne
6
-9
91
1
-9
88
5
79
-8
9
76
-7
6
-7
73
70
-7
3
0
Cohort by time of inital clearing (5%)
Cohorts
% Deforestation
Figure 12. INCRA colonization: Altamira, Brasil Novo, Medicilandia -- distribution of colonization cohorts and % deforestation.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 12
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Percentage of forest in 1996 / farm lot / cohort
forest
100
0
70-73
75-76
78-79
79-85
85-88
88-91
91-96
new
Figure 13. Percentage of forest in 1996 / farm lot / cohort.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 13
PREVIOUS
NEXT
8.00
Linear
% Farm Area Cleared
7.00
Squared
6.00
Quadratic
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
48
50
44
46
42
38
40
34
36
30
32
26
28
22
24
18
20
14
16
8
10
12
6
4
2
0
0.00
Years of Farm Activity on the Lot
100
Linear
90
Squared
% Farm Area in Forest
80
Quadratic
70
60
50
40
30
20
Figure 14. General age pattern associated with
deforestation on farms.
10
48
50
44
46
42
38
40
34
36
30
32
26
28
22
24
18
20
14
16
10
12
8
6
4
2
0
0
Years
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 14
PREVIOUS
NEXT
70+
65-69
60-64
Female
Male
Fem. Left
Male Left
Age Group -- Current Age
55-59
50-54
45-59
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
-225
-175
-125
-75
-25
25
75
125
175
225
No. of Individuals
Figure 15. Current age/sex of household members (original & joining) and children who have left.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 15
PREVIOUS
NEXT
70+
65-69
60-64
Female
Male
Fem. Left
Male Left
55-59
Age Group (Arrival Age)
50-54
45-59
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
-225
-175
-125
-75
-25
25
75
125
175
225
No. of Individuals
Figure 16. Age/sex of household members at time of arrival.
CONTENTS
Chapter 3, Figure 16
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Colombia
Pacific
Ocean
Tulcan
Esmeraldas
Lago Agrio
Shushufindi
Quito
Baeza
Ecuador
Coca
Tena
Puyo
Riobamba
Guayaquil
Cuenca
Gulf of
Guayaquil
Legend
Machala
Major Cities
Loja
National Capital
Peru
Colonist Area
Cuyabeno Reserve
Yasuni National Park
0
50
100
Nuevo Loja
200
Kilometers
Figure 1. The study area location.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Second Lineas
~ 2000 meters
Ri
oA
gu
ari
co
Figure 2. Settlement patterns in the Oriente.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 2
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Figure 3. An example of a sketch map for a finca.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 3
PREVIOUS
NEXT
MSS 1973
TM 1999
IKONOS 1999
Figure 4. Digital image data used in this research.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 4
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Panchromatic
Multispectral
Landsat TM Image Sample
Sector 20, Finca 30
Pasture (15ha)
Swamp
(0.5ha)
Swamp
(0.5ha)
Prim. Forest (6ha)
Pasture (35ha)
Cattle Yard
(1ha)
Figure 5. Landsat TM image with a sector and finca boundaries superimposed.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 5
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Panchromatic
Multispectral
IKONOS Image Sample
Sector 20, Finca 30
Pasture (15ha)
Swamp
(0.5ha)
Swamp
(0.5ha)
Prim. Forest (6ha)
Pasture (35ha)
Cattle Yard
(1ha)
Figure 6. IKONOS multispectral and panchromatic images.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 6
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Intensive Finca LULC Surveys
IKONOS Multispectral
7
4
10
11
12
8
5
13
9
6
Poly ID
4
5
6
7
t-2
Sec. Forest
Sec. Forest
Pasture
Pasture
t-1
Sec. Forest
Pasture
Coffee
Pasture
t
Sec. Forest
Pasture
Coffee
Coffee
t+1
Pasture
Pasture
Fallow
Fallow
8
...
Sec. Forest
...
Pasture
...
Palm
...
Palm
...
Figure 7. Referencing LCLU on a finca.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 7
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Original spatial data structure
Household ID Example: 105521001
HH ID Structure: 1 055 21 0 01
Region
Finca
Sector
Subdiv#
‘90 Subdiv#
HHID
105521001
105521002
105522000
105523101
105523102
105523201
VAR1
1
2
1
2
3
3
VAR2
86.95
54.75
45.62
78.21
96.37
13.64
VAR3
0
0
1
1
0
1
VAR1
1
2
1
2
3
3
VAR2
86.95
54.75
45.62
78.21
96.37
13.64
Step 1: Add the finca madre ID
Spatial data structure
finca madres
105521000
105522000
105523000
Step 2: Link to
spatial data
HHMID
105521000
105521000
105522000
105523000
105523000
105523000
HHID
105521001
105521002
105522000
105523101
105523102
105523201
Figure 8. Tracking the links between subdivided fincas and finca madres.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 8
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Panel Data &
Bi-Directional Change
1973-1999
Red: Long-term Ag
Green: New Forest
Yellow: New Ag
Figure 9. Pixel change trajectories.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 9
PREVIOUS
NEXT
LULC
Terrain
GIS Layers
Roads
Rivers
Spatial Partitioning
Model
Defaults
Organic
Random #
Output
Limits
Scalars
Diffusive
Access
Figure 10. General structure of the CA model used for LCLU simulation.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 10
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Predicted 1996
Actual 1996
Summary Correlations
Total Area in Hectares
1986
Urbanized
Forested
Agriculture
48036
1050
27158
1996 Predicted 1996 Actual
30015
3591
45072
31853
3774
43029
Forested
Urbanized
Agriculture
70.95%
2.15%
26.90%
7.80%
54.50%
37.70%
23.08%
3.94%
72.98%
Figure 11. Comparison of “observed” and “expected” LCLU patterns.
CONTENTS
Chapter 4, Figure 11
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Laos
Burma
Thailand
Gulf of
Tonkin
Nang
Rong
Bangkok
Andaman
Sea
Cambodia
Gulf of
Thailand
Figure 1. Study area location, Nang Rong
District, northeast Thailand.
CONTENTS
0
100
200
300 Kilometers
Chapter 5, Figure 1
Malaysia
PREVIOUS
NEXT
(A)
(B)
Figure 2. Illustration of households in nonclustered and clustered villages.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 2
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Village locations
Paved roads, two or more lanes
All weather loose surface roads,
two or more lanes
Major rivers
Streams
Ponds and reservoirs
N
0
5
10
Kilometers
Figure 3. Nang Rong District with village locations from the 2000 survey.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 3
PREVIOUS
NEXT
1-km by 1-km regions possessing cadastral maps
N
Figure 4. Cadastral map coverage of Nang
Rong District in 1999.
CONTENTS
0
5
10
kilometers
Chapter 5, Figure 4
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Classification derived from
two Landsat MSS satellite
images.
Image acquisition dates:
18 December, 1972
28 February, 1973
High/Medium Density
Forest
Medium/Low Density
Forest
Upland Agriculture
Grass-Shurb Savanna
Other Agriculture
Water
Fallow/Bare Ground
Rice
Classification derived from
two Landsat TM satellite
images.
Image acquisition dates:
11 December, 1997
29 February, 1997
Figure 5. Landsat Thematic Mapper classifications of the study area.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 5
PREVIOUS
NEXT
51 Villages
DATA SOURCE
Migrants
Household
Surveys
REMOTELY
SENSED
IMAGERY
Individuals
and
Households
Residents
1994
Village
Surveys
Maps
ETM+
Radar
AVHRR
SPOT
TM
MSS
Aerial
photo
Individuals
and
Households
Residents
1984
X(N=51) X(N=51)
X
X
XX
XX
X X
X
(+Aerial photos
1954,’67,’68,’69)
1970
1975
1980
X
XX XX
X(N=310)
X
XX X X X X X
X
X
X X X XX XX X X X X
1985
Return
Migration
Residents
2000
X(N=346)
X
X
1990
1995
2000
2005
Figure 6. Nang Rong data.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 6
PREVIOUS
NEXT
N
Land parcels associated with a
household from our sample village
0
0.5
1
Kilometers
Figure 7. Map showing land parcels associated with our sample village.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 7
PREVIOUS
NEXT
A
B
Prior to data collection
•
•
•
•
Obtain cadastral maps
List of names from earlier rounds
Digitize cadastral maps
Create field maps
Spatial team-phase I
•
•
•
•
HH listing
Dwelling unit GPSing
GPS village centroid
Community interviews
C
Household interview team
D
Spatial team-phase II
E
Matching and checks
•
•
•
•
•
•
Locate and interview old HHs
Interview new HHs
Group interviews
Spot checking
Matching household and group interview data
Matching cadastral and household data
Figure 8. Steps in the Nang Rong household-land parcel linking, 2000.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 8
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Village 1
HHc
HHd
Village 2*
Plang 1 HHa Village 1
Plang 9
HHd Village 1
Plang 4 HHc Village 1
Plang 17
HHe Village 2
Plang 11 HHb
Village 2
Plang 13 HHd
Village 1
Plang 14
HHc
Village 3
Plang 15
HHb
Village 1
Plang 5 HHc Village 1
Plang 6 HHd Village 1
HHe
Plang 12
HHa Village 2
Plang 2 HHa Village 2
Plang 3 HHd Village 2
HHb
HHd
HHc
Plang 10
HHc Village 2
HHa
HHb
HHa
Plang 18
HHa
Village 3
Plang 19
HHd
Village 2
Plang 16
HHc
Village 2
Plang 7 HHa Village 3
Plang 20
HHb
Village 2
Plang 8 HHa Village 1
HHa
HHc
HHb
Village 3
*Sample village in the Nang Rong data collection
Figure 9. Illustration of households in clustered villages.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 9
PREVIOUS
NEXT
1783-1
1783-2
1783-3
1783-4
1783-5
1783-6
*
1783-7
1783-8
1783-9
2 km
2 km
2 km
6 km
*The center of the map set ( *, tile 5 ) is the GPS location of the study village.
Figure 10a. Villages and map sets.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 10a
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Figure 10b. Group discussion and map sets.
CONTENTS
Chapter 5, Figure 10b
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Figure 11. Field maps used by the spatial
team for year 2000 survey.
CONTENTS
Village Name
Village ID - Map ID
Chapter 5, Figure 11
N
0
0.5
kilometers
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Remote Sensing
Climate
High temporal/spatial
variability
Human Land Use
Scale
Pattern
Environment
Landscape
Structure
(habitat mosaics)
Soils
Topography
Political-Economic Drivers
Land Tenure Change
Economic
Sedenterization
Figure 1. Conceptual model.
CONTENTS
Chapter 6, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Kenya
Osilalei
Osilalei GR
Eselengei
0
Esselengei
Group
Ranch
15
km
30
Lengisim
Olgulului/
Loarashi
GR
Emeshenani
Amboseli
National
Park
Imbirikani
North
Imbirikani GR
Imbirikani
South
Figure 2. The study region.
CONTENTS
Chapter 6, Figure 2
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Wet season
Dry season
Grazing
universe
Osilalei
Eselengei
Lengisim
Imbirikani
North
Emeshenani
Imbirikani
South
Grazing pathway
Ranch boundary
NDVI complexity index
Study area boundary
0
5
10 15
kilometers
25
Figure 3. Grazing pathways in southern Kajiado.
CONTENTS
Chapter 6, Figure 3
PREVIOUS
NEXT
W
X
W X
W X
Y
Y
Z
Y
Z
Z
Figure 4. Complexity scores are based upon focal statistics.
CONTENTS
Chapter 6, Figure 4
PREVIOUS
NEXT
a.
Wet season NDVI and elevation
heterogeneity index
0.02
b.
1.19
Dry season NDVI and elevation
heterogeneity index
0.03
Standard deviation
1.34
Standard deviation
Figure 5. Heterogeneity indices for southern Kajiado District.
CONTENTS
Chapter 6, Figure 5
PREVIOUS
NEXT
a.
c.
b.
Swamps
113
133 153
Average NDVI
Chyulu Hills
2.2
9.7
17.1
Standard deviation
Low
High
Variation relative
to average NDVI
Figure 6. NDVI patterns in southern Kajiado district in the mid-1990s.
CONTENTS
Chapter 6, Figure 6
PREVIOUS
NEXT
100º
105º
Hanoi
MYANMAR
LAO PDR
20º
Tat
Hamlet
THAILAND
Andaman
Sea
AM
Bangkok
IE
TN
CAMBODIA
10º
Gulf
of
Thailand
V
South
China
Sea
Figure 1. Tat hamlet: The study area in
northern Vietnam.
CONTENTS
A.D. Ziegler
Chapter 7, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Russia
Kazakstan
Mongolia
N. Korea
S. Korea
China
Sichuan
Vietnam
Elevation (m)
Wolong Nature Reserve
1200-2000
2000-3000
3000-4000
4000-5000
5000-6200
Thailand
Figure 1. Location map of Wolong Nature Reserve.
CONTENTS
Chapter 9, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Dynamics
Economics
Demography
Human
Behavior
Structure
Sociology
Policies
Forest
Integrity
Function
Natural
Factors
Quantity
Quality
Panda
Habitat
Timing
Location
Figure 2. A conceptual framework.
CONTENTS
Chapter 9, Figure 2
PREVIOUS
NEXT
(N)
To Xiaojing County
(E)
Dwelling units
Major Road
Figure 3. Sketch map.
CONTENTS
Chapter 9, Figure 3
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Road
Dwelling unit
Ag land
Dam
Hydropower station
Apartments
Plantation
Bridge
Clearcut
Figure 4. A subset of a panchromatic IKONOS image.
CONTENTS
Chapter 9, Figure 4
PREVIOUS
NEXT
ECONOMY
DEMOGRAPHY
Incomes
Expenses
Production
Consumption
Social
Attitudes
Habitat Degradation !
FUELWOOD
(Consumption)
Figure 5. Conceptual structure of a household-level model.
CONTENTS
Chapter 9, Figure 5
PREVIOUS
NEXT
Matrix
Edge
Figure 1. Remnants of tropical forest.
CONTENTS
Chapter 10, Figure 1
PREVIOUS
NEXT
log Number of Species
ab
us H
tinuo
n
o
C
fects
f
E
rix
s
M at
ffect
E
d
Islan
?
fects
f
E
e
E dg
itat
log Area
Figure 2. The species-area relationship of island biogeography.
CONTENTS
Chapter 10, Figure 2
PREVIOUS
NEXT