1
SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY, SOLAPUR
Ph. D. Course Work in Chemistry
There shall be FOUR theory papers each of 100 marks. The first
three papers i.e Paper- I, Paper- II and Paper- III are compulsory
whereas a student shall have to select any one paper from amongst
the five elective papers under the paper IV.
Paper I-(compulsory)
100Marks
Research Methodology and Information Communication Technology
Paper II-(compulsory)
100Marks (60 Periods)
PCHEM-02A: Recent trends in Physical Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-02B: Recent trends in Inorganic Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-02C: Recent trends in Organic Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-02D: Recent trends in Polymer Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-02E: Recent trends in Analytical Chemistry
Paper III (compulsory)
100Marks (60 Periods)
PCHEM-03A: Modern Topics in Physical Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-03B: Modern Topics in Inorganic Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-03C: Modern Topics in Organic Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-03D: Modern Topics in Polymer Chemistry
OR
PCHEM-03E: Modern Topics in Analytical Chemistry
Paper IV (Elective)
100Marks(60 Periods)
PCHEM-04A: Advanced development in Physical Chemistry
PCHEM-04B: Advanced development in Inorganic Chemistry
PCHEM-04C: Advanced development in Organic Chemistry
PCHEM-04D: Advanced development in Polymer Chemistry
PCHEM-04E: Advanced development in Analytical Chemistry
2
Ph.D COURSE WORK IN CHEMISTRY
Paper II
Recent trends in Physical Chemistry
(PCHEM-02A:PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
Unit I: NMR, IR and Mass Spectroscopy:
a)
b)
c)
d)
IR spectroscopy: Applications of IR in analysis
NMR spectroscopy: Chemical shifts and coupling
constant, Introduction of NOE, DEPT and 2D NMR,
13CNMR and its applications.
Mass spectroscopy: Mass spectral fragmentation of
complex molecules and its applications.
Combined spectroscopic problems based on IR, NMR and
mass spectral data.
Unit II : Thermodynamic properties of solids and liquids:
Thermodynamic properties of solids :
Differences between gases and condensed phases, the
influence of crystal symmetry on macroscopic properties.
Thermal properties of crystalline solids. The contribution
of anhormonicity to the properties of crystal. Some
properties of complex solids and imperfect solids.
Electronic heat capacity of metals.
a)
Thermodynamic properties of liquids:
Bulk properties of liquids, the structure of liquids.
X – Ray scattering from liquids. Determination of
structure of a liquid. Molecular theories of liquid state.
Unit III : Preparation of Materials and Applications :
Thin films and Langmuir- Blodgett Films:
Preparation of techniques; sol – gel, spin coating,
Langmuir- Blodgett (LB) photolithography, properties
and applications of films.
3
a)
Materials of solid state devices: Organic and In-organic
materials for rectifiers, transistors, capacitors and their
applications in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
Unit IV: Kinetics of Redox Reactions:
Kinetics of catalyzed reactions: Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous.Positive, negative and auto catalyzed
reactions. Induced reactions, promoters and poisons.
Theory of catalysis: intermediate compound formation and
adsorption theory, characteristic of catalytic reaction and
activation energy of catalyzed reactions.
Micellar catalysis: Models for Micellar catalysis (Menger
and Portony, Sepulveda, Berezin, Piszkiewicz and
Raghavan and Srinivasan models), phase transfer catalysis,
general mechanism, and difference between phase
transform and micellar catalysis.
Unit V: Thermodynamic and Dielectric properties of liquids and
solutions:
Structure of liquids, relationship between structure and
thermodynamic properties, Molecular theory of
monatomic and polyatomic liquids, thermodynamics of
phase equilibria, statistical molecular description of phase
transitions, chemical potential and partial molar quantities,
mixing and excess thermodynamic properties of mixtures,
statistical mechanical theories of non electrolyte and
electrolyte solutions, influence of solute on structure of
water, structure of water near a surface.
Static Dielectric constant: Dipolar interactions, dipolar
molecules in gases and in dilute solutions.Debye equation
and its generalizations.
4
Reference Books 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
V.M. Parikh - Absorption spectroscopy of organic
compounds (C.J. Wiley )
D.W. Williams and Flemming spectroscopy methods of organic
compounds
Fundamentals of moleculor spectroscopy
C.N. Banwell.
Physical chemistry, R.S. Berry ,S.A. Rice and J. Ross Oxford
University Press 2000
Theory of Defect in solid A.M. Stoneham Oxford University press
1975
Thermodynamics of crystals D.C. Wallace Wiley 1972
Solid state physics N.W. Ashcrott and N,D. Mermin Sauders College
Material science and Engineering AN introduction W.D.
Callister
Willey
Principals of Solid state H.V. Keer Willey Eastrn
aterials Science J.C. Anderson k.D. Leaver J.M. Alexander and R.D.
Rawlings ELBS
Chemical Kinetics by K.J. Laidler
Kinetics and mechamism by A.A. Frost and R.G. Pearson
Micellar effect on the kinetics and mechanism of chromium (VI)
oxidation of organic substrates By Asim K. Das, Coordination
Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 248, p 81-89 (2004).
Some aspect of electron transfer reactions involving organic molecules
by B.Seturam, Allied Publishers, 2003.
Surfactant and polymers in aqueous solution by Bo. Johnson Bjorn
Lindman, Krister Holmberg and Bengt Kronberg, John-Wiley and
Sons, 1998.
Trends in Chemistry of materials, C.N.R. Rao.
R.S. Berry, S. A. Rice and J. Ross, Physical Chemistry, 2nd Ed.,
Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.
A. Ben-Naim, Water and Aqueous Solutions, Plenum Press, New York,
1974.
D. A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanis, Harper and Row Ltd., New
Work, 1976.
5
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Y. Marcus, Introduction to Liquid State Chemistry, Wiley, New Work,
1977.
K. S. Pitzer, Theromodyanmics, 3 rd Ed., McGraw Hill, New Work,
1955.
H. Frohlich, Theory of Dielectrics: Constant and Dielectric Loss, 2nd
Ed. Oxford University Press, New York, 1958.
V. I. Gaiduk, Dielectric Relaxation and Dynamics of Polar Molecules,
World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1999.
J. B. Hasted in Water: A Comprehensive Treatise, edited by F. Franks (
Plenum Press, New York, 1973), Vol. II.
Chemical Kinetics by Keith J. Laidler, third edition, Person (2004).
Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Dynamics by Santosh K. Upadhyay,
Anamaya (2008).
Some Aspects of Electron Transfer reaction Involving Organic
Molecules by B. Sethuram, Allied Publishers (2003).
Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions by F. Basolo and R.G. Person, John
Wiley (1967).
6
Paper – II
Recent Trends in Inorganic chemistry
(PCHEM-02B:INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
1.
i)
ii)
iii)
2.
Mossbauer Spectroscopy of Iron and Tin compounds :
Basic Principles, Instrumentations, spectral parameters and
spectrum display. Application of the technique to the
studies of
Bonding and structure of Fe+2 and Fe+3 compounds
including those of intermediate.
Sn+2 and Sn+4 compounds, nature of M-L bond, coordination numbers, structure
Detection of oxidation state and inequivalent MB atoms
and Numerical problems
Structural Tin Chemistry - Introduction, Inorganic
systems,
Tin
metal,
Intermetallic
compounds
monomolecular Solids, Inorganic cluster compounds, Tin
halides, chalcogenides, Tin(IV) chalcogenides And related
Compounds, Inorganic complexes of Tin(II) and Tin(IV)
with nitrogen Donar ligands, Bonding in Tin compounds,
organo tin compounds.
3.
Thermal Analysis of Inorganic compounds :
Principle, Instrumentation and morphology of TGA, DTA
and DSC, Investigation of Decomposition products by
NIR, IR and Mass Spectroscopy.
Application and
Numerical problems.
4.
Instrumentation for Characterization of Inorganic solid
state material:
Microscopy & Compositional and Tech. :
TEM,SEM,HREM,AFM,XRD & EDAX
Spectroscopic Techniques: AAS, ESCA, UV-VIS-NIR
Interference (SQUID) Magnetometry
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and X-ray absorption
Spectroscopy XRP, experimental aspects, chemical shift,
shake up, multiplate splitting and valance Orbital spectra,
a)
b)
c)
5.
7
Sulphur containing ligands and their complexes, spectra of
metal halides. X-ray monochromators, X-ay absorption
spectra of transition metal complexes.
Metal Oxides:
TiO2, SrTiO3, Fe2O3, other oxides & synthesis, Applicators
of metal oxide – sensors Catalysis, photodegradation, PEC
etc.
6.
Reference books :
i)
H.H. Willard L.L. Merritt, J.A.Dean and Settle :
Instrumental methods of chemical analysis,
CDVN/AEWP.
ii) Ashcrft : Thermochemistry of metal complexes
Academic press
iii) Goldanski V.1. and Harber R.H. Chemical application
of Massbaur Spectroscopy, (Academic press, 1968)
iv) Greenwood N.N.Gibbs T.C. : Mossbaur Spectrocopy,
Chapmann Hall, 1971
v) Wendland W.W. Thermal method, John Wiley, 1986
vi) X-ray absorption Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry
by B. D. Culity
vii) Principals of solid state H,V Keer wiley Eastern (1999)
viii) Solid state physics S.O. Pillai Wiley Eastern.
ix) Emelius and Sharpe: Advances in inorg.chem. Vol.
1,2,16
8
Paper II- Recent trends in Organic Chemistry
(PCHEM-02C:ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
(Reaction Mechanism and Spectroscopy)
Reaction Mechanism:
Topic 1. Advanced Stereochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis,
Stereochemistry
of
fused
ring
systems,
conformations of cholestane, olenane, yohimbine
Topic 2. Writing a reasonable reaction mechanism, Reactive
Intermediates, Reactions and Rearrangements
Spectroscopy
Topic 3. Introduction to IR, UV, NMR, & MS techniques,
applications in analysis
Topic 4. NMR Spectroscopy- Introduction, COSY, NOESY,
NOE, DEPT, 2D-NMR, Structural assignments of
organic compounds employing the above 2D-NMR
methods, C13 NMR and its applications
Topic 5. Mass Spectroscopy- Mass spectral fragmentation of
complex molecules and its applications
Topic 6. Structural assignment by employing above techniques
9
Reference Books –
1. Tereochemistry of carbon compounds – E.L. Eliel
2. Introduction to stereochemistry – K. Mislow
3. Conformational analysis – E.L. Eliel, N.L. Allinger, S. J.
Ayngal
4. Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry – D.H.
Williams, I fleming
5. Spectroscopic identification of compounds – Silverstein and
Bassler
6. Absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds – V.M.
Parikh
7. Spectroscopy of organic compounds – P.S. Kalsi
8. Applications of absorption spectroscopy to organic
compounds – J.R.Dyer
9. Organic reaction mechanism – R. bresslow
10. Mechanism and structure in organic chemistry – B.S. Gould
11. Reactive intermediates in organic chemistry – (John Wiley)
N.S. Issacs
12. Organic reaction mechanism ( Tata McGraw Hill) R.K.
Bansal
13. Basic principles in organic chemistry (Bonjamin) – J.D.
Roberts and M.C.Caserio
14. Organic chemistry (MeGraw Hill) – Hendrickson, Cram and
Hammond
15. A Gaide book to mechanism in organic chemistry – Peter
Sykes
16. Advanced organic chemistry – (McGraw Hill) – J. march.
10
Paper-II Recent trends in Polymer Chemistry
(PCHEM-02D:POLYMER CHEMISTRY)
(Polymer Chemistry & Physics)
POLYMER CHEMSITRY
Unit-I: General introduction to polymers (chemistry
perspective):
Definitions, types of polymers, random, homo, block
copolymers, architectures (linear, branched, cross-linked,
grafted);
classification
(by
reaction
productscondensation/addition; by mechanism- step growth/chain
growth; by application – plastics/elastics/ fibers); Number and
weight average MW, MWD, Methods of MW and MWD
determination; Polymer Crystallization, Glass transition and
thermal
properties,
isothermal
and
non-isothermal
crystallization.
Unit-II: Step Polymerization:
Reactivity of Functional Groups, Kinetics of Step
Polymerization, Molecular Weight Control, Need for
stoichiometric control A-A+B-B condensation, Melt
polycondensation, Solid state Polymerization, Solution/Melt
properties of linear versus branched condensation polymers,
Specific examples: polyesters, polyethers, polyamides,
polyurethanes, polyurea and polycarbonate.
Unit-III: Addition Polymers:
Radical chain polymerization, rate of radical chain
polymerization, initiation, propagation, termination, chain
transfer, auto acceleration (Trommsdorf effect), kinetics of
initiation and propagation, ATRP, RAPT, Nitroxide mediated
polymerization.
Unit-IV: Conducting Polymers:
Concepts, discovery, polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole,
poly(phenylnevinylenes), polyphenylvene, low band gap
polymers, Application of conducting polymers in opto-
11
electronic devices, one and three dimensional conducting nanomaterials and their futuristic aspects. Polymer LEDs, FETs and
PVs.
POLYMER PHYSICS
Unit-V:
Polymer blends and composites: Physical and Reactive blends,
phase separation, nano composites and synthetic natural fiber
composites.
Unit-VI:
Extrusion, Molding, Injection/Blow
Polymer processing:
molding, Structure development during processing.
Processing thermoplastics material, polyolefins, injection
moulding, thermo forming, extrusion, General Features of single
screw extrusion, mechanism of flow, Analysis of flow in
Extruder, general features of twin-screw extruder, pultrusion,
blow moulding and casting : introduction, details of process.
Rotational moulding, calendering and its analysis, structural
foaming. Moudling: sandwitch moulding, RIM. Moulding of
thermoset: preparation of material for moulding, compression
moulding, transfer moulding. Effect of processing,
microstructural changes, Shrinkage and distortion, residual
Stress. Processing of fibers and fabrics, spinning and postspinning Processes.
12
PAPER II
Recent Trends In Analytical Chemistry
(PCHEM-02E:ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)
(Advanced Instrumental Methods for chemical
characterization and analysis)
Unit – I - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Introduction, Emission Spectra, Flame emission
spectroscopy, Evaluation methods, Evaluating Flame
emission spectroscopy, Direct current plasma,
Inductively coupled plasma, sample introduction, ICP
instrumentation, Applications, Determining alkali
metals by Flame photometry.
Unit – II - Polarography and Amperometry Introduction, DME, Paleographic wave, half wave
potential, maxima suppressors, Qualitative and
quantitative analysis.
Organic and inorganic
applications. Oscillographic polarography, cathode ray
polarography,
Anodic
stripping
paleography
Alternating current polarography, Amperometric
titrations
.
Unit – III - Electron spin Resonance Spectroscopy.
Introduction, Instrumentation, qualitative analysis,
study of free radicals, structure determination,
Analytical applications.
Unit –IV - Gel Permeation and Ion-pair chromatography
a) Gel permeation choromatography Introduction techniques in gel chromatography, theory
of gel chromatography, applications of gel
chromatography, salting out chromatography
13
b) Ion-pair chromatography Introduction, principles of ion pair extractrion, bonded
phase chromatography, Applications of ion-pair
chromatography.
Unit – V Thermoanalytical Methods Introduction, thermogravimetric analysis, Automatic
thermographic analysis, Differential thermal analysis,
thermometric titrations and their applications.
14
Recommended Books 1. “Vogel’s textbook and Quantitative chemical analysis”, by
J. Mendham, R.C.Denney, J. D. barnes and M.J.K. Thomas,
Person Education Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Instrumental methods of chemical Analysis B.K Sharma,
Goel Publishing House, Meerut.
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard, Merrit, Dean,
Settle CBS Published, New Delhi.
4. Molecular Spectroscopy – Principles and Application – P.R.
Singh, S.K. Dikshit, S. chand and Co. New Delhi.
5. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by Chatwal and
Anand.
15
Paper III – Modern Topics in Physical Chemistry
(PCHEM-03A:PHYSICALCHEMISTRY)
Unit I : Description of crystal structures :
Packing in crystals; Factors affecting crystal structures;
Structure of some most common solids; Compact and micro
porous solids like zeolites, AIPO’s, etc; Mesoporous structures
and their symmetry and space groups; packing structures in
different planes, shear planes; Non-stoichoimetry.
Unit II : Synthesis, Characterisation and properties of solids:
Synthetic methods for inorganic solids; general characterization
techniques; electrical and magnetic properties of solids;
structure – property co relations.
Unit III: Nano materials:
a)
General considerations – definations, consequences of size
reduction, structural, thermodynamic, optical, electrical
and magnetic properties.
b)
Methods of Synthesis – Chemical, Biochemical processes.
c)
Surface fictionalization – Factors governing the stability
and assembly.
d)
Characterization of surface probe spectroscopic
techniques.
e)
Possible Applications - Catalysis, Composites and Bio
applications.
Unit IV: X -Ray Crystallography :
Unit cell, crystallographic directions and planes,
X – Ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, symmetry and space group,
determination of crystal structure, diffraction techniques.
Unit V: Radio-active tracers:
Principles and Applications, Sample preparation for analysis,
Isotopic dilution analysis, radiometric titrations, radio
chromatography, Non tracer methods – Activation analysis,
absorption methods, activities in the atmosphere and dating
procedures.
16
Reference Books 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Solid State Chemistry
by N.B. Hanny
Solid state Chemistry
by J Kumar
Introduction to crystal cmemistry by R.C. Evans
An Hand book of nano chemistry by P. Saloman
Nanomaterial, B. Viswanathan.
Nanotechanology Applications, Daniel Minoli.
Nanocrystalline Oxid materials, K.C. Patil, M.S. Hegade,
Tanu Rattan, S.T. Aruna.
Crystal Growth Theory and techniques Vol. 2 edited by
C.H.L. Goodman Plenum press New Work, 1978.
Crystal Structure Analysis Martin J Buerger John wiley &
Sons New York 1960
Elements of X ray crystallography leonid V azarofff
Mcgrw hill book camp New York
Structure Determination by X ray crystallography M.F. C
ladd & R.A. Palmer, Plenum Press, NewYork. 1979.
Nuclear and Radiochemistry
G. Friedlander J.
Kennedy and J.M. Miller
Radioisotope technique
Overman and clark
Modern Radiochemical practice - Coole and unkan
Essentials of nuclear chemistry - H.J. Aruikar
Radioactive isotopes
- W.J. Whitte house J.L. putton
Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry - B.K. Sharma,
Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd, Meerat
17
Paper – III
Modern topics in Inorganic Chemistry
(PCHEM-03B:INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
1. Inorganic Photochemistry
Photophysical process energy levels and spectra, spectra of
metalcomplexes, ionic
Energy levels in cubic symmetry LFT, weak fields
Intermediate intensities of
electronic Transitions, Lower symmetry ligand field emission
spectra, excitation
spectra, stoke shifts. The study of photosubstitutions,
experimental aspects,
photochemistry of Cr(III), Co(III) and Fe(III),
2. Biological Iron Binding
General significance of iron in biology, Prology known
physiological roles of iron Relevant biogeochemical
properties of iron, iron compounds in plants and animals of
iron Therapy, ferrous vs ferric ion in biological transport, the
hydrolysis of ferricion, polynuclear Iron chelates, polynuclear
iron in biological systems.
3. Reactions of complexes
Ligand substitution reactions, Rates of substitution reaction,
classification of mechanism. Ligand substitutra in octahedral
and squre planar complexes. Classification of redox Reaction
inner & outer sphere mechanism.
4. Ion Setective elements.
Electrode potential and membrane activity in selective
electrode design and Instrumentation of ion selective
electrode, important applications in analysis of F,Cl,CN,NH4+
NO3-, K+,Na,Mg++,Ca++,Hg++,Pb++
5. Organometallic Chemistry - d-block carbonyls, Metallocenes,
metal-metal bonding & metal clustures, Ligand Substitution,
oxidative addition and reductive elimination.
18
6. Recent Advances in Chemistry of Lanthanide Elements.
Introduction, compounds in lower oxidation states halides
oxides and chalcogenides Aqueous systems, hydrides,
Dipositive lanthanide compounds, Tetrapositive oxidation
states Fluorine oxygen compounds, Interpretation of redox
stability, spectroscopic correlation, Electronic spectra and
magnetic properties of lanthanides.
19
References books :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A.W. Adanson and P.D. Fleisehaner : concepts of
Inorganic Photochemistry -J. wiley.
Structure and bonding Vol.6 and 11 Springer Verlag.
C.B. Anaphlett, Inorganic Ion Exchange
J.E.Huheey, Inorganic chemistry.
W.V. Stulik, Analysis with Ion selective electrodes
J.Wiley.
Progress in Inorganic Chemistry Vol.30 ed. S.j. Lippard.
Wiley.
Inorganic Photochemistry J.Chem.Educ. Vol.60 Nold
1983.
Advances in inorganic Chemistry Ed.A.G. Sykes (1991)
Vol.36 Academic press INC-lando
Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry,
Ed.H.J.
Inorngaic chemistry by shriver & attains 4th edition.
20
Paper III- Modern Topics in Organic Chemistry
(PCHEM-03C: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
[Bond formations, Retro synthetic New synthetic
methodologies]
Topic 1. Advances in C – C bond formations: Heck, Suzuki,
Stille and Sonogashira reactions, Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis
Topic 2. Recent advances in C – Heteroatom bond formations:
Hydroamination, Olefin Oxidation
Topic 3. Retrosynthetic Analysis and Retro synthesis of
heterocycles, agrochemicals, natural products, perfumery
compounds & Selected Total Syntheses
Topic 4. New synthetic methodologies and applications of
reagents: microwave and ultrasonic methods in synthesis, phase
transfer catalysts, electro- organic synthesis, ionic liquids,
enantio and diastereoselective synthesis use of oxone,
hypervalent iodine reagents, complex metal hydrides.
Topic 5.
Organometallics; Fundamental Principles of
Organometallic Catalysis, organometallic compounds of Cu, Ni,
Co, Se, and organoboranes for orgaic synthesis
Topic 6. Synthesis and applications of the followings drugsCardiovascular, antidiabetics, Antineoplastics, Antivirals, Anti
AIDS, Antibiotics.
21
Reference Books 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Reagents in organic synthesis – Fieser and Fieser
Modern Synthetic reactions – H.O. House
Selected organic synthesis – R.E. Ireland
Some modern methods of organic synthesis – W. Carruthers
(Cambridge University Press)
Organic Chemistry of drug synthesis – D. Lednicer and
L.A. Mitschers
Designing organic synthesis – S. Warren (John-Wiley)
Synthetic reagents vol 5 J.S. Pozoy (Ellis-Hardwood)
Advanced organic synthesis, methods and techniques – R.S.
Morisson
Advanced Organic Chemistry Part – B – Carey and
Sundberg
Organic synthesis, concept, methods and starting materials –
J. Furnhop and G. Perzlin
Organic synthesis, strategy and control – Warren and Wyatt
Medicinal Chemistry – Burger
Medicinal Chemistry (Wiley East) – A. Kar
Principles of medicinal chemistry – W.O. Foye
Advances in organometallic chemistry – Stone and West
Organometallics in organic synthesis – Swan and Black
Transition metal intermediates in organic synthesis – C.W.
Bird
22
Paper-III Modern topics in Polymer Chemistry
(PCHEM-03-D:POLYMER CHEMISTRY)
(Fundamental Methods, Morphology, Analysis and Polymer
Characterization.)
Unit-I: POLYMERISATION METHODS:
Bulk, solution, suspension, precipitation, emulsion, inverse
emulsion, melt, inter facial (phase transfer catalyzed interfacial
polymerization) and solid state, (gas phase). Batch and
continuous, merits and limitations of each process and
comparison of various polymerization processes with suitable
commercial examples. (Polymerization in ionic liquids, in super
critical media. Approach to combinatorial polymer synthesis).
Unit-II: MORPHOLOGY OF POLYMERS:
Crystalline and amorphous phase, factors affecting polymer
crystallinity, XRD analysis for polymer crystallinity,
crystallites, amorphous regions, spherulites, single crystal,
fibrils, transitions, glass transition temperature (Tg), factors
affecting Tg, determination of Tg by dialatometry, TMA and
DSC, (Principles of TMA and DSC expected).
Unit-III: NMR AND MASS SPECTROSCOPY OF
POLYMERS:
Interpretation of H-1 NMR of organic monomers, introduction
to C-13 NMR, chemical shift, C-H spin coupling, FT-NMR,
Wide-Band proton decoupled CMR, solid state CMR, high
resolution CMR of PET and PPO, copolymer composition.
Analysis of stereoregularity by CMR in PP and polybutadienes.
Polymer analysis by mass spectrometry, polymer pyrolysis GCMS, FABMS technique, MALDI-TOF
Unit-IV: X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS:
Methods of production of x-rays, properties of x-rays,
diffraction of x-rays, Bragg’s Law, latice and powder diffraction
methods, small angle scattering of x-ray by polymers, Analysis
23
of molecular structure of simple polymers by XRD,
determination of crystallinity, size and orientation of crystallites.
Unit-V: SPECIALITY POLYMERS:
I. Hydrogels and stimuli sensitive hydrogels. II. Polymer
adhesives. III. Polymer membranes for fuel cell. IV. Silicone
resins. V. Polymer blends and alloys. VI. Click polymerization.
Unit-VI: INORGANIC POLYMERS: Phosphorous nitrogen
polymers, introduction and structural chemistry, synthesis and
reactions, polymer chemistry.
Boron polymers, boron –nitrogen, boron-phosphorous, boronoxygen, boron-carbon, boron-hydrogen polymers. Silicon
polymers, preparation and properties, coordination polymers,
Natural and synthetic coordination polymers, reactions,
polyanions and polymeric hydroxides.
24
PAPER – III
Modern Topics In Analytical Chemistry
(PCHEM-03E:ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY)
Unit – I : IR, NMR and Mass-Spectroscopy a) IR- Spectroscopy - Applications and IR in analysis.
b) NMR - Spectroscopy - Chemical Shift, Coupling constant,
Introduction to DEPT, 2 D NMR the cosy technique, the
HETCOR technique, the NOESY experiment, Inverse
detection methods, Magnetic resonance imaging. Chemical
shift reagents, chiral resoloving agents, Determination and
absolute and relative configuration Via NMR.
13
C – NMR - Protoncoupled and proton decoupled
13
C – Spectra. Application of 13 C NMR.
c) Mass Spectroscopy :- Structural analysis and fragmentation
patterns of Complex molecules.
d) Combined spectroscopic problems based on IR, NMR and
Mass spectral data.
Unit – II : X-ray Diffraction, XPS, EDX and TEM Principle, instrumentation and applications of X- ray
diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy
(XPS), Electron spectroscopy for chemical Analysis
(ESCA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
Scanning electronon microscopy (SEM).
Unit – III : Fluorescence Spectroscopy :Introduction, phenomenon and characteristics of
fluorescence,
fluorescence
lifetime,
fluorescence
quenching,
types
of
quenching
processes,
Instrumentations, experiments for florescence quenching,
types of quenching processes, Instrumentations,
Experiments for fluorescence quenching measurements,
Organic, Inorganic and Biological applications.
25
Unit – IV : Hyphenated Techniques
a)
Basic and analytical Method development and Validation
study
General approach to method development and validation,
study of validation parameters following ICH guidelines,
Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Rang, Limit of detection
(LOD), Limit of quantification (LOQ) , System suitability,
stability, Ruggedness, Robustness/ Cross-senstivity.
b)
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) –
Introduction, scope, principle and instrumentation, column
type, efficiency, Separation parameters of HPLC,
Supercritical Fluid extraction (SFE) Chromatography, ionpair chromatography, and ion chromatography and their
applications.
c)
Hyphenated Methods –
Introduction, principle, scope, instrumentation and
applications and GC-MS, LC-PDA, LC-MS, LC-FTIR,
LC-NMR, LC-NMR-MS, CE-MS, HP-TLC, ICP-MS, ICMS- Applications such as on-line detection of natural
products, chemotaxonomic studies, chemical finger
printing, quality control of herbal products, dereplication
of natural products and metabolism studies.
26
References –
1) Analytical method development and validation
– Michael E. Swartz, Iras S. Krull ( Marcel Dekker Jhc.)
2) Spectroscopy.
– Donald L.Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Krize and
James R. Vyvyan.
3) Absorption Spectroscopy of organic canpounds.
– V.M. Parikh (J. Wiley).
4)
Application of absorption
Compounds.– J.R. Dyer
spectroscopy
of
organic
5) Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds
– Silverstein and basallar.
6) Applications of spectroscopy Techniques in organic
chemistry – P.S. Kalsi
7) Analytical Chemistry
– G.D. Christain
8) Principles of Instrumental Analysis
– D. Skoog and West.
9) Chemical Instrumentation a Systematic Approach
– H. A. Strobel.
10) Instrumental methods of Analysis.
– Willard, merritt, Dean and settle.
11) Instrumental methods of chemical analysis
– B.K. sharma.
12) Instrumental methods of Analysis.
– Chatwal and Anand.
13) Introduction to chromatography
– Bobbit.
14) A test Book of Qualitative Inorganic Chemistry.
– A. I. Vogel.
27
Paper IV –Advanced development in Physical Chemistry
(PCHEM-04A:PHYSICALCHEMISTRY)
Unit I: Advanced chemical kinetics:
a) Interactions between reactive molecules. Potential energy
hypersurfaces, collisions between reactive molecules.
Famtochemistry Reaction dynamics with atomic resolution.
Hard sphere collision theory, reactive cross sections and rate
coefficient. Activated complex theory. Theory of reaction
kinetics in solution. Linear free energy relationships.
Experimental methods in kinetics. Mechanism of chemical
reactions. Electron transfer reactions.
b) Unimolecular reaction kinetics of photochemically induced
reactions. Chain reactions. Introduction to catalysis.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Kinetics of
electrode reactions.
Unit II: Thermodynamic studies of electrolytes:
Density and viscosity properties of aqueous, non-aqueous and
their mixture solvents, their excess properties, conductance of
electrolyte, Kraus-Bray equation, Shedlovsky equation Walden
product, Excess thermodynamic properties of electrolytes,
Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation, Energy of activation (Ea),
dissociation constant (Kc), Arrhenius equation.
Unit III: Photochemistry:
Organic molecular semiconductors, single crystal growth from
various processes, preparation of luminophors, luminescence
measurements,
photoluminescence,
electroluminescence,
experimental conditions for luminescence measurements, time
resolved spectroscopy, life time measurements, applications of
luminophors in solid state devices, organic light emitting
devices, OLED structure and mechanism of emission, theory,
synthesis, properties and characterization of conjugated
polymers like PPVs, PPPs, PAVs and PAEs and their
application in LEDs, Photochemistry of dyes and pigments.
28
Unit IV: Electrodeposition:
Introduction & metallurgical principles:
measurement of
strength and ductility internal stress, hardness & adhesion of
deposits,
metal
deposition
mechanisms,
polarization
measurements, principles of alloy plating.
Unit V: Surface Phenomenon and Adsorption:
a) Introduction to Surface Science- Surface phenomenaAdsorption, Desorption, Adsorption models.
b) Special properties of surfaces and interfaces
c) Electronic structure of surfaces
d) Surface modifications and its applications
e) Experimental characterization of surfaces (basic aspects of
XPS, LEED, XAS, etc.)
29
Reference Books
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Kinetics and mechanism
- A.A. Forst and R.G.
Pearson Wiley 1961
Comprehensive chemical Kinetics
-C.H. Bandford and
C.F.H. Tipper Elsevier 1969.
Chemical statics and kinetics of solutions – E.A. Molewyn
–Hughes, academic Press 1971
Liner free energy relationship
P.R. Wells
Academic press 1971.
Molecular reaction dynamic chemical reactivity - R.D.
Levine and R.B. Berstein, Oxford University Press 1987
Femtochemistry- Ultrafast dynamic of chemical bond VolI Singaure and 2 World Scientists Singopure 1994
Acid base catalysis R.P.Bell oxford university press 1941
Introduction to the Principles of Hetegenious catalysis J.M. Thoms and W.J. Thomos Academic Press, 1970
Theory and principles of electrode processes – B.E.
Conway Ranald press New Work1967.
Comprehensive treaties of electrochemistry Vol. 5 (1983)
by Conway B.B, Bockris J.O.M.and Yeager.
Ion Solvation by Marcus Y. Wiley Interscience
Water and aqueous soluation structure thermodynamics
and transport properties by Pndova P. edited by R.A.
Horne, Wiley interscience .
Viscosity of electrolytes by Stokes R.H. and Mills R. (
Pergraman Press )
Chemical physics of ionic solutions by Nightingale E.R.
Fundamentals of photochemistry – K.K. Rohatgimukherjii, Wiely Easter publication.
Basics of Photochemistry – R. Chaudhary.
An Introduction to luminescence – H.W. Laverenz, Dover
Pub, New York
Hand book of conjugated polymers – edited by TA
Skotheim, J R Raynolds, CRC
Modern Electroplating – Lowerheins
30
20. Modern Electrochemistry - Vol.1 and Vol. II – Bockris and
Reddy
21. Introduction to Electrochemistry – S.Glasstone
22. Introduction to the principles of surface chemistry - R.
Areyaed & D.A. hayden
23. Solid state chemistry & its applications - A.R. West
24. Solid state chemistry – chakraborty
25. Organic spectroscopy - V.M. Parikh
26. Introduction to Electrochemistry S. Glasstone
27. Themodymics for chemistry
S. Glasstone
28. Advance physical chemistry
Gurudev Raj
29. Solid state chemistry
Jyoti Kumar
30. A Hand book of nanochemistry P.Saloman
31. Books of Photochemistry
R. Chaudhary
32. Organic Photochemistry
P.Sethi
33. Surface chemistry
K.R. Desai
31
Paper – IV
Advanced Developments in Inorganic Chemistry
(PCHEM-04B:INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
1. Boron Hydrides :
Born Hydrides structure, NMR studies, reactions of boranes
and their derivaties, Recent advances in chemistry of
borohydrids.
2. Silicon Hydrides:
Silane, relation between chemistry of similar a carbon and
silicon compounds Silane derivatives containing Si-C, Si-F,
Si-O, Si-S, Si-N, Si-P linkages, Si-Metal Linkage.
3. Schiff Base Complexes:
Salicylabdimine complexes of transition metals, dipole
moment IR. The Electronic Structure of transition metal
complexes with Schiff bases and related Ligand, and
Polarographic studies, reactions of coordinated ligands.
4. Application of Inorganic solid state materials
Solar energy conversion – Photoelectrochemical and
photogalvanic conversions, Photoelectrochemical cells,
efficiency parameters Controlling efficiency, band gap
absorption And reflection of light, electrode kinetics, stability
of photoelectron polycrystalline photo Electrode materials for
solar energy conversion through solid state p-n junction and
PEC cell. Semiconductor liquid junction Ex-II-VI, III-VI, IIIV Photoelectrolysis materials.
5. Nanomaterials:
Importance of nano-materials, types of nanomaterials, size
depedent properties, Various techniques for making nanomaterials applications of nanomaterials.
6. Materials for solid state :
Rectifiers, Tranistors, Capacitors, Fluorescent, Photovoltaic
cells, Ferroelectric, Piezoelectric, Ionic conductors, Super
conducting Devices, Optical Storage and memory Devices,
32
Sensors.
Semiconductors,
Conductors,
Dielectrics,
Photochemical –
Sensors, Ferrits,
Band gap electron mobility dopants,
Purification method Zone refining, Fractioal Crystallisation,
Sublimation, electrochemical process,
33
References books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Emelius and Sharpe: Advances in inorg.chem. Vol. 1,2,16
The same as above vol.3, 11
P.A. Cotton, Progress in Inorg.Chemistry vol.7 J Wiley.
Coordination chemistry Review, 13,47-B(1974)31, 183-217,
(1986), 21,63-92 (1976)
5. Structure and bonding : vol.36
6. Progress in Inorganic chemistry, vol.24 Ed Lippard
7. Solid state chemistry and its applications A.R. west Plenum
8. Nanomaterials and nanostructure, Laura Castlow, April Feter
(Dominant Publisher,2007)
9. Nanoscale materials in chemistry K,J, Kalbunde wiley
Interscience (2001)
10. Basic solid state state chemistry, II, A,R, Weaste John willey
and sons (1999)
11. Material science and engineering an introduction W,D
Callister Wiley Eastern (2001)
34
Paper IV- Advanced development in Organic Chemistry
(PCHEM-04C: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
[Organic synthesis]
Topic 1.Applications of the followings in organic synthesis:
Carbonylation reaction, hydroxyformylation, epoxidation
reaction, Dakin reaction, Bischhler- Napierlaski reaction,
Leucord reaction, ELBS persulphate oxidation, Wiergdot
reaction, Darzen condensatation and uses of metal acetylides.
Topic 2. Newer methods of synthesis: Basic principles,
advantages and applications of the followings in organic
synthesis: Use of clay and zeolite,supercritical liquids, use of
micro-organisms and isolated enzymes in organic synthesis
Topic 3. Synthesis and applications of the followings:
Bisaboline, Juvabione, B- cuparenone, Vitamin- k and D (+),
Nargesterol(+), Cartisone and Estrone.
Topic 4. Applications of the followings with mechanistic and
stereochemical details: N- bromosuccinimide, leaddtetracetate,
periodic acid, SeO2, triflouroacetic acid, organotin, Cr, Mn, and
Hg Compounds, iodobenzene diacetate, Thallium nitrate.
Topic 5. Photochemistry: Photochemistry of Dienes, Carbonyl
compounds, arenes, Photorearrangements, Fluorescence
brightners Coumarins, Benzimidazoles and Oxazoles.
Topic 6. Chemistry of Plant growth regulators: Gibberellins and
cytokinins
35
Reference Books –
1. Fundamentals of photochemistry – K.K. Rothagi Mukhersi
(Wiley – Eastern)
2. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry – A . Gilbert, and J.
Baggott (Black well scientific publication )
3. Molecular photochemistry – N. J. Urro, W.A. Benjamin
4. Organic photochemistry – J. coxon and B. Hallan (
Cambridge University press)
5. Photochemistry – R. P. Kundall and A. Gilbert Thomson
Neilson
6. Reagents in organic synthesis – Fieser and Fieseer
7. Principle of organic synthesis. R.O.C. Norman
8. Advanced organic chemistry – Carey and sundharg
9. Organic synthesis – P.E. Realand.
10. Organic synthesis – J. fuhrhop and G. Beuzlin ( II nd ed.)
11. Modern synthetic reaction – H.O. House
12. Total synthesis of natural products - Ed. John Apsimon.
13. The biogenesis of natural products – Peter Bornfield
14. The chemistry of natural products – Nakanishi
15. Organic chemistry Vol. I and II – Finar
16. The chemistry of natural products – P.D.B. Mayo
17. Chemistry of natural products - Bently
36
Paper-IV Advanced developments in Polymer Chemistry
(PCHEM-04D:POLYMER CHEMISTRY)
(Controlled release, polymer supports, HPP and Thermal
stability)
Unit-I : Polymer Systems for Controlled Drug Release:
Introduction, Need for Controlled Release systems, Methods of
Controlled Release, Scope of polymer Systems, Mechanism of
Controlled Drug release using Polymers, Polymers used for
Controlled Release, polyesters, Poly (ethyleneglycol) book
copolymers, polyorthoesters, Polyanhydrides, polyamides,
phosphorous containing polymers.
Unit-II: Polymer as Supports in Chemical Reactions:
Principles of polymer reactivity, polymers as carriers or
supports. Advantages of polymer reagents, Catalysts, and
substrates, polymer reagents, polymer catalysts, polymer
substrates, Solid–phase synthesis of peptides, other applications.
Unit-III: Emerging areas of polymer chemistry:
Synthesis and characterization of polymers in lithography,
polymeric membranes, biomedical polymers and polymers by
group transfer polymerization.
Unit-IV: High performance thermoplastics:
History and Development of synthetic high performance step–
growth polymers such as Nylons, aromatic polyamides,
polyimides, PBI and related polymers, polysulfones, PEK and
PEEK
UNIT-V: Thermal stability of polymers:
Introduction, polymer stability, relationship between structure
and stability, structure and crystallinity.
UNIT-VI: Thermal and oxidative degradation:
Mechanism of thermal and oxidative degradation of
polyethylene, polypropylene, natural rubber, vinyl and
vinylidine polymers, polyester and polyimides. (10)
37
Recommended Books for
Paper II,III and IV(Polymer Chemistry)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Principles of Polymer Chemistry, 2Nd Ed. A Ravve
Kluwer Academic Publisher (2000) ISBN 0-306- 48368-7
Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers; R.W.Lenz
Interscience Publishers, New York (1967)
Polymer Science and Technology; J.R.Fried Prentice Hall
(1995)
Polymer Chemistry – An Introduction; R. B. Seymour and
C. E. Carraher, Jr. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
Polymer Science V.R. Gowariker, V.N. Vishwanathan and
J.Sreedhar ; Wiley- Eastern Limited (1995)
Advanced Polymer Chemistry : A Problem Solving Guide
Manas Chanda, Marcel- Dekker (2000), ISBN 0-82470257-3
An Introduction to Plastics H. G. Elias, 1st Edn., John-Wiley
(1993).
An Introduction to Polymer Science H. G. Elias, 1st Edn.
John Wiley (1997).
Textbook of Polymer Science; F. W. Billmeyer, Jr.
Principles of Polymer Chemistry, P. J. Flory.
Principles of Polymerization, G. Odian, John Wiley & Sons
(1981).
Polymer Chemistry, B.Vollmert, Springer Verlag (1973)
Structure Property Relationship in Polymers, R. B. Seymour
and C. E. Carraher Jr.
Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, L. H. Sperling.
Physical Chemistry of Polymers, A. Tager, Mir Publ.
NMR of Polymers, F-Bovey and P. Miran, 1st Edn.;
Academic Press (1996).
Polymeric Materials and Processing, Jean-Michail Charrier.
Polymer Technology, D. C. Miles.
Plastics Technology, Robert Milby.
Polymer Science and Engineering, D. J. Williams.
Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, L.E.
Nielsen.
38
24. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites,
Murayama.
25. Plastics Recycling, J. L. Ehrig; Hanser Publ.(1989).
26. How to Manage Plastic Waste, Ed. Attilio L. Bisio &
Marino Xanthos Hanser, New York (1994).
27. Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, N. Grassie & G.
Scott; Cambridge University Press
28. Handbook of Polymer Synthesis Marcel Dekker, INC. New
York (1992)
29. Cationic Polymerization: Mechanism, Syntheses &
Applications; Ed. K. Matyjarzerski; Marcel Dekkar, Inc.
New York (1996).
30. Macromolecular Design: Concept and Practice, Ed. M.K.
Mishra
31. Polymers Frontiers International, Inc Hopewell Jet New
York (1994).
32. Plastics Technology ; Robert Milby, McGraw Hill Book Co.
33. Analysis of Polymers:- An Introduction T.R. Crompton,
Pergaman Press
34. Organic Polymer Chemistry; K. J. Saunders, Cahpman &
Hall
35. Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials; E.A.
Turi, Academic Press
36. Polymer Liquid Crystals; Ciferri A. Krigbaum W.R.
Academic Press.
37. Liquid Crystalling Order in Polymers; Blumstein A.
Academic Press.
38. Thermal Methods in Polymer Analysis; Shallaby S.W.
(Ed.), The Franklin Inst. Press Philadalphia,
39. High Performance Polymers:- Their Origin and
Development, R.B. Seymour, and G.S. Kirshenbaum,
Elsevier.
40. Advances in Biomedical Polymers (Polymer Science and
TechnologyVol.35) Gebelein Charles, Plenum Press
41. Polymer Membranes (Advances in Polymer Science)
Vol.64; M. Corden, Springer Verlag.
39
42. Liquid Crystal Polymers I, II, III (Advances in Polymer
Science) Vol.59, 60 & 61. Springier - Verily
43. Polymers in Medicine (Advances in Polymer Science )
Vol.57. K. Daselt, Springer Verlag.
44. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering Vol.2; L. M.
Dekker.
45. Order in Polymer Solutions; K. Sak.
46. Polymer Science a materials Science Hand Book Vol. 1& 2
D. Jenkins, North-Holland Publishing Co. London.
47. Handbook of Adhesive Bending; Cagla, Charles, V.,
McGraw-Hill Book Company New-York.
48. Water Soluble Resins; Davidson and Sitig.
40
PAPER – IV
Advanced Development In Analytical Chemistry
(PCHEM-04E:ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)
Unit – I : Analytical Chemistry a) Liquid – Liquid Extractions and Separations Distribution constant and distribution ratios, distribution
rates. Liq.-Liq. Extractions, counter current liq.lig.
extraction, continuous liq.liq. counter current extraction
selected applications of extraction.
b) Reaction rates in chemical Analysis Rates of reactions, single component analysis, mixtures
simultaneous analysis, Precision of measurements,
applications.
c) Solubility Equillibria Precipitation titrations, indicators for precipitation titrations,
involving silver separations by precipitation. Factors
affecting solubility.
Unit – II : Oxidation and Reduction Equillibria Galvanic cell, the Nernst equation, Types of
electrodes, Equillibrium constant from standard potentials.
Formal potentials and other approximations Titrations curves,
feasibility of redox titrations. Redox indicators and it’s
structural chemistry. Reagents used for preliminary redox
reactions. Potassium permanganate, compounds of cerium,
Potassium dichromate, Iodine, Periodic acid, Potassium
bromide, Reducing agents. Potentiometric methods of analysis.
Indicator electrodes. Direct potentiometry. Potentiometric
titrations. Complex Formation titrations, Stability of complexes,
Chelometric, Metal Ion Buffers, titrations involving unidentate
ligands.
41
Unit – III : Radio analytical Techniques –
Radioactivity tracers – Principle and applications,
Isotopic analysis – direct and inverse. Radiometric titrations,
Neutron activation analysis, Radio chromatography and Radio
immunoassay.
Unit – IV :
Accuracy, Methods of precision, linearity, sources of
errors in analysis, use of significant figures and their correct
usage, system suitability and ruggedness of the method.
42
Recommended Books –
1. Quantitative analysis - R.A. Day and A.L. Underword.
Erino ice silver of India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry.
- Skoog and West
3. Instrumental methods of Analysis.
- Willard, Dean, Merrit and settle.
4. Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis.
- B.K. Logel.
5. Radioactivity applied to chemistry.
- Arthur C. Wans and R.J. Words
6. An introduction to radiation chemistry.
- J.W.T. Spinks and R.J. Words.
7. Radioisotopes Techniques M G H
- Overmann and Clark
8. Radiobioassay.
- Found S. Ashkar.
43
Ph.D. (Course Work) Nature of Question Paper Pattern
•
Ph.D. úÖêÃÖԾ֍ÔúÃÖÖšüß ±úŒŸÖ Long Answer
¾Ö Short Answer †ÃÖê“Ö ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö †ÃÖŸÖß»Ö.
• Ph.D. (Course work) ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö¯Öס֍êúŸÖ úÖêÖŸÖÖÆüß External Option ¾Ö Objective ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö †Ã֝ÖÖ¸ü
−ÖÖÆüߟÖ.
• ‹æúÖ ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö - 5 x ÖãÖ 20 = 100 ÖãÖ
• ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö Îú´ÖÖӍú 1 ŸÖê 5
• (A) פü‘ÖÖì¢Ö¸üß ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö (10 ÖãÖ)
(B) Answer Any two out of three (¯ÖÏŸμÖêúß 5 ÖãÖ)
μÖÖ ¯ÖÏ¿−Ö¯Öס֍êú“μÖÖ Ã¾Ö¹ý¯ÖÖ´Öãôêû Internal Option ÆüÖ 25% ¸üÖÆüŸÖÖê.