Inhaltsverzeichnis Literatur zu Buch A, B, C, F, K, H, J --... Literatur speziell zu Buch C (Wirkstoffprofile) Beenden

advertisement
Suche
Hilfe
Beenden
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Literatur zu Buch A, B, C, F, K, H, J -- allgemein
Literatur speziell zu Buch C (Wirkstoffprofile)
Kodein, Codein
Morphin
Morphin Therapeutische Systeme
Opium
Omnopon
Dextromethorphan
Dextrorphan
Heroin
Dihydrocodein
Hydrocodon
Hydromorphon
Levorphanol
Methyldihydromorphinon, Metopon
Nicomorphin
Oxycodon
Oxymorphon
Pentamorphon
Anileridin
Pethidin
Fentanyl
Fentanyl Therapeutisches System
Lofentanyl
Mirfentanyl
Remifentanil
Sufentanil
Trefentanil
Loperamid
Dextromoramid
Dipipanon
Methadon: Dextromethadon, Levomethadon
Piritramid
Tilidin
Tramadol
Buprenorphin
Dezocin
Meptazinol
Nalbuphin
Nalmefen
Naloxon
Naltrexon
Flupirtin
Nefopam
229
229
231
231
231
232
233
233
233
233
239
246
247
247
247
248
251
251
252
252
252
254
255
256
260
263
264
267
271
271
273
274
275
Literatur speziell zu Buch E (Wirkstoffprofile)
Salizylsäure
Aceclofenac
Cholin Magnesium Trisalizylat
Diflunisal
Salsalat
Acetylsalizylsäure, Aspirin
Etofenamat
Glafenin
Meclofenaminsäure
Nifluminsäure
Bromfenac
Bufexamac
Diclofenac
Etodolac
Felbinac
278
278
278
279
282
283
287
288
289
290
292
293
293
299
301
Fentiazac
Glucametacin
Indometacin
Isoxepac
Ketorolac
Lonazolac
Oxametacin
Pirazolac
Proglumetacin
Sulindac
Tolmetin
Fenbufen
Fenoprofen
Flunaxoprofen
Ketoprofen
Naproxen
Pirprofen
Ximoprofen
Isoxicam
Lornoxicam
Piroxicam
Tenoxicam
Nimesulid
Azapropazon
Mofebutazon
Morazon
Metamizol
Phenazon
Propyphenazon
Paracetamol
Propacetamol
Tenidap
Benzydamin
301
301
302
308
308
314
314
314
314
315
318
320
320
322
327
329
333
334
334
334
334
337
338
339
340
340
340
342
342
342
347
348
348
Suche
Hilfe
Inhalt
Beenden
Literatur zu Buch A, B, C, F, K, H, J -- allgemein
Aanonsen LM, Wilcox GL (1987) Nociceptive action of excitatory amino acids in the mous:
effects of spinally administered opioids, phencyclidine and sigma agonists. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 243: 9--19
Aaseth J, Haugen M, Forre O (1998) Rheumatoid arthritis and metal compounds-perspectives on the role of oxygen radical detoxification. Analyst 123(1): 3--6
Aasland A, Flatö B, Vandvik IH (1997) Psychosocial factors in children with idiopathic
musculoskeletal pain: a prospective, longitudinal study. Acta Paediatr 86(7): 740--746
Abbott FV, Etienne P, Franklin KB et al. (1992) Acute tryptophan depletion blocks morphine
analgesia in the cold-pressor test in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 108(1--2): 60--66
Abboud TK, Zhu J, Gangolly J et al. (1991) Transnasal butorphanol: a new method for pain
relief in post-cesarean section pain. Anesthesiology 35: 14--18
Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G (1994) Purinoceptors: are there families of P2X and P2Y
purinoceptors? Pharmacol Ther 64(3): 445--475
Abbruscato TJ, Thomas SA, Hruby VJ et al. (1997) Brain and spinal cord distribution of
biphalin: correlation with opioid receptor density and mechanism of CNS entry. J
Neurochem 69(3): 1236--1245
Abraham SF, Llewellyn-Jones D (1983) Phantom breast sensation. Correspondence. Med J
Aust 1(1): 9
Acalovschi I, Cristea T (1995) Intravenous regional anesthesia with meperidine. Anesth
Analg 81(3): 539--543
Adam D, Stankov G (1994) Treatment of fever in childhood. Eur J Pediatr 153: 394--402
Adam F, Libier M, Oszustowicz T et al. (1999) Preoperative small-dose ketamine has no
preemptive analgesic effect in patients undergoing total mastectomy. Anesth Analg 89(2):
444--447
Adamer K, Salzmann M, Imhof M et al. (1997) Postoperativer Benefit nach laparoskopischer
Cholezystektomie bei akuter Cholezystitis. Zentralbl Chir 122(4): 287--290
Adami S, Fossaluzza V, Gatti D et al. (1997) Bisphosphonate therapy of reflex sympathetic
dystrophy syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 56(3): 201--204
Adami S, Zamberlan N (1996) Adverse effects of bisphosphonates. A comparative review.
Drug Saf 3: 158--170
Adams AP, Pybus DA (1978) Delayed respiratory depression after use of fentanyl during
anaesthesia. Br Med J 1: 278--279
Adebayo RA, Sofowora GG, Onayemi O et al. (1997) Chloroquine-induced pruritus in
malaria fever: contribution of malaria parasitaemia and the effects of prednisolone, niacin,
and their combination, compared with antihistamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44(2): 157--161
Ader R, Felten D, Cohen N (1990) Interactions between the brain and the immune system.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30: 561--602
Adler LJ, Gyulai FE, Diehl DJ et al. (1997) Regional brain activity changes associated with
fentanyl analgesia elucidated by positron emission tomography. Anesth Analg 84(1): 120-12
Adriansen H, Gybels J, Handwerker HO (1980) Latencies of chemically evoked discharges in
human cutaneous nociceptors and of the concurrent nociceptive sensations. Neurosci Lett
20: 55--59
Adzick NS, Harrison MR (1994) Fetal surgical therapy. Lancet 343 (8902): 897--902
Adzick NS, Sutton LN, Crombleholme TM et al. (1998) Successful fetal surgery for spina
bifida. Research Letter. Lancet 352(9141): 1675--1676
Suche
Hilfe
Inhalt
Aghajanian GK, Vandermaelen CP (1986) Specific systems of the reticular core: Serotonin,
In: Handbook of Physiology; Section 1: The nervous system (Mountcastle VB, ed.) Am
Phys Soc (Bethesda): 237--256
Agro A, Stanisz AM (1993) Inhibition of murine intestinal inflammation by anti-substance P
antibody. Reg Immunol 2: 120--126
Ahern MJ, Reid C, Gordon TP et al. (1987) Does colchicine work? The results of the first
controlled study in acute gout. Aust N Z J Med 3: 301--304
Aherne W, Dunnill MS (1966) Morphometry of the human placenta. Br Med Bull 22: 5--8
Ahlburg P, Molgaard J, Rasmussen BS (1991) Interpleural administration of 0.5% plain
bupivacaine compared to 0.5% epinephrine: a hemodynamic and ventilatory study. Reg
Anesth 16(5): 257--261
Ahokas AJ, Turtiainen S, Aito M (1998) Sublingual oestrogen treatment of postnatal
depression. Lancet 10; 351(9096): 109
Aicher B, Kraupp O (1996) Übersichten. Zweckmässigkeit fixer Analgetikakombinationen
am Beispiel von Thomapyrin. Wien Klin Wochenschr 108: 219--233
Aicher SA, Randich A (1990) Antinociception and cardiovascular responses produced by
electrical stimulation in the nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus reticularis ventralis, and the
caudal medulla. Pain 42(1): 103--119
Aida S, Baba H, Yamakura T et al. (1999) The effectiveness of preemptive analgesia varies
according to the type of surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg 89(3):
711--716
Ainsworth MA, Hogan DL, Koss MA et al. (1993) Cigarette smoking inhibits acid-stimulated
duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Ann Intern Med 119(9): 882--886
Aizenman E, Hartnett KA, Reynolds IJ (1989) Oxygen free radicals regulate NMDA receptor
function via a redox modulatory site. Neuron 5: 1257--1573
Ajuriaguerra de J (1937) La Douleur centrale, Couesland, Cahors
Akil H, Liebeskind JC (1975) Monoaminergic mechanisms of stimulation produced analgesia.
Brain Res 94: 279--296
Akil H, Mayer DJ (1972) Antagonism of stimulation produced analgesia by PCPA, a
serotonin synthesis inhibitor. Brain Res 44: 692--697
Akil M, Amos RS, Stewart P (1996) Infertility may sometimes be associated with NSAID
consumption. Br J Rheumatol 35(1): 76--78
Akinori M (1998) Subspecies of protein kinase C in the rat spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 54(5):
499--530
Akopian AN, Sivilotti L, Wood JN (1996) A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium
channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature 379 : 257--262
al-Assi MT, Genta RM, Karttunen TJ et al. (1996) Ulcer site and complications: relation to
Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use. Endoscopy 2: 229--233
Albayrak S, Zhao Q, Siesjö BK et al. (1997) Effect of transient focal ischemia on blood-brain
barrier permeability in the rat: correlation to cell injury. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 94(2):
158--163
Albe-Fessard D, McKenzie J (2000) Chronic pain and the neural structures involved.
Accepted for publ. J Clin Pharmacol Anaesthesiol (New Delhi)
Albers JW, Kelly (1989) Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathie: clinical and
diagnostic features. Muscle Nerve 2: 435--451
Al-Chaer ED, Westlund KN, Willis WD (1997) Nucleus gracilis: an integrator for visceral
and somatic information. J Neurophysiol 78(1): 521--527
Aldebert S, Sleth JC (1996) Méningite bactérienne après anesthésie rachidienne et péridurale
combinée en obstétrique. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 15(5): 687--688
Aldrete JA, Roman-de-Jesus JC, Russell LJ et al. (1987) Intranasal ketamine as induction in
children: preliminary report. Anesthesiology 67: A514
Alfonsi P, Sessler DI, Du Manoir B et al. (1998) The effects of meperidine and sufentanil on
the shivering threshold in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 89: 43--48
Alhaider AA, Wilxoc GL (1993) Differential roles of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A and 5hydroxytryptamine1B receptor subtypes in modulating spinal nociceptive transmission in
mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265(1): 378--385
Ali J, Khan TA (1979) The comparative effects of muscle transection and median upper
abdominal incisions on postoperative pulmonary function. Surg Gynecol Obst 148: 863 –
866
Ali J, Weisel RD, Layug AB et al. (1974) Consequences of postoperative alterations in
respiratory mechanics. Am J Surg 128: 376--382
Ali NMK (1986) Hyperalgesic response in a patient receiving high concentrations of spinal
morphine. Letter. Anesthesiology 65(4): 449
Allen CR, Murphy MA, Meek WJ (1945) The action of morphine in slowing the heart rate of
unconditioned dog. Anesthesiology 6: 149--153
Allen GV, Pronych SP (1997) Trigeminal autonomic pathways involved in nociceptioninduced reflex cardiovascular responses. Brain Res 754(1--2): 269--278
Allgaier C, Hertting G, von Kügelgen O (1987) The adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition
of noradrenaline release possibly involves a N-protein and is increased by α2-autoreceptor
blockade. Br J Pharmacol 90: 403--412
Allgaier C, Illes P (1998) Neuromodulation in the cardiovascular system. In: Burnstock G,
Dobson JG, Liang BT, Linden J (eds) Cardiovascular biology of purines. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp 257--270
Almay BG (1987) Clinical characteristics of patients with idiopathic pain syndromes.
Depressive symptomatology and patient pain drawings. Pain 3: 335--346
Almeida A, Lima D (1997) Activation by cutaneous or visceral noxious stimulation of spinal
neurons projecting to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus in the rat: a c-fos study. Eur J
Neurosci 4: 686--695
Almeida A, Tjolsen A, Lima D et al. (1996) The medullary dorsal reticular nucleus facilitates
acute nociception in the rat. Brain Res Bull 39(1): 7--15
Alojado ME, Ohta Y, Kemmotsu O (1994) The effect of clonidine on the activity of neurons
in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus in vitro. Anesth Analg 79(2): 257--260
Alper PR (1978) Legitimate indications for intramuscular injections. Arch Intern Med 138:
1705--1710
Altier N, Stewart J (1998) Dopamine receptor antagonists in the nucleus accumbens attenuate
analgesia induced by ventral tegmental area substance P or morphine and by nucleus
accumbens amphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285(1): 208--215
Alvares D, Fitzgerald M (1999) Building blocks of pain : the regulation of key molecules in
spinal sensory neurones during development and following peripheral axotomy. Pain S6:
S71--S85
Alverdy J, Stern E, Poticha S et al. (1997) Cholecystokinin modulates mucosal
immunoglobulin A function. Surgery 122(2): 386--92
Alving K, Matran R, Lundberg JM (1991) The possible role of prostaglandin D2 in the longlasting airways vasodilatation induced by allergen in the sensitized pig. Acta Physiol Scand
143(1): 93--103
Alyautdin RN, Petrov VE, Langer K (1997) Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain
barrier with polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Pharm Res 14(3):
325--328
Amadio P, Cummings DM (1986) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: an update. Am
Fam Physician 34: 147--154
Amantea B, Gemelli A, Migliorini F et al. (1999) Preemptive analgesia o balanced
periemptive analgesia? Minerva Anestesiol 65(1--2): 19--37
Amir R, Devor M (1996) Chemically mediated cross-excitation in rat dorsal root ganglia. J
Neurosci 16(15): 4733--4741
Ammer H, Schulz R (1993) Alterations in the expression of G-Proteins and regulation of
adenylate cyclase in human neuroblastoma SH-sy5y cells chronically exposed to lowefficacy mu-opioids. Biochem J 295: 263--271
Anand KJ, Hansen DD, Hickey PR (1990) Hormonal-metabolic stress responses in neonates
undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 73(4): 661--670
Anand KJ, Hickey PR (1987) Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. N Engl J
Med 317(21): 1321--1329
Anand KJS, Carr DB (1989) The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neurochemistry of
pain, stress, and analgesia in newborns, infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am 36:
795--822
Anand KJS, Hickey PR (1992) Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for
anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 326: 1--9
Anand KJS, Sippell WG, Aynsley G (1987) Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in
preterm babies undergoing surgery: effects on the stress response. Lancet 1: 243--248
Anand P (1996) Neurotrophins and peripheral neuropathy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol
Sci 351(1338): 449--454
Anand P, Pandya S, Ladiwala U et al. (1994) Depletion of nerve growth factor in leprosy.
Correspondence. Lancet 344(8915): 129--130
Anand P, Rudge P, Matthias CJ et al. (1991) A new autonomic and sensory neuropathy with
loss of adrenergic sympathetic function and sensory neuropeptides. Lancet 337: 1353-1355
Anand P, Terenghi G, Birch R et al. (1997) Endogenous NGF and CNTF levels in human
peripheral nerve injury. Neuroreport 8(8): 1935--1938
Andell-Jonsson S, Xu IS, Bartfai T et al. (1997) The effect of naturally occurring fragments of
galanin message-associated peptide on spinal cord excitability in rats. Neurosci Lett
235(3): 154--156
Anders TF, Chalemian RJ (1974) The effects of circumcision on sleep-wake states in human
neonates. Psychosom Med 36: 174--179
Andersen R, Krogh K (1976) Pain as a major cause of postoperative nausea. Can Anaesth Soc
J 4: 366--369
Andersson JL, Lilja A, Hartvig P et al. (1997) Somatotopic organization along the central
sulcus, for pain localization in humans, as revealed by positron emission tomography. Exp
Brain Res 117(2): 192--199
Andersson KE, Forman A (1978) Effects of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the
urinary tract. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 43: 90--95
Andoh T, Itoh M, Kuraishi Y (1997) Nociceptin gene expression in rat dorsal root ganglia
induced by peripheral inflammation. Neuroreport 8(12): 2793--2796
Andoh T, Kuraishi Y (1998) Intradermal leukotriene B4, but not prostaglandin E2, induces
itch-associated responses in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 353(1): 93--96
Andree RA (1980) Sudden death following naloxone administration. Anesth Analg 59: 782-784
Andreev N, Urban L, Dray A (1994) Opioids suppress spontaneous activity of polymodal
nociceptors in rat paw skin induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Neurosciene 58(4): 793--798
Andrews K, Fitzgerald M (1994) The cutaneous withdrawal reflex in human neonates:
sensitization, receptive fields, and the effects of contralateral stimulation. Pain 1994 56(1):
95--101
Andrews KA, Fitzgerald M (1993) The cutaneous withdrawal reflex in the human neonates:
sensitization, receptive fields, and the effects of contralateral stimulation. 7th World
Congress on Pain, Paris 1993; A271
Andrews N, File SE, Fernandes C et al. (1997) Evidence that the median raphé nucleus-dorsal hippocampal pathway mediates diazepam withdrawal-induced anxiety.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 130(3): 228--234
Andy OJ (1983) Thalamic stimulation for chronic pain. Appl Neurophysiol 46(1--4): 116-123
Angeli P, Gatta A, Caregaro L et al. (1988) Effects of iloprost, a prostacyclin analog
derivative, on renal plasma flow, renal function, and renal-aldosterone system in humans.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 211--216
Angell J (1982) The quality of mercy. N Engl J Med 306: 98--99
Anonymous (1997) Perioperative sympatholysis. Beneficial effects of the alpha 2adrenoceptor agonist mivazerol on hemodynamic stability and myocardial ischemia.
McSPI--Europe Research Group. Anesthesiology 86(2): 346--363
Anonymus (1990) Arzneimittelprüfrichtlinien vom 14.12.1989. Pharm Ind 52: 45--54
Anonymus (1995) FDC-reports. Sept 4: 8
Antal M, Petkó M, Polgár E et al. (1996) Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic
innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial
medulla. Neuroscience 73(2): 509--518
Anton B, Fein J, To T et al. (1996) Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central
nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 368(2): 229--251
Aparicio A, Gardner A, Tu Y et al. (1998) In vitro cytoreductive effects on multiple myeloma
cells induced by bisphosphonates. Leukemia 2: 220--229
Apfel SC, Kessler JA, Adornato BT et al. (1998) Recombinant human nerve growth factor in
the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. NGF Study Group. Neurology 51(3): 695--702
Appelboom T, De Maetelaer V, DePrez E et al. (1991) Enkephalinase: a physiologic
neuroimmunomodulator detected in the synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1048--1051
Appelmans N, Carroll JA, Rance MJ et al. (1986) Sodium ions increase the binding fo the
antagonist peptide ICI 174864 to the δ-opiate receptor. Neuropept 7: 129--143
Aran S, Proudfit HK (1990a) Antinociception produced by interactions between intrathecally
administered adenosine agonists and norepinephrine. Brain Res 513: 255--263
Aran S, Proudfit HK (1990b) Antinociceptive interactions between intrathecally administered
alpha noradrenergic agonists and 5'-N-ethyl-carboxamide adenosin. Brain Res 519: 287-293
Arcaya JL, Cano G, Gomez G et al. (1999) Dynorphin A increases substance P release from
trigeminal primary afferent C-fibers. Eur J Pharmacol 366(1): 27--34
Archer S (1993) Chemistry of nonpeptide opioids. In: Opioids I (Herz A, ed.), Springer, p 251
Arena JG, Sherman RA, Bruno GM (1990) The relationship between situational stress and
phantom limb pain: cross-lagged correlational data from six month pain logs. J Psychosom
Res 34(1): 71--77
Arend-Nielsen L, Brennum J, Sindrup S et al. (1994) Electrophysiological and
psychophysical quantification fo central temporal summation of the human nociceptive
system. European J Appl Physiol 68(3): 266--273
Arkinstall B, Goughinour B, Stewart J et al. (1986) Double-blind crossover comparison
between sustained release morphine tablets and oral morphine solution in patients with
severe pain: A preliminary report. In: Advances in the Management of Chronic Pain (Band
P, Stewart J, Towson T, eds. ), Purdue Frederick ( Toronto), pp 51--56
Armstrong CP, Blower AL (1987) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and life threatening
complications of peptic ulceration. Gut 28: 527--532
Armstrong Davison MH (1965) The evolution of anaesthesia. John Sherratt, Altrincham
Armstrong P, Power I, Wildsmith JA (1991) Addition of fentanyl to prilocaine for intravenous
regional anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 46(4): 278--280
Armstrong PJ, Morton CP, Nimmo AF (1993) Pethidine has a local anaesthetic action on
peripheral nerves in vivo. Addition to prilocaine 0.25% for intravenous regional
anaesthesia in volunteers Anaesthesia 48(5): 382--386
Arnér S, Meyerson BA (1988) Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and
idiopathic forms of pain. Pain 33(11): 11--23
Aronin N, DiFiglia M, Liotta AS et al. (1981) Ultrastructural localization and biochemical
features of immunoreactive LEU-enkephalin in monkey dorsal horn. J Neurosci 6: 561-577
Aronoff GM, Sweet W (1985) The future of pain management. In: Evaluation and treatment
of chronic pain (Aronoff GM, ed), Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore pp 637--658
Arturson G (1990) Possible involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites in thermal trauma.
In: Endocrinology of thermal trauma (Dolecek R, Brizio-Molteni L, Molteni A, Traber D,
eds.), Lea & Febiger (London) pp 238--250
Arunasalam K, Davenport HT, Painter S et al. (1983) Ventilatory response to morphine in
young and old subjects. Anaesthesia 38: 529--533
Arvidsson U, Dado RJ, Riedl M et al. (1995) delta-Opioid receptor immunoreactivity:
distribution in brainstem and spinal cord, and relationship to biogenic amines and
enkephalin. J Neurosci 15(2): 1215--1235
Arvidsson U, Riedl M, Chakrabarti S et al. (1995) Distribution and targeting of a mu-opioid
receptor (MOR1) in brain and spinal cord. J Neurosci 15(5 Pt 1): 3328--3341
Arvidsson U, Riedl M, Chakrabarti S et al. (1995) The kappa-opioid receptor is primarily
postsynaptic: combined immunohistochemical localization of the receptor and endogenous
opioids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(11): 5062--5066
Asantila R, Rosenberg PH, Scheinin B (1986) Comparison of different methods of
postoperative analgesia after thoracotomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 30: 421--425
Asato F, Hirakawa N, Oda M et al. (1990) A median epidural septum is not a common cause
of unilateral epidural blockade. Anesth Analg 71: 427--429
Asbury AJ (1986) Pupil response to alfentanil and fentanyl. A study in patients anaesthetized
with halothane. Anaesthesia 41: 717--720
Aseth J, Haugen M, Forre O (1998) Rheumatoid arthritis and metal compounds – perspectives
on the role of oxygen radical detoxification. Analyst 123(1): 3--6
Ashby M, Fleming B, Wood M et al. (1997) Plasma morphine and glucuronide (M3G and
M6G) concentrations in hospice inpatients. J Pain Symptom Manage 3: 157--167
Ashton N, Balment RJ, Blackburn TP (1990) Kappa opioid receptor agonists modulate the
renal excretion of water and electrolytes in anaesthetized rats. Br J Pharm 99: 181--185
Askitopoulou H, Whitwam JG, Al-Khudhairi D et al. (1985) Acute tolerance to fentanyl
during anesthesia in dogs. Anesthesiology 63: 255--261
Atanassoff PG, Brull SJ, Printsev Y (1997) The effect of intradermal administration of
lidocaine and morphine on the response to thermal stimulation. Anesth Analg 84(6): 1340-1343
Atkinson RL (1982) Naloxone decreases food intake in obese humans. J Clin Endocrin Metab
55: 196--198
Atkinson RL, Berke LK, Drake CR et al. (1985) Effects of long-term therapy with naltrexone
in obese humans. Int J Obes 9: 347--353
Atweh SF, Kuhar MJ (1977) Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. II.
The brain stem. Brain Res 129: 1--12
Au J, Walker WS, Scott DHT (1991) Withdrawal syndrome after propofol. Letter.
Anaesthesia 45: 741--742
Aungst BJ, Hussein MA (1992) Sustained propranolol delivery and increased oral
bioavailability in dogs given a propranolol laurate salt. Pharmaceut Res 9: 1507--1509
Ausems JM, Stanski DR, Hug CC jr (1985) An evaluation of the accuracy of pharmacokinetic
data for the computer assisted infusion of alfentanil .Br J Anaesth 57: 1217--1225
Ausems ME, Hug CC jr, De Lange S (1983) Variable rate infusion of alfentanil as a
supplement to nitrous oxide anesthesia for general surgery. Anesth Analg 62: 982--986
Ausems ME, Vuyk J, Hug CC jr et al. (1988) Comparison of a computer-assisted infusion
versus intermittent bolus administration of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide for
lower abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 68: 851--861
Austin KL, Stapleton JV, Mather LE (1980) Multiple intramuscular injections: a major source
of variability in analgesic response to meperidine. Pain 8: 47--51
Averbuch SD (1993) New bisphosphonates in the treatment of bone metastases. Cancer
72(11S): 3443--3452
Ayesta FJ, Ableitner A, Emmett Oglesby MW et al. (1992) Paradoxical effect of chronic
fentanyl treatment on naltrexone-induced supersensitivity and up-regulation. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 260: 168--174
Aylard PR, Gooding JH, McKenna PJ et al. (1987) A validation study of three anxiety and
depression self-assessment scales. J Psychosom Res 31(2): 261--268
Aylwin ML, Horowitz JM, Bonham AC (1997) NMDA receptors contribute to primary
visceral afferent transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract. J Neurophysiol 77(5):
2539--2548
Ayres DW, Barrow A, Scully NL et al. (1996) Absorption, pharmacokinetics and metabolism
of 14C-sumatriptan following intranasal administration to the rat. Xenobiotica 12: 1273-1282
Azar I, Turndorf H (1979) Severe hypertension and multiple atrial premature contractions
following naloxone administration. Anesth Analg 58: 524--525
Aziz Q, Andersson JL, Valind S et al. (1997) Identification of human brain loci processing
esophageal sensation using positron emission tomography. Gastroenterology 113(1): 50-59
Ba A, Seri BV (1993) Functional development of central nervous system in the rat: ontogeny
of nociceptive thresholds. Physiol Behav 54(2): 403--405
Babenko V, Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P et al. (1999) Experimental human muscle pain and
muscular hyperalgesia induced by combinations of serotonin and bradykinin. Pain 82(1):
1--8
Babu R, Vaidyanathan S, Sankaranarayan A et al. (1990) Effect of intravesical instillation of
varying doses of verapamil (20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg) upon urinary bladder function in
chronic traumatic paraplegics with overactive detrusor function. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
Toxicol 8: 350--354
Bach FW, Jensen TS, Kastrup J et al. (1990) The effect of intravenous lidocaine on
nociceptive processing in diabetic neuropathy. Pain 40(1): 29--34
Bach PH, Berndt WO, Delzell E et al. (1998) A safety assessment of fixed combinations of
acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid, coformulated with caffeine. Ren Fail 20: 749--762
Bach S, Noreng MF, Tjéllden NU (1988) Phantom limb pain in amputees during the first 12
months following limb amputation, after preoperative lumbar epidural blockade. Pain 33:
297--301
Bachelet CM, Scarcériaux V, Rostene W (1997) Evidence for neurotensin autoreceptors and
relationship of neurotensin and its receptors with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in
rat primary hypothalamic cultures. Eur J Neurosci 7: 1483--1487
Bachmann-Mennenga B, Biscoping J, Kuhn DF (1993) Intercostal nerve block, interpleural
analgesia, thoracic epidural block or systemic opioid application for pain relief after
thoracotomy? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 7(1): 12--18
Baer PG (1988) Renal physiology. In: Prostaglandins: biology and chemistry of
prostaglandins and related eicosanoids (Curtis-Prior PB, ed.), Churchill Livingstone
(London), pp 269--282
Baghdikian B, Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J et al. (1997) An analytical study, anti-inflammatory
and analgesic effects of Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum zeyheri. Planta
Med 63(2): 171--176
Baghdoyan HA, Spotts JL, Snyder SG (1993) Simultaneous pontine and basal forebrain
microinjections of carbachol suppresses REM sleep. J Neuroscience 13: 227--240
Bailey PL, Clark NJ, Pace NL et al. (1987) Antagonism of postoperative opioid-induced
respiratory depression: nalbuphine versus naloxone. Anesth Analg 66: 1109--1114
Bailey PL, Pace N, Ashburn M et al. (1990) Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation
with midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology 73: 826--830
Bailey PL, Wilbrink J, Zwanikken P et al. (1985) Anesthetic induction with fentanyl. Anesth
Analg 64: 48--53
Baker AJ, Zornow MH, Grafe MR et al. (1991) Hypothermia prevents ischemia-induced
increases in hippocampal glycine concentrations in rabbits. Stroke 22: 666--673
Baker JKE (1960) The effects of drugs on the foetus. Pharmacol Rev 12: 37--41
Balaskas EV, Bamihas GI, Karamouzis M et al. (1998) Histamine and serotonin in uremic
pruritus: effect of ondansetron in CAPD-pruritic patients. Nephron 78(4): 395--402
Balin BJ, Broadwell RD, Salcman M (1986) Avenues for entry of peripherally administered
protein to the central nervous system in mouse, rat, and squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol
251(2): 260--280
Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S et al. (1998) The comparative effects of postoperative
analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized,
controlled trials Anesth Analg 86: 598--612
Ballantyne JC, Loach AB, Carr DB (1988) Itching after epidural and spinal opiates. Pain 33:
149--160
Bamba H, Ota S, Kato A, Matsuzaki F (1998) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may
delay the repair of gastric mucosa by suppressing prostaglandin-mediated increase of
hepatocyte growth factor production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245(2): 567--571
Bandler R, Shipley MT (1994) Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray:
modules for emotional expression? Trends Neurosci 17: 9379--389
Bank J (1994) A comparative study of amitriptyline and fluvoxamine in migraine prophylaxis.
Headache 34: 476--478
Bannon AW, Decker MW, Holladay MW et al. (1998) Broad-spectrum, non-opioid analgesic
activity by selective modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Science
279(5347): 77--81
Baranauskas G, Nistri A (1998) Sensitization of pain pathways in the spinal cord: cellular
mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 54(3): 349--365
Barankay A, Richter JA, Henze R et al. (1992) Total intravenous anesthesia for infants and
children undergoing correction of tetralogy of Fallot: sufentanil versus sufentanilflunitrazepam technique. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2: 185--189
Barash P, Kopriva C, Giles R et al. (1980) Global ventricular function and intubation:
Radionuclear profiles. Anesthesiology 53(S): 109
Barbara G, Vallance BA, Collins SM (1997) Persistent intestinal neuromuscular dysfunction
after acute nematode infection in mice. Gastroenterology 113(4): 1224--1232
Barbaresi P, Gazzanelli G, Malatesta M (1997) Glutamate-positive neurons and terminals in
the cat periaqueductal gray matter (PAG): a light and electron microscopic
immunocytochemical study. J Comp Neurol 383(3): 381--396
Barbas H (1995) Anatomic basis of cognitive-emotional interactions in the primate prefrontal
cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19(3): 499--510
Barber A (1993) Mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists produce peripheral inhibition of
neurogenic plasma extravasation in rat skin. Eur J Pharmacol 236(1): 113--120
Barber A, Gottschlich R (1992) Opioid agonists and antagonists: an evaluation of their
peripheral actions in inflammation. Med Res Rev 12: 525--562
Bardin L, Bardin M, Lavarenne J et al. (1997) Effect of intrathecal serotonin on nociception
in rats: influence of the pain test used. Exp Brain Res 113(1): 81--87
Bardoni R, Goldstein PA, Lee CJ (1997) ATP P2X receptors mediate fast synaptic
transmission in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 17(14): 5297-- 5304
Barg J, Rius RA, Bem WT et al. (1992) Differential development of beta-endorphin and mu
opioid binding sites in mouse brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 66(1): 71--76
Barlow JS, ed. (1973) Complementary electrophysiological techniques and methods for
evaluation of the central nervous system. Handbook of Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol 8B, Elsevier (Amsterdam)
Barman SM, Gebber GL (1997) Subgroups of rostral ventrolateral medullary and caudal
medullary raphe neurons based on patterns of relationship to sympathetic nerve discharge
and axonal projections J Neurophysiol 77(1): 65--75
Barnes NM, Bunce KT, Naylor RJ et al. (1991) The actions of fentanyl to inhibit druginduced emesis. Neuropharmacology 10: 1073--1083
Barnes PJ, Adcock I (1993) Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms.
Trends Pharmacol Sci 14: 436--441
Barnwell SG, Laudanski T, Story MJ et al. (1992) Improved oral bioavailability of
propranolol in healthy human volunteers using a liver bypass drug delivery system
containing oleic acid. Int J Pharmacol 88: 423--432
Baron R, Maier C (1995) Phantom limb pain: are cutaneous nociceptors and spinothalamic
neurons involved in the signaling and maintenance of spontaneous and touch-evoked pain?
A case report. Pain 60(2): 223--228
Barrell JJ, Price DD (1975) The perception of first and second pain as a function of
psychological set. Percept Psychophys 17: 163--166
Barrett BJ (1996) Acetaminophen and adverse chronic renal outcomes: an appraisal of the
epidemiologic evidence. Am J Kideny Dis 28 (S1): 14--19
Barrie HJ (1941) Meningitis following spinal anesthesia. Lancet 1: 242--243
Bartfai T, Hökfelt T, Langel U (1993) Galanin - a neuroendocrine peptide. Crit Rev Neurobiol
7(3--4): 229--274
Barthó L, Stein C, Herz A (1990) Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive neurones in hyperalgesia
and enhanced opioid antinociception in inflammation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
Pharmacol 342: 666--670
Bartlett EE, Hutaserani O (1961) Xylocaine for the relief of postoperativ pain. Anesth Analg
40: 296--300
Bartusch SL, Sanders BJ, D'Alessio JG et al. (1996) Clonazepam for the treatment of
lancinating phantom limb pain. Clin J Pain 1996 Mar 12(1): 59--62
Basbaum AI (1993) Basic mechanisms of pain and pain control. In: Refresher Course
Syllabus (IASPA, World Congress Paris), p 2
Basbaum AI, Fields HL (1978) Endogenous pain control mechanism: review and hypotheses.
Ann Neurol 4: 451--462
Basbaum AI, Fields HL (1984) Endogenous pain control systems: braimstem spinal pathways
and endorphin circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 7: 309--338
Basbaum AI, Moss MS, Glazer EJ (1983) Opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia: the
contribution of monoamines. Adv Pain Res Ther 5: 323--339
Baskin DS, Mehler WR, Hosobuchi Y et al. (1986) Autopsy analysis of the safety, efficacy
and cartography of electrical stimulation of the central gray in humans. Brain Res 371(2):
231--236
Baskoff JD, Watson RL, Muldoon SM (1980) Respiratory arrest after intrathecal morphine.
Anesth Rev 7: 12--15
Bassenge E (1996) Endothelial function in different organs. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 39(3): 209-228
Battaglia G, Rustioni A (1988) Co-existance of glutamate and substance P in dorsal root
ganglion neurons of the rat and monkey. J Comp Neurol 277: 302--312
Battrum DE, Gutmann JL (1996) Phantom tooth pain: a diagnosis of exclusion. Int Endod J 3:
190--194
Bauer AJ, Sarr MG, Szurszewski JH (1991) Opioids inhibit neuromuscular transmission in
circular muscle of human and baboon jejunum. Gastroent 101: 970--976
Bauer AJ, Szurszewski JH (1991) Effect of opioid peptides on circular muscle of canine
duodenum. J Physiol 434: 409--422
Baum BJ, Bodmer L, Fox PC et al. (1985) Therapy-induced dysfunction of salivary glands:
implications for oral health. Spec Care Dent 5: 274--277
Baumann TK, Simone DA, Shain CN et al. (1991) Neurogenic hyperalgesia: the search for
the primary cutaneous afferent fibers that contribute to capsaicin-induced pain and
hyperalgesia. J Neurophysiol 66: 212--227
Baumeister B, Schmidt C, Schiermeyer-Dunkhase B et al. (1995) Decreased gastric
prostaglandin E2 synthesis in patients with gastric ulcers and in smokers.
Hepatogastroenterology 42(6): 851--855
Baumgartner C, Wessely P, Bingöl C et al. (1989) Longterm prognosis of analgesic
withdrawal in patients with drug-induced headaches. Headache 29: 510--514
Baumgartner G (1976) Zur Pathophysiologie des Schmerzes. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 65:
334--337
Bayon A, Shoemaker WJ, Bloom FE et al. (1979) Perinatal development of the endorphinand enkephalin-containing systems in the rat brain. Brain Res 179(1): 93--101
Beal JE, Olson R, Lefkowitz L et al. (1997) Long-term efficacy and safety of dronabinol for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated anorexia. J Pain Symptom Manage 1: 7-14
Beamish N, Schwarer AP, Watson AM et al. (1997) Acute pancreatitis complicating a bone
marrow harvest. Bone Marrow Transplant 19(5): 525--526
Bean BP (1990) ATP-activated channels in rat and bullfrog sensory neurons: concentration
dependence and kinetics. J Neurosci 10:1--10
Beattie WS, Buckley DN, Forrest JB (1990) Reduction of significant cardiac morbidity by
epidural morphine in non-cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 73: A771
Beauregard L, Pomp A, Choiniere M (1998) Severity and impact of pain after day-surgery.
Can J Anaesth 45(4): 304--311
Beaver WT (1984) Caffeine revisited. JAMA 251: 1732--1733
Beaver WT, Feise G (1976) Comparison of the analgesic effects of morphine, hydroxyzine,
and their combination in patients with postoperative pain. In: Proc First World Congress on
Pain, Italy, Vol 1 (Bonica JJ, Albe-Fessard DG, ed.), pp 553--557
Beaver WT, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW et al. (1967) A clinical comparison of the analgesic
effects of methadone and morphine administered intramusculary, and of orally and
parenterally administered methadone. J Clin Pharmacol 17(4): 186--198
Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G et al. (1988) An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety:
psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 56(6): 893--897
Becker L, Eberlein-König B, Przybilla B (1996) Phototoxicity of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: in vitro studies with visible light. Acta Derm Venereol 76(5): 337-340
Becker LD, Paulson BA, Miller RD et al. (1976) Biphasis respiratory depression after
fentanyl-droperidol or fentanyl alone used to supplement nitrous oxide anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 44: 291--296
Becquet D, Hery M, Francois-Bellan AM (1993) Glutamate, GABA, glycine and taurine
modulate serotonin synthesis and release in rostral and caudal rhombencephalic raphe cells
in primary cultures. Neurochem Int 3: 269--283
Beecroft PC, Redick S (1989) Possible complications of intramuscular injections on the
pediatric unit. Pediatr Nurs 4: 333--336
Behar M, Olshwang D, Magora F et al. (1979) Epidural morphine in treatmentof pain. Lancet
i: 527--529
Beiche F, Scheuerer S, Brune K et al. (1996) Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in
the rat spinal cord following peripheral inflammation. FEBS Lett 390: 165--169
Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B (1998) Subhypnotic doses of propofol do not
relieve pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1998
86(2): 310--313
Bell MD, Murray GR, Mishra P et al. (1985) Buccal morphine - a new routine for analgesia?
Lancet i: 71--73
Bellgowan PS, Helmstetter FJ (1996) Neural systems for the expression of hypoalgesia during
nonassociative fear. Behav Neurosci 110(4): 727--736
Bellinger DL, Lorton D, Brouxhon S et al. (1996) The significance of vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide (VIP) in immunomodulation. Adv Neuroimmunol 6(1): 5--27
Bellville JW (1964) Pentazocine vs morphine. JAMA 189: 332
Bellville JW, Dorey F, Capparell D et al. (1979) Analgesic effects of hydroxyzine compared
with morphine in man. J Clin Pharmacol 19(5--6): 290--296
Bellville JW, Seed JC (1960) The effects of drugs on the respiratory response to carbon
dioxide. Anesthesiology 21: 727
Belvisi MG, Saunders MA, Haddad el-B (1997) Induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by cytokines
in human cultured airway smooth muscle cells: novel inflammatory role of this cell type.
Br J Pharmacol 120(5): 910--916
Benabid AL, Mahieux G (1984) Electrical stimulation of the rat habenular complex induces a
naloxone reversible analgesia. Soc Neuroscie 10: A102
Ben-Ari Y, Tseeb V, Raggozzino D et al. (1994) gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA): a fast
excitatory transmitter which may regulate the development of hippocampal neurones in
early postnatal life. Prog Brain Res 102: 261--273
Bencsics A, Elenkov IJ, Vizi ES (1997) Effect of morphine on lipopolysaccharide-induced
tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in vivo: involvement of the sympathetic nervous
system. J Neuroimmunol 73(1--2): 1--6
Benedetti C, Premuda L (1990) The history of opium and its derivatives. In: Advances in Pain
Research and Therapy (Benedetti C, Chapman CR, Giron G, eds.), Raven Press (NY), Vol
14, pp 1--35
Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Casadio C et al. (1997) Blockade of nocebo hyperalgesia by the
cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide. Pain 71(2): 135--140
Benedetti F, Vighetti S, Amanzio M et al. (1998) Dose-response relationship of opioids in
nociceptive and neuropathic postoperative pain. Pain 1998 74(2--3): 205--211
Bennett GJ (1991) Evidence from animal models on the pathogenesis of painful peripheral
neuropathy, and its relevance for pharmacotherapy. In: Towards a New Pharmacotherapy
(Basbaum AI, Besson JM eds.), J Wiley & Sons (Chichester), pp 365--379
Bennett GJ (1991) The role of the sympathetic nervous system in painful peripheral
neuropathy. Pain 45: 221--223
Bennett GJ, Xie YK (1988) A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of
pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 33: 87--107
Bennett MJ, Anderson LK, McMillan JC et al. (1986) Anaphylactic reaction during anesthesia
associated with positive intradermal skin test to fentanyl. Can Anaesth Soc J 33: 75--78
Bennett RL, Batenhorst RL, Bivins BA et al. (1982) Patient-controlled analgesia: a new
concept of postoperative pain relief. Ann Surg 195: 700--705
Benni F, Johnstone C, Faucher D et al. (1993) Topical anesthesia during circumcision in
newborn infants. JAMA 270: 850--853
Bent JM, Paterson JL et al. (1984) Effects of high dose fentanyl anaesthesia on the established
metabolic and endocrine response to surgery. Anaesthesia 39: 19--23
Benthuysen JL, Smith NT, Sanford TJ et al. (1986) Physiology of alfentanil-induced rigidity.
Anesthesiology 64: 440--446
Bentley GA, Newton SH, Starr J (1981) Evidence for an action of morphine and the
enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse peritoneum. Br J Pharmacol 73(2):
325--332
Bentley JB, Borel JD, Nenad RE et al. (1982) Age and fentanyl pharmacokinetics. Anesth
Analg 61: 968--971
Benzer A, Gottardis M, Russegger et al. (1992) Fentanyl increases cerebrospinal fluid
pressure in normocapnic volunteers. Eur J Anaesth 9: 473--477
Benzer A, Haussler R (1992) Increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in normocapnic
volunteers in response to nalbuphine. Eur J Clin Pharm 43: 193--195
Berg RA (1984) Emergency infusion of catecholamines into bone marrow. Am J Dis Child
138(9): 810--811
Bergasa NV, Schmitt JM, Talbot TL et al. (1998) Open-label trial of oral nalmefene therapy
for the pruritus of cholestasis. Hepatology 3: 679--684
Bergeson PS, Singer SA, Kaplan AM (1982) Intramuscular injections in children. Pediatrics
70(6): 944--948
Bergh GS, Layne JA (1940) A demonstration of the independent contraction of the sphincter
of the commone bile duct in human subjects. Am J Physiol 128: 690--694
Bergouignan M (1942) Cures heureuses de névralgies faciales essentielles par le dipheynlhydentoinate de soude. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 63: 34--41
Berkley KJ, Mash DC (1978) Somatic sensory projections to the pretectum in the cat. Brain
Res 158: 445--449
Berkowitz BA (1976) The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity:
morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokin 1: 219--230
Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Yang JC et al. (1975) The dispositions of morphine in surgical
patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17: 629--635
Berman RS, Eisele JH (1978) Bacteremia, spinal anesthesia, and development of meningitis.
Anesthesiology 48: 376--377
Berman Y, Ageyeva L, Veksler B et al. (1999) Dynorphin A processing enzyme: tissue
distribution, isolation, and characterization. J Biochem (Tokyo) 125(3): 641--647
Bermond P (1989) Analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of vitamins. Int J Vitam Nutr
Res S30: 153--160
Bernard C (1869) Thérapeutique médicale: des effets physiologiques de la morphine et de leur
combinaison avec ceux du chloroforme.
Bernard J, Hommerol J, Passuti N et al. (1991) Postoperative analgesia by intravenous
clonidine. Anesthesiology 75: 577--582
Bernards CM (1993) Flux of morphine, fentanyl, and alfentanil through rabbit arteries in vivo.
Anesthesiology 78: 1126--1131
Bernards CM, Hill HF (1990) Morphine and alfentanil permeability through the spinal dura,
arachnoid and pia mater of dogs and monkeys. Anesthesiology 73: 1214--1219
Bernards CM, Hill HF (1991) The spinal nerve root sleeve is not a preferred route for
redistribution of drugs from the epidural space to the spinal cord. Anesthesiology 75: 827-832
Bernards CM, Hill HF (1992) Physical and chemical properties of drug molecules governing
their diffusion through the spinal meninges. Anesthesiology 77: 750--756
Bernards CM, Luger TJ, Malmberg AB et al. (1992) Liposome encapsulation prolongs
alfentanil spinal analgesia and alters systemic redistribution in the rat. Anesthesiology 77:
529--535
Bernheim HA, Gilbert TM, Stitt JT (1980) Prostaglandin E levels in third ventricular
cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits during fever and changes in body temperature. J Physiol
(Lond) 301: 69--78
Bernstein CN, Robert ME, Eysselein VE (1993) Rectal substance P concentrations are
increased in ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 88(6): 908-913
Bertelli A, Clerico A, Chicca A et al. (1992) Role of endothelin-1 in carrageenin-induced
inflammation. Int J Tissue React 14(5): 225--230
Besse D, Lombard MC, Zajac JM et al. (1990) Pre- and postsynaptic distribution of mu, delta
and kappa opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the cervical dorsal horn of the rat
spinal cord. Brain Res 521: 15--22
Bessette L, Carette S, Fossel AH et al. (1998) A placebo controlled crossover trial of
subcutaneous salmon calcitonin in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J
Rheumatol 27(2): 112--116
Bessman AN (1974) Comparison of medical care in nurse clinican and physican clinics in
medical school affiliated hospitals. J Chronic Dis 27: 115 –125
Bester H, Besson JM, Bernard JF (1997) Organization of efferent projections from the
parabrachial area to the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the
rat. J Comp Neurol 383(3): 245--281
Bester H, Matsumoto N, Besson JM (1997) Further evidence for the involvement of the
spinoparabrachial pathway in nociceptive processes: a c-Fos study in the rat. J Comp
Neurol 383(4): 439--458
Beubler E, Badhri P (1990) Comparison of the antisecretory effects of loperamide and
loperamide oxide in the jejunum and the colon of rats in-vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 42: 689-692
Beubler E, Badhri P, Schirgi-Degen A (1993) Antisecretory activities of orally administered
loperamide and loperamide oxide on intestinal secretion in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 45:
803--806
Beubler E, Lembeck F (1979) Inhibition of stimulated fluid secretion in the rat small and
large intestine by opiate agonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 306: 113--118
Beubler E, Lembeck F (1980) Inhibition by morphine of prostaglandin E1-stimulated
secretion and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation in the rat jejunum in vivo.
Br J Pharmacol 68: 513--518
Bevan S, Geppetti P (1994) Protons: small stimulants of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves.
Trends Neurosci 12: 509--512
Beyer A, Schäfer M, Stein C (1997) Antinociceptive effects of dynorphin peptides in a model
of inflammatory pain. Pain 70(2--3): 141--147
Beyer C, Roberts LA, Kornizaruk BR (1985) Hyperalgesia induced by altered glycinergic
activity at the spinal cord. Life Sci 237: 875--882
Bezwada HP, Granick MS, Long CD et al. (1998) Soft-tissue complications of intra-arterial
chemotherapy for extremity sarcomas. Ann Plast Surg 40(4): 382--387
Bhargava HN, Bian JT, Kumar S (1997) Mechanism of attenuation of morphine
antinociception by chronic treatment with L-arginine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1(2): 707-712
Bhooma V, Sulochana KN, Biswas J (1997) Eales' disease: accumulation of reactive oxygen
intermediates and lipid peroxides and decrease of antioxidants causing inflammation,
neovascularization and retinal damage. Curr Eye Res 2: 91--95
Bibolotti E, Borghi C, Pasculli E et al. (1986) Management of fibrositis: a double-blind
comparison of maprotiline, chlorimipramine and placebo. Clinical Trials J 23(5): 269--280
Bidwai AV, Stanley TH, Bloomer et al. (1975) Effects of anesthetic doses of morphine on
renal function in the dog. Anesth Analg 54: 357--360
Biedenbach MA, Van Hassel HJ, Brown AC (1979) Tooth pulp-driven neurons in
somatosensory cortex of primates: role in pain mechanisms including a review of the
literature. Pain 1: 31--50
Biegon A, Samuel D (1980) Interaction of tricyclic antidepressants with opiate receptors.
Biochem Pharmacol 29: 460--462
Bielecki JW, Gebbers JO, Filippini L (1995) Segmentale Dünndarmläsionen nach Einnahme
nicht-steroidaler antirheumatika. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 120(13): 436--441
Bijlsma JW, Van den Brink BR (1992) Estrogens and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Rep
Immunol 28: 231--234
Bilello JF, O'Hair KC, Kirby WC et al. (1991) Intraosseous infusion of dobutamine and
isoproterenol Am J Dis Child 145(2): 165--167
Bileviciute I, Theodorsson E, Lundeberg T (1997) Effects of histamine on neuropeptide
release into the knee joint perfusate and cerebrospinal fluid in rats. Neurosci Lett 226(1):
9--12
Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W, Montoya P (1997) Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom
limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization. J Neurosci 17(14): 5503-5508
Bircher B, Sharifi S (1991) Drug dosage in patients with liver disease. In: Oxford Textbook of
Clinical Hepatology (McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, eds.) Vol
2, Oxford University Press, pp 1388--1400
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D et al. (1997) The Screen for Child Anxiety Related
Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J
Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(4): 545--553
Bisgaard H, Kristensen JK (1985) Leukotriene B4 produces hyperalgesia in humans.
Prostaglandins 30: 791--797
Bitner RS, Nikkel AL, Curzon P et al. (1998) Role of the nucleus raphe magnus in
antinociception produced by ABT-594: immediate early gene responses possibly linked to
neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on serotonergic neurons. J Neurosci 18(14):
5426--5432
Bittner MA, Lahann TR (1984) Biphasic time-course of Capsaicin-induced substance P
depletion: Failure to correlate with thermal analgesia in the cat. Brain Res 322: 305--309
Bjarnason I (1988) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced small intestinal
inflammation in man. In: Recent advances in gastroenteroloy 7 (Pounder RE, ed.),
Churchill Livingstone (Edinburgh), pp 23--47
Bjarnason I, Hayllar J (1996) Early pathogenic events in NSAID-induced gastrointestinal
damage. Ital J Gastroenterol Sl 4: 19--22
Björkman R, Hallman KM, Hedner J et al. (1994) Acetaminophen blocks spinal hyperalgesia
induced by NMDA and substance P. Pain 57: 259--264
Björkman R, Hedner J, Hedner T et al. (1990) Central, naloxone-reversible antinociception by
diclofenac in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 342:171--176
Björkman S, Wada D, Stanski DR (1998) Application of physiologic models to predict the
influence of changes in body composition and blood flows on the pharmacokinetics of
fentanyl and alfentanil in patients. Anesthesiology 88(3): 657--667
Björkqvist SE (1975) Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psych Scand 52: 256--263
Bjurholm A, Kreicbergs A, Ahmed A et al. (1990) Nonadrenergic and peptidergic nerves in
the synovial membrane of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Arthritis Rheum 33: 859--865
Blackshear MA, Steranka LR, Bush-Sanders E (1981) Multiple serotonin receptors: regional
distribution and effect of raphe lesions. Eur J Pharmacol 76: 325--334
Blaise GA, Nugent N, McMichan JC et al. (1990) Side effects of nalbuphine while reversing
opioid-induced respiratory depression: report of four cases. Can J Anaesth 37(7): 794--797
Bland-Ward PA, Humphrey PP (1997) Acute nociception mediated by hindpaw P2X receptor
activation in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 122(2): 365--371
Blatteis CM, Dinarello CA, Shibata M et al (1988) Does circulating interleukin-1 enter the
brain? In: Thermal physiology, Excerpta Medica Int Congr Series 1989/871 (Mercer JB,
ed.), Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 385--390
Bleehen T (1978) The effects of adenine nucleotides on cutaneous afferent nerve activity. Br J
Pharmacol 62(4): 573--577
Bleehen T, Keele CA (1977) Observations on the algogenic actions of adenosine compounds
on the human blister base preparation. Pain 3(4): 367--377
Bley KR, Hunter JC, Eglen RM et al. (1998) The role of IP prostanoid receptors in
inflammatory pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 4: 141--147
Blom S (1962) Trigeminal neuralgia. Its treatment with new anticonvulsant. Experiences with
G 32883. Lancet i: 839--840
Blomberg SG (1994) Long-term home self-treatment with high thoracic epidural anesthesia in
patients with severe coronary artery disease. Anesth Analg 79: 413--421
Blomberg SG, Emanuelsson H, Kvist H et al. (1990) Effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia
on coronary arteries and arterioles in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology
73: 840--847
Bloom FE (1983) The endorphins: a growing family of pharmacologically pertinent peptides.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 23: 151--170
Bloomfield DJ (1998) Should bisphosphonates be part of the standard therapy of patients with
multiple myeloma or bone metastases from other cancers? An evidence-based review. J
Clin Oncol 16(3): 1218--1225
Bloomquist BT, Beauchamp MR, Zhelnin L et al. (1998) Cloning and expression of the
human galanin receptor GalR2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 243(2): 474--479
Bloor BC, Flacke WE (1982) Reduction in halothane anesthetic requirement by clonidine, an
alpha-adrenergic agonist. Anaesth Analg 61: 741--745
Boas RA, Covino BG, Shahnarian A (1982) Analgesic responses to i.v. lignocaine. Br J
Anaesth 54: 501--504
Boas RA, Schug SA, Acland RH (1993) Perineal pain after rectal amputation: a 5-year
follow-up. Pain 52(1): 67--70
Boas RA, Villiger JW (1985) Clinical actions of fentanyl and buprenorphine: the significance
of receptor binding. Br J Anaesth 57: 192--196
Boccara B, Mann C, Duchenne D et al. (1998) Postoperative treatment of myocardial
ischaemia by thoracic extradural local anaesthetic. Br J Anaesth 80: 848--849
Bodnar RJ, Williams CL, Lee SJ et al. (1988) Role of mu-1-opiate receptors in supraspinal
opiate analgesia: a microinjection study. Brain Res 447: 25--34
Bodo RC, Co Tui FW, Benaglia HE (1937) Studies on the mechanism of morphine
hyperglycemia. The role of sympathetic nervous system with special reference to the
sympathetic supply to the liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 62: 88--105
Body JJ (1992) Bone metastases and tumor-induced hypercalcemia. Curr Opin Oncol 4: 624-631
Body JJ, Bartl R, Burckhardt P et al. (1998) Current use of bisphosphonates in oncology.
International Bone and Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 16(12): 3890--3899
Body JJ, Dumon JC, Gineyts E et al. (1997) Comparative evaluation of markers of bone
resorption in patients with breast cancer-induced osteolysis before and after
bisphosphonate therapy. Br J Cancer 75(3): 408--412
Boeckstyns MEH, Backer M (1989) Reliability and validity of the evaluation of pain in
patients with total knee replacement. Pain 38: 29--33
Boehm S, Huck S (1997) Receptors controlling transmitter release from sympathetic neurons
in vitro. Prog Neurobiol 51(3): 225--242
Boersma FP, Meert TF, Ten Kate A et al. (1990) Cancer pain control by epidural sufentanil.
Eur J Pain 11: 76--80
Boie Y, Rushmore TH, Darmon-Goodwin A et al. (1994) Cloning and expression of a cDNA
for the human prostanoid IP receptor. J Biol Chem 269(16): 1273--1278
Boivie J (1989) On central pain and central pain mechanisms. Guest Editorial. Pain 38: 121-122
Bolliger CT, Wyser H, Roser M et al. (1995) Lung scanning and exercise testing for the
predicton of postoperative performance in lung resection candidates at increased risk for
complications Chest 108: 341--348
Bollini P, García Rodríguez LA, Pérez Guthann S et al. (1992) The impact of research quality
and study design on epidemiologic estimates of the effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on upper gastrointestinal tract disease. Arch Intern Med 152: 1289-1295
Bolme P, Fuxe K, Agnati L et al. (1978) Cardiovascular effects of morphine and opioid
peptides following intracisternal administration in chloraloseanesthetized rats. Eur J
Pharmacol 48: 319--324
Bologa-Campeanu M, Koren G, Rieder M et al. (1988) Prenatal adverse effects of various
drugs and chemicals. A review of substances of frequent concern to mothers in the
community. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3(4): 307--323
Bond A, Seijas D, Dawing S et al. (1994) Systemic absorption and abuse liability of snorted
flunitrazepam. Addiction 89: 821--830
Bonica JJ (1983) Current status of postoperative pain in therapy. In: Current Topics in Pain
Research and Therapy (Yokota J, Dubner R, eds.), Exc M Tokyo: 169--189
Bonica JJ (1990) Status of pain therapy: reasons for deficiencies. In: The Management of
Pain. Lea & Febiger, 2nd ed., Vol 1, pp 11--12
Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V (1990) Pain Control with anticancer modalities. In: The
Management of Pain (Bonica JJ, ed. ), 2nd ed., Lea & Febiger (Philadelphia), p 429
Bonner GG, Davis P, Stropova D et al. (1997) Opioid peptides: simultaneous delta agonism
and mu antagonism in somatostatin analogues. Peptides 18(1): 93--100
Bonnet F, Boico O, Rostaing S et al. (1990) Clonidine induced analgesia in postoperative
patients: epidural versus intramuscular administration. Anesthesiology 72: 423--427
Bonnet F, Harari A, Thibonnier M et al. (1982) Suppression of antidiuretic hormone
hypersecretion during surgery by extradural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 54: 29--36
Boogaerts J, Lafont N (1991) Mode d'action et utilisation clinique des morphinomimétiques
administrés par voie périnerveuse périphérique. Cah Anesthesiol 39(2): 91--95
Booker PD, Bryson THL, Beddard J (1980) Obstetric pain relief using epidural morphine.
Anaesthesia 37: 377--379
Boos G, Sloan P, Thirlwell M et al. (1987) Steady-state pharmacokinetics of sustained release
morphine tablets (MS contin) and morphine sulfate solution (MSS). Proc Am Soc Clin
Oncol 6: 44
Boraníc M, Krizanac-Bengez L. Gabrilovac J et al. (1997) Enkephalins in hematopoiesis.
Biomed Pharmacother 51(1): 29--37
Borgbjerg FM, Nielsen K, Franks J (1996) Experimental pain stimulates respiration and
attenuates morphine-induced respiratory depression: a controlled study in human
volunteers. Pain 64(1): 123--128
Borgeat A, Biollaz J, Depierraz B et al. (1988) Grand mal seizure after extradural morphine
analgesia. Br J Anaesth 60: 733--735
Borgeat A, Saiah M, Rifat K (1991) Does propofol relieve epidural or subarachnoid
morphine-induced pruritus? Letter. Reg Anesth 16: 245
Borgeat A, Stirnemann HR (1999) Ondansetron is effective to treat spinal or epidural
morphine-induced pruritus. Anesthesiology 90(2): 432--436
Borgeat A, Wilder-Smith OHG, Saiah M et al. (1992) Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve
pruritus induced by epidural and intrathecal morphine. Anesthesiology 76: 510--512
Bornschein RL, Crockett RS, Smith RP (1977) Diurnal variations in the analgesic
effectiveness of morphine in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior 6: 621--626
Borsook D (1994) Opioids and neurotrophic effects. Curr Opin Anaesthesiology 7: 352--357
Bortolotto ZA, Clarke VR, Delany CM et al. (1999) Kainate receptors are involved in
synaptic plasticity Nature 402(6759): 297--301
Bosse K, Kühner A (1988) Behandlung von Kopfschmerzen verschiedenster Genese.
Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit einer Analgetika-Kombination - Ergebnisse einer
Doppelblind-Multicenter-Studie. Therapiewoche 38: 3879--3884
Bossut DF, Maixner W (1996) Effects of cardiac vagal afferent electrostimulation on the
responses of trigeminal and trigeminothalamic neurons to noxious orofacial stimulation.
Pain 65(1): 101--109
Boström BM, Ramberg T, Davis BD et al. (1997) Survey of post-operative patients' pain
management. J Nurs Manag 6: 341--349
Botney M, Fields HL (1983) Amitryptyline potentiates morphine analgesia by a direct action
on the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 13: 160--164
Bouaziz H, Eisenach JC, Tong C (1994) Postoperative analgesic effects with intrathecal
neostigmine in sheep. Anesthesiology V81(3A): A 930
Bouaziz H, Hewitt C, Eisenach JC (1994) The interaction between intrathecal neostigmine
and alpha2 agonists. Anesthesiology V81(3A): A 929
Boudoulas H, Lewis RP, Rittgers SE et al. (1979) Increased diastolic time: A possible
important factor in the beneficial effect of propranolol in patients with coronary artery
disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1: 503--513
Bouhassira D, Villanueva L, Le Bars D (1992) Effects of systemic morphine on diffuse
noxious inhibitory controls: role of the periaqueductal grey. Eur J Pharmacol 216: 149-152
Boulard G, Arnauld E, Guerin J et al. (1982) Hormone antidiurétique, ACTH et prolactine
plasmatique au cours de l'administration de fentanyl chez l'homme. Agressologie 23: 43-46
Bourke DL, Furman WR (1993) Improved postoperative analgesia with morphine added to
axillary block solutions. J Clin Anesth 5: 114--117
Bove GM, Moskowitz MA (1997) Primary afferent neurons innervating guinea pig dura. J
Neurophysiol 77(1): 299--308
Bovill JG, Sebel PS (1980) Pharmacokinetics of high-dose fentanyl: A study in patients
undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 52: 795--801
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Blackburn CL et al. (1981) The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil.
Anesthesiology 55: A174
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Wauqier A et al. (1983) Influence of high-dose alfentanil on the
electroencephalogram: Correlation with plasma concentrations. Br J Anaesth 55 (S): 199-209
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Wauqier A, Rog P (1981) Effects of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia on the
electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 55: 203--211
Bowdle TA (1990) Opioid antagonists and agonist-antagonist combinations. In: ASA Annual
Refresher Course Lectures, October 19-23 (Las Vegas), 125: 1--7
Bower S (1981) Plasma protein binding of fentanyl. J Pharm Pharmacol 33: 507--513
Bower S, Hull CJ (1983) Comparative pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Br J
Anaesth 54: 871--877
Bowsher D (1997) The effects of pre-emptive treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with
amitriptyline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain Symptom
Manage 6: 327--331
Boysen K, Hertel S, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B et al. (1988) Buprenorphine antagonism of
ventilatory depression following fentanyl anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 32: 490--492
Bozic CR, Lu B, Höpken UE et al. (1995) Neurogenic amplification of immune complex
inflammation. Science 273: 1722--1725
Brackbill Y (1975) Continuous stimulation and arousal level in infancy: effects of stimulus
intensity and stress. Child Dev 46: 364--369
Bradley KJ, Headley PM (1997) COX-2 inhibition by L-745,337 reduces nociceptive reflexes
in anaesthetized rats. Soc. Neurosci. A23: 164
Brandao ML, Rees H, Witt S et al. (1991) Central antiaversive and antinociceptive effects of
anterior pretectal nucleus stimulation: attenuation of autonomic and aversive effects of
medial hypothalamic stimulation. Brain Res 542(2): 266--272
Brändli P, Löffler BM, Breu V et al. (1996) Role of endothelin in mediating neurogenic
plasma extravasation in rat dura mater. Pain 64(2): 315--322
Brandt MR, Fernandes A, Mordhorst R et al. (1978) Epidural analgesia improves
postoperative nitrogen balance. BMJ 1: 1106--1108
Brase DA, Ward CR, Bey PS et al. (1991) Antagonism of the morphine-induced locomotor
activation of mice by fructose: comparison with othe opiates and sugars, and sugar effects
on brain morphine. Life Sci 49(10): 727--734
Brashear R, Cornog J, Forney R (1973) Cardiovascular effects of heroin in the dog. Anesth
Analg 52: 323--327
Bratzke H, Baur C, Schramm T (1991) Verletzung der ärztlichen Sorgfaltspflicht bei
"therapeutischer Lokalanästhesie". Dtsch Med Wochenschr 116(27): 1051--1054
Bredt DS, Hwang PM, Snyder SH (1990) Localization of nitric synthase indicating a neural
role for nitric oxide. Nature 347: 768--770
Bredt DS, Snyder SH (1989) Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP
levels in the cerebellum. Proc Natl Ac Sci 86: 9030--9033
Bredt DS, Snyder SH (1992) Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 8: 3--11
Brena SF, Sammons EE (1979) Phantom injury bladder pain. Case report. Pain 7: 197--201
Brenneis C, Michaud M, Bruera E et al. (1986) Local toxicity during subcutaneous infusion of
narcotics: a prospective study. In: 6th WC on the Care of the Terminally Ill (Proc.,
Montreal, September)
Breslow MJ, Jordan DA, Christopherson R et al. (1989) Epidural morphine decreases
postoperative hypertension by attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity.
JAMA 261(24): 3577--3581
Breyer MD, Breyer RM (2000) Prostaglandin receptors: their role in regulating renal function.
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9(1): 23--29
Brice J, McLellan L (1980) Suppression of intention of tremor by contingent deep-brain
stimulation. Lancet 315: 1221--1222
Brincker H, Westin J, Abildgaard N et al. (1998) Failure of oral pamidronate to reduce
skeletal morbidity in multiple myeloma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. DanishSwedish co-operative study group. Br J Haematol 101(2): 280--286
Brodie MS, Proudfit HK (1981) Naloxone-reversible hypoalgesia following intrathecal 5,6dihydroxy-tryptamine. Neuroscience 7: A880
Brodie MS, Proudfit HR (1982) The induction of analgesia by local injection of carbachol
into the nucleus raphe magnus. Neuroscience 8: A770
Brodin E, Gazelius B, Panopoulos P et al. (1983) Morphine inhibits substance P release from
peripheral sensory nerve endings. Acta Physiol Scand 117: 567--570
Bromage PR, Camporesi EM, Durant PAC et al. (1982) Rostral spread of epidural morphine.
Anesthesiology 56: 431--436
Bromage PR, Shibata HR, Willoughby HW (1971) Influence of prolonged epidural blockade
on blood sugar and cortisol responses to operation upon the upper part of the abdomen and
the thorax. Surg Gynecol Obstet 132: 1051--1056
Bromley (1998) Comments on McCormick u. Thomas (1998): Bronchospasm during
inhalation of nebulized midazolam. Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 80(4): 565
Bromm B (1994) Corticalization of chronic pain? APS Journal 3(2): 131--135
Bromm B (1995) Consciousness, pain, and cortical acitivity. In: Pain and the Brain (Bromm
B, Desmedt JE, eds.) Adv Pain Res Ther Vol 22, Ch 3: 35--59
Bromm B (1997) Unterschiedliche Aktivierungsmuster und zeitliche Sequenzen kortikaler
Strukturen auf phasische experimentelle Schmerzreize durch MEG-Untersuchungen. Der
Schmerz 11(S1): A27
Bromm B, Forth W, Richter E et al. (1992) Effects of acetaminophen and antipyrine on noninflammatory pain and EEG activity. Pain 50: 213--221
Bromm B, Lorenz J (1998) Neurophysiological evaluation of pain. Electroencephalography
and clinical Neurophysiology 107: 227--253
Bromm K, Herrmann WM, Schulz H (1995) Do the B-vitamins exhibit antinociceptive
efficacy in men? Results of a placebo-controlled repeated-measures double-blind study.
Neuropsychobiology 31(3): 156--165
Bromm W, Meier W, Scharein E (1986) Imipramine reduces experimental pain. Pain 25: 245-257
Brooks JH, Gupta B (1990) Further evidence for narcotic receptors in human peripheral
nerves. Reg Anesth 15(4): 215--216
Brosch R, Rust M (1989) Schmerz und Anaesthesie bei Früh- und Neugeborenen. Anaesth
Intensivmed 30: 287--291
Brose WG, Cousins MJ (1991) Subcutaneous lidocaine treatment of neuropathic cancer pain.
Pain 45(2): 145--148
Brose WG, Gutlove DP, Luther RR et al. (1997) Use of intrathecal SNX-111, a novel, N-type,
voltage-sensitive, calcium channel blocker, in the management of intractable brachial
plexus avulsion pain. Clin J Pain 13(3): 256--259
Brostrom CO, Brostrom MA (1998) Regulation of translational initiation during cellular
responses to stress. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 58: 79--125
Brouwers JR, de Smet PA (1994) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug interactions with
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 6: 462--485
Brown DL, Carpenter RL (1990) Perioperative analgesia: a review of risks and benefits. J
Cardiothorac Anesth 4: 368--383
Brown LL, Schneider JS, Lidsky TI (1997) Sensory and cognitive functions of the basal
ganglia. Corr Opin Neurobiol 2: 157--163
Brown SA , Grimes DE (1993). A meta-analysis of process of care, clinical outcomes, and
cost-effectiveness of nurses in primary care roles: nurse practicioners and certified nursemidwives. Amer Nurses´ Assoc (Washington D.C.).
Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Korotitsch W et al. (1997) Psychometric properties of the
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther 35(1): 79-89
Brownridge P (1986) Shivering related to epidural blockade with bupivacaince in labour, and
the influence of epidural pethidine. Anaesth Intensive Care 14: 412--417
Brückner UB, Lang RE, Ganten D (1984) Release of opioid peptides in canine hemorrhagic
hypotension: effects of Naloxone. Res Exp Med 184: 171--178
Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS et al. (1999) External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria
for complex regional pain syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. Pain 81(1-2): 147--154
Bruera A, Roca E, Cedaro L et al. (1985) Action of oral methylprednisolone in terminal
cancer patients: A prospective randomized double-blind study. Cancer Treat Rep 69: 751-754
Bruera E, Brenneis C, MacDonald RN (1987) Continuous infusion of narcotics for the
treatment of cancer pain. Cancer Treat Rep 71: 953--957
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M et al. (1987) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of
narcotics using a portable disposable device in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Treat
Rep 71: 635--637
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M et al. (1988) Patient-controlled subcutaneous
hydromorphone versus continuous subcutaneous infusion for the treatment of cancer pain.
J Natl Cancer Inst 80: 1152--1154
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M et al. (1988) Use of the subcutaneous route of the
administration of narcotics in patients with cancer pain. Cancer 62: 407--411
Bruera E, Chadwick S, Brenneis C et al. (1987) Methylphenidate associated with narcotics for
the treatment of cancer pain. Cancer Treat Rep 71(1): 67--70
Bruera E, de Stoutz N, Velasco-Leiva A et al. (1993) Effects of oxygen on dyspnoea in
hypoxaemic terminal-cancer patients. Lancet 342: 13--14
Bruera E, Macmillan K, Pither J et al. (1990) Effects of morphine on the dyspnea of terminal
cancer patients. J Pain Sympt Man 5: 341--344
Bruera E, Macmillan K, Selmser P et al. (1990) Decreased local toxicity with subcutaneous
diamorphine (heroin): a preliminary report. Pain 43(1): 91--94
Bruera E, Miller MJ, Macmillan K et al. (1992) Neuropsychological effects of
methylphenidate in patients receiving a continuous infusion of narcotics for cancer pain.
Pain 48(2): 163--166
Brune K (1974) How aspirin might work: a pharmacokinetic approach. Agents Actions 4:
230--232
Brune K (1994) Spinal cord effects of antipyretic analgesics. Drugs 47 (S5): 21--27
Brune K (1997) The early history of non-opioid analgesics. Acute Pain 1: 33--40
Brune K, Glatt M, Graf P (1976) Mechanism of action of antiinflammatory drugs. Gen
Pharmacol 7: 27--33
Brune K, Hinz B (1998) Selektive Cyclooxygenase-2-Hemmer: Glaube, Hoffnung, Wahrheit!
Akt Rheumatol 23: 1--5
Brune K, Lanz R (1985) Pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In:
Handbook of Inflammation (Bonta IL, Bray MA, Parnham MJ, eds.) Vol 5, The
Pharmacology of Inflammation, pp 413--449
Brune K, Rainsford KD, Schweitzer A (1980) Biodistribution of mild analgesics. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 10 (S2): 279--284
Brune K, Rainsford KD, Wagner K et al. (1981) Inhibition by anti-inflammatory drugs of
prostaglandin production in cultured macrophages - factors influencing the apparent drug
effects. Arch Pharmacol 315: 269--276
Brune K, Zeilhofer HU, Hinz B (1999) Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors: new insights. In: Horton
A (ed): Fast Facts – Rheumatology Highlights 1998-9, Health press, im Druck
Bruni JF, Van Vugt D, Marshall S et al. (1977) Effect of naloxone, morphine and methionine
enkephalin on serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid
stimulating hormone and growth hormone. Life Sci 21: 461--466
Brunk SF, Delle M (1974) Morphine metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16: 51--57
Brunner FP, Selwood NH (1994) End-stage renal failure due to analgesic nephropathy, its
changing pattern and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9: 1371--1376
Brunton J, Charpak S (1998) mu-Opioid peptides inhibit thalamic neurons. J Neurosci 18(5):
1671--1678
Bryant HU, Bernton EW, Kenner JR et al. (1991) Role of adrenal cortical activation in the
immunosuppressive effects of chronic morphine treatment. Endocrinology 128(6): 3253-3258
Bryant HU, Roudebush RE (1990) Suppressive effects of morphine pellet implants on in vivo
parameters of immune function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255(2): 410--414
Brzozowski T; Konturek PC; Konturek SJ et al. (1999) Role of prostaglandins generated by
cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase- 2 in healing of ischemia-reperfusion-induced
gastric lesions. Eur J Pharmacol 385(1): 47--61
Buan L, Townsend R, Eisenstein TK et al. (1994) Both T cells and macrophages are targets of
kappa-opioid-induced immunosuppression. Brain Behav Immun 8(3): 229--24
Bucala R (1998) Neuroimmunomodulation by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).
Ann N Y Acad Sci 840: 74--82
Buchholz M, Karl HW, Pomietto M et al. (1998) Pain scores in infants: a modified infant pain
scale versus visual analogue J Pain Symptom Manage 2: 117--124
Buck SH, Deshmukh PP, Burks TF et al. (1981) A survey of substance P, somatostatin, and
neurotensin levels in aging in the rat and human central nervous system. Neurobiol Aging
Winter 2(4): 257--264
Budai D, Fields HL (1998) Endogenous opioid peptides acting at mu-opioid receptors in the
dorsal horn contribute to midbrain modulation of spinal nociceptive neurons. J
Neurophysiol 79(2): 677--687
Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Delvaux M (1997) Mediators and pharmacology of visceral
sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations Gastroenterology 112(5): 1714--1743
Buerkle H, Boschin M, Marcus MA et al. (1998) Central and peripheral analgesia mediated
by the acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor neostigmine in the rat inflamed knee joint model.
Anesth Analg 86(5): 1027--1032
Bugedo GJ, Cárcano RC, Mertens RA et al. (1990) Preoperative percutaneous ilioinguinal and
iliohypogastric nerve block with 0.5% bupivacaine for post-herniorraphy pain management
in adults. Reg Anaesth 15: 130--133
Bullingham RE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA (1984) Studies on the peripheral action of opioids in
postoperative pain in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 35S: 285--290
Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Dwyer D et al. (1981) Sublingual buprenorphine used
postoperatively: clinical observations and preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 12: 117--122
Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Moore RA et al. (1980) Buprenorphine kinetics. Clin Pharm
Ther 28: 667--672
Bullingham RES, O’Sullivan G, McQuay HJ et al. (1983) Perineural injection of morphine
fails to relieve postoperative pain in humans. Anesth Analg 62: 164--167
Bullingham RES, O’Sullivan G, McQuay HJ et al. (1983) Perineural injection of morphine
fails to relieve postoperative pain in humans. Anesth Analg 62: 164--167
Bundesgesundheitsamt (1988) Paracetamol plus Coffein in fixer Kombination. Monographie
der Aufbereitungskommission B-3 "Neurologie/Psychatrie". Bundesanzeiger 209
Bundesgesundheitsamt (1994) Acetylsalicylsäure plus Coffein in fixer Kombination.
Monographie der Aufbereitungskommission B-3 "Neurologie/Psychatrie". Bundesanzeiger
31
Bunegin L, Albin MS, Ernst PS et al. (1989) Cerebrovascular responses to sufentanil citrate in
primates with and without intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg Anesth 2: 138--139
Burchiel KJ (1984a) Spontaneous impulse generation in normal and denervated dorsal root
ganglia: sensitivity to alpha-adrenergic stimulation and hypoxia. Exp Neurol 85: 257--272
Burchiel KJ (1984b) Effects of electrical and mechanical stimulation on two foci of
spontaneous activity which develop in primary afferent neurons after peripheral axotomy.
Pain 18: 249--265
Buritova J, Honoré P, Chapman V et al. (1996) Enhanced effects of co-administered
dexamethasone and diclofenac on inflammatory pain processing and associated spinal cFos expression in the rat. Pain 64(3): 559--568
Burke D, Wildsmith JA (1997) Meningitis after spinal anaesthesia. Editorial. Br J Anaesth
78(6): 635--636
Burks TF (1973) Mediation by 5-hydroxytryptamine of morphine stimulant actions in dog
intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 185: 530--539
Burks TF (1976) Gastrointestinal pharmacology. Ann Rev Pharmacol 16: 15--31
Burks TF (1980) Central sites of gastrointestinal drugs. Gastroenterology 74: 322--324
Burks TF, Long JP (1967) Release of intestinal 5-hydroxytryptamine by morphine and related
agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 158: 264--271
Burnstock G (1972) Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol Rev 24: 509--581
Burnstock G (1990) Co-transmission. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 304: 7--33
Burnstock G (1995) Current state of purinoceptor research. Pharma Acta Helv 69: 231--242
Burnstock G (1995) Noradrenaline and ATP: cotransmitters and neuromodulators. J Physiol
Pharmacol 46(4): 365--384
Burnstock G (1996) A unifying purinergic hypothesis for the initiation of pain. Lancet 347:
1604--1605
Burnstock G, King BF (1996) Numbering of cloned P2 purinoceptors. Drug Dev Res 38: 67-71
Burnstock G, Wood JN (1996) Purinergic receptors: their role in nociception and primary
afferent neurotransmission Curr Opin Neurobiol 4: 526--532
Burstein SH, Friderichs E, Kögel B et al. (1998) Analgesic effects of 1',1' dimethylheptyldelta8-THC-11-oic acid (CT3) in mice. Life Sci 63(3): 161--168
Butel B (1995) L’opium. Histoire d’une fascination. Perrin (Paris)
Butour JL, Moisand C, Mazarguil H et al. (1997) Recognition and activiation of the opioid
receptor-like ORL 1 receptor by nociceptin, nociceptin analogs and opioids. Eur J
Pharmacol 321(1): 97--103
Butsch WL, McGowan JM (1936) Clinical studies on the influence of certain drugs related to
biliary pain and to the variations in intrabiliary pressure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 63: 451--456
Bzoskie L, Yen J, Tseng YT et al. (1997) Human placental norepinephrine transporter
mRNA: expression and correlation with fetal condition at birth. Placenta 18(2--3): 205-210
Cabot PJ, Carter L, Gaiddon C et al. (1997) Immune cell-derived beta-endorphin. Production,
release, and control of inflammatory pain in rats. J Clin Invest 100(1): 142--148
Cahill CM, White TD, Sawynok J (1996) Synergy between mu/delta-opioid receptors
mediates adenosine release from spinal cord synaptosomes. Eur J Pharmacol 298(1): 45-49
Cahill CM, White TD, Sawynok J (1997) Substance P releases and augments the morphineevoked release of adenosine from spinal cord. Brain Res 760(1--2): 294--297
Cai A, Bowers RC, Moore JP jr et al. (1998) Function of galanin in the anterior pituitary of
estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rats: autocrine and paracrine regulation of prolactin secretion
Endocrinology 139(5): 2452--2458
Calancie BM, Stein RB (1988) Microneurography for the recording and selective stimulation
of afferents: an assessment. Muscle Nerve 6: 638--644
Calderone G, Léglise M, Giampietro M et al. (1986) Antropometric, body composition,
biological maturation and growth prediction in young female gymnasts of high agonistic
level. J Sports Med 26: 263--273
Calignano A, La Rana G, Giuffrida A et al. (1998) Control of pain initiation by endogenous
cannabinoids. Nature 394(6690): 277--281
Calvey TN, Milne IA, Williams NE (1983) Effect of antacid on the plasma concentration of
phenoperidine.Br J Anaesth 55: 535--539
Calvin WH, Devor M, Howe J (1982) Can neuralgias arise from minor demyelination?
Spontaneuous firing, mechanosensitivity, and afterdischarge form conducting axons. Exp
Neurol 75: 755--763
Camann WR, Hurley RH, Gilbertson LI et al. (1991) Epidural nalbuphine for analgesia
following caesarean delivery; dose-response and effect of local anaesthetic choice. Can J
Anaesth 38: 728--732
Camann WR, Loferski BL, Fanciullo GJ et al. (1992) Does epidural administration of
butorphanol offer any clinical advantage over the intravenous route? Anesthesiology 76:
216--220
Camann WR, Murray RS, Mushlin PS et al. (1990) Effects of oral caffeine on postdural
puncture headache. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analg 70: 181--184
Cameron AA, Pover CM, Willis WD (1992) Evidence that fine primary afferent axons
innervate a wider territory in the superficial dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy.
Brain Res 575(1): 151--154
Cammock S, Dascombe MJ, Milton AS (1976) Prostaglandins in thermoregulation. In:
Advances in Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Research (Samuelsson B, Paoletti R, eds.),
Raven, New York, pp 375--380
Campbell CF, Mason JB, Weiler JM (1983) Continuous cubcutaneous infusion of morphine
for the pain of terminal malignancy. Ann Intern Med 98: 51--52
Campbell FG, Graham JG, Zilkha KJ (1966) Clinical trial for carbazepine (Tegretol) in
trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 29: 265--267
Campbell JN, Meyer RA (1983) Sensitization of unmyelinated nociceptive afferents in
monkey varies with skin type. J Neurophysiol 49(1): 98--110
Campbell JN, Meyer RA, LaMotte RH (1979) Sensitization of myelinated nociceptive
afferents that innervate monkey hand. J Neurophysiol 42: 1669--1679
Campbell WI, Kendrick RW (1997) Pre-emptive analgesia using local anaesthesia: a study in
bilaterally symmetrical surgery. Br J Anaesth 79(5): 657--659
Campos AE, Luján M, López E et al. (1983) Circadian variation in the lethal effect of
morphine in the mouse. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 26: 101--103
Camu F, Lauwers MH, Verbessem D (1992) Incidence and aetiology of postoperative nausea
and vomiting. Eur J Anaesthesiol 9(S6): 35--41
Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Massa-Micon B (1997) Central neurogenic pruritus: a literature
review. Acta Neurol Belg 97(4): 244--247
Cannon RO III (1998) The sensitive heart: mechanisms and management. First Pain and
Nociception Conference in Switzerland, Montreux, Januar 29--31, A 29--37
Cannon RO, Benjamin SB (1993) Chest pain as a consequence of abnormal visceral
perception. Dig Dis Sci 38: 193--196
Cao YQ, Mantyh PW, Carlson EJ et al. (1998) Primary afferent tachykinins are required to
experience moderate to intense pain. Nature 392(6674): 390--394
Caplan RA, Ready LB, Olsson GL et al. (1986) Transdermal delivery of fentanyl for
postoperative control . Anesthesiology 65: A196
Capsaicin Study Group (1991) Anonymous treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with
topical capsaicin. A multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Arch Intern Med
151: 2225--2229
Caraco Y, Putterman C, Rahamimov R et al. (1992) Acute colchicine intoxication--possible
role of erythromycin administration. J Rheumatol 3: 494--496
Cardan E (1984) Herpes simplex after spinal morphine. Letter. Anaesthesia 39: 1031
Cardena HL, Ross DH (1975) Morphine induced depletion of calcium in discrete regions of
rat brain. J Neurochem 24: 487--493
Cardena HL, Ross DH (1976) Calcium depletion of synaptosomes after morphine treatment.
Br J Pharmacol 57: 521--526
Carey MP, Faulstich ME, Carey TC (1994) Assessment of anxiety in adolescents: concurrent
and factorial validities of the Trait Anxiety scale of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory for Children. Psychol Rep 75(1 Pt 1): 331--338
Carlsson AM (1983) Assessment of chronic pain. I . Aspects of the reliability and validity of
the visual analogue scale. Pain 16: 87--101
Carlsson KH, Helmreich J, Jurna I (1987) Activation of inhibition from the periaqueductal
grea matter mediates central analgesic effect of metamizol (dipyrone). Pain 27: 373--390
Carlsson KH, Jurna I (1987) The role of descending inhibition in the antinociceptive effects of
the pyrazolone derivatives metamizol (dipyrone) and aminophenazone (“Pyramidon”).
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 335: 154--159
Carlsson KH, Monzel W, Jurna I (1988) Depression by morphine and the non-opioid
analgesic agents, metamizol (dipyrone), lysine acetylsalicylate, and paracetamol, of
activity in rat thalamus neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents.
Pain 32: 313--326
Carlton SM, Coggeshall RE (1997) Immunohistochemical localization of 5-HT2A receptors
in peripheral sensory axons in rat glabrous skin. Brain Res 763(2): 271--275
Carmichael J, Shankel SW (1984) Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on
prostaglandins and renal function. Am J Med 78: 992--1000
Caroff SN, Mann SC (1993) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Med Clin North Am 77: 185-202
Carp H, Bailey S (1992) The association between meningitis and dural puncture in bacteremic
rats. Anesthesiology 76: 739--742
Carpenter SE, Lynn B (1983) Responses of cutaneous nociceptor units in rats treated with
capsaicin. In: Advances in pain research and therapy (Bonica JJ, Lindblom U, Iggo A,
eds.), Raven (NY), Vol V, pp 83--86
Carpenter SE, Lynn G (1981) Vascular and sensory responses of human skin to mild injury
after topical treatment with capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol 73: 755--758
Carr DJJ, DeCosta BR, Radesca L et al. (1991) Functional assessment and partial
characterization of [3H](+)-pentazocine binding sites on cells of the immune system. J
Neuroimmuno 35(1--3): 153--166
Carr DJJ, Kim CH, DeCosta BR et al. (1989) Opioid receptors on cells of the immune
systems: evidence for δ-and κ-selective opioid agonists. J Endocrinol 122(1): 161--168
Carr DJJ, Mayo S, Woolley TW et al. (1992) Immunoregulatory properties of (+)-pentazocine
and sigma ligands. Immunology 77(4): 527--531
Carr DJJ, Serou M (1995) Exogenous and endogenous opioids as biological response
modifiers. Immunopharmacology 31(1): 59--71
Carroll NV, Miederhoff P, Cox FM et al. (1995) Postoperative nausea and vomiting after
discharge from outpatient surgery centers. Anesth Analg 80(5): 903--909
Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA et al. (1987) The association of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med 146: 85-88
Carstens E (1997) Responses of rat spinal dorsal horn neurons to intracutaneous
microinjection of histamine, capsaicin, and other irritants. J Neurophysiol 77(5): 2499-2514
Carter BD, Medzihradsky F (1993) Receptor mechanisms of opioid tolerance in SH-SY5Y
human neural cells. Mol Pharmacol 43: 465--473
Carter MS, Krause JE (1990) Structure, expression, and some regulatory mechanisms of the
rat preprotachykinin gene encoding substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and
neuropeptide. J Neurosci 10: 2203--2214
Caruso I, Bianchi-Porro G (1980) Gastroscopic evaluation of anti-inflammatory agents. Br J
Med 280: 75--78
Casey KL, Minoshima S, Berger KL et al. (1994) Positron emission tomographic analysis of
cerebral structures activated specifically by repetitive noxious heat stimuli. J Neurophysiol
71: 802--807
Cassuto J, Nellgard P, Stage L et al. (1990) Amide local anaesthetics reduce albumin
extravasation in burn injuries. Anesthesiology 72: 302--307
Cassuto J, Wallin G, Höggström S et al. (1985) Inhibition of postoperative pain by continuous
low-dose intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Anesth Analg 64: 971--974
Castaneda-Hernández G, Castillo-Méndez MS et al. (1994) Potentiation by caffeine of the
analgesic effect of aspirin in the pain-induced functional impairment model in the rat. Can
J Physiol Pharmacol 72(10): 1127--1131
Castro-Lopes JM, Tavares I, Tölle TR et al. (1994) Carrageenan-induced inflammation of the
hind foot provokes a rise of GABA-immunoreactive cells in the rat spinal cord that is
prevented by peripheral neurectomy or neonatal capsaicin treatment. Pain 56: 193--201
Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M et al. (1997) The capsaicin receptor: a heatactivated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389: 816--824
Catley DM (1984) Postoperative analgesia and respiratory control. Int Anaesth Clin 22: 95-111
Catley DM, Thornton C, Jordan C et al. (1985) Pronounced episodic oxygen desaturation in
the postoperative period: its association with ventilatory pattern and analgesic regimen.
Anesthesiology 63: 20--28
Cattral MS, Altraif I, Greig PD et al. (1994) Toxic effects of intravenous and oral
prostaglandin E therapy in patients with liver disease. Am J Med 97(4): 369--373
Cavazzuti M, Porro CA, Barbieri A et al. (1991) Brain and spinal cord metabolic activity
during propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 66: 490--495
Ceccarelli I, Scaramuzzino A, Aloisi AM (1999) Effects of formalin pain on hippocampal cFos expression in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64(4): 797--802
Ceccherelli F, Diani MM, Altafini L et al. (1991) Postoperative pain treated by intravenous Ltryptophan: a double-blind study versus placebo in cholecystectomized patients. Pain
47(2): 163--172
Celesia GC, Jasper HH (1966) Acetylcholine released from cerebral cortex in relation to state
of activation. Neurology 16: 1053--1063
Cesaro P (1984) La substance P. Rev Neurol (Paris) 140(8-9): 465--478
Cesselin F (1986) Endormophines et nociception. Rev Neurol (Paris) 142(8--9): 649--670
Cesselin F, Montastruc JL, Gros C et al. (1980) Met-enkephalin levels and opiate receptors in
the spinal cord of chronic suffering rats. Brain Res 191(1): 289--293
Chabal C, Jacobson L, Mariano A et al. (1992) The use of oral mexiletine for the treatment of
pain after peripheral nerve injury. 76(4): 513--517
Chabal C, Russell LC, Burchiel KJ (1989) The effect of intravenous lidocaine, tocainide, and
mexiletine on spontaneously active fibers originating in rat sciatic neuromas. Pain 38: 333-338
Chaen T, Watanabe N, Mogi G (1993) Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nasal
secretions and plasma from patients with nasal allergy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 102(1 Pt
1): 16--21
Chakraborty I, Das SK, Wang J, Dey SK (1996) Developmental expression of the cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 genes in the peri-implantation mouse uterus and their
differential regulation by the blastocyst and ovarian steroids. J Mol Endocrinol 16: 107-122
Chambers FA, McCarroll M, MacSullivan R (1994) Polyarthralgia and amenorhoea as a
complication of intrathecally infused morphine and Dilaud in the treatment of chronic
benign back pain. Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 72(6): 734
Champion HC, Kadowitz PJ (1997) NO release and the opening of K+ATP channels mediate
vasodilator responses to histamine in the cat. Am J Physiol 273(2 Pt 2): H928--937
Champion HC, Zadina JE, Kastin EJ et al. (1997) Endomorphin 1 and 2 endogenous ligands
for the mu-opioid receptor, decrease cardiac output, and total peripheral resistances in the
rat. Peptides 18(9): 1393--1397
Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Chung SCS et al. (1997) Randomised trial of eradication of
Helicobacter pylori before non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy to prevent peptic
ulcers. Lancet 350: 975--979
Chan K, Kendall MJ, Mitchard M et al. (1975) The effect of aging on plasma pethidine
concentrations. Br J Clin Pharm 2: 297--302
Chan NN, Fauvel NJ, Fehr MD (1998) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and metformin:
a cause for concern. Letter. Lancet 352(9123): 201
Chang HM, Berde CB, Holz IV et al. (1989) Sufentanil, morphine. met-enkephalin and kagonist (U-50488) inhibit substance P release from primary sensory neurons: a model for
presynaptic spinal opioid actions. Anesthesiology 70: 672--677
Chang J, Fish KJ (1985) Acute respiratory arrest and rigidity after anesthesia with sufentanil:
A case report. Anesthesiology 63: 710--711
Chang VT, Tunkel RS, Pattillo BA (1997) Increased phantom limb pain as an initial symptom
of spinal-neoplasia. J Pain Symptom Manage 6: 362--364
Chan-Palay V, Palay SL (1984) Coexistence of Neuroactive Substances in Neurons. Wiley
(NY)
Chapman CR (1985) Psychological factors in postoperative pain and their treatment. In:
Acute Pain,Vol I (Covina B, Smith G, eds), Elsevier (Amsterdam), Vol 1: 233--255
Chapman CR, Benedetti C (1977) Analgesia following transcutaneous electrical stimulation
and its partial reversal by a narcotic antagonist. Life Sci 21: 1645--1648
Chapman CR, Casey KL, Dubner R et al. (1985) Pain measurement: an overview. Pain 1: 1-31
Chapman CR, Feather BW (1973) Effect of diazepam on human pain tolerance and pain
sensitivity. Psychosom Med 35: 330--340
Chapman PJ, Macleod AW (1987) The effects of diflunisal on bleeding time and platelet
aggregation in a multidose study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 4: 448--453
Chapman V, Dickenson AH (1992) The combination of NMDA antagonism and morphine
produces profound antinociception in the rat dorsal horn. Brain Res 573: 321--323
Chapman V, Dickenson AH (1992) The effects of sandostatin and somatostatin on
nociceptive transmission in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropeptides 23(3):
147--152
Chapman V, Haley JE, Dickenson AH (1994) Electrophysiologic analysis of preemptive
effects of spinal opioids on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated events.
Anesthesiology 81: 1429--1435
Chapman V, Suzuki R, Chamarette HLC et al. (1998) Effects of systemic carbamazepine and
gabapentin on spinal neuronal responses in spinal nerve ligated rats. Pain 75: 261--272
Chapman WP, Rowlands EN, Jones CM (1950) Multiple-balloon kymographif recording of
the comparative action of demerol, morphine and placebos in the motility of the upper
small intestine in man. N Engl J Med 243: 171--177
Chapple KS, Cartwright EJ, Hawcroft G et al. (2000) Localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in
human sporadic colorectal adenomas. Am J Pathol 56(2): 545--553
Charlton CG, Helke CJ (1986) Ontogeny of substance P receptors in rat spinal cord:
quantitative changes in receptor number and differential expression in specific loci. Brain
Res 394(1): 81--91
Charman WNA, Stella VJ (1986) Estimating the maximal potential for intestinal lymphatic
transport of lipophilic molecules. Int J Pharmaceut 34: 175--178
Charnay Y, Chayvialle JA, Pradayrol L et al. (1987) Ontogeny of somatostatin-like
immunoreactivity in the human fetus and infant spinal cord. Brain Res 433(1): 63--73
Charnay Y, Paulin C, Chayvialle JA et al. (1983) Distribution of substance P-like
immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the human foetus and infant.
Neuroscience 1: 41--55
Charnay Y, Paulin C, Dray F et al. (1984) Distribution of enkephalin in human fetus and
infant spinal cord: an immunofluorescence study. J Comp Neurol 223(3): 415--423
Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Thuraisingham SI et al. (1994) Abnormal cardiac pain perception in
syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 329--335
Chavkin A, Goldstein A (1984) Opioid receptor reserve in normal and morphine-tolerant
guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus. Proc Natl Ac Sci USA 81: 7253--7257
Chavkin C, Goldstein A (1982) Reduction in opiate receptor reserve in morphine-tolerant
guinea pig ilea. Life Sci 31: 1687--1690
Chen C-C, Akoplan AN, Sivilotti L, Colquhoun AN, Burnstock G, Wood JN (1995) A P2X
purinoceptor expressed by a subset of sensory neurons. Nature 377: 428--431
Chen J, Luo C, Li H-L et al. (1999) Primary hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli
following subcutaneous bee venom injection into the plantar surface of hindpaw in the
conscious rat: a comparative study with the formalin test. Pain 83: 67--76
Chen L, Huang ML-Y (1992) Protein kinase C reduces Mg2+ Block of NMDA-receptor
channels as a mechanismen of modulation. Nature 356: 521--523
Chen Y, Mestek A, Liu J et al. (1993) Molecular cloning and functional expression of a µopioid receptor from rat brain. Mol Pharmac 44: 8--12
Chen Y, Shohami E, Constantini S et al. (1998) Rivastigmine, a brain-selective
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, ameliorates cognitive and motor deficits induced by closedhead injury in the mouse. J Neurotrauma 15(4): 231--237
Chen YT, Lin CJ, Lee AY et al. (1995) Stereospecific blocking effects of naloxone against
hemodynamic compromise and ventricular dysfunction due to myocardial ischemia and
reperfusion. Int J Cardiol 50(2): 125--129
Cheney FW, Domino KB, Caplan RA et al. (1999) Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: a
closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 90(4): 1062--1069
Cheng DCH (1998) Fast Track Cardiac Surgery Pathways. Early Extubation, Process of Care,
and Cost Containment. Editorial. Anesthesiology 88(6): 1429--1433
Cheng P, Decena J, Wu D et al. (1991) The effects of selective mu-1, opiate receptor
blockade on breathing patterns in the fetal lamb. Ped Res 30: 202--206
Cherry DA (1987) Drug delivery systems for epidural administration of opioids.
Anesthesiology 85(S): 54--59
Cherubini E, Gaiarsa JL, Ben-Ari Y (1991) GABA: an excitatory transmitter in early
postnatal life. Trends Neurosci 12: 515--519
Chestnut DH (1991) Editorial views: epidural anesthesia and instrumental vaginal delivery.
Anesthesiology 74: 805--808
Chestnut DH (1992) Editorial views: spinal anesthesia in the febrile patient. Anesthesiology
76: 667--669
Chiang CY, Hu JW, Sessle BJ (1994) Parabrachial area and nucleus raphe magnus-induced
modulation of nociceptive and nonnociceptive trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons
activated by cutaneous or deep inputs. J Neurophysiol 71/6): 2430--2445
Chiang CY, Sessle BJ, Hu JW (1995) Parabrachial area and nucleus raphe magnus-induced
modulation of electrically evoked trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neuronal responses to
cutaneous or deep A-fiber and C-fiber inputs in rats. Pain 62(1): 61--68
Chiaretti A, Schembri Wismayer D, Tortorolo L (1997) Salicylate intoxication using a skin
ointment. Acta Paediatr 86(3): 330--331
Chieng B, Williams JT (1998) Increased opioid inhibition of GABA release in nucleus
accumbens during morphine withdrawal. J Neurosci 18(17): 7033--7039
Childers SR (1993) Opioid receptor-coupled second messenger systems. In: Opioids I (Herz
A, ed.) Springer pp 189--216
Chlabicz J, Galasinski W (1986) The components of Melissa officinalis L. that influence
protein biosynthesis in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 38(11): 791--794
Chmielewski DH, Brewton ES (1987) Comparative bioavailability of multiple doses of
sustained release morphine tablets (Roxanol SR q 12 h) and immediate release morphine
solution (q 4 h). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 6: 375
Cho YL, Liu HN, Huang TP et al. (1997) Uremic pruritus: roles of parathyroid hormone and
substance P. J Am Acad Dermatol 36(4): 538--543
Choe H, Kim JS, Ko SH et al. (1998) Epidural verapamil reduces analgesic consumption after
lower abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 86(4): 786--790
Choi DW (1988) Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific types and role in
ischemic damage. Trends Pharmacol Scie 11: 465--469
Choi DW, Koh J, Peters S (1988) Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell
culture: Attenuation by NMDA antagonists. J Neurosci 8: 185--196
Choonara I, Laurence A, Michalkiewicz A et al. (1992) Morphine metabolism in neonates and
infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 34: 434--437
Chopin N, Bonnet A, Gabet J (1998) Méningite a streptocoque B apres anesthésie péridurale
obstétricale. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 17(2): 195--196
Chou DT, Wang SC (1975) Studies on the localization of central cough mechanisms. Sites of
action of antitussive drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 499--505
Chou JZ, Chait BT, Wang R et al. (1996) Differential biotransformation of dynorphin A (117) and dynorphin A (1-13) peptides in human blood, ex vivo. Peptides 6: 983--990
Chou KJ, Donovan MD (1997) Distribution of antihistamines into the CSF following
intranasal delivery. Biopharm Drug Dispos 4: 335--346
Chow BK (1995) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human secretin
receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 212(1): 204--211
Chow SC, Kass GE, Orrenius S (1997) Purines and their roles in apoptosis.
Neuropharmacology 36(9): 1149--1156
Christensen V (1980) Respiratory depression after extradural morphine. Correspondence. Br J
Anaesth 52: 841
Christian CM, Waller JL, Moldenhauer OC (1983) Postoperative rigidity following fentanyl
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 58: 275--277
Christie MJ (1991) Mechanisms of opioid actions on neurones of the locus coeruleus. Progr
Brain Res 88: 197--205
Christman BW, PcPherson CD, Newman JH et al. (1992) An imbalance between the
excretion of the thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension.
New Engl J Med 327: 70--75
Chrousos GP (1992) Regulation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 21: 833--853
Chrubasik J, Friedrich G, Geller E (1988) Absorption and bioavailability of morphine offered
via inhalation. Reg Anesth 67 (S): 266
Chrubasik J, Geller E, Niv D (1987) Morphin inhalation versus intravenous infusion of pain
treatment after abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 66 (S): 29
Chrubasik J, Meynadier J, Blond S et al. (1984) Somatostatin, a potent analgesic.
Correspondence. Lancet 2: 1208--1209
Chrubasik J, Wüst H, Friedrich G, Geller E (1988) Absorption and bioavailability of
nebulized morphine. Br J Anaesth 61(2): 228--230
Chu CJ, Lee FY, Wang SS et al. (1997) Hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats: role of
substance P and its relationship to nitric oxide. Scand J Gastroenterol 32(8): 841--846
Chu P, Murray S, Lissin D et al. (1997) Delta and kappa opioid receptors are differentially
regulated by dynamin-dependent endocytosis when activated by the same alkaloid agonist.
J Biol Chem 272(43): 27124--27130
Chudler EH, Dong WK (1995) The role of the basal ganglia in nociception and pain. Pain
60(1): 3--38
Chugani HT, Ackerman RF, Chugani DC et al. (1984) Opioid-induced epileptogenic
phenomena: anatomical, behavioral, and electroenephalographic features. Ann Neurol 15:
361--368
Chung F, Un V, Su J (1996) Postoperative symptoms 24 hours after ambulatory anaesthesia.
Can J Anaesth 43(11): 1121--1127
Chung K, Klein CM, Coggeshall RE (1990) The receptive part of the primary afferent axon is
most vulnerable to systemic capsaicin in adult rats. Brain Res 511: 222--226
Chung K, Yoon YM, Chung JM (1997) Sprouting sympathetic fibers form synaptic
varicosities in the dorsal root ganglion of the rat with neuropathic injury. Brain Res 751:
275--280
Churchill L, Chilton FH, Resau JH et al. (1989) Cyclo-oxygenase metabolism of endogenous
arachidonic acid by cultured human tracheal epithelial cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 449-459
Cicero TJ, Bell RD, Wiest WG et al. (1975) Function of the male sex organs in heroin and
methadone users. N Engl J Med 292: 882--887
Ciocci A, Coari G, Di Franco M et al. (1994) Trattamento endoarticolare con somatostatina
14 nell'artrite reumatoide. Clin Ter 145(12): 463--467
Ciriello J, Zhang TX (1997) Cardiovascular effects of neurotensin microinjections into the
nucleus of the solitary tract. Brain Res 749(1): 35--43
Claessens AL, Malina RM, Lefevre JL et al. (1989) Growth and pubertal development of
young female gymnasts and swimmers: a correlation with parental data. Int J Sports Med
10: 87--91
Claeys MA, Camu F, Maes V (1992) Prophylactic diclofenac infusions in major orthopaedic
surgery: effects on analgesia and acute phase proteins. Acta Anaesth Scand 36: 270--275
Clapp JF 3rd, Kett A, Olariu N et al. (1998) Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to two
receptor-selective opioid agonists in pregnant sheep.Am J Obstet Gynecol 178(2): 397-401
Clark D, Hughes J, Gasser HS (1935) Afferent function in the group of nerve fibers of slowest
conduction velocity. Am J Physiol 114: 69--76
Clark JA, Liu L, Price M et al. (1989) Kappa opiate receptor multiplicity: evidence for two
U50,488-sensitive K-1-subtypes and a novel K-3-subtype. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251: 461-468
Clarke PB, Franklin KB (1992) Infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine into the nucleus accumbens
abolish the analgesic effect of amphetamine but not of morphine in the formalin test. Brain
Res 580(1--2): 106--110
Cleeland CS (1984) The impact of pain on the patient with cancer. Cancer 54: 2635--2641
Cleeland CS (1987) Barriers to the management of the hospice patient. Oncology 1(S): 19--26
Clineschmidt BV, Anderson EG (1970) The blockade of bulbospinal inhibition by 5hydroxytryptamine antagonists. Exp Brain Res 11: 175--186
Clive DM, Stoff JS (1984) Renal syndromes asociated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs. New Engl J Med 310: 563--572
Coates A, Abraham S, Kaye SB et al. (1983) On the receiving end--patient perception of the
side-effects of cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 2: 203--208
Cobby TF, Reid MF Wound infiltration with local anaesthetic after abdominal hysterectomy.
Br J Anaesth 78(4): 431--432
Cobby TF, Reid MF (1997) Wound infiltration with local anaesthetic after abdominal
hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 78(4): 431--432
Cochrane JP, Forsling ML, Gow NM et al. (1981) Arginine vasopressin release following
surgical operations. Br J Surg 68: 204--213
Cochrane JP, Forsling ML, Gow NM et al. (1981) Arginine vasopressin release following
surgical operations. Br J Surg 68: 204--213
Code CF (1981) Defense mechanisms of the gastric mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol S67: 201-204
Coderre TJ, Grimes RW, Melzack R (1986a) Autotomy after nerve sections in the rat is
influenced by tonic descending inhibition from locus coeruleus. Neurosci Lett 67: 82--86
Coderre TJ, Grimes RW, Melzack R (1986b) Deafferentation and chronic pain in animals: an
evaluation of evidence suggesting autotomy is related to pain. Pain 26: 61--84
Coderre TJ, Katz J, Vaccarino AL et al. (1993) Contribution of central neuroplasticity to
pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence. Pain 52: 259--285
Coderre TJ, Melzack R (1987) Cutaneous hyperalgesia: Contributions of the peripheral and
central nervous systems to the increase in pain sensitivity after injury. Brain Res 404: 95-106
Coderre TJ, Melzack R (1992) The contribution of excitatory amino acids to central
sensitization and persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury. J Neurosci 12:
3665--3670
Coderre TJ, Vaccarino AL, Melzack R (1990) Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic
response to subcutaneous formalin injection. Brain Res 535: 155--158
Coderre TJ, Yashpal K (1994) Intracellular messengers contributing to persistent nociception
and hyperalgesia induced by L-glutamate and substance P in the rat formalin pain model.
Eur J Neurosci 6(8): 1328--1334
Coelho AM, Fioramonti J, Bueno L (1998) Mast cell degranulation induces delayed rectal
allodynia in rats: role of histamine and 5-HT. Dig Dis Sci 43(4): 727--737
Coffin B, Bouhassira D, Chollet R (1996) Effect of the kappa agonist fedotozine on
perception of gastric distension in healthy humans. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 10(6): 919-925
Coggeshall RE, Applebaum ML, Fazen M et al. (1975) Unmyelinated axons in human ventral
roots, a possible explanation for the failure of dorsal rhizotomy to relieve pain. Brain
98(1): 157--166
Coggeshall RE, Carlton SM (1999) Evidence for an inflammation-induced change in the local
glutaminergic regulation of postganglionic sympathetic efferents. Pain 83: 163--168
Coggeshall RE, Chung K, Chung JM et al. (1981) Primary afferent axons in the tract of
Lissauer in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 196: 431--442
Coggeshall RE, Hong KA, Langford LA et al. (1983) Discharge characteristics of fine medial
articular afferents at rest and during passive movements of inflamed knee joints. Brain Res
272(1): 185--188
Coggeshall RE, Jennings EA, Fitzgerald M (1996) Evidence that large myelinated primary
afferent fibers make synaptic contacts in lamina II of neonatal rats. Brain Res Dev Brain
Res 92(1): 81--90
Coggeshall RE, Zhou S, Carlton SM (1997) Opioid receptors on peripheral sensory axons.
Brain Res 764(1--2): 126--132
Coghill RC, Mayer DJ, Price DD (1993) Spinal cord coding of pain: the role of spatial
recruitement and discharge frequence in nociception. Pain 53: 295--309
Coghill RC, Price DD, Hayes R et al. (1991) Spatial distribution of nociceptive processing in
the rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 65: 133--140
Coghill RC, Talbot JD, Evans AC et al. (1994) Distributed processing of pain and vibration
by the human brain. J Neurosci 14: 4095--4108
Cohen F (1980) Postsurgical pain relief: patient´s status and nurses´medication choices. Pain
9: 265--274
Cohen MM (1987) Role of endogenous prostaglandins in gastric secretion and mucosal
defense. Clin Invest Med 3: 226--231
Cohen MM, Duncan PG, DeBoer DP et al. (1994) The postoperative interview: assessing risk
factors for nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 78(1): 7--16
Cohen P, Pickar D, Dubois M (1981) Surgical stress and endorphine. Lancet 1: 213--214
Cohen RA, Coffman JD (1981) Effect of morphine on limb capacitance and resistance
vessels. Clin Sci 60: 5--9
Cohen RH, Perl ER (1990) Contributions of arachidonic acid derivatives and substance P to
the sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors. J Neurophysiol 64: 457--464
Cohen SR, Melzack R (1985) Morphine injected into the habenula and dorsal posteromedial
thalamus produces analgesia in the formalin test. Brain Res 359(1--2): 131--139
Cohen SR, Melzack R (1993) The habenula and pain: repeated electrical stimulation produces
prolonged analgesia but lesions have no effect on formalin pain or morphine analgesia.
Behav Brain Res 54(2): 171--178
Cohn ML, Machado AF, Bier R et al. (1988) Piroxicam and doxepin – an alternative to
narcotic analgesics in managing advanced cancer pain. West J Med 148(3): 303--306
Cold GE, Jensen FT, Malmros R (1977) The cerebrovascular CO2 , reactivity during the acute
phase of brain injury. Anesthesiology 21: 222--231
Coleman RE, Houston S, Purohit OP et al. (1998) A randomised phase II study of oral
pamidronate for the treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 34(6):
820--824
Collier HOJ (1968) Supersensitivity and dependence. Nature 220: 228--231
Collier HOJ, Roy AC (1974) Morphine-like drugs inhibit stimulation by E prostaglandins of
cyclic AMP formation by rat brain homogenate. Nature 248: 24--26
Collin JC (1995) Editorial views: spinally administered neostigmine - something to celebrate.
Anesthesiology 82: 327--328
Collingridge GL, Singer W (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors and synaptic plasticity.
Trends Pharm Scie 11: 290--296
Collins WF, Nulsen FE, Randt CT (1960) Relation of peripheral nerve fiber size and
sensation in man. Arch Neurol 3: 381--385
Colpaer FC, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PAJ et al. (1980) The effects of prior fentanyl
administration and of pain on fentanyl analgesia: Tolerance to and enhancement of narcotic
analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213: 418--424
Comstock M, Carter J, Moyers J et al. (1981) Rigidity and hypercarbia associated with highdose fentanyl. Anesth Analg 60: 362--363
Conahan TJ, Ominsky AJ, Wollman H et al. (1973) A prospective random comparison of
halothane and morphine for open-heart anesthesia: one year´s experience. Anesthesiology
38: 528--535
Cone EJ, Holicky BA, Grant TM et al. (1993) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
intranasal „snorted“ heroin. J Analytical Toxicol 17: 327--337
Conlon JM, Schäfer G, Schmidt WE et al. (1985) Chemical and immunochemical
characterisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity and physalaemin-like
immunoreactivity in a carcinoid tumour. Regul Pept 2: 117--132
Connelly CS, Panush RS (1991) Should nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs be stopped
before elective surgery? Arch Intern Med 151(10): 1963--1966
Connor TJ, Song C, Leonard BE et al. (1998) An assessment of the effects of central
interleukin-1beta, -2, -6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha administration on some
behavioural, neurochemical, endocrine and immune parameters in the rat. Neuroscience
84(3): 923--933
Conomy JP (1973) Disorders of body image after spinal cord injury. Neurology 8: 842--850
Cook AJ, Woolf CJ, Wall PD et al. (1987) Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal
dorsal horn following C-primary afferent input. Nature 325: 151--153
Cook MN, Marks GS, Vreman HJ et al. (1997) Carbon monoxide formation in the guinea pig
hippocampus: ontogeny and effect of in vitro ethanol exposure. Brain Res Dev Brain Res
101(1-2): 283--286
Cook RJ, Sackett DL (1995) The number needed to treat: a clinically usefuel measure of
treatment effet. Br Med J 310: 452--454
Cook SA, Welch SP, Lichtman AH et al. (1995) Evaluation of cAMP involvement in
cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Life Sci 56(23--24): 2049--2056
Cook SP, Vulchanova L, Hargreaves KM et al. (1997) Distinct ATP receptors on pain-sensing
and stretch-sensing neurons. Nature 387(6632): 505--508
Coombs DW, Saunders RL, Lachanie D et al. (1985) Intrathecal morphine tolerance: use of
intrathecal clonidine, DADLE, and intraventricular morphine. Anesthesiology 62: 358-363
Cooper KE (1987) The neurobiology of fever: Thoughts on recent developments. Ann Rev
Neurosci 10: 297--324
Corbally N, Powell D, Tipton KF (1990) The binding of endogenous and exogenous
substance-P in human plasma. Biochem Pharmacol 39(7): 1161--1166
Corpataux JB, Van Gessel EF, Donald FA (1997) Effect on postoperative analgesia of smalldose lysine acetylsalicylate added to prilocaine during intravenous regional anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 84(5): 1081--1085
Correa SG, Riera CM, Spiess J (1997) Modulation of the inflammatory response by
corticotropin-releasing factor. Eur J Pharmacol 319(1): 85--90
Corsi MM, Ticozzi C, Netti C et al. (1997) The effect of somatostatin on experimental
inflammation in rats. Anesth Analg 85(5): 1112--1115
Corssen G, Domino EF, Sweet RB (1964) Neuroleptanalgesia and anesthesia. Anesth Analg
43: 748--762
Cortet B, Flipo RM, Coquerelle P et al. (1997) Treatment of severe, recalcitrant reflex
sympathetic dystrophy: assessment of efficacy and safety of the second generation
bisphosphonate pamidronate. Clin Rheumatol 1: 51--56
Costello AH, Hargreave KM (1989) Suppression of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia,
hyperthermia and edema by a bradykinin antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 171: 259--263
Cotty VF, Sterbenz FJ, Müller F et al. (1977) Augmentation of human blood acetylsalicylate
concentrations by the simultaneous administration of acetaminophen with aspirin. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol 41: 7--13
Coukell AJ, Markham A (1998) Pamidronate. A review of its use in the management of
osteolytic bone metastases, tumour-induced hypercalcaemia and Paget's disease of bone.
Drugs Aging 12(2): 149--168
Courvoisier S, Fownel J, Ducrot R et al. (1953) Propriétés pharmacodynamiques du
chlorhydrate de chloro-3(dimethyl-amino-3-propyl)-10 phénothiazine (4566 RP). Etude
expérimentale d'un nouveau corp utilisé dans l'anaesthésie potentialisée et dans
l'hibernation artificielle. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 92: 305
Cousins MJ (1989) Acute pain and the injury response: immediate and prolonged effects. Reg
Anaesth 14: 162---176
Cousins MJ, Mather LE (1984) Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids.
Anesthesiology 61: 276--310
Couturier M (1990) La Douleur: Place des antalgiques, Ed. de l'Interligne (Paris)
Cowan A (1993) Effects of opioids on the spontaneous behavior of animals. In: Opioids I
(Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch 46, pp 393--428
Cowburn AS, Sladek K, Soja J et al. (1998) Overexpression of leukotriene C4 synthase in
bronchial biopsies from patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma. J Clin Invest 101 (4): 834-846
Cox BM, Gentleman S, Su TP et al. (1976) Further characterization of morphine-like peptides
(endorphins) from pituitary. Brain Res 115(2): 285--296
Coyle N, Mauskop A, Maggard J (1986) Continuous subcutaneous infusions of opiates in
cancer patients with pain. Oncol Nurs Forum 13(4): 53--57
Craig DB (1981) Postoperative recovery of pulmonary function. Anesth Analg 60: 46--52
Craig KD (1984) Emotional aspects of pain. In: Textbook of pain (Wall PD, Melzack R, eds.),
Churchill Livingstone (NY), pp 153--161
Crain SM, Shen KF (1990) Opioid can evoke direct receptor-mediated excitatory effects on
sensory neurons. Trends Pharm Scie 11: 77--81
Crain SM, Shen KF (1992) After chronic opioid exposure sensory neurones become
supersensitive to the excitatory effects of opioid agonists and antagonists as occurs after
elevation of GM1 ganglioside. Brain Res 575: 13--24
Crain SM, Shen KF (1996) Modulatory effects of Gs-coupled excitatory opioid receptor
functions on opioid analgesia tolerance, and dependance. Neurochem Res 11: 1347--1351
Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Titus-Ernstoff L et al. (1998) Over-the-counter analgesics and risk
of ovarian cancer. Lancet 351(9096): 104--107
Croci T, Landi M, Emonds-Alt X et al. (1997) Role of tachykinins in castor oil diarrhoea in
rats. Br J Pharmacol 121: 375--380
Crofford LJ (1997) COX-1 and COX-2 tissue expression: implications and predictions. J
Rheumatol S49: 15--19
Crofford LJ (1996) Expression and regulation of COX-2 in synovial tissues of arthritic
patients. In: Improved Non-steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Vane JR, Botting JH,
Botting RM, eds.) COX-2 Enzyme Inhibitors. Kluwer and William Harvey Press, London
1996, pp 133--146
Cronberg S, Wallmark E, Söderberg I (1984) Effects on platelet function or oral
administration of 10 non-steroidal analgesics to humans. Scand J Haematol 33: 155--159
Crone L-AL, Conly JM, Storgard JM et al. (1990) Herpes labialis in parturients receiving
epidural morphine following cesarean section : Anesthesiology 73: 208--213
Cronstein BN, Naime D, Ostad E (1993) The antiinflammatoriy mechanism of methotrexate. J
Clin Invest 92: 2675--2682
Crooks SW, Stockley RA (1998) Leukotriene B4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30(2): 173--178
Crout J (1974) Fixed combinations prescription drugs: FDA policy. J Clin Pharmacol 14: 249-254
Cruise L, Ho LK, Veitch K et al. (2000) Kainate receptors activate NF-kappaB via MAP
kinase in striatal neurones. Neuroreport 11(2): 395--398
Cruz F, Guimaraes M, Silva C et al. (1997) Desensitization of bladder sensory fibers by
intravesical capsaicin has long lasting clinical and urodynamic effects in patients with
hyperactive or hypersensitive bladder dysfunction. 157(2): 585--589
Cuello AC, Del Fiacco M, Paxinos G (1978) The central and peripheral ends of the substance
P-containing sensory neurones in the rat trigeminal system. Brain Res 152 (3): 499--500
Cuerda C, Lucas T, Silvestre RA et al. (1998) Growth hormone secretory response to
intravenous galanin infusion in acromegalic patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes
106(1): 68--73
Cui C, Mayer ML (1999) Heteromeric kainate receptors formed by the coassembly of GluR5,
GluR6, and GluR7. J Neurosci 19(19): 8281--8291
Cuillerier DJ, Mannimen PH, Gelb AW (1990) Alfentanil, sufentanil and fentanyl: effect on
cerebral perfusion pressure. Anesth Analg 70: S75
Cummins TR, Waxman SG (1997) Downregulation of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents
and upregulation of a rapidly repriming tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current in small
spinal sensory neurons after nerve injury. J Neurosci 17: 3503--3514
Curtis DR, Phillis JW, Watkins JC (1959) Chemical excitation of spinal neurons. Nature 183:
611--612
Cusan L, Dupont A, Kledzik GS et al. (1977) Potent prolactin and growth hormone releasing
activity of more analogues of met-enkephalin. Nature 268: 544--546
Czapla MA, Champion HC, Zadina JE et al. (1998) Endomorphin 1 and 2, endogenous muopioid agonists, decrease systemic arterial pressure in the rat. Life Sci 62(13): PL175--179
Dado RJ, Law PY, Loh HH et al. (1993) Immunofluorescent identification of a delta opioidreceptor on primary afferent nerve terminals. Neuroreport 5(3): 341--344
Daemen MA, Kurvers HA, Kitslaar PJ et al. (1998) Neurogenic inflammation in an animal
model of neuropathic pain. Neurol Res 1: 41--45
Dafny N, Dong WQ, Prieto-Gomez C et al. (1996) Lateral hypothalamus: site involved in
pain modulation. Neuroscience 70(2): 449--460
Daggett RB, Haghighi P, Terkeltaub RA (1990) Nasal cocaine abuse causing an aggressive
midline intranasal and pharyngeal destructive process mimicking midline reticulosis and
limited Wegener's granulomatosis. J Rheumatol 6: 838--840
Dahl J, Joranson D, Engber D et al. (1988) The cancer pain problem: Wisconsin's response. A
report on the Wisconsin Cancer Pain Initiative. In: J Pain Symp Manag 3(S): 1--20
Dahl JB, Hansen BL, Hjortso NC et al. (1992) Influence of timing on the effect of continuous
extradural analgesia with bupivacaine and morphine after major abdominal surgery. Br J
Anaesth 69: 4--8
Dahl JB, Rosenberg J, Hansen BL et al. (1992) Differential analgesic effect of low-dose
epidural morphine and morphine-bupivacaine at rest and during mobilization after major
abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 74: 362--365
Dahlström B, Bolme P, Feychting J (1979) Morphine kinetics in children. Clin Pharm Ther
26: 354--365
Dahlström B, Tamsen A, Paalzow L et al. (1982) Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, part
IV: pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine. Clin Pharmacokin
7: 266--279
Dailey AT, Tsuruda JS, Filler AG et al. (1997) Magnetic resonance neurography of peripheral
nerve degeneration and regeneration. Research letter. Lancet 350(9086): 1221--1222
Dailey AT, Tsuruda JS, Goodkin R et al. (1996) Magnetic resonance neurography for cervical
radiculopathy: a preliminary report. Neurosurgery 38(3): 488--492
Dakshinamurti K, Sharma SK, Bonke D (1990) Influence of B vitamins on binding properties
of serotonin receptors in the CNS of rats. Klin Wochenschr 68(2): 142--145
Dalessio DJ, Silberstein SD (1993) Diagnosis and classification of headache. In: Wolff's
Headache and other Head Pain. 6th Ed. (DJ Dalessio, SD Silberstein, eds), Oxford
University, New York pp. 3--18.
Dally A (1998) Thalidomide: was the tragedy preventable? Lancet 351: 1197--2001
Dalton B (1972) Anaesthesia and coronary heart disease. J Irish Coll Physician Surg 2: 36--40
Danan G, Babany G (1984) Les hépatites dues aux antiinflammatoires non stéroidiens. Rev
Prat 34: 245--248
Daniel EE, Sutherland WH, Bogoch A (1959) Effects of morphine and other drugs on motility
of the terminal ileum. Gastroenterol 36: 510--523
Daniel H et al. (1988) Casein als Mittel gegen Diarrhoe. Forschungsarbeiten an der
Universität Giessen. Dtsch Forschungsdienst/Berichte aus der Wissenschaft 35(42): 9--11
Darby JM, Yonas H, Marion DW et al. (1988) ‘Inverse steal’ induced by hyperventilation in
head injury. Neurosurg 23: 84--88
Das I, Khan NS (1998) Increased arachidonic acid induced platelet chemiluminescence
indicates cyclooxygenase overactivity in schizophrenic subjects. Prostaglandins Leukot
Essent Fatty Acids 58(3): 165--168
Das TK, Alvarez AS (1988) Clostridial myonecrosis: a presenting feature in carcinoma of the
colon. Br J Clin Pract 42: 304--306
Dashwood M, Feldberg W (1978) A pressor response to naloxone. Evidence for release of
endogenous opioid peptides. J Physiol 281: 30--31P
Daskalopoulos NT, Laubie M, Schmitt H (1975) Localization of the central sympathoinhibitory effect of a narcotic analgesic agent, fentanyl, in cats. Eur J Pharmacol 33: 91--97
Daugaard JJ, Dahl JB, Christensen CB (1989) Concentrations of morphine in the
cerebrospinal fluid after femoral perineural morphine administration. Correspondence.
Anesth Analg 68(3): 413
Daunderer M (1991) Drogenhandbuch, Ecomed (Landsberg)
Davar G, Hama A, Deykin A et al. (1991) MK-801 blocks the development of thermal
hyperalgesia in a rat model of experimental painful neuropathy. Brain Res 553: 327--330
Davey PG (1988) Overview of drug interactions with the quinolones. J Antimicrob
Chemother (S C): 97--107
Davidoff RA (1995) Migraine: manifestations, pathogenesis, and management. F. A. Davies
Company, Philadelphia
Davidoff RA, Graham LT jr, Shank RP et al. (1967) Changes in amino acid concentrations
associated with loss of spinal interneurons. J Neurochem 14: 1025--1031
Davidson FF, Dennis EA, Powell M et al. (1987) Inhibition of phospholipase A2 by
"lipocortins" and calpactins. An effect of binding to substrate phospholipids. J Biol Chem
262: 1698--1705
Davies G, Kingswood C, Street M (1996) Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction.
Clin Pharmacokinet 31(6): 410--422
Davies GG, From R (1988) A blinded study using nalbuphine for prevention of pruritus
induced by epidural fentanyl. Anesthesiology 69: 763--765
Davies J, Watkins JC (1977) Effects of magnesium ions on the response of spinal neurons to
excitatory amino acids and acetylcholine. Brain Res 130: 364--368
Davies J, Watkins JC (1983) Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in mono- and
polysynaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord. Exp Brain Res 49(2): 280--290
Davies NM (1995) Toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the large intestine. Dis
Colon Rectum 38(12): 1311--1321
Davies NM, Jamali F, Skeith KJ (1996) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced
enteropathy and severe chronic anemia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis
Rheum 39(2): 321--324
Davies NM, Wright MR, Russell AS (1996) Effect of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen,
ibuprofen, and ketoprofen on intestinal permeability. J Pharm Sci 85(11): 1170--1173
Davies SN, Lodge D (1987) Evidence for involvement of N-methyl-aspartate receptors in
“wind-up” of class 2 neurones in the dorsal horn of the rat. Brain Res 424: 402--406
Davis AJ, Perkins MN (1996) Substance P and capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in
the rat knee joint; the involvement of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol
118(8): 2206--2212
Davis BM, Albers KM, Seroogy KB (1994) Overexpression of nerve growth factor in
transgenic mice induces novel sympathetic projections to primary sensory neurons. J Comp
Neurol 349(3): 464--474
Davis KD, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM (1994) Altered pain and temperature perception
following cingulotomy and capsulotomy in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. Pain
59(2): 189--199
Davis KD, Kiss ZH, Tasker RR et al. (1996) Thalamic stimulation-evoked sensations in
chronic pain patients and in nonpain (movement disorder) patients. J Neurophysiol 75(3):
1026--1037
Davis KD, Taub E, Houle S et al. (1997) Globus pallidus stimulation activates the cortical
motor system during alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms Nat Med 3(6): 671--674
Davis TP, Gillespie TJ, Shook J et al. (1991) Changes in opioid receptor selectivity following
processing of peptide E: effect on gut motility. Gastroenterol 100: 1603--1615
Davison C, Schick W (1935) Spontaneous pain and other subjective sensory disturbances.
Arch Neurol Psychiatry 34: 1204--1237
Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Snyder SH (1992) A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain:
the free radical, nitric oxide. Ann Neurol 32: 297--311
Dawson TM, Snyder SH (1994) Gases as biological messengers: nitric oxide and carbon
monoxide in the brain. J Neurosci 9: 5147--5159
Dawson-Basoa ME, Gintzler AR (1996) Estrogen and progesterone activate spinal kappaopiate receptor analgesic mechanisms. Pain 64(1): 169--171
Daxelmüller L (1966) Zur Therapie schwerer Schmerzzustände mit Tofranil. Med Welt 43:
2339--2340
Day R, Trujillo KA, Akil H (1993) Prodynorphin biosynthesis and posttranslational
processing. In: Opioid I (Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch 19: 449--470
Day R, Trujillo KA, Akil H (1993) Prodynorphin biosynthesis and posttranslational
processing. In: Opioids I (Herz A, ed.), Springer, p 459, Tabelle 3
Daykin AP, Bowen DJ, Saunders A et al. (1986) Respiratory depression after morphine in the
elderly. Anaesthesia 41: 910--914
de Angelis L (1992) „Newer“ versus „older“ antidepressant drugs in the treatment of chronic
pain syndromes. Adv Ther 9: 91--97
de Araujo Lucas G, Alster P, Brodin E et al. (1998) Differential release of cholecystokinin by
morphine in rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 245(1): 13--16
De Beaurepaire R, Suaudeau C, Chait A et al. (1990) Anatomical mapping of brain sites
involved in the antinociceptive effects of ketoprofen. Brain Res 536: 201--206
De Bodo RC (1944) The antidiuretic action of morphine, and its mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 82: 74--85
De Boer AB, De Leede LGJ, Breimer DD (1984) Drug absorption by sublingual and rectal
routes. Br J Anaesth 56: 69--82
De Boer AB, Moolenar F, de Leede LGJ et al. (1982) Rectal drug administration: Clinical
pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin Pharmacokin 7: 285--311
de Boer-Dennert M, de Wit R, Schmitz PI et al. (1997) Patient perceptions of the side-effects
of chemotherapy: the influence of 5HT3 antagonists. Br J Cancer 76(8): 1055--1061
De Broe ME, Elseviers MM (1998) Analgesic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 338: 446--452
De Broe ME, Elseviers MM, Bengtsson U et al. (1996) Analgesic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial
Transplant 11: 2407--2408
De Castro J, Viars P (1968) Anesthésie analgésique séquentielle. Arch Med 23: 121
De Felipe C, Herrero JF, O’Brien JA et al. (1998) Altered nociception, analgesia and
aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 392: 394--397
De Jong RH, Nace RA (1968) Nerve impulse conduction during intravenous lidocaine
injection. Anesthesiology 29: 22--28
De Lange S, De Bruijn N, Stanley TH (1981) Alfentanil oxygen anesthesia. Comparison of
continuous infusion and frequent bolus techniques for coronary surgery. Anesthesiology
55: A42
de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C et al. (1998) The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific
peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(1): 322--327
De Leon-Casarola OA, Lema MJ (1992) Epidural sufentanil for acute pain control in a patient
with extreme opioid dependency. Anesthesiology 76: 853--856
De Leon-Casarola OA, Myers DP, Donaparthi S et al. (1991) Postoperative epidural analgesia
for chronic cancer patients taking oral narcotics. Anesthesiology 75: A655
De Leon-Casasola AO, Lema MJ, Karabelle D et al. (1995) Postoperative myocardial
ischemia: epidural versus intravenous patient-controled analgesia. Regional Anesthesia 20:
1105--1112
De Marchi S, Cecchin E, Villalta D et al. (1992) Relief of pruritus and decreases in plasma
histamine concentrations during erythropoietin therapy in patients with uremia. N Engl J
Med 326: 969--974
De Ponti F, Malagelada JR, Azpirozz F et al. (1990) Variations in gastric tone associated with
duodenal motor events after activation of central emetic mechanisms in the dog. J Gastroin
Mot 2: 1--11
De Souza EB (1995) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors: physiology, pharmacology,
biochemistry and role in central nervous system and immune disorders.
Psychoneuroendocrinology 20(8): 789--819
DeBiasi S, Rustioni A (1988) Glutamate and substance P co-exist in the primary afferent
terminals of the superficial laminae of spinal cord. Proc Nat Acad Sci 85: 7820--7824
Deby C, Deby-Dupont G (1980) Oxygen species in prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro and in
vivo. In: Biological and Clinical Aspects of Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutase
(Bannister JV, Bannister WH, eds.), Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 84--97
DeFeudis FV (1982) γ-amino butyric acid and analgesia. Trends Pharmacol Scie 3: 444--446
DeGood DA (1979) A behavioral pain-management program: expanding the psychologist´s
role in a medical setting. Prof Psychol 38: 491--502
DeGroot JF, Carlton SM (1998) Sciatic nerve stimulation releases glutamate in the rat
hindpaw: a microdialysis study. Neurosci 24: A1869
Dejgaard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J (1988) Mexiletina for treatment of chronic painful diabetic
neuropathy. Lancet 29: 9--11
Dejgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J (1988) Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic
neuropathy. Lancet 1: 9--11
Delamere F, Holland E, Patel S et al. (1994) Production of PGE2 by cultured airway smooth
muscle cells and its inhibition by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 111:
983--988
DeLeo JA, Colburn RW, Rickman AJ (1997) Cytokine and growth factor
immunohistochemical spinal profiles in two animal models of mononeuropathy. Brain Res
759(1): 50--57
Della Bella D, Casacci F, Sassi A (1978) Opiate receptors: different ligand affinity in various
brain regions. Adv Biochem Psychopharm 18: 271--277
Della Cuna GR, Pelligrine A, Piazzi M (1989) Effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate
on quality of life in preterminal cancer patients: A placebo-controlled, multicenter study.
Eur J Canc Clin Oncol 25: 1817--1821
Dellemijn PLI, Fields HL (1994) Do benzodiazepines have a role in chronic pain
management? Clinical Review. Pain 57: 137--152
Delzell E, Shapiro S (1996) Commentary on the National Kidney Foundation position paper
on analgesics and the kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 783--785
Delzell E, Shapiro S (1998) A review of epidemiologic studies of nonnarcotic analgesics and
chronic renal disease. Medicine 77: 102--121
Denavit-Saubie M, Champagnat J, Zieglgänsberger W (1978) Effects of opiates and
methionine-enkephalin on pontine and bulbar respiratory neurons of the cat. Brain Res
155: 55--67
Dennis SG, Melzack R (1979) Self-mutilation after dorsal rhizotomy in rats: Effects of prior
pain and pattern of root lesions. Exp Neurol 65: 412--421
Dennis SG, Melzack R (1980) Pain modulation by 5-hydroxytryptaminergic agents and
morphine as measured by three pain tests. Exp Neurol 69: 260--270
Dennis SG, Melzack R (1981) Effects of cholinergic and dopaminergic agents on pain and
morphine analgesia measured by three pain tests. Exp Neurol 81(1): 167--176
Deprest JA, Lerut TE, Vandenberghe K (1997) Operative fetoscopy: new perspective in fetal
therapy? Prenat Diagn 13: 1247--1460
Derbyshire D, Smith G (1986) Observations on the use of sustained release morphine tablets
for postoperative analgesia. In: Advances in the Management of Chronic Pain (Band P,
Stewart J, Towson T, eds. ), Purdue Frederick (Toronto), pp 113--118
Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Devani P (1994) Cerebral responses to pain in patients with
atypical facial pain measured by positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry 57(10): 1166--1172
Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Gyulai F et al. (1997) Pain processing during three levels of
noxious stimulation produces differential patterns of central activity. Pain 73(3): 431--445
DeSalles AA, Katayama Y, Becker DP (1985) Pain suppression induced by electrical
stimulation of the pontine parabrachial region. Experimental study in cats. J Neurosurg
62(3): 397--407
Desbiens NA, Mueller-Rizner N, Connors AF et al. (1997) The relationship of nausea and
dyspnea to pain in seriously ill patients. Pain 71(2): 149--156
Descartes R (1692) Passiones animae. III, Art. 211. Lat. Ausg. Amsterdam
DeSilva RA, Verrier RL, Lown B (1978) Protective effect of the vagotonic action of
morphine sulfate on ventricular vulnerability. Cardiovasc Res 12: 167--172
Desprat C, Zajac JM (1997) Hypothermic effects of neuropeptide FF analogues in mice.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58(2): 559--63
Deutsch S, Bastron RD, Pierce EC et al. (1969) The effects of anaesthesia with thiopentone,
nitrous oxide, narcotics and neuromuscular blocking drugs on renal function in normal
man. Br J Anaesth 41: 807--815
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie: Empfehlungen zur praeoperativen
Lungenfunktionsdiagnostik (1994) Pneumologie 48: 296--302
Devillier P, Bessard G (1997) Thromboxane A2 and related prostaglandins in airways.
Fundam Clin Pharmacol 11(1): 2--18
Devillier P, Regioli D, Asseraf A et al. (1986) Histamine release and local responses of rat
and human skin to substance P and other mammalian tachykinins. Pharmacology 32: 320-347
Devine DP, Reinscheid RK, Monsma FJ jr et al. (1996) The novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ
fails to produce conditioned place preference or aversion. Brain Res 727(1--2): 225--229
Devlin RD, Bone HG 3rd, Roodman GD (1996) Interleukin-6: a potential mediator of the
massive osteolysis in patients with Gorham-Stout disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(5):
1893--1897
Devoize JL, Rigal F, Eschalier A et al. (1984) Aspects cliniques et pharmacologiques de
l’effet antalgique des antidépresseurs tricycliques. Presse Méd 13: 2806--2809
Devor M, Govrin-Lippmann R (1985) Corticoids suppress ectopic neural discharge
originating in experimental neuromas. Pain 2: 127--137
Devor M, Jänig W, Michaelis M (1994) Modulation of activity in dorsal root ganglion
neurons by sympathetic activation in nerve-injured rats. J Neurophysiol 71(1): 38--47
Devor M, Wall PD (1981) Plasticity in the spinal cord sensory map following peripheral
nerve injury in rats. J Neurosci 1: 679--684
Devor M, Wall PD (1990) Cross-excitation in dorsal root ganglia of nerve-injured and intact
rats. J Neurophysiol 64: 1733--1746
Devulder JE, Ghys L, Dhondt W et al. (1993) Neuropathic pain in a cancer patient responding
to subcutaneously administered lignocaine. Clin J Pain 3: 220--223
Devulder JE, Ghys L, Dhondt W et al. (1993) Neuropathic pain in a cancer patient responding
to subcutaneously administered lignocaine. Clin J Pain 3: 220--223
Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J (1984) Peppermint oil for the irritable bowel syndrome: a
multicentre trial. Br J Clin Pract 38: 394--398
Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J (1984) Peppermint oil for the irritable bowel syndrome: a
multicentre trial. Br J Clin Pract 38: 394--398
di Chiro G (1964) Movement of the cerebrospinal fluid in human beings. Nature 204: 290-291
Di Iorio P, Ballerini P, Caciagli F et al. (1998) Purinoceptor-mediated modulation of purine
and neurotransmitter release from nervous tissue. Pharmacol Res 37(3): 169--178
Di Toro R, Campana G, Sciarretta V et al. (1998) Regulation of delta opioid receptors by
delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in NG108-15 hybrid cells. Life Sci 63(14): PL197--204
Diament ML, Palmer KNV (1966) Postoperative changes in gas tensions of arterial blood and
in ventilatory function. Lancet 2: 180--187
Dibona GF: Prostaglandins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med 80 (1A):
12--21
Dickenson AH (1990) A cure for wind up: NMDA receptor antagonists as analgesics. Trends
neurol sci 11: 307--309
Dickenson AH, Sullivan AF (1987a) Evidence for a role of the NMDA receptor in the
frequency dependent potentiation of deep rat dorsal horn nociceptive neurones following C
fibre stimulation. Neuropharm 26: 1235--1238
Dickenson AH, Sullivan AF (1987b) Subcutaneous formalin-induced activity of dorsal horn
neurones in the rat: Differential response to an intrathecal opiate administered pre or post
formalin. Pain 30: 349--360
Dickenson AH, Sullivan AF (1990) Differential effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists
on dorsal horn nociceptive neurones in the rat. Brain 506: 31--39
Dickerson C, Undem B, Bullock B et al. (1998) Neuropeptide regulation of proinflammatory
cytokine responses. J Leukoc Biol 63(5): 602--605
Dickinson T, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Mitchell R et al. (1997) Evidence for roles of vasoactive
intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide
(PACAP) receptors in modulating the responses of rat dorsal horn neurons to sensory
inputs. Neuropeptides 2: 175--185
Diel IJ, Solomayer EF, Costa SD et al. (1998) Reduction in new metastase in breast cancer
with adjuvant clodronate treatment. New Engl J Med 339(6): 357--363
Diener HC, Bühler K-U, Dichgans K-U et al. (1988) Analgetikainduzierter Dauerschmerz.
Existiert eine kritische Dosis? Arzneimitteltherapie 6: 156--164
Diener KM (1996) Bisphosphonates for controlling pain from metastatic bone disease Am J
Health Syst Pharm 53(16): 1917--1927
Dierking GW, Ostergaard HT, Dissing CK et al. (1994) Analgesic effect of intra-articular
morphine after arthroscopy meniscectomy. Anaesthesia 49: 627--629
Dierking JB, Dahl JB, Kanstrup J et al. (1992) Effect of pre-vs postoperative inguinal field
block on postoperative pain after herniorraphy. Br J Anaesth 69: 344--348
Diffey BL, Daymond TJ, Fairgreaves H (1983) Phototoxic reactions to piroxicam, naproxen
and tiaprofenic acid. Br J Rheumatol 4: 239--242
Dimitrova Z, Dimov B, Manolova N et al. (1993) Antiherpes effect of Melissa officinalis L.
extracts. Acta Microbiol Bulg 29: 65--72
Dinchuk JE, Car BD, Focht RJ et al. (1995) Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory
response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase II. Nature 378: 406--409
Dines KC, Powell HC (1997) Mast cell interactions with the nervous system: relationship to
mechanisms of disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56(6): 627--640
Dingle JT, Parker M (1997) NSAID Stimulation of Human Cartilage Matrix Synthesis: A
Study of the Mechanism of Action of Aceclofenac. Clinical Drug Investigation 14: 353-362
Dinter L, Müller W (1984) Somatostatin bei aktiver Psoriasis-Arthritis. Z Rheumatol 43(6):
291--293
Dionne RA, Campbell RA, Cooper SA et al. (1983) Suppression of postoperative pain by
preoperative administration of ibuprofen in comparison to placebo, acetaminophen, and
acetaminophen plus codeine. J Clin Pharmacol 23: 37--44
Dire DJ, Hogan DE (1993) Double-blinded comparison of diphenhydramine versus lidocaine
as a local anesthetic. Ann Emerg Med 9: 1419--1422
Dirig DM, Isakson PC, Yaksh TL (1998) Effect of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition on induction
and maintenance of carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesie in rats. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 285: 1031--1038
Dirig DM, Konin GP, Isakson PC, Yaksh et al. (1997) Effect of spinal cyclooxygenase
inhibitors in rat using the formalin test and in vitro prostaglandin E2 release. Eur J
Pharmacol 331: 155--160
Dirig DM, Yaksh TL (1997) Basal and evoked in vitro PGE2 release from rat spinal cord are
elevated after chronic knee joint inflammation. Soc Neurosci A23: 167
Dirksen R, Van Luijtelaar EL, Van Rijn CM (1998) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
may enhance responses to noxious stimulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 60(3): 719-725
Distel M, Mueller C, Bluhmki E et al. (1996) Safety of meloxicam: a global analysis of
clinical trials. Br J Rheumatol 35: 68--77
Dixon JS, Page MC (1991) Interactions between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and
H2-receptor antagonists or prostaglandin analogues. Rheumatol Int 11(1): 13--18
Dixon S, Snyder J, Holve R et al. (1984) Behavioral effects of circumcision with and without
anesthesia. Dev Behanv Pediatr 5: 246--250
Docherty RJ, Yeats JC, Piper AS (1997) Capsazepine block of voltage-activated calcium
channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture. Br J Pharmacol 121: 1461-1467
Doetsch GS (1997) Progressive changes in cutaneous trigger zones for sensation referred to a
phantom hand: a case report and review with implications for cortical reorganization.
Somatosens Mot Res 14(1): 6--16
Doherty NS, Beaver TH, Chan KY (1987) The role of prostaglandins in the nociceptive
response induced by intraperitoneal injection of zymosan in mice. Br J Pharmacol 91(1):
39--47
Dohrendwend BP, Raphael KG, Marbach JJ et al. (1999) Why is depression comorbid with
chronic myofascial face pain? A family study test of alternative hypotheses Pain 83(2):
183--192
Dong YL, Dai BS, Singh P et al. (1997) Involvement of nitric oxide pathway in prostaglandin
F2 alpha-induced preterm labor in rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177(4): 907--917
Donnerer J, Schuligoi R, Stein C (1992) Increased content and transport of substance P and
calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory nerves innervating inflamed tissue: evidence for
a regulatory function of nerve growth factor in vivo. Neuroscience 49: 693--698
Doorley BM, Knight VV, Spaulding TC (1988) Development of acute tolerance to the
cardiorespiratory effects of alfentanil after subsequent bolus injections in conscious dogs.
Life Sci 43: 365--372
Dorje F, Levey AI, Brann MR (1991) Immunological detection of muscarinic receptors
subtype proteins (m1-m5) in rabbit peripheral tissues. Mol Pharmacol 40: 459--476
Dorpat TL (1971) Phantom sensation of internal organs. Compr Psychiatry 1: 27--35
Dosaka-Akita K, Tortella FC, Holaday JW et al. (1993) The kappa opioid agonist U-50,488H
antagonizes respiratory effects of mu opioid receptor agonists in conscious rats. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 264: 631--637
Dotson RM (1997) Clinical neurophysiology laboratory tests to assess the nociceptive system
in humans. J Clin Neurophysiology 14(1): 32--45
Dougherty PM, Willis WD (1991) Enhancement of spinothalamic neuron responses to
chemical and mechanical stimuli following combined micro-iontophoric application of Nmethyl-D-aspartat acid and substance P. Pain 47: 85--93
Douglas MJ, McMorland GH (1987) Possible association of herpes simplex type I
reactivation with epidural morphine administration. Letter. Can J Anaesth 34: 426--427
Dourish CT, O'Neill E, Coughlan J et al. (1990) The selective CCK-B receptor antagonist L365,260 enhances morphine analgesia and prevents morphine tolerance in the rat. Eur J
Pharmacol 176: 35--44
Dowman R (1991) Spinal and supraspinal correlates of nociception in man. Pain 45(3): 269-281
Dowman R (1992) Possible startle response contamination of the spinal nociceptive
withdrawal reflex. Pain 49(2): 187--197
Dowman R (1993) A noninvasive strategy for identifying and quantifying innocuous and
nociceptive peripheral afferent activity evoked by nerve stimulation. Physiol Behav 53(6):
1163--1169
Doyle CA, Slater P (1997) Localization of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase
isoforms in human hippocampus. Neuroscience 76(2): 387--395
Doyle E, Bowler GM (1998) Pre-emptive effect of multimodal analgesia in thoracic surgery.
Br J Anaesth 80(2): 147--151
Doze VA, Chen BX, Maze M (1989) Dexmedetomidine produces a hypnotic-anesthetic action
in rats via activation of central ?-2-adrenoceptors. Anesthesiology 71: 75--79
Drago F, Caccamo G, Continella G et al. (1984) Amphetamine-induced analgesia does not
involve brain opioids. Eur J Pharmacol 101: 267--269
Dray A, Bettany J, Forster P et al. (1988) Activation of bradykinin receptor in peripheral
nerve and spinal cord in the neonatal rat in vitro. Br J Pharm 1008--1010
Dray A, Metsch R (1984) Inhibition of urinary bladder contractions by a spinal action of
morphine and other opioids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231: 254--260
Dray A, Perkins M (1993) Bradykinin and inflammatory pain. Trends Neur Scie 16: 99--104
Drayer BP, Rosenbaum AE (1978) Studies of the third circulation. Amipaque CT
cisternography and ventriculography J Neurosurg 48: 946--956
Dreizen S, Brown LR, Daly TE et al. (1977) Prevention of xerostomia-related dental caries in
irradiated cancer patients. J Dent Res 56: 99--104
Drew JH, Dripps RD, Comroe JH (1946) Clinical studies on morphine. II. The effect of
morphine upon the circulation of man and upon the circulatory and respiratory responses to
tilting. Anesthesiology 7: 44--61
Drewes AM, Andreasen A, Poulsen LH (1994) Valproate for treatment of chronic central pain
after spinal cord injury. A double-blind cross-over study. Paraplegia 32(8): 565--569
Drewes LR (1999)What is the blood-brain barrier? A molecular perspective. Cerebral
vascular biology. Adv Exp Med Biol 474: 111--122
Drexel H, Lang AH, Spiegel RW et al. (1985) Pumpengesteuerte kontinuierliche subkutane
Opiat-Infusion zur Behandlung schwerster Schmerzen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 110: 1063-1067
Driessen B, Reimann W, Selve N et al. (1994) Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally
administered P2-purinoceptor antagonists in rats. Brain Res 666(2): 182--188
Dripps RD, Vandam LD (1954) Long-term follow-up of patients who received 10,098 spinal
anesthetics. JAMA 156: 1486--1491
D'Souza MM, Carr JA (1998) Characterization of [125I]beta-endorphin binding sites in the
rat caudal dorsomedial medulla. Peptides 19(5): 931--937
Dubach UC, Rosner B, Stürmer T (1991) An epidemiologic study of abuse of analgesic drugs.
Effects of phenacetin and salicylate on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity (1968 to
1987). N Engl J Med 324: 155--160
Dubi A (1959) Zur Bedeutung pontiner Atmungssubstrate für den Husten. Helv Physiol
Pharm Acta 17: 166--174
Dubinsky B, Crew MC, Melgar MD et al. (1975) Correlation of analgesia with levels of
tilidine and a biologically active metabolite in rat plasma and brain. Biochem Pharmacol
24: 277--281
Dubner R (1988) The effect of behavioral state on the sensory processing of nociceptive and
non-nociceptive information. In: Progress in Brain Research (Fields HL, Besson JM, eds),
Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 213--223
Dubner R (1991) Neuronal plasticity and pain following peripheral tissue inflammation or
nerve injury. In: Proc VIth W Congr Pain (Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ, eds.),
Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 263--276
Dubner R (1992) Hyperalgesia and expanded receptive fields. Pain 48: 3--4
Dubner R, Bennett, GJ (1983) Spinal and trigeminal mechanisms of nociception. Ann Rev
Neuroscience 6: 381--418
Dubner R, Ruda MA (1992) Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity following tissue injury
and inflammation. Trends Neurosci 15(3): 96--103
Dubois M, Pickar D, Cohen M et al. (1982) Effects of fentanyl on the response of plasma βendorphin immunoreactivity to surgery. Anesthesiology 57: 468--472
Dubuc I, Sarret P, Labbé-Jullié C et al. (1999) Identification of the receptor subtype involved
in the analgesic effect of neurotensin. J Neurosci 19(1): 503--510
Dubuisson D, Dennis SG (1977) The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic
effects of morphine, meperidine, and braim stem stimulation in rats and cat. Pain 4: 161-174
Duckett JW, Cangiano T, Cubina M et al. (1997) Intravesical morphine analgesia after
bladder surgery J Urol 157(4): 1407--1409
Ducloux D, Schuller V, Bresson-Vautrin C et al. (1997) Colchicine myopathy in renal
transplant recipients on cyclosporin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11: 2389 -- 2392
Duffin J, Hung S (1985) Respiratory rhythm generation. Can Anaesth Soc J 32: 124--137
Duggan AW, Headley PM (1977) The effects of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine on
the responses of dorsal horn neurone to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. Br J
Pharmacol 61 (1): 149P
Duggan AW, Hendry IA, Morton CR et al. (1988) Cutaneous stimuli releasing
immunoreactive substance P in the dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res 451: 261--273
Duggan AW, Morton CR, Zhao ZG et al. (1987) Noxious heating of the skin releases
immunoreactive substance P in the substantia gelatinosa of the cat: a study with antibody
microprobes. Brain Res 403: 345--349
Duggan AW, Schaible HG, Hope PJ et al. (1992) Effect of peptidase inhibition on the pattern
of intraspinally released immunoreactive substance P detected with antibody microprobes.
Brain Res 579: 261--269
Duman RS, Tallman FJ, Nestler EJ (1988) Acute and chronic opiate-regulation of adenylate
cyclase in brain: specific effects in locus coeruleus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246: 1033-1039
Dundee JW (1979) The ideal intravenous anaesthetics. in: Current topics in anaesthesia, Part
1: Intravenous anaesthetic agents (Feldmann und Scurr, eds), Arnold (London)
Dunstan C, Liu B, Welch CJ et al. (1998) Alphitol, a phenolic substance from Alphitonia
zizyphoides which inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro. Phytochemistry 48(3): 495-497
Dupont D, Velin P, Cabour F et al. (1987) L'influence de l'anesthésie caudale sur la secretion
des catecholamines chez l'enfant. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 6: 156--158
Dupouy V, Zajac JM (1997) Neuropeptide FF receptors control morphine-induced analgesia
in the parafascicular nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Eur J Pharmacol 330(2--3): 129-137
Dupuis R, Lemay H, Bushnell MC et al. (1988) Preoperative flurbiprofen in oral surgery: a
method of choice in controlling postoperative pain. Pharmacotherapy 8: 193--200
Duranteau J, Chandel NS, Kulisz A et al. (1998) Intracellular signalling by reactive oxygen
species during hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 273(19): 11619--11624
Durao V, Prata MM, Gonzales LMP (1977) Modification of anti-hypertensive effect on µblocking agents by inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. Lancet ii: 1005-1007
Dureuil B, Viires N, Cantineau et al. (1986) Diaphragmatic contractility after upper
abdominal surgery. J Appl Physiol 61(5): 1775--1780
Durez P, Toungouz M, Schandené L et al. (1998) Remission and immune reconstitution after
T-cell-depleted stem-cell transplantation for rheumatoid arthritis. Research Letter. Lancet
352(9131): 881
Duthie DJR, McLaren JD, NimmoWS (1986) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl during constant
rate IV infusion for the relief of pain after surgery.Br J Anaesth 58: 950--956
Duthie HL (1981) The effect of peppermint oil on colonic motility in man. Br J Surg 68: 820
Dutta D, Hardy PA (1995) Intrabronchial injection, an unusual complication of interpleural
analgesia. Br J Anaesth 74(1): 98--99
Duxbury AJ, Thakker NS, Wastell DG (1989) A double-blind cross-over trial of a mucincontaining artificial saliva. Br Dent J 166: 115--120
Dyck PJ, Peroutka S, Rask C et al. (1997) Intradermal recombinant human nerve growth
factor induces pressure allodynia and lowered heat-pain threshold in humans. Neurology
48(2): 501--505
Eaton MJ, Santiago DI, Dancausse HA (1997) Lumbar transplants of immortalized
serotonergic neurons alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 72(1--2): 59--69
Eberhard G, von Knorring L, Nilsson et al. (1988) A double-blind randomized study of
clomipramine versus maprotiline in patients with idiopathic pain syndromes.
Neuropsychobiology 19(1): 25--34
Ebersberger A, Handwerker HO, Reeh PW (1999) Nociceptive neurons in the rat caudal
trigeminal nucleus respond to blood plasma perfusion of the subarachnoid space: the
involvement of complement. Pain (3): 283--288
Eckenhoff JE, Oech SR (1960) The effects of narcotics and antagonists upon respiration and
circulation in man. A review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1: 483--524
Eckersell CB, Micevych PE (1997) Opiate receptors modulate estrogen-induced
cholecystokinin and tachykinin but not enkephalin messenger RNA levels in the limbic
system and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 80(2): 473--485
Ecoffey C, Edouard A, Pruszczynski W et al. (1985) Effects of epidural anesthesia on
catecholamines, renin activity, and vasopressin changes induced by tilt in elderly men.
Anesthesiology 62: 294--297
Edge WG, Cooper GM, Morgan M (1979) Analgesic effects of sublingual buprenorphine.
Anaesthesia 34: 463--467
Edmeads J (1983) The physiology of pain (Review). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol
Psychiatry 7: 413--419
Edmeads J (1988) Emergency management of headache. Headache 28: 675--679
Edmeads J (1990) Analgesic-induced headache: an unrecognized epidemic. Headache 3: 614-615
Edmonds-Seal J, Prys-Roberts C (1970) Pharmacology of drugs used in NLA. Br J Anaesth
42: 207--216
Edwin SS, Romero RJ, Munoz H et al. (1996) 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and human
parturition. Prostaglandins 51(6): 403--412
Eedy DJ, Shaw C, Johnston CF et al. (1994) The regional distribution of neuropeptides in
human skin as assessed by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid
chromatography. Clin Exp Dermatol 6: 463--472
Egan CL, Viglione-Schneck MJ, Walsh LJ et al. (1998) Characterization of unmyelinated
axons uniting epidermal and dermal immune cells in primate and murine skin. J Cutan
Pathol 1: 20--29
Eger EI II, Saidman LJ (1965) Hazards of nitrous oxide anesthesia in bowel obstruction and
pneumothorax. Anesthesiology 26: 61
Eger EI II, Saidman LJ, Brandstater B (1965) Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a
standard of anesthetic potency. Anesthesiology 26: 756--763
Eglezos A, Andrews PV, Boyd RL et al. (1991) Modulation of the immune response by
tachykinins. Immunol Cell Biol 69 (Pt 4): 285--294
Ehrich E, Mehlisch D, Perkins S et al. (1996) Efficacy of MK-966, a highly selective inhibitor
of COX-2, in the treatment of postoperative dental pain. Arthritis Rheum 39 (S9): S81
Ehrich EW, Dallob A, De Leipeire I et al. (1999) Characterization of rofecoxib as a
cyclooxygenase-2 isoform inhibitor and demonstration of analgesia in the dental pain
model. Clin Pharmacol Ther 65(3): 337--347
Ehsanullah RSB, Page MC, Tildesley G, Wood JJ (1988) Prevention of gastro-duodenal
damage induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: controlled trial of ranitidin. BJM
297: 1017--1021
Eichler O, Koch C (1970) Über die antiphlogistische, analgetische und spasmolytische
Wirksamkeit von Harpagosid, einem Glykosid aus der Wurzel von Harpagophytum
procumbens DC. Arzneimittelforschung 1: 107--109
Eimerl D, Magora F, Shir Y et al. (1986) Patient-controlled analgesia with epidural
methadone by means of an external infusion pump. Schmerz-Pain-Douleur 4: 156--160
Eisele JH jr, Grigsby EJ, Dea G (1992) Clonazepam treatment of myoclonic contractions
associated with high-dose opioids: case report. Pain 49: 231--232
Eisenach JC, Hood DD, Curry R et al. (1997) Alfentanil, but not amitriptyline, reduces pain,
hyperalgesia, and allodynia from intradermal injection of capsaicin in humans.
Anesthesiology 86(6):1279--1287
Ejlersen E, Anderson BH, Eliasen K et al. (1992) Comparison between preincisional and
postincisional lidocaine infiltration and postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 74: 495--498
Ekbom G, Schulte WJ, Condon RE et al. (1980) Effect of narcotic analgesics on bowel
motility in subhuman primates. J Surg Reg 28: 293--296
Ekstrom P, Carling L, Wetterhus S et al. (1996) Prevention of peptic ulcer and dyspeptic
symptoms with omeprazole in patients receiving continuous non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy: a Nordic multicentre study. Scand J Gastroenterol 31: 753-758
El Allaf M, Chapelle JP, El Allaf D et al. (1986) Differentiating muscle damage from
myocardial injury by means of the serum creatinine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB mass
measurement/total CK activity ratio. Clin Chem 32: 291--295
Ela C, Barg J, Vogel Z et al. (1997) Distinct components of morphine effects on cardiac
myocytes are mediated by the kappa and delta opioid receptors. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2: 711-720
el-Bacha RS, Minn A (1999) Drug metabolizing enzymes in cerebrovascular endothelial cells
afford a metabolic protection to the brain. Cell Mol Biol 45(1): 15--23
Elde R, Hökfelt T (1993) Coexistence of opioid peptides with other transmitters. In: Opiods I
(Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch 24: 583--624
Eldor J (1996) Aseptic meningitis using the needle-through-needle technique.
Correspondence. Can J Anaesth 43(11): 1183--1184
El-Ganzouri AR, Ivankovich AD, Braverman B et al. (1985) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors:
should they be discontinued preoperatively? Anesth Analg 64: 592--596
Eliav E, Herzberg U, Ruda MA et al. (1999) Neuropathic pain from an experimental neuritis
on the rat sciativ nerve. Pain 83: 169--182
Elkind AH (1991) Drug abuse and headache. Med Clin North Am 75(3): 717--732
Elliott K, Minami N, Kolesnikov Y et al. (1994) The NMDA receptor antagonists, LY274614
and MK-801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, attenuate
analgesic tolerance to the mu-opioid morphine but not to kappa opioids. Pain 56: 69--75
Elliott SL, Ferris RJ, Giraud AS et al. (1996) Indomethacin damage to rat gastric mucosa is
markedly dependent on luminal pH. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 23: 432--434
Ellrich J, Bromm B, Hopf HC (1997) Pain-evoked blink reflex. Muscle Nerve 3: 265--270
Elseviers MM (1994) Epidemiology of analgesic nephropathy. Dissertation, University of
Antwerp, Department of Nephrology.
Elseviers MM, De Broe ME (1994a) Analgesic nephropathy in Belgium is related to the sales
of particular analgesic mixtures. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9: 41--46
Elseviers MM, De Broe ME (1994b) Reply: the ghost of phenacetin reappearing? Nephrol
Dial Transplant 12: 1840--1841
Elseviers MM, De Broe ME (1995) A long-term prospective controlled study of analgesic
abuse in Belgium. Kidney Int 48: 1912--1919
Elseviers MM, De Broe ME (1996) Combination analgesic involvement in the pathogenesis
of analgesic nephropathy: the European perspective. Am J Kidney Dis 28(S): S48--S55
Emde RN, Harmon RJ, Metcalf D et al. (1971) Stress and neonatal sleep. Psychosom Med 33:
491--497
Engelhardt G (1996) Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, caffeine and a combination of
these substances on the renal prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, water, creatinine
and electrolyte excretion of the rat. Arzneim-Forsch/ Drug Res 46: 509--512
Engelhardt G, Bögel R, Schnitzer C et al. (1996) Meloxicam: influence on arachidonic acid
metabolism; part I: in vitro findings. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 21--28
Engelhardt G, Mauz AB, Pairet M (1997) Role of caffeine in combined analgesic drugs from
the point of view of experimental pharmacology. Arzneimittelforschung 47(8): 917--927
Engelman E, Lipszyc M, Gilbart E et al. (1989) Effects of clonidine on anesthetic drug
requirements and hemodynamic response during aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 71: 178-187
England S, Bevan S, Docherty RJ (1996) Prostaglandin E2 modulates the tetrodotoxinresistant sodium current in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurones via the cyclic AMPprotein kinase A cascade. J Physiol (Lond) 495: 429--440
Engquist A, Fog-Moller F, Christiansen C et al. (1980) Influence of epidural analgesia on the
catecholamine and cyclic AMP responses to surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 24: 17--21
Engquist A, Mogens R, Fernandes A et al. (1977) The blocking effect of epidural analgesia on
the adrenocortical and hyperglycaemic responses to surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 21: 330-335
Ennes HS, Young SH, Raybould HE et al. (1997) Intercellular communication between dorsal
root ganglion cells and colonic smooth muscle cells in vitro. Neuroreport 8(3): 733--737
Eriksen J, Jensen NH, Kamp-Jensen M et al. (1989) The systemic availability of
buprenorphine administered by nasal spray. J Pharm Pharmacol 41: 803--805
Eriksson PS, Carlsson B, Isaksson OGP et al. (1992) Altered amounts of G-protein mRNA
and cAMP accumulated after long-term opioid receptor stimulation of neurons in primary
culture from the rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 14: 317--325
Ernfors P, Rosario CM, Merlio JP (1993) Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophin receptors in
the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord during development and following peripheral or
central axotomy. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 17: 217--226
Ernst DS, Brasher P, Hagen N et al. (1997) A randomized, controlled trial of intravenous
clodronate in patients with metastatic bone disease and pain J Pain Symptom Manage 6:
319--326
Ertas M, Sagduyu A, Arac N et al. (1998) Use of levodopa to relieve pain from painful
symmetrical diabetic polyneuropathy. Pain 75(2--3): 257--259
Eschalier A, Mestre C, Dubray C et al. (1994) Why are antidepressants effective as pain
reliefs? CNS Drugs 2: 261--267
Eschalier A, Montastruc JL, Devoize JL et al. (1981) Influence of naloxone and methysergide
on the analgesic effect of clomipramine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 74: 1--7
Eschalier A, Rigal F, Devoize JL et al. (1980) Influence de la clomipramine sur la douleur
provoquée chez le rat. J Pharmacol (Paris) 11: 315--316
Esplugues JV, Barrachina MD, Esplugues J (1992) Modulation by peripheral opioids of basal
distension-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 106: 33--38
Esposito AL (1984) Aspirin impairs antibacterial mechanisms in experimental pneumococcal
pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 130: 857--862
Esser MJ, Pronych SP, Allen GV (1998) Trigeminall-reticular connections: possible pathways
for nociception-induced cardiovascular reflex responses in the rat. J Comp Neurol 391(4):
526--544
Estlander AM, Takala EP, Verkasalo M (1995) Assessment of depression in chronic
musculoskeletal pain patients. Clin J Pain 11: 194--200
Estlander AM, Takala EP, Verkasalo M (1995) Assessment of depression in chronic
musculoskeletal pain patients. Clin J Pain 11: 194--200
Etches R, Sandler A, Daley M (1989) Respiratory depression and spinal opioids. Review. Can
J Anaesth 36: 165--185
Europäische Gemeinschaft (1983) Empfehlung des Rates zu den Versuchen mit
Arzneimittelspezialitäten im Hinblick auf deren Inverkehrbringen. Änderungsrichtlinie
EWG vom 26.10.1983 83/571
Evans CJ, Keith DE, Morrison H et al. (1992) Cloning of a delta opioid receptor by functional
expression. Science 258: 1952--1995
Evans JM, McGregor E, McMahon AD et al. (1995) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and hospitalization for acute renal failure. QJM 88(8): 551--557
Everard MJ, Macaulay VM, Millar JL et al. (1993) [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]
substance P inhibits the growth of human small cell lung cancer xenografts in vivo. Eur J
Cancer 29A(10): 1450--1453
Evers BM, Bold RJ, Ehrenfried JA et al. (1994) Characterization of functional neurotensin
receptors on human lymphocytes. Surgery 116(2): 134--139
Eyster JAE, Meek WJ (1952) Cardiac irregularities in morphine poisoning in the dog. Heart
4: 542
Fabro S, Shull G, Brown NA (1982) The relative teratogenic index and teratogenic potency:
proposed components of developmental toxicity risk assessment. Teratog Carcinog
Mutagen 2(1): 61--76
Faden AI, Holaday JW (1979) Opiate antagonists: A role in the treatment of hypovolemic
shock. Science 205: 317--318
Fairbanks CA, Posthumus IJ, Kitto KF et al. (2000) Moxonidine, a selective imidazoline/α2
adrenergic receptor agonist, synergizes with morphine and deltorphin II to inhibiti
substance P-induced behavior in mice. Pain 84: 13--20
Fakuda K, Kato S, Mori K et al. (1993) Primary structures and expression from cDNAs of rat
opioid receptor δ and µ-subtypes. FEBS Lett 327: 311--314
Fardin V, Oliveras JL, Besson JM (1984a) A reinvestigation of the analgesic effects induced
by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter in the rat. II. Differential characteristics of
the analgesia induced by ventral and dorsal PAG stimulation. Brain Res 306(1--2): 125-139
Fardin V, Oliveras JL, Besson JM (1984b) A reinvestigation of the analgesic effects induced
by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter in the rat. I. The production of behavioral
side effects together with analgesia. Brain Res 306(1--2): 105--123
Faris PL, Komisaruk BR, Watkins LR et al. (1983) Evidence for the neuropeptide
cholecystokinin as an antagonist fo opiate analgesia. Science 219(4582): 310--312
Farkas E, Jansen AS, Loewy AD (1997) Periaqueductal gray matter projection to vagal
preganglionic neurons and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Brain Res 764(1-2): 257--261
Farley HF, Joyce N, Long B et al. (1986) Will that IM needle reach the muscle? Am J Nurs
86: 1327--1331
Farr M, Garvey K, Bold AM et al. (1985). Significance of the hydrogen ion concentration in
synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthrits. Clin Exp Rheumatol 3: 99--104
Fasano M, Waldvogel HH (1982) Peridural administration of morphine, with or without
adrenalin, for postoperative analgesia. Acta Anaesth Belg 33: 195--202
Fasano M, Waldvogel HH, Muller CA (1979) Prophylaxie de l’iléus paralytique après
chirurgie du côlon par blocage sympathique péridural continu. Helv Chir Acta 46: 245-248
Fastbom J, Post C, Fredholm BB (1990) Antinociceptive effects and spinal distribution of two
adenosine receptor agonists after intrathecal administration. Pharmacol Toxicol 66: 69--72
Favre L, Glasson PH, Riondel A et al. (1983) Interaction of diurectis and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in man. Clin Sci 64: 407--415
Fedele F, Agati L, Pugliese M et al. (1998) Role of the central endogenous opiate system in
patients with syndrome X. Am Heart J 136(6): 1003--1009
Feiden (1997) Fixed combinations medical products. (EMEA status as of 17 April 1996). EGDok. CPMP/EWP/240/95. Arzneimittelprüfrichtlinien
10. Erg.lfg
Feld LH, Champeau MW, Van Steennis CA et al. (1989) Preanesthetic medication in
children: a comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo.
Anesthesiology 71: 374--377
Feldberg W, Gupta KP (1973) Pyrogen fever and prostaglandin-like activity in cerebrospinal
fluid. J Physiol (Lond) 228: 41--53
Feldberg W, Saxena PN (1971a) Fever produced in rabbits and cats by prostaglandin E1
injected into the cerebral ventricles. J Physiol (Lond) 215: 23P--24P
Feldberg W, Saxena PN (1971b) Further studies on prostaglandin E1 fever in cats. J Physiol
(Lond) 219:739--745
Feldman HR (1987) Practice makes perfect but research makes a difference. Nursing 17(3):
46--47
Feldman PD, Parveen N, Sezen S (1996) Cardiovascular effects of Leu-enkephalin in the
nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat. Brain Res 709(2): 331--336
Feldmann L, Mund-Hoym WD (1976) Ueber die Behandlung von Erkrankungen des Stützund Bewegungssystems mit Dolo-Neurobion Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 65(31): 962-965
Fell D, Chmielewski A, Smith G (1982) Postoperative analgesia with controlled-release
morphine sulphate: comparison with intramuscular morphine. BMJ 285: 92--94
Fellows IW, Bastow MD, Byrne AJ et al. (1983) Adrenocortical suppression in multiply
injured patients: a complication of etomidate treatment. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6408):
1835--1837
Feng L, Xia Y, Garcia GE et al. (1995) Involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates in
cyclooxygenase-2 expression induced by interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and
lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest 95(4): 1669--1675
Fennessy MR, Ortiz A (1968) The behavioural and cardiovascular actions of intravenously
administered morphine in the conscious dog. Eur J Pharmacol 3: 177--185
Fennessy MR, Rattray JF (1971) Cardiovascular effects of intravenous morphine in the
anesthetized rat. Eur J Pharmacol 14: 1--8
Ferguson-Segall M, Flynn JJ, Walker J et al. (1982) Increased immunoreactivte dynorphin
and leu-enkephalin in posterior pituitary of obese mice (ob/ob) and supersensitivity to
drugs that act at ? receptor. Life Sci 31: 233--236
Fernandez RJ, Gluck JL (1994) Clostridium septicum gas gangrene of the gluteus maximus
and an ascending colon malignant tumor: a cas report. Clin Orthop 308: 178--182
Ferrante FM, Chan VWS, Arthur GR et al. (1991) Interpleural analgesia after thoracotomy.
Anesth Analg 72: 105--109
Ferrante FM, Ostheimer GW, Covino BG, eds. (1990) Patient controlled analgesia. Blackwell
(Oxford), 2nd ed.
Ferreira SH (1993) The role of interleukins and nitric oxide in the mediation of inflammatory
pain and its control by peripheral analgesics. Drugs 46(S): 1--9
Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Karimian SM (1997) Tachykinin regulation of basal synovial blood
flow. Br J Pharmacol 21(1): 29--34
Ferry M, Leverve X, Constans T (1997) Comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous
administration of a solution of amino acids in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 45(7): 857-860
Fiallos M, Kissoon N, Abdelmoneim T (1997) Fat embolism with the use of intraosseous
infusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Med Sci 314(2): 73--79
Fiddler DS, Hindman BJ (1991) Intravenous calcitonin alleviates spinal anesthesia-induced
phantom limb pain. Anesthesiology 74(1): 187--189
Field MJ, Carnell AJ, Gonzalez MI et al. (1999) Enadoline, a selective kappa-opioid receptor
agonist shows potent antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic actions in a rat model of surgical
pain. Pain 80: 383--389
Fields HL, Anderson SD (1978) Evidence that raphe spinal neurons mediate opiate and
midbrain stimulation-produced analgesia. Pain 5: 333--349
Fields HL, Basbaum AI, Clanton et al. (1977) Nucleus raphe magnus inhibition of spinal cord
dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res 126(3): 441--44453
Fields HL, Emson PC, Leigh BK et al. (1980) Multiple opiate receptor sites on primary
afferent fibres. Nature 284: 351--353
Fildes RD, Atkins JL (1997) Substance P decreases fluid absorption in the renal proximal
tubule. Am J Physiol 272(5 Pt 2): R1396--1401
Finer B (1970) Studies of the variability in expiratory efforts before and after
cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology 38: S8--S67
Fink BR (1961) The stimulant effects of wakefulness on respiration: clinical aspects. Br J
Anaesth 33: 97--101
Finn JW, Large S, Krebs L et al. (1987) Cross-over of sustained release morphine sulfate
(Roxanol SR) in advanced cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 6: 261
Finsnes F, Skjonsberg OH, Tonnessen T et al. (1997) Endothelin production and effects of
endothelin antagonism during experimental airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 155(4): 1404--1412
Fioravanti A, Govoni M, La Montagna G et al. (1995) Somatostatin 14 and joint
inflammation: evidence for intraarticular efficacy of prolonged administration in
rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 21(3): 97--103
Fish DJ, Rosen SM (1990) Epidural opioids as a cause of vertical nystagmus.
Correspondence. Anesthesiology 73: 785--786
Fishman P, Nedivi R, Djaldetti M et al. (1993) Kinetics of cortisol, interleukin-2 and
interleukin-3-like activity levels following surgical intervention. Nat Immun 1: 35--40
Fitzgerald M (1979)The spread of sensitization of polymodal nociceptors in the rabbit from
nearby injury and by antidromic nerve stimulation. J Physiol 297: 207--216
Fitzgerald M (1991) A physiological study of the prenatal development of cutaneous sensory
inputs to dorsal horn cells in the rat. J Physiol (Lond) 432: 473--482
Fitzgerald M (1991) Development of pain mechanisms. Br Med Bull 47(3) 667--675
Fitzgerald M (1994) Neurobiology of fetal pain and neonatal pain. In: Textbook of Pain (Wall
P, Melzack R, editors) Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 153--163
Fitzgerald M (1997) Neonatal pharmacology of pain. In: The Pharmacology of Pain
(Dickenson A, Besson J.-M. Besson, editors), Springer, Ch 16, pp 445--465
Fitzgerald M, Butcher T, Shortland P (1994) Developmental changes in the laminar
termination of A fibre cutaneous sensory afferents in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn. J
Comp Neurol 348(2): 225--233
Fitzgerald M, Koltzenburg M (1986) The functional development of descending inhibitory
pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord. Brain Res 389(1--2):
261--270
Fitzgerald M, Lynn B (1977) The sensitization of high threshold mechanoreceptors with
myelinated axons by repeated heating. J Physiol 365: 549--563
Fitzgerald M, Millard C, McIntosh N (1989) Cutaneous hypersensitivity following peripheral
tissue damage in newborn infants and its reversal with topical anaesthesia. Pain 39(1): 31-36
Fitzgerald M, Wall PD, Goedert M et al. (1985) Nerve growth factor counteracts the
neurophysiological and neurochemical effects of chronic sciatic nerve section. Brain Res
332: 131--141
Flacke J, Bloor B, Kripke B et al. (1985) Comparison of morphine, meperidine, fentanyl, and
sufentanil in balanced anesthesia. Anesth Analg 64: 897--910
Flacke JW, Flacke WE, William GD (1977) Acute pulmonary edema following naloxone
reversal of high dose morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 47: 376--378
Fleetwood-Walker SM, Mitchell R, Hope PJ et al. (1985) An alpha2 receptor mediates the
selective inhibition by noradrenaline of nocicpetive responses of identified dorsal horn
neurones. Brain Res 334: 243--254
Fleisch H (1991) Bisphosphonates. Pharmacology and use in the treatment of tumour-induced
hypercalcaemic and metastatic bone disease. Drugs 42(6): 919--944
Fleisch H (1993) Bisphosphonates in osteoporosis: an introduction. Osteoporos Int 3(S3): S3-S5
Fleisch HA (1997) Bisphosphonates: preclinical aspects and use in osteoporosis. Ann Med 1:
55--62
Flemström G (1986) Gastroduodenal mucosal secretion of bicarbonate and mucus.
Physiologic control and stimulation by prostaglandins. Am J Med 81(2A): 18--22
Fletcher JE, Thomas TA, Hill RGB (1980) Beta-endorphin and parturition. Lancet i (Feb 9):
310
Flor H, Braun C, Elbert T et al. (1997) Extensive reorganization of primary somatosensory
cortex in chronic back pain patients. Neurosci Lett 224(1): 5--8
Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S et al. (1995) Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of
cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature 375(6531): 482--484
Flor H, Elbert T, Muhlnickel W et al. (1998) Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena
in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees. Exp Brain Res 119(2): 205--212
Flores O, Camera LA, Hergueta A (1997) Role of atrial natriuretic factor, hemodynamic
changes and renal nerves in the renal effects of intraperitoneal morphine in conscious rats.
Kidney Blood Press Res 20(1): 18--24
Floréz J, Hurlé MA, Mediavilla A (1982) Respiratory responses to opiates applied to the
medullary ventral surface. Life Sci 31: 2189--2192
Flórez J, McCarthy LE, Borison HL (1968) A comparative study in the cat of the respiratory
effects of morphine injected intravenously and into the cerebrospinal fluid. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 163: 448--455
Florin S, Leroux-Nicollet I, Meunier JC et al. (1997) Autoradiographic localization of
[3H]nociceptin binding sites from telencephalic to mesencephalic regions of the mouse
brain. Neurosci Lett 230(1): 33--36
Flower RJ, Blackwell GJ (1979) Anti-inflammatory steroids induce synthesis of a
phospholipase A2 inhibitor which prevents prostaglandin generation. Nature 278: 456--459
Flower RJ, Vane JR (1972) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the antipyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol). Nature New Biol 240: 410--411
Floyd NS, Keay KA, Bandler R (1996) A calbindin immunoreactive "deep pain' recipient
thalamic nucleus in the rat. Neuroreport 7(2): 622--626
Foldes FF, Swerlow M, Siker ES (1984) Narcotics and narcotic antagonists, Charles C
Thomas (Springfield) pp 3--9
Foley KM (1985) The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 313: 84--95
Foley KM (1997) Competent care for the dying instead of physician-assisted suicide. New
Engl J Med 336(1): 53--58
Follette JW, Farley WJ (1993) Anesthesiologist addicted to propofol. Anesthesiology 77(4):
817--818
Food and Drug Administration (1997) Over the-counter drug products containing
analgesic/antipyretic active ingredients for internal use: required alcohol warning. Fed
Regist 62(220): 61041--61057
Foote RW, Maurer R (1982) Autoradiographic localization of opiate k-receptors in the guinea
pig brain. Eur J Pharmacol 85: 99--103
Forbes JA, Beaver WT, Jones KF et al. (1991) Effect of caffeine on ibuprofen analgesia in
postoperative oral surgery pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 49: 674--684
Ford GT, Grant DA, Riedeout KS et al. (1988) Inhibition of breathing associated with
gallbladder stimulation in dogs. J Appl Phys 65: 72--79
Ford TG, Whitelaw WA, Rosenal TW et al. (1983) Diaphragma functions after upper
abdominal surgery in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 127: 431--436
Fordyce WE (1976) Behavioural methods in chronic pain and illness. Mosby (St.Louis)
Forman LJ, Tringo L, Sun M (1997) Cocaine and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis produce
opioid-mediated antinociception. Brain Res Bull 44(2): 125--129
Forman MB, Robertson D, Goldberg M et al. (1984) Effect of tyramine on myocardial
catecholamine release in coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 53: 476--480
Forster C, Maglerl W, Beck A et al. (1992) Differential effects of dipyrone, ibuprofen,and
paracetamol on experimentally induced pain in man. Agents Actions 35: 112--121
Foss JF, Yuan CS, Roizen MF et al. (1998) Prevention of apomorphine- or cisplatin-induced
emesis in the dog by a combination of methylnaltrexone and morphine. Cancer Chemother
Pharmacol 42(4): 287--291
Fosslien E (2000) Molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in neoplasia. Ann Clin Lab Sci
30(1): 3--21
Foster AC, Kemp JA (1989) Glycine maintains excitement. Nature 338: 377--378
Fox AJ, Urban L, Barnes PJ, Dray A (1995) Effects of capsazepine against capsaicin- and
proton-evoked excitation of single airway C-fibres and vagus nerve from the guinea-pig.
Neuroscience 67(3): 741--752
Fox JM (1988) Coffein plus Analgetika - eine sinnvolle Kombination. Schmerz 2: 183--197
Fox JM (1995) Kombinationsarzneimittel aus Paracetamol plus Acetalsalicylsäure: Nutzen
und Risiken. Schmerz 9: 273--285
Fox JM (1997) Zahlen zur Selbstmedikation. Analgetikamissbrauch: Risiko überschätzt?
MMW 139: 11--12
Fox LS (1982) Pain management in the terminally ill cancer patient: an investigation of
nurses´attitudes, knowledge, and clinical practice. Milit Med 147: 455--460
Fox PC, Atkinson JC, Macynski AA et al. (1991) Pilocarpine treatment of salivary gland
hypofunction and dry mouth (xerostomia). Arch Intern Med 151: 1149--1152
Frager RJ, Booyi HDJ, Braak GJJ et al. (1983) Pharmacokinetics of the infusion of alfentanil
in man. Br J Anaesth 55: 1077--1081
France RD (1987) The future for antidepressant: treatment of pain. Psychopathology 20(S1):
99--113
Franck H, Rau R, Herborn G (1996) Thrombocytopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
on long-term treatment with low dose methotrexate. Clin Rheumatol 3: 266--270
Franco AC, Prado WA (1996) Antinociceptive effects of stimulation of discrete sites in the rat
hypothalamus: evidence for the participation of the lateral hypothalamus area in
descending pain suppression mechanisms. Braz J Med Biol Res 11: 1531--1541
Franco-Cereceda A, Henke H et al. (1987) Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in
capsaicin-sensitive substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in animals and man:
distribution and release by capsaicin. Peptides 8: 399--410
Francois B, Delaire L, Vignon P et al (1994) Gas gangrene and purulent pericarditis during
Clostridium septicemia revealing a cecal carcinoma. Intensive Care Med 20(4): 309
Frank RM (1980) Pain management and the appropriate use of analgesics. Cancer Nurs 3:
155--157
Frank RM, Herdly J, Philippe E (1965) Acquired dental defects and salivary gland lesions
after irradiation for carcinoma. J Am Dent Ass 70: 868--883
Frank RM, Herdly J, Philippe E (1965) Acquired dental defects and salivary gland lesions
after irradiation for carcinoma. J Am Dent Ass 70: 868--883
Frantzides C, Cowles V, Salaymeh B et al. (1992) Morphine effects on human colonic
myoelectric activity in the postoperative period. Am J Surg 163: 144--149
Fraser HM, Chapman V, Dickenson AH (1992) Spinal local anaesthetic actions on afferent
evoked responses and wind-up of nociceptive neurones in the rat spinal cord: combination
with morphine produces marked potentiation of antinociception. Pain 49: 33--41
Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Okeson GC et al. (1991) Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
A comparison of postoperative pulmonary function. Ann Surg 213(6): 651--653
Frederickson RCA, Burgis V, Edwars JD (1977) Hyperalgesia induced by naloxone follows
diurnal rhythm in responsivity to painful stimuli. Science 198: 756--758
Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G et al. (1994) Nomenclature and classification of
purinoceptors. Pharmacol Rev 46: 143--156
Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G et al. (1997) Nomenclature and classification of
purinoceptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 18: 79--82
Fredholm BB, Dunwiddie TV (1988) How does adenosine inhibit transmitter release? Trends
Pharmacol Sci 9: 130--134
Freeman W, Watts JW (1950) Psychosurgery. In: The Treatment of Mental Disorders and
Intractable Pain. 2nd ed., Charles C Thomas (Springfield)
Freier DO, Fuchs BA (1994) A mechanism of action for morphine-induced
immunosuppression: corticosterone mediates morphine-induced suppression of natural
killer cell activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270(3): 1127--1133
French ED (1997) delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol excites rat VTA dopamine neurons through
activation of cannabinoid CB1 but not opioid receptors. Neurosci Lett 226(3): 159--162
French LA, Galicich JH (1964) The use of steroids for control of cerebral edema. Clin
Neurosurg 10: 212--213
Freund F, Martin W, Wong K et al. (1973) Abdominal muscle rigidity induced by morphine
and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 38: 358--362
Freye E (1974) Cardiovascular effects of high doses of fentanyl, meperidine, and naloxone in
dogs. Anesth Analg 53: 40--47
Freye E (1991) Opioide in der Medizin, Springer, S. 23
Freye E, Hartung E, Schenk SG (1983) Bremazocine an opioid that induces sedation and
analgesia without respiratory depression. Anesth Analg 62: 483--488
Freye E, Kuschinsky K (1976) Effects of fentanyl and droperidol on the dopamine
metabolism of the rat striatum. Pharm 14 : 1--7
Fridén BE, Makiya R, Nilsson BM et al. (1994) The human placental immunoglobulin G
receptor and immunoglobuin G transport. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171: 258--263
Friderichs E, Felgenhauer F, Jongschaap P et al. (1978) Pharmakologische Untersuchungen
zur Analgesie, Abhängigkeits-und Toleranzentwicklung von Tramadol, einem stark
wirkenden Analgetikum. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 28 (I): 122--134
Fries JF, Williams CA, Bloch DA et al. (1991) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugassociated gastropathy: incidence and risk factors model. Am J Med 91: 213--222
Friese N, Diop L, Chevalier E et al. (1997) Involvement of prostaglandins and CGRPdependent sensory afferents in peritoneal irritation-induced visceral pain. Regul Pept
70(1): 1--7
Friesen RH, Lockhart CH (1992) Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for preanesthetic
medication of pediatric day surgery with and without droperidol as a prophylactic antiemetic. Anesthesiology 76: 46--51
Frith JC, Mönkkönen J, Blackburn GM et al. (1997) Clodronate and liposome-encapsulated
clodronate are metabolized to a toxic ATP analog, adenosine 5'-(beta, gammadichloromethylene) triphosphate, by mammalian cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 9: 1358-1367
Fritschy JM, Paysan J, Enna A et al. (1994) Switch in the expression of rat GABAA-receptor
subtypes during postnatal development: an immunohistochemical study. J Neurosci 9:
5302--5324
Frobert O, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bak P et al. (1995) Oesophageal sensation assessed by electrical
stimuli and brain evoked potentials--a new model for visceral nociception. Gut 37(5): 603-609
Fromm D (1987) How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect gastric mucosal
defenses? Clin Invest Med 3: 251--258
Fromm D (1987) Mechanisms involved in gastric mucosal resistance to injury. Annu Rev
Med 38: 119--128
Fromm MF, Eckhardt K, Li S et al. (1997) Loss of analgesic effect of morphine due to
coadministration of rifampin Pain 72(1--2): 261--267
Frostell CG, Blomqvist H, Hedenstierna G et al. (1993) Inhaled nitric oxide selectively
reverses human hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction without causing systemic
vasodilatation. Anesthesiology 78: 427--435
Frussa-Filho R, Rocha JB, Conceicao IM et al. (1996) Effects of dopaminergic agents on
visceral pain measured by the mouse writhing test. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 331(1): 74-93
Fu JY, Masferrer JL, Seibert K et al. (1990) The induction and suppression of prostaglandin
H2 synthase (cyclooxygenase) in human monocytes. J Biol Chem 265: 16737--16740
Fu LW, O'Neill CA, Longhurst JC (1997) Increased histamine and 5-HT in portal vein plasma
and mesenteric lymph during brief ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol 273(3Pt2):
H1135--1141
Fu QG, Carstens E, Stelzer B et al. (1988) B vitamins suppress spinal dorsal horn nociceptive
neurons in the cat. Neurosci Lett 95(1--3): 192--197
Fuder H (1985) Selected aspects of presynaptic modulation of noradrenaline release from the
heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7(S5): S2--7
Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H (1998) Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with a
combination of granisetron and droperidol. Anesth Analg 86(3): 613--616
Fujimura M, Myou S, Kamio Y (1997) Inhibitory effect of indomethacin on tachyphylaxis in
response to acetaldehyde-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. J Allergy
Clin Immunol 99(5): 620--623
Fulfaro F, Casuccio A, Ticozzi C et al. (1998) The role of bisphosphonates in the treatment of
painful metastatic bone disease: a review of phase III trials. Pain 1998 78(3): 157--169
Fulfaro F, Casuccio A, Ticozzi C et al. (1998) The role of bisphosphonates in the treatment of
painful metastatic bone disease: a review of phase III trials. Pain 1998 78(3): 157--169
Fuller RW, Karlsson JA, Choudry NB et al. (1988) Effect of inhaled and systemic opiates on
responses to inhaled capsaicin in humans. J Apppl Physiol 65(3): 1125--1130
Furrer M, Rechsteiner R, Eigenmann V et al. (1997) Thoracotomy and thoracoscopy:
postoperative pulmonary function, pain and chest wall complaints. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg
1: 82--87
Furst DE (1995) Practical clinical pharmacology and drug interactions of low-dose
methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 34(S2): 20--35
Fusco BM, Geppetti P, Fanciullacci M et al. (1991) Local application of capsaicin for the
treatment of cluster headache and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 11: 234-235
Fuxe K, Tinner B, Bjelke B et al (1990a) Monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the
intermedio-lateral horn of the spinal cord. II. Relationship to preganglionic sympathetic
neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2: 451--460
Fuxe K, Tinner B, Bjelke B et al. (1990b) Monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the
intermedio-lateral horn of the spinal cord: I. Distribution patterns of nerve terminal
networks. Eur J Neurosci 2: 430--450
Fyffe REW, Perl ER (1984) Is ATP a central synaptic mediator for certain primary afferent
fibers from mammalian skin? Proc Natl Acad Sci 81: 6890--6893
Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C (1991) Risk for serious gastrointestinal
complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A meta-analysis Ann
Intern Med 115(10): 787--96
Gaeta RR, Macario A, Brodsky JB (1995) Pain outcomes after thoracotomy: lumbar epidural
hydromorphone versus interpleural bupivacaine. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9(5): 534-537
Gaiarsa JL, McLean H, Congar P et al. (1995) Postnatal maturation of gamma-aminobutyric
acidA and B-mediated inhibition in the CA3 hippocampal region of the rat. J Neurobiol 3:
339--349
Gaiarsa JL, Tseeb V, Ben-Ari Y (1995) Postnatal development of pre- and postsynaptic
GABAB-mediated inhibitions in the CA3 hippocampal region of the rat. J Neurophysiol
73(1): 246--255
Gal TJ, Di Fazio CA, Moscicki J (1982) Analgesic and respiratory depressant acitivity of
nalbuphine: a comparison with morphine. Anesthesiology 57: 367--374
Galeotti N, Ghelardini C, Capaccioli S et al. (1997) Blockade of clomipramine and
amitriptyline analgesia by an antisense oligonucleotide to mKv1.1, a mouse Shaker-like
K+ channel. Eur J Pharmacol 330(1): 15--25
Gallagher RM (1986) Emergency treatment of intractable migraine. Headache 26: 74--75
Gallegos KV, Browne CH, Veit FW et al. (1988) Addiction in anesthesiologists: drug access
and patterns of substance abuse. QRB 14: 116--122
Galt RHM (1977) The opiate anomalies - another possible explanation. J Pharm Pharmacol
29: 711--714
Gamse R, Holzer P, Lembeck F (1979) Indirect evidence for presynaptic location of opiate
receptors on chemosensitive primary sensory neurons. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
Pharmacol 308: 281--285
Gandevia SC, Hales JP (1997) The methodology and scope of human microneurography. J
Neurosci Methods 74(2): 123--136
Gao K, Chen DO, Genzen JR et al. (1998) Activation of serotoninergic neurons in the raphe
magnus is not necessary for morphine analgesia. J Neurosci 18(5): 1860--1868
García D, Fernández A, Sáenz T et al. (1996) Antiinflammatory effects of different extracts
and harpagoside isolated from Scrophularia frutescens L. Farmaco 51(6): 443--446
Garcia Rodriguez LA, Jick K (1994) Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation
associated with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 343: 769--772
García Rodríguez LA, Williams R, Derby LE (1994) Acute liver injury associated with
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the role of risk factors. Arch Intern Med 154(3):
311--316
Gardocki CF, Yelnosky J (1964) A study of some of the pharmacologic actions of fentanyl
citrate. Tox Appl Pharm 6: 48--62
Garfield JM, Gugino L (1987) Central effects of local anesthetic agents. In: Local anesthetics
(Strichartz GR, ed.), Springer, pp 253--284
Garnett WR (1996) GI effects of OTC analgesics: implications for product selection. J Am
Pharm Assoc (Wash) NS36(9): 565--572
Garrett JM, Sauer WG, Moertel CG (1967) Colonic motility in ulcerative colitis after opiate
administration. Gastroenterol 53: 93--100
Gaspardone A, Crea F, Tomai F et al. (1994) Substance P potentiates the algogenic effects of
intraarterial infusion of adenosine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 477--482
Gates M, Tschudi G (1956) Synthesis of morphine. J Am Chem Soc 78: 1380
Gauchy C, Agid Y, Glowinski J et al. (1973) Acute effects of morphine on dopamine
synthesis and release and tyrosine metabolism in the rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 22: 311-319
Gault MH, Barret BJ (1998) Analgesic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 32: 351--360
Gault MH, Rudwal TC, Redmond NI (1968) Analgesic habits of 500 veterans: incidence and
complications of abuse. Can Med Assoc J 98: 619--626
Gaumann DM, Grabow TS, Yaksh TL et al. (1990) Intrathecal somatostatin, somatostatin
analogs, substance P analog and dynorphin A cause comparable neurotoxicity in rats.
Neuroscience 39(3):761--774
Gauvain-Piquard A, Meignier M (1993) La douleur de l'enfant. Kapitel 7: Faut-il traiter la
douleur? Calmann-Lévy (Paris)
Gear RW, Miaskowski C, Heller PH et al. (1997) Benzodiazepine mediated antagonism of
opioid analgesia. Pain 71(1): 25--59
Gebhart GF, Ossipov MH (1986) Characterization of inhibition of the spinal nociceptive tailflick reflex in the rat from the medullary lateral reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 3: 701--713
Gebhart GF, Sandkühler J, Thalhammer JG et al. (1983a) Inhibition of spinal nociceptive
information by stimulation in midbrain of the cat is blocked by lidocaine microinjected in
nucleus raphe magnus and medullary reticular formation. J Neurophysiol 50(6): 1446-1459
Gebhart GF, Sandkühler J, Thalhammer JG et al. (1983b) Quantitative comparison of
inhibition in spinal cord nociceptive information by stimulation in periaqueductal gray or
nucleus raphe magnus and medullary reticular formation of the cat. J Neurophysiol 50(6):
1433--1445
Gefke K, Andersen LW, Friesel F (1983) Lidocaine given intravenously as a suppressant of
cough and laryngospasm in connections with extubation after tonsillectomy.
Anesthesiology 27: 111--112
Geisslinger G, Schaible HG (1996) New insights into the site and mode of antinociceptive
action of flurbiprofen enantiomers. J Clin Pharmacol 36: 513--520
Geissner E, Heuser J, Goebel G et al. (1996). Stationäre verhaltensmedizinische Therapie bei
Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen: Behandlungsansatz und Evaluation. Zeitschrift für
Gesundheitspsychologie 4(2): 152--176
Geldner G, Hubmann M, Knoll R (1997) Comparison between three transmucosal routes of
administration of midazolam in children. Paediatr Anaesth 7(2): 103--109
Gentili ME, Bonnet F (1993) Atténuation temporaire des douleurs de membre fantôme après
rachianesthésie associant bupivacaine et clonidine. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 12(3): 323--325
Gentleman S, Parenti M, Commissiong JW et al. (1981) Dopamine-activated adenylate
cyclase of spinal cord: supersensitivity following transection of the cord. Brain Res 210:
271--275
George JM, Reier CE, Lanese RR et al. (1974) Morphine anaesthesia blocks cortisol and
growth hormone response to surgical stress in humans. J Clin Invest Metab 38(5): 736-741
George R (1971) Hypothalamus: Anterior pituitary gland. In: Narcotic Drugs, Biochem.
Pharmacol. (Clouet D, ed. ), Plenum (NY) pp 283--299
Georgis SD, Hoyt JL, Sokoll MD (1971) Effects of Innovar and Innovar plus nitrous oxide on
muscle tone and the H-reflex. Anesth Analg 50: 743--747
Geppetti P, del Bianco E, Cecconi R et al. (1992) Capsaicin releases calcitonin gene related
peptide from human iris and ciliary body in vitro. Regul Peptides 41: 83--92
Geppetti P, Del Bianco E, Tramontana M et al. (1991) Arachidonic acid and bradykinin share
a common pathway to release neuropeptide from capsaicin-sensitive sensory fibers of the
guinea pig heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259: 759--765
Germonpré PR, Joos GF, Mekeirele K (1997) Role of the 5-HT receptor in neurogenic
inflammation in Fisher 344 rat airways Eur J Pharmacol 324(2--3): 249--255
GeschwindeTH (1985) Rauschdrogen. Springer
Getschman SJ, Dietrich AM, Franklin WH et al. (1994) Intraosseous adenosine. As effective
as peripheral or central venous administration? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148(6): 616-619
Getto CJ, Fullerton DJ, Carlson IH (1988) Plasma immunoreactive B-endorphin response to
glucose ingestion in human obesity. Appetite 5: 329--334
Gewirtz AS, Miller ML, Keys TF (1996) The clinical usefulness of the preoperative bleeding
time. Arch Pathol Lab Med 120(4): 353--356
Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Bartolini A (1997) Caffeine induces central cholinergic analgesia.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 356: 590--595
Giacomini KM, Giacomini JC, Gibson TP et al. (1980) Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene
plasma concentrations after oral propoxyphene in cirrhotic patients with and without
surgically constructed portocaval shunt. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 414--417
Giamberardino MA, de Bigontina P, Martegiani C et al. (1994) Effects of extracorporeal
shock-wave lithotripsy on referred hyperalgesia from renal/ureteral calculosis. Pain 56: 77-83
Giannakoulopoulos X, Sepulveda W, Kourtis P et al. (1994) Fetal plasma cortisol and βendorphin response to intrauterine needling. Lancet 344: 77--81
Giardino L, Calza L, Montanini V et al. (1990) Functional plasticity of opioid peptides: Daily
rhythms in opiate receptors. In: Advances in Pain and Therapy (Benedetti C, Chapman CR,
Giron G, eds., ), Raven (NY) Vol 14, p 101
Giarman NJ, Condouris GA (1954) The antidiuretic action of morphine and some of its
analogs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 97: 28--33
Giarman NJ, Mattie LR (1953) Studies on the antidiuretic action of morphine. Science 117:
225--226
Gibbins IL, Furness JB, Costa M (1987) Pathway-specific patterns of the co-existence of
substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin and dynorphin in neurons of
the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig. Cell Tissue Res 248: 417--437
Gibbs LM, Kendig JJ (1992) Substance P and NMDA receptor-mediated slow potentials in
neonatal rat spinal cord: age-related changes. Brain Res 595(2): 236--241
Gierarts R, Navalgund A, Vaes L et al. (1987) Increased incidence of itching and herpes
simplex in patients given epidural morphine after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 66:
1321--1324
Gierse JK, Hauser SD, Creely DP et al. (1995) Expression and selective inhibition of the
constitutive and inducible forms of human cyclo-oxygenase. Biochem J 305: 479--484
Giesler GJ jr, Katter JT, Dado RJ (1994) Direct spinal pathways to the limbic system for
nociceptive information. TINS 17(6): 244--250
Gilbert PE, Martin WR (1976) The effects of morphine- and nalorphine-like drugs in the
nondependent morphine-dependent and cylazocine-dependent chronic spinal dog, J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 198: 66--82
Gilbert RW, Kim JH, Posner JB (1978) Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic
tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Neurol 3(1): 40--51
Gilchrest BA, Rowe JW, Brown RS et al. (1979) Ultraviolet phototherapy of uremic pruritus.
Long-term results and possible mechanism of action. Ann Intern Med 91(1): 17--21
Giles TD, Burch GE (1970) Anesthesia, dogs and cardiovascular data. Am Heart J 79: 141-142
Gillberg PG, d’Argy R, Aquilonius SM (1988) Autoradiographic distribution of
[3H]acetylcholine binding sites in the cervical spinal cord of man and some other species.
Neurosci Lett 90: 197--202
Gintzler AR, Adapa ID, Toll L et al. (1997) Modulation of enkephalin release by nociceptin
(orphanin FQ). Eur J Pharmacol 325(1): 29--34
Giugliano D (1992) Opioid peptides and obesity. Eur J Neurol 1(2): 90--96
Givens JR, Kurtz BR, Kitabchi AE et al. (1987) Reduction of hyperinsulinemia and insulin
resistance by opiate receptor blockade in the polycystic ovary syndrome with acanthosis
nigricans. J Clin Endocrin Metab 64: 377--382
Givens JR, Wiedemann E, Andersen RN et al. (1980) Beta-endorphin and Beta-lipotropin
plasma levels in hirsute women: correlation with body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:
975--976
Gladtke E, Schauseil-Zipf U (1987) Reye-Syndrom Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 135(10): 699-704
Glaeske G (1996) Wieviel Mißbrauch? Münch Med Wschr 138: 46/520--48/522
Glass PS, Doherty M, Jacobs JR et al. (1993) Plasma concentration of fentanyl, with 70%
nitrous oxide, to prevent movement at skin incision. Anesthesiology 78(5): 842--847
Glazer EJ, Basbaum AI (1984) Axons which take up |3H|serotonin are presynaptic to
enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in cat dorsal horn. Brain Res 298: 389--391
Glazer EJ, Steinbusch H, Verhofstad A et al. (1981) Serotonin neurons in nucleus raphe
dorsalis and paragigantocellularis of the rat contain enkephalin. J Physiol (Paris) 77: 241-245
Glen-Bott AM (1987) Aspirin and Reye's syndrome. A reappraisal. Med Toxicol 3: 161--165
Gliemroth J, Heise S, Missler U (1996) A 64-year-old man with diabetes and ascending
paraplegia. Lancet 347(9000): 516
Glynn CJ, Mather LE (1982) Clinical pharmacokinetics applied to patients with intractable
pain: Studies with pethidine. Pain 13: 237--246
Glynn CJ, Mather LE, Cousins MJ et al. (1979) Spinal narcotics and respiratory depression.
Lancet i: 356--357
Go VLW, Yaksh TL (1987) Release of substance P from the cat spinal cord. J Physiol 391:
141--167
Göbel H, Hamouz V, Hansen C et al. (1994) Chronic tension-type headache: amitriptyline
reduces clinical headach-duration and experimental pain sensitivity but does not alter
pericranial muscle activity readings. Pain 59: 241--249
Göbel H, Hamouz V, Hansen C et al. (1994) Chronic tension-type headache: amitriptyline
reduces clinical headach-duration and experimental pain sensitivity but does not alter
pericranial muscle activity readings. Pain 59: 241--249
Gockel HH (1997) Vorstellung eines neuen Dokumentationssystems. Der Schmerz 11(S1):
A3
Godefroy F, Weil-Fugazza J, Bineau-Thurotte M et al. (1981) The relationship between
morphine analgesia and the activity of bulbo-spinal serotonergic system as studied by
tolerance phenomenon.Brain Res 226(1--2): 201--210
Goettl VM, Larson AA (1996) Nitric oxide mediates long-term hyperalgesic and
antinociceptive effects of the N-terminus of substance P in the formalin assay in mice. Pain
67(2--3): 435--441
Gogas KR, Presley RW, Levine JD et al. (1991) The antinociceptive action of supraspinal
opioids results form an increase in descending inhibitory control: correlation of behaviour
and c-fos expression. Neurosci 42: 617--628
Goicoechea C, Ormazábal MJ, Alfaro MJ et al. (1997) Age-related changes in nociception,
behavior, and monoamine levels in rats. Gen Pharmacol 2: 331--336
Goland RS, Jozac S, Conwell I (1994) Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone and the
hypercorticosolism of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171: 1287--1291
Gold BS, Kitz DS, Lecky JH et al. (1989) Unanticipated admission to the hospital following
ambulatory surgery. JAMA 262: 3008--3010
Gold MS (1993) Opiate addiction and the locus coeruleus: the clinical utility of clonidine,
naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine. Psychiat Clin N Am 16: 61--73
Gold MS, Dastmalchi S, Levine JD (1997) Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat dorsal
root and superior cervical ganglion neurons. Pain 69(1--2): 179--190
Gold MS, Pottash AC, Sweeney DR et al. (1980) Opiate withdrawal using clonidine. A safe,
effective and rapid non-opiate treatment. JAMA 243: 343--346
Gold MS, Redmond DE, Kleber HD (1978) Clonidine in opiate withdrawal. Lancet 29: 929
Gold MS, Reichling DB, Shuster MJ et al. (1996) Hyperalgesic agents increase a
tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current in nociceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(3): 1108-1112
Goldberg AH (1973) Myocardial depression by fentanyl and morphine. Anesthesiology 38:
600--602
Goldberg AH, Padget CH (1969) Comparative effects of morphine and fentanyl on isolated
heart muscle. Anesth Analg 48: 978--982
Goldberg IE, Rossi GC, Letchworth SR et al. (1998) Pharmacological characterization of
endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in mouse brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286(2): 1007-1013
Goldberg M, Ishak S, Garcia C et al. (1985) Postoperative rigidity following sufentanil
administration. Anesthesiology 63: 199--201
Golden NL, King KC, Sokol RJ (1982) Propoxyphene and acetaminophen. Possible effects on
the fetus. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 12: 752--724
Goldhill J, Pichat P, Roome N et al. (1998) Effect of mizolastine on visceral sensory afferent
sensitivity and inflammation during experimental colitis. Arzneimittelforschung 48(2):
179--184
Goldschneider KR (1998) Long-term consequences of pain in infancy. IASP Newsletter
July/August
Goldstein A (1974) Opiate receptors. Life Sci 14: 615--623
Goldstein A, Fischli W, Lowney LI et al. (1981) Porcine pituitary dynorphin: complete amino
acid sequence of the biologically active heptadecapeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:
7219--7223
Goldstein A, James IF (1984) Multiple opioid receptors: criteria for identification and
classification. Trends Pharmacol Sci 5: 503--505
Goldstein A, Lowney LI, Pal BK (1971) Stereospecific and nonspecific interactions of the
morphine congener levorphanol in subcellular fractions of mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 68: 1742--1745
Goldstein A, Tachibana S, Lowney LI et al. (1979) Dynorphin-(1-13), an extraordinary potent
opioid peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 76: 6666--6670
Goldstein SR, Matsumoto RR, Thompson TL et al. (1989) Motor effects of two sigma ligands
mediated by nigrostratial dopamine neurons. Synapse 4: 254--258
Goldstein-Dresner MC, Davis PJ, Kretchman E et al. (1991) Double-blind comparison of oral
transmucosal fentanyl citrate with oral meperidine, diazepam, and atropine as preanesthetic
medication in children with congenital heart disease. Anesthesiology 74: 28--33
Goltz D (1974) Studien zur altorientalischen und griechischen Heilkunde. TherapieArzneiberatung-Rezeptstruktur. In: Beihefte zu Sudhoffs Archiv, Steiner (Wiesbaden):
Band 16
Gong L, Kostrzewa RM (1992) Supersensitized oral responses to a serotonin agonist in
neonatal 6-OHDA-treated rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41(3): 621--623
Gonzales R, Goldyne ME, Taiwo et al. (1989) Production of hyperalgesic prostaglandins by
sympathetic postganglionic neurons. J Neurochem 53: 1595--1598
Goodwin SD, Glenny RW (1992) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated pulmonary
infiltrates with eosinophilia. Review of the literature and Food and Drug Administration
Adverse Drug Reaction reports. Arch Intern Med 152(7): 1521--1524
Goppelt-Struebe M, Beiche F (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 in the spinal cord: localization and
regulation after a peripheral inflammatory stimulus. Adv Exp Biol 433: 213--216
Gordh T jr (1988) Epidural clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain after thoracotomy: a
double blind placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 32: 702--709
Gordh T jr, Jansson I, Hartvig I et al. (1989) Interactions between noradrenergic and
cholinergic mechanisms involved in spinal nociceptive processing. Acta Anaesth Scand
33: 39--47
Gordh T jr, Post C, Olsson Y (1986) Evaluation of the toxicity of subarachnoid clonidine,
guanfacine and substance P-antagonist on rat spinal cord and nerve roots: light and
electron microscopic observations after chronic intrathecal administration. Anesth Analg
65: 1303--1311
Gordon SM, Dionne RA, Brahim J et al. (1997) Blockade of peripheral neuronal barrage
reduces postoperative pain. Pain 70(2-3): 209--215
Goschke H, Bär E, Girard J et al. (1978) Glucagon, insulin, cortisol and growth hormone
levels following major surgery: their relationship to glucose and free-fatty acid elevations.
Horm Metab Res 10: 465--470
Gostomzyk JG, Heller WD (1987) Betäubungsmittelverschreibung in der ärztlichen Praxis.
Münch Med Wochenschr 129: 213--215
Gottschalk A, Smith DS, Jobes DR et al. (1998) Preemptive epidural analgesia and recovery
from radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 279(14): 1076--1082
Gouarderes C, Cros J, Quirion R (1985) Autoradiographic localization of mu, delta and kappa
opioid receptor binding sites in rat and guinea-pig spinal cord. Neuropeptides 6: 331--342
Gouarderes C, Jhamandas K, Sutak M et al. (1996) Role of opioid receptors in the spinal
antinociceptive effects of neuropeptide FF analogues. Br J Pharmacol 117(3): 493--501
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Cousins MJ (1985) Cephalead migration of morphine in CSF
following lumbar epidural administration in patients with cancer pain. Pain 23(4): 317-326
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Plummer JL et al. (1987) The influence of drug polarity on the
absorption of opioid drugs into CSF and subsequent cephalad migration following lumbar
epidural administration: Application to morphine and pethidine. Pain 31: 297--305
Gourlay GK, Murray TM, Plummer L et al. (1989) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in lumbar
and cervical CSF following lumbar epidural and intravenous administration. Pain 38: 253-259
Gozariu M, Bragard D, Willer JC et al. (1997) Temporal summation of C-fiber afferent
inputs: competition between facilitatory and inhibitory effects on C-fiber reflex in the rat. J
Neurophysiol 78: 3165--3179
Grabinski PY, Kaiko RF, Rogers AG et al. (1983) Plasma levels and analgesia following
deltoid and gluteal injections of methadone and morphine. J Clin Pharmacol 23: 48--55
Grabowski PS, Macpherson H, Ralston SH (1996) Nitric oxide production in cells derived
from the human joint. Br J Rheumatol 35: 207--212
Gracely R, Lynch SA, Bennett GJ (1993) Painful neuropathy: altered central processing
maintained dynamically by peripheral input. Pain 51: 175--194
Gracely RH, Dubner R (1987) Reliability and validity of verbal descriptor scales of
painfulness. Pain 2: 175--185
Gracely RH, Lota L, Walter DJ et al. (1988) A multiple random staircase method of
psychophysical pain assessment. Pain 32(1): 55--63
Gracely RH, McGrath P, Dubner R (1978) Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory
and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam. Pain 5: 19--29
Gracely RH, McGrath P, Dubner R (1978) Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory
and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam. Pain 5: 19--29
Graczyk SG, McKenzie R, Kallar S et al. (1997) Intravenous dolasetron for the prevention of
postoperative nausea and vomiting after outpatient laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
Anesth Analg 84(2): 325--330
Gradison S, Guidotti A (1977) Stimulation of food intake by muscimol and ?-endorphin.
Neuropharm 16: 533--536
Graham DY, Malaty HM, Goodgame R (1997) Primary amino-bisphosphonates: a new class
of gastrotoxic drugs -- comparison of alendronate and aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 92(8):
1322--1325
Graham LT, Shank PR, Werman R et al. (1967) Distribution of some synaptic transmitter
suspects in cat spinal cord. J Neurochem 14: 465--472
Graham NMH, Burrell CJ, Douglas RM et al. (1990) Adverse effects of aspirin,
acetaminophen, and ibuprofen on immune function, viral shedding, and clinical status in
rhinovirus-infected volunteers. J Infect Dis 162: 1277--1282
Graham SH, Sharp FR, Dillon W (1988) Intraoral sensation in patients with brainstem lesions:
role of the rostral spinal trigeminal nuclei in pons. Neurology 38(10): 1529--1533
Granata AR (1993) Ascending and descending convergent inputs to neurons in the nucleus
parabrachialis of the rat: an intracellular study. Brain Res 600(2): 315--321
Grattidge P (1998) Nausea and vomiting after major arthroplasty with spinal anaesthesia
including morphine: a randomised trial of subhypnotic propofol infusion as prophylaxis.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42(1): 124--127
Graubard DJ, Robertazzi R, Petersen MC (1948) One year’s experience with intravenous
procaine. Anesth Analg 27: 222--226
Grauer SM, Tao R, Auerbach SB (1992) Morphine induces an increase in extracellular
serotonin in the rat diencephalon. Brain Res 599: 277--282
Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P et al. (1997) Stimulus-response functions in
areas with experimentally induced referred muscle pain - a psychophysical study. Brain
Res 744(1): 121--128
Gravenstein JS, Kory WP, Marks RG (1983) Drug abuse by anesthesia personnel. Anesth
Analg 62: 467--472
Gray BG, Dostrovsky JO (1984) Red nucleus modulation of somatosensory responses of cat
spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res 311: 171--175
Greaves MW (1992) Itching - research has barely scratched the surface. N Engl J Med
326(15): 1016--1017
Green JF, Jackman AP, Krohn KA (1978) Mechanism of morphine-induced shifts on blood
volume betreen extracorporeal reservoir and the systemic circulation of the dog under
conditions of constant blood flow and vena caval pressures. Circ Res 42: 479--486
Green JF, Jackman AP, Parsons G (1978) The effects of morphine on the mechanical
properties of the systemic circulation in the dog. Circ Res 42: 474--478
Greenamyre JT, Young AB, Penney JB (1984) Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of
L-[3H]-glutamate binding sites in the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci 4: 2133--2144
Greenberg HS, Kim JH, Posner JB (1980) Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic
tumor: results with a new treatment protocol. Ann Neurol 8(4): 361--366
Greenberg RS, Maxwell LG, Zahurak M et al. (1995) Preanesthetic medication of children
with midazolam using the Biojector Jet Injector. Anesthesiology 83: 264--269
Greenblatt DJ, Allen MD (1978) Intramuscular injection-site complications JAMA 240: 542-542
Greene NM (1969) Physiology of spinal anesthesia. 3rd ed., Williams & Wilkins (Baltimore),
Ch 1: Distribution of local anesthetics in spinal fluid; uptake, elimination.
Greene NM (1983) Uptake and elimination of local anesthetics during spinal anesthesia.
Anesth Analg 62: 1013--1024
Greene NM (1985) Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space.
Anesth Analg 64: 715--730
Greenspan D, Daniels TE (1987) Effectiveness of pilocarpine in postradiation xerostomia.
Cancer 59: 1123--1125
Greenspan JD, Lee RR, Lenz FA (1999) Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion
location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain 81(3): 273--282
Greenstein AJ, Kaynan A, Singer A et al. (1972) A comparative study of pentazocine and
meperidine on the biliary passage pressure. Am J Gastroenterol 58: 417--427
Greenwood MT, Guo Y, Kumar U et al. (1997) Distribution of protein inhibitor of neuronal
nitric oxide synthase in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238(2): 617--621
Gregg NM (1941) Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophth
Soc Australia 3 : 35--46
Gregory RE, Grossman S, Sheidler VR (1992) Grand mal seizures associated with high-dose
intravenous morphine infusions: incidence and possible etiology. Pain 51: 255--259
Gremillion DH, Mursch SB, Lerner CJ (1983) Injection site abscesses caused by
Mycobacterium chelonei. Infect Control 1: 25--28
Gretzer B, Ehrlich K, Maricic N et al. (1998) Selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and their
influence on the protective effect of a mild irritant in the rat stomach. Br J Pharmacol 123:
927--935
Grewe R, Mondon A (1948) Synthesis in the phenanthrene series: VI. Synthesis of
morphinan. Chem Ber 81: 279--286
Griffin MR, Piper JM, Daugherty JR et al. (1991) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
and increased risk for peptic ulcer disease in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 114: 257-263
Griffin TC, McIntire D, Buchanan GR (1994) High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone
therapy for pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. New Engl J Med 330:
733--737
Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA (1986a) Human coffee drinking: reinforcing and
physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239: 416--425
Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA et al. (1986b) Human coffee drinking: manipulation of
concentration and caffeine dose. J Exp Anal Behav 45: 133--148
Griffiths RR, Woodson PP (1988) Reinforcing properties of caffeine: studies in humans and
laboratory animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29: 419--427
Grimaldi M, Florio T, Schettini G (1997) Somatostatin inhibits interleukin 6 release from rat
cortical type I astrocytes via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 235(1): 242--248
Grimlund K (1963) Phenacetin and renal damage at a Swedish factory. Acta Medica
Scandinavia 174: 1--26
Grove LH (1973) Backache, headache and bladder dysfunction after delivery. Br J Anaesth
45: 1147--1149
Gruber CM, Robinson PI (1929) Studies on the influence of morphine, papaverine and
quinidine upon the heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 37: 429--449
Grunau VE, Whitfield MF, Petrie JH et al. (1994): Early pain experience, child and family
factors, as precursors of somatization: a prospective study of extremely premature and
fullterm children. Pain 56: 353--359
Grundy HF (1971) Cardiovascular effects of morphine, pethidine, diamorphine and
nalorphine on the cat and rabbit. Br J Pharmacol 42: 159--178
Guard S, Watson SP (1991) Tachykinin receptor types: Classification and membrane
signalling mechanisms. Neurochem Int 18: 149--165
Guasti L, Gaudio G, Zanotta D et al. (1999) Relationship between a genetic predisposition to
hypertension, blood pressure levels and pain sensitivity. Pain 82(3): 311--317
Gudermann T, Kalkbrenner F, Schultz G (1996) Diversity and selectivity of receptor-G
protein interaction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36: 429--459
Guerrini R, Calo G, Rizzi A et al. (1998) A new selective antagonist of the nociceptin
receptor. Br J Pharmacol 123(2): 163--165
Guilbaud G, Le Bars D, Besson JM (1976) Bradykinin as a Tool in Neurophysiological
Studies in Pain Mechanisms. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (Bonica JJ, AlbeFessard D, eds.), Raven Press (NY), Vol 1, pp 67--73
Guillemin R (1977) Endorphins, brain peptides that act like opiates. N Engl J Med 296: 116-118
Guise TA, Yin JJ, Taylor SD et al. (1996) Evidence for a causal role of parathyroid hormonerelated protein in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. J Clin
Invest 98(7): 1544 – 1549
Gulati A, Bhargava HN (1988) Cardiovascular responses to kappa opioid agonists in intact
and adrenal demedullated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 156(2): 247--257
Gullner HG, Nicholson WE, Wilson MG (1982) The response of plasma immunoreactive
adreno-corticotropin, β-endorphin, β-lipotropin and cortisol to experimentally induced pain
in normal subjects. Clin Scie 63(4): 397--400
Gully D, Labeeuw B, Boigegrain R et al. (1997) Biochemical and pharmacological activities
of SR 142948A, a new potent neurotensin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
280(2): 802--812
Gundlach AL, Largent BL, Snyder SH (1986) Autoradiographic localization of σ-receptor
binding sites in guinea pig and rat central nervous system with (+)-3H-3-(3-hydroxphenyl)N-(1-propyl)-piperidine. J. Neurosci 6: 1757--1770
Guo TZ, Jiang JY, Buttermann AE, Maze M (1996) Dexmedetomidine injection into the locus
ceruleus produces antinociception. Anesthesiology 84(4): 873--881
Gürdal H, Sara Y, Tulunay FC (1992) Effects of calcium channel blockers on formalininduced nociception and inflammation in rats. Pharmacology 44(5): 290--296
Gurwell JA, Duncan MJ, Maderspach K et al. (1996) Kappa-opioid receptor expression
defines a phenotypically distinct subpopulation of astroglia: relationship to Ca2+
mobilization, development, and the antiproliferative effect of opioids. Brain Res 737(1--2):
175--187
Gurwitz JH, Everitt DE, Monane M et al. (1996) The impact of ibuprofen on the efficacy of
antihypertensive treatment with hydrochlorothiazide in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol
Sci Med Sci 51(2): M74 – M79
Gustafsson H, de Araújo Lucas G, Schött E et al. (1998) Peripheral axotomy influences the in
vivo release of cholecystokinin in the spinal cord dorsal horn-possible involvement of
cholecystokinin-B receptors. Brain Res 790(1--2): 141--150
Gustafsson LL (1990) Systemic and local distribution of opioids after spinal administration:
Implications for their clinical use. In: Spinal narcotics (Rawal N, Coombs DW, eds. ),
Kluwer (Boston), pp 33--42
Gustafsson LL, Schildt B, Jacobsen K (1982) Adverse effects of extradural and intrathecal
opiates; report of a nationwide study in Sweden. Br J Anaesth 54: 479--486
Guth PH (1986) Gastric blood flow in ethanol injury and prostaglandin cytoprotection. Scand
J Gastroenterol 125 (S): 86--91
Guth PH, Paulsen G, Nagata H (1984) Histologic and microcirculatory changes in alcoholinduced gastric lesions in the rat: effect of prostaglandin cytoprotection. Gastroenterology
87(5): 1083--1090
Guth PH, Paulsen G, Nagata H et al. (1985) Prostaglandin cytoprotection: role of
microcirculatory changes. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 15: 637--639
Gutner LB, Gould WJ, Batterman RC (1952) The effect of potent analgesics upon vestibular
function. J Clin Invest 31: 259--266
Guttermann DD, Pardubsky PD, Pettersen M et al. (1998) Thoracic spinal neurons responses
to repeated myocardial ischemia and epicardial bradykinin. Brain Res 790(1--2): 293--303
Guy G, Rhodes A (1986) Effects of food on the absorption of morphine from MST Continus
tablets. In: Adv Manag Pain (Band P, Stewart J, Towson T, eds. ), Purdue Frederick
(Toronto), pp 131--134
Guyenet P (1980) The coerulospinal noradrenergic neurons: anatomical and
electrophysiological studies in the rat. Brain Res 189: 121--133
Guzé BH, Baxter LR jr (1985) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. N Engl J Med 313: 163--166
Gwirtz K (1990) Intraspinal narcotics in the management of postoperative pain. Anesthesiol
Rev 17: 16--28
Gwosdow AR, Kumar MS, Bode HH (1990) Interleukin 1 stimulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis. Am J Physiol 258(1 Pt 1): E65--70
Gybels J, Dom R, Cosyns P (1980) Electrical stimulation of the central gray for pain relief in
human: autopsy data. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 30: 259--268
Gybels J, Handwerker HO, van Hees J (1979) A comparison between the discharges of
human nociceptive nerve fibers and the subject's ratings of his sensations. J Physiol 292:
193--206
Haag G (1998) Kombianalgetika in der Kopfschmerztherapie. Ablehnung von
Kombinationspräparaten in der Kopfschmerztherapie wissenschaftlich gerechtfertigt?
Dtsch Apoth Ztg 138: 43--48
Haas H (1955) Zentrale Analgetika. Dtsch Apotheker Ztg 48: 1143--1148
Haas HS, Schauenstein K (1997) Neuroimmunomodulation via limbic structures--the
neuroanatomy of psychoimmunology. Prog Neurobiol 51(2): 195--222
Haas M, Gliek SM (1978) Radioimmunoassayable plasma vasopressin associated with
surgery. Am Surg 113(5): 597--600
Haas NA, Schulze-Neick I, Lange PE (1995) Intratracheal prostacyclin for resuscitation in
primary pulmonary hypertension. Letter. Lancet 346(8975): 643
Häbler HJ, Wasner G, Jänig W (1997) Interaction of sympathetic vasoconstriction and
antidromic vasodilatation in the control of skin blood flow. Exp Brain Res 113(3): 402-410
Haigh CG, Kaplan LA, Durham JM et al. (1993) Nausea and vomiting after gynaecological
surgery: a meta-analysis of factors affecting their incidence. Br J Anaesth 71: 517--522
Hakanson E, Rutberg H. Gorfeldt L (1985) Effects of extradural administration of morphine
or bupivacaine on the metabolic response to upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 57:
394--399
Haley JE, Sullivan AF, Dickenson AH (1990) Evidence for spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor involvement in prolonged chemical nociception in the rat. Brain Res 518: 218-226
Hall DT, Nougaim KE (1968). An examination of Maslow´s need hierarchy in an organizational setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 3: 12--35
Hall JM (1997) Bradykinin receptors. Gen Pharmacol 1: 1--6
Hall SM, Plaster PA, Glasgow JF et al. (1988) Preadmission antipyretics in Reye's syndrome.
Arch Dis Child 63(7): 857--866
Halligan PW, Marshall JC (1995) Supernumerary phantom limb after right hemispheric
stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59(3): 341--342
Halligan PW, Marshall JC, Wade DT et al. (1993) Thumb in cheek? Sensory reorganization
and perceptual plasticity after limb amputation. Neuroreport 3: 233--236
Halter JB, Beard JC, Porte D jr (1984) Islet function and stress hyperglycemia: plasma
glucose and epinephrine interaction. Am J Physiol 247(1 Pt 1): E47--52
Halushka PV, Mais DE, Mayeux PR et al. (1989) Thromboxane, prostaglandin and
leukotriene receptors. Anne Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 10: 213--239
Hama AT, Fritschy JM, Hammond DL (1997) Differential distribution of (GABA)A receptor
subunits on bulbospinal serotonergic and nonserotonergic neurons of the ventromedial
medulla of the rat. J Comp Neurol 384(3): 337--348
Hamamoto DT, Ortiz-Gonzaléz XR, Honda JM et al. (1998) Inplantar injection of hyaluronic
acid at low pH into the rat hindpaw produces tissue acidosis and enhances withdrawal
responses to mechanical stimuli. Pain 74(2--3): 225--234
Hamamura T, Ichimaru Y (1997) Amphetamine sensitization augments amphetamine-induced
Fos expression in the lateral habenula. Brain Res 767(1):140--143
Hamilton RC, Dundee JW, Clarke RSJ et al. (1967) Studies of drugs given before anaesthesia.
XIII: Pentazocine and other opiate antagonists.Br J Anaesth 39: 647--656
Hamilton WK, Cullen SC (1953) Effect of levalorphan tartrate upon opiate induced
respiratory depression. Anesthesiology 14: 550--554
Hammer RP jr, Ricalde AA, Seatriz JV (1989) Effects of opiates on brain development.
Neurotoxicology 3: 475--483
Hampf G, Vikkula J, Ylipaavalniemi P et al. (1987) Psychiatric disorders in orofacial
dysaesthesia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 4: 402--407
Hampson AJ, Bornheim LM, Scanziani M et al. (1998) Dual effects of anandamide on
NMDA receptor-mediated responses and neurotransmission. J Neurochem 70(2): 671--676
Handwerker HO (1984) Experimentalle Schmerzanalyse beim Menschen. In: Schmerz,
Konzepte und ärztliches Handeln (Zimmermann M, Handwerker HO), Springer
Heidelberg; S. 87--123
Handwerker HO (1991) Der Wirkungsnachweis von Ibuprofen und anderen nichtsteroidalen
Antirheumatika in der experimentellen Algesimetrie. Z Rheumatol 50(S1): 15--18
Handwerker HO, Reeh PW (1991) Pain and inflammation. In: Proceedings of the Vth World
Congress on Pain (Bond M, Charlton JE, Woolf C, eds). Pain Research and Clinical
Management, Vol. 5, Elsevier, North Holland, pp 59--70
Hankemeier UB (1997). Polypragmasie statt Konzept. Der Schmerz 11(S1): A15
Hanks GW, Forbes K (1997) Opioid responsiveness. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(1 Pt2): 154-158
Hanks GW, Hoskin PJ, Aherne GW et al. (1987) Explanation for potency of repeated oral
doses of morphine? Lancet 2: 723--725
Hanks GW, Rose NM, Aherne GW et al. (1980) Controlled-release morphine tablets:A
double-blind trial in dental surgery patients. Br J Anaesth 53: 1259--1264
Hanks GW, Twycross RG, Lloyd JW (1981) Unexpected complications of successful nerve
block. Morphine induced respiratory depression precipitated by removal of severe pain.
Anaesthesia 36: 37--39
Hanning CD, Vickers AP, Smith G et al. (1988) The morphine hydrogel suppository. A new
sustained release rectal preparation. Br J Anaesth 61: 221--227
Hao JX, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ (1997) Lack of cross-tolerance between the
antinociceptive effect of intrathecal orphanin FQ and morphine in the rat. Neurosci Lett
223(1): 49--52
Hao JX, Xu XJ (1996) Treatment of a chronic allodynia-like response in spinally injured rats:
effects of systemically administered nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Pain 66(2--3): 313-319
Hao JX, Xu XJ, Aldskogius H et al. (1991) Allodynia-like effects in rat after ischaemic spinal
cord injury photochemically induced by laser irradiation. Pain 42(5): 175--185
Hao JX, Xu XJ, Yu XX et al. (1992) Baclofen reverses the hypersensitivity of dorsal horn
wird dynamic range neurons to mechanical stimulation after transient spinal cord ischemia;
implications for a tonic GABA-ergic inhibitory control of myelinated fiber input. J
Neurophysiol 68: 392--396
Hao JX, Yu W, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z et al. (1998) Treatment of chronic allodynia in spinally
injured rats: effects of intrathecal selective opioid receptor agonists. Pain 75: 209--217
Hara K, Saito Y, Kirihara Y et al. (1998) Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal L-type calcium
channel blockers on visceral and somatic stimuli in the rat. Anesth Analg 87(2): 382--387
Harada N, Okajima K, Murakami K et al. (1997) Novel role of prostacyclin in stress-induced
gastric mucosal lesion formation in rats. J Lab Clin Med 129(6): 620--626
Harder S, Thürmann P (1996) Clinically important drug interactions with anticoagulants. An
update. Clin Pharmacokinet 6: 416--444
Hardie RM, Newton LH, Bruce JC et al. (1987) The changing clinical pattern of Reye's
syndrome 1982-1990. Arch Dis Child 74(5): 400--405
Harding SA, Collis RE, Morgan BM (1994) Meningitis after combined spinal-extradural
anaesthesia in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 73(4): 545--547
Hardy JD (1953) Method for the rapid measurement of skin temperature during exposure to
intense thermal radiation. J Appl Physiol 5: 559--566
Hardy JD (1953) Threshholds of pain and reflex contraction as related to noxious stimulation.
J Appl Physiol 5: 725--739
Hardy JD, Wolff HG, Goodell H (1950) Experimental evidence on the nature of cutaneous
hyperalgesia. J Clin Inv 29: 115--140
Hardy SG (1985) Analgesia elicited by prefrontal stimulation. Brain Res 339: 281--284
Hargreaves KM, Dubner R, Costello AH (1989) Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) has a
peripheral site of action for antinociception. Eur J Pharmacol 170: 275--279
Harmar AJ, Armstrong A, Pascall JC et al. (1986) cDNA sequence of human betapreprotachykinin, the common precursor to substance P and neurokinin A. FEBS Lett
208(1): 67--72
Harmar AJ, Hyde V, Chapman K (1990) Identification and cDNA sequence of
-preprotachykinin, a fourth splicing variant of the rat substance P precursor. FEBS Lett
275: 22--24
Harmer M, Rosen M, Vickers MD, eds. (1985): Patient controlled analgesia. Blackwell Sci
Pub (Oxford)
Harrington B, Glazier J, D’Souza S et al. (1999) System A amino acid transporter activity in
human placental microvillous membrane vesicles in relation to various anthropometric
measurements in appropriate and small for gestational age babies. Pediatr Res 45(6): 810-814
Harris A (1992) Cytotoxic therapy induced vomiting is mediated via enkephalin pathways.
Lancet 1: 714--716
Harris JA (1996) Descending antinociceptive mechanisms in the brainstem: their role in the
animal's defensive system. J Physiol Paris 90(1): 15--25
Harris RC (1998) Potential roles of COX-2 in kidney physiology and disease. Second
International Workshop on COX-2, July 28-31, 1998, Kapalua, Maui, Hawaii (Presentation
Summaries)
Harris RC, McKanna JA, Akai Y, Jacobson HR, Dubois RN, Breyer MD (1994)
Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the macula densa of rat kidney and increases with salt
restriction. J Clin Invest 94: 2504--2510
Harrison DM, Sinatra R, Morgese L et al. (1988) Epidural narcotic and patient-controlled
analgesia for post-cesarean section pain relief. Anesthesiology 68: 454--457
Harrison LM, Grandy DK (2000) Opiate modulating properties of nociceptin/orphanin FQ.
Peptides 21(1): 151--172
Harrison LM, Kastin AJ, Zadina JE (1998) Tyr-W-MIF-1 attenuates down-regulation of
opiate receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284(2):
611--671
Harrison MR, Anderson J, Rosen MA et al. (1982) Fetal surgery in the primate I. Anesthetic,
surgical, and tocolytic management to maximize fetal-neonatal survival. J Pediatr Surg 2:
115--122
Hasbrouck JD (1970) Morphine anesthesia for open-heart surgery. Ann Thor Surg 10: 364-369
Hashimoto M, Ueno T, Iriki M (1994) What roles does the organum vasculosum laminae
terminalis play in fever in rabbits? Pflügers Arch 429: 50--57
Hassan AHS, Ableitner A, Stein C et al. (1993) Inflammation of the rat paw enhances axonal
transport of opioid receptors in the sciatic nerves and increases their densitiy in the
inflamed tissue. Neuroscience 55: 185--195
Hassan AHS, Przewlocki R, Herz A et al. (1992) Dynorphin, a preferential ligand for kappaopioid receptors, is present in nerve fibers and immune cells within inflamed tissue of the
rat. Neurosci Lett 140: 85--88
Hassler R (1968) Das Schmerzerlebnis in Abhängigkeit von neuronalen System. Psychother
Psychosom 14(5S): 1--20
Hassler R (1972) Über die Zweiteilung der Schmerzleitung in die Systeme der
Schmerzempfindung und des Schmerzgefühls. In: Schmerz (Janzen R, Keidel WD, Herz
A, Streichele CG, Hrg.), Thieme (Stuttgart), S. 105
Hassler R (1976) Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem System der schnellen
Schmerzempfindung und dem des langsamen, nachhaltigen Schmerzgefühls Langenbecks
Arch Chir 342: 47--61
Hatfield A, Tronson M (1992) The complete recovery room book. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford
NY Tokyo
Hattori Y, Kasai K, Sekiguchi Y et al. (1995) The herbal medicine sho-saiko-to induces nitric
oxide synthase in rat hepatocytes. Life Sci 56(7): PL143 -- PL148
Hauselmann HJ, Stefanovic-Racic M, Michel BA et al. (1998) Differences in nitric oxide
production by superficial and deep human articular chondrocytes: implications for
proteoglycan turnover in inflammatory joint diseases. J Immunol 169(3): 1444--1448
Hauser KF, Gurwell JA, Bhat NR (1993) Endogenous opioid systems and the growth of
oligodendrocyte progenitors: paradoxical increases in oligodendrogenesis as an indirect
mechanism of opioid action. Glia 2: 157--162
Hauser KF, Gurwell JA, Turbek CS (1994) Morphine inhibits Purkinje cell survival and
dendritic differentiation in organotypic cultures of the mouse cerebellum. Exp Neurol
130(1): 95--105
Hauser KF, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS (1987) Endogenous opioids regulate dendritic growth
and spine formation in developing rat brain. Brain Res 416(1): 157--161
Hauser KF, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS (1989) Endogenous opioid systems and the regulation
of dendritic growth and spine formation. J Comp Neurol 281(1): 13--22
Hauser KF, Stiene-Martin A (1991) Characterization of opioid-dependent glial development
in dissociated and organotypic cultures of mouse central nervous system: critical periods
and target specificity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 62(2): 245--255
Hauser KF, Stiene-Martin A, Mattson MP et al. (1996) mu-Opioid receptor-induced Ca2+
mobilization and astroglial development: morphine inhibits DNA synthesis and stimulates
cellular hypertrophy through a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism. Brain Res 720(1-2): 191-203
Hautvast RW, Ter Horst GJ, DeJong BM et al. (1997) Relative changes in regional cerebral
blood flow during spinal cord stimulation in patients with refractory angina pectoris. Eur J
Neurosci 6: 1178--1183
Hautzinger M (1994). Allgemeine Depressionsskala ADS. Hogrefe, Göttingen
Havemann U, Kuschinsky K (1981) Further characterization of opioid receptors in the
striatum mediating muscular rigidity in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 317:
321--325
Hawkes JS, James MJ, Cleland LG (1992) Biological activity of prostaglandin E3 with regard
to oedema formation in mice. Agents Actions 35(1--2): 85--87
Hawkey CJ (1990) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and peptic ulcers: facts and figures
multiply, but do they add up? Br Med J 300: 278--284
Hawkey CJ (1994) Healing and prevention or NSAID-induced peptic ulcers. Scand J
Gastroenterol 29/S201: 42--44
Hawkey CJ, Karrasch JA, Szczepanski L et al. (1998) Omeprazole compared with
misoprostol for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. New Engl J
Med 338(11): 727--734
Haworth CS, Selby PL, Webb AK et al. (1998) Severe bone pain after intravenous
pamidronate in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Research Letter. Lancet 352(9142):
1753--1754
Hawthorn M, Ferrante J, Luchjowski E et al.: (1988) The actions of peppermint oil and
menthol on calcium channels dependent processes in intestinal, neuronal and cardiac
preparations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2: 101--118
Hay C, de Belleroche J (1997) Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia is associated with increased
cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in spinal cord. NeuroReport 8: 1249--1251
Hay CH, Trevethick MA, Wheeldon A et al. (1997) The potential role of spinal cord
cyclooxygenase-2 in the development of Freund's complete adjuvant-induced changes in
hyperalgesia and allodynia. Neuroscience 78: 843--850
Hayashi H, Sumino R, Sessle BJ (1984) Functional organization of trigeminal subnucleus
interpolaris: nociceptive and innocuous afferent inputs, projections to thalamus, cerebellum
and spinal cord, and descending modulation from periaqueductal gray. J Neurophysiol 51:
890--908
Hayashi T (1954) Effects of sodium glutamate on the nervous system. Keio J Med 3: 183-192
Haynes DR, Whitehouse MW, Vernon-Roberts B (1992) The prostaglandin E1 analogue,
misoprostol, regulates inflammatory cytokines and immune functions in vitro like the
natural prostaglandins E1,E2 and E3. Immunology 76(2): 251--257
He L, Lee NM (1997) DynorphinA-(2-17) restores spinal/supraspinal morphine synergy in
morphine-tolerant mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280(3): 1210--1214
Head H, Holmes G (1911) Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. Brain 34: 102--254
Head H, Rivers WHR, Sherren J (1905) The afferent nervous system form a new aspect.
Brain 28: 99--115
Health and Public Policy Committee (1983) Am Coll Phys Penn: Drug therapy for severe,
chronic pain in terminal illness. Ann Int Med 99: 870--873
Heard SO, Edwards WT, Ferrary D et al. (1992) Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine
after arthroscopic knee surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg 74: 822-826
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM et al. (1979) Buprenorphine: A review of its
pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 17: 81--100
Heft MW, Gracely RH, Dubner R (1984) Nitrous oxide analgesia: a psychophysical
evaluation using verbal descriptor scaling. J Dent Res 63(2): 129--132
Heft MW, Gracely RH, Dubner R et al. (1980) A validation model for verbal description
scaling of human clinical pain. Pain 3: 363--373
Heilmann K (1977) Therapeutische Systeme. Ferdinand Enke (Stuttgart)
Heinricher MM, McGaraughty S, Grandy DK (1997) Circuitry underlying antiopioid actions
of orphanin FQ in the rostral ventromedial medulla. 78(6): 3351--3358
Heinricher MM, Morgan MM, Tortorici V (1994) Disinhibition of off-cells and
antinociception produced by an opioid action within the rostral ventromedial medulla.
Neuroscience 63(1): 279--288
Heinricher MM, Roychowdhury SM (1997) Reflex-related activation of putative pain
facilitating neurons in rostral ventromedial medulla requires excitatory amino acid
transmission. Neuroscience 78(4): 1159--1165
Heinz A, Denke C, Ernst G (1999) Medikamenteninduzierter Kopfschmerz. Mögliche
Mechanismen der Abhängigkeitsentwicklung. Schmerz 13: 304--314
Helke CJ, Krause JE, Mantyh PW (1990) Diversity in mammalian tachykinin peptidergic
neurons: multiple peptides, receptors, and regulatory mechanisms. FASEB J 4(6): 1606-1615
Heller PH, Perry F, Narfeh K et al. (1984) Cardiovascular autonomic response during
preoperative stress and postoperative pain. Pain 18: 33--40
Helmers JHJH, Noorduin H, van Peer A et al. (1989) Comparison of intravenous and
intranasal sufentanil adsorption and sedation. Can J Anaesth 36: 494--497
Henderson G, McKnight AT (1997) The orphan opioid receptor and its endogenous ligand-nociceptin/orphanin FQ. Trends Pharmacol Sci 8: 293--300
Henderson JM, Brodsky DA, Fisher DM et al. (1988) Preinduction of anesthesia in pediatric
patients with nasally administered sufentanil. Anesthesiology 68: 671--675
Hengster P, Pernthaler H (1996) Gas gangrene: necropsy is imperative. Correspondence.
Lancet 347(9000): 553
Henney RP, Vasko JS, Brawley RK et al. (1966) The effects of morphine on the resistance
and capacitance vessels of the peripheral circulation. Am Heart J 72: 242--250
Henrich WL (1983) Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Am J Kidney
Dis 2: 478--484
Henrich WL, Agodoa LE. Barrett G et al. (1996) National Kidney Foundation position paper.
Analgesics and the kidney: summary and recommendations to the Scientific Advisory
Board of the National Kidney Foundation from an ad hoc committee of the National
Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 27: 162--165
Henry D, Lim LL, Garcia Rodriguez LA et al. (1996) Variability in risk of gastrointestinal
complications with indivudual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a
collaborative meta-analysis. Br Med J 312: 1563--1566
Henry MM, Swash M (1992) Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. Butterworth & Heinemann
(Oxford) 2nd ed.
Hentschel C, Dressler S, Hahn EG (1995) Fumaria officinalis (Echter Erdrauch)--klinische
Anwendung. Fortschr Med 113(19): 291--292
Heppelmann B, Messlinger K, Neiss W F et al. (1990) Ultrastructural three-dimensional
reconstruction of group III and group IV, sensory nerve endings ("free nerve endings") in
the knee joint capsule of the cat: evidence for multiple receptive sites. J Comp Neurol 292:
103--116
Heppelmann B, Pawlak M (1997) Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the mechanosensitivity
of articular afferents in normal and inflamed knee joints of the rat. Pain 73(3): 377--382
Heppelmann B, Pfeffer A, Schaible H-G et al. (1986) Effects of acetylsalicylic acid and
indomethacin on single groups II and IV sensory units from acutely inflamed joints. Pain
26: 337--351
Herdegen T (1997) Neurobiologische Grundlagen der Funktionen und neurodegenerativen
Störungen des Nervensystems. In: Herdegen T, Bähr M, Tölle T (eds) Klinische
Neurobiologie. Spektrum.Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 1--38
Herdegen T, Kovary K, Leah JD et al. (1991a) Specific temporal and spatial distribution of
JUN, FOS and KROX-24 proteins in spinal neurons following noxious transynaptic
stimulation. Journal of Comperative Neurology 313: 178--191
Herdegen T, Leah JD, Walker T et al. (1991b) Noxious stimulation induces molecular genetic
events in neurons of central nervous system: Expression of six immediate-early gene
encoded proteins. In: Proc VI World Congr on Pain (Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ,
eds), Elsevier (Amsterdam) pp 325--330
Herdegen T, Toelle TR, Bravo R et al. (1991c) Sequential expression of JUN B, JUN D, and
FOS B proteins in rat spinal neurons: cascade of transcriptional operations during
nociception. Neurosci Lett 129: 221--224
Herdegen T, Walker T, Bravo R et al. (1990) The KROX-24 protein, a new transcription
regulating factor; expression in the rat nervous system following somatosensory
stimulation. Neurosci Lett 120: 21--24
Hering D, Schultheiss HP, Horstkotte D (1999) Bedeutung der stummen Myokardischämie
für die Identifikation und optimale Therapie von Patienten mit latenter koronarer
Herzkrankheit. Gibt es Anhaltspunkte für eine prognostische indikation zur PTCA? Herz 1:
72--84
Hering R, Steiner TJ (1991) Abrupt outpatient withdrawal of medication in analgesic-abusing
migraineurs. Lancet 337: 1442--1443
Hermans E, Vanisberg MA, Geurts M et al. (1997) Down-regulation of neurotensin receptors
after ligand-induced internalization in rat primary cultured neurons. Neurochem Int 2: 291-299
Herren RGH (1933) The effect of high and low female sex hormone concentration on the twopoint threshold of pain and touch and upon tactile sensitivity. J Exp Psychol 16: 324--327
Herrmann EC jr, Kucera LS (1967) 24. Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family
(labiatae). II. Nontannin polyphenol of Melissa officinalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124(3):
869--874
Herz A (1995) Role of immune processes in peripheral opioid analgesia. Adv Exp Med Biol
373: 193--199
Herz A, Teschemacher HJ (1971) Activities and sites of antinociceptive action of morphinelike analgesics and kinetics of distribution following intravenous intracerebral and
intraventricular application. Adv Drug Res 6: 79--119
Herzberg U, Murtaugh M, Beitz AJ (1994) Chronic pain and immunity: mononeuropathy
alters immune responses in rats. Pain 59: 219--225
Herzog H, Keller R (1971) Postoperative Lungeninsuffizienz Der Chirurg 42: 156--162
Hession MC (1998) Factors influencing successful discharge after outpatient laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. J Perianesth Nurs 1:11--21
Heyer G, Dotzer M, Diepgen TL et al. (1997) Opiate and H1 antagonist effects on histamine
induced pruritus and alloknesis. Pain 73(2): 239--243
Heyer G, Koppert W, Martus P et al. (1998) Histamine and cutaneous nociception: histamineinduced responses in patients with atopic eczema, psoriasis and urticaria. Acta Derm
Venereol 78(2): 123--126
Heyer G, Vogelsang M, Hornstein OP (1997) Acetylcholine is an inducer of itching in
patients with atopic eczema. J Dermatol 10: 621--615
Heyland K, Dangel P, Gerber AC (1997) Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in
children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 4: 230--233
Heyman JS, Vaught JL, Mosberg HL et al. (1989) Modulation of mu-mediated
antinociception by delta agonists in the mouse: selective potentiation of morphine and
normorphine by (D-Pen-2,D-Pen-5)enkephalin. Eur J Pharmactol 165: 1--10
Hickey C, Gugino LD, Aglio LS et al. (1993) Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential
monitoring predicts peripheral nerve injury during cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 78(1):
29--35
Higgins MJ, Asbury AJ, Brodie M (1991) Inhaled nebulised fentanyl for postoperative
analgesia. Anaesthesia 46: 973--976
Hilgenberg JC (1981) Intraoperative awareness during high dose fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 54: 341--343
Hill A, Niven CA, Knussen C (1996) Pain memories in phantom limbs: a case study. Pain
66(2-3): 381--384
Hill AB, Nahrwold ML, De Rosayro AM et al. (1981) Prevention of rigidity during fentanyloxygen induction. Anesthesiology 1980; 53: S68 und Anesthesiology 55: 452--454
Hill AG, Finn P, Schroeder D (1993) Postoperative fatigue after laparoscopic surgery. Aust N
Z J Surg 63(12): 946--951
Hill DR, Woodruff GN (1990) Differentiation of central cholecystokinin receptor binding
sites using the non-peptide antagonists MK-239 and L-365,260. Brain Res 526: 276--283
Hill RG, Hughes J (1984) Endogenous opioid peptides-biological and clinical significance. In:
Opioid Agonist/Antagonist Drugs in Clinical Practice (Nimmo WS, Smith G, eds.),
Excerpta Medica (Genève)
Hills JM, Aaronson PI (1991) The mechanism of action of peppermint oil on gastrointestinal
smooth muscle. Gastroenterology 101: 55--65
Hinshaw LB, Beller BK, Chang AC et al. (1985) Corticosteroid/antibiotic treatment of
adrenalectomized dogs challenged with lethal E. coli. Circ Shock 16(3): 265--277
Hinz B, Hirschelmann R (1997) Neuere Erkenntnisse zur endogenen Regulation der
Glucocorticoide. Pharmazie 52: 655--669
Hiramatsu M, Murasawa H, Mori H et al. (1998) Reversion of muscarinic autoreceptor
agonist-induced acetylcholine decrease and learning impairment by dynorphin A (1-13), an
endogenous kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol 123(5): 920--926
Hirata T, Ukawa H, Yamakuni H et al. (1997) Cyclo-oxygenase isozymes in mucosal
ulcerogenic and functional responses following barrier disruption in rat stomachs. Br J
Pharmacol 122(3): 447--454
Hirose Y, Goto H, Arisawa T et al. (1997) Kinetics of fibroblasts in ulcer healing in rats:
interference with indomethacin. 58(4): 332--339
Hirsch J (1994) Impact of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the surgical setting.
Anaesthesia 49(S): 30--33
Hjortsjö CN, Lund C, Mogensen T (1986) Epidural morphine improves pain relief and
maintains sensory analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine after abdominal
surgery. Anesth Analg 65: 1033--1036
Hjortso NC, Christensen NJ, Andersen T et al. (1985) Effect of the extradural administration
of local anaesthetic agents and morphine on the urinary excretion of cortisol,
catecholamines and nitrogen following abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 57: 400--406
Ho WZ, Lai JP, Zhu XH et al. (1997) Human monocytes and macrophages express substance
P and neurokinin-1 receptor. J Immunol 159(11): 5654--5660
Hochstetter von AHC (1954) Über die intraglutaeale Injektion, ihre Komplikationen und
deren Verhütung. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 84: 1226--1227
Hochstetter von AHC (1955) Über Probleme und Technik der intraglutaealen Injektion. 2.
Teil Schweiz Med Wochenschr 86: 69--76
Hochstetter von AHC (1956) Wie lassen sich aseptische "Spritzenschäden" bei intraglutaealer
Injektion sicher vermeiden" Schweiz Ärzteztg (Hans Huber, Bern), N° 18
Hochstetter von AHC (1969) Eine sichere Technik der intramuskulären Injektion in den
Oberschenkel: Lateraler-Vastus-Injektion. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 99: 266--269
Hochstetter von AHC (1997) Schwabe Verlag Basel
Hochstetter von AHC, Rechenberg von HK, Schmidt R (1958) Die intraglutaeale Injektion.
Thieme Stuttgart
Hodge CJ jr, Woods CI, Delatizky J (1980) Noradrenalin, serotonin and the dorsal horn. J
Neurosurg 52(5): 674--685
Hoff F (1967) Der Schmerz und seine Bedeutung. Wien Klin Wochenschr 79: 189--193
Hoffman PE (1974) Clinical evaluation of xylazine as a chemical restraining agent, sedative
and analgesic in horses. J Am Vet Med Ass 164: 42--45
Hogan DL, Ainsworth MA, Isenberg JI (1994) Review article: gastroduodenal bicarbonate
secretion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 5: 475--488
Hogan Q (1999) Epidural catheter tip position and distribution of injectable evaluated by
computed tomography. Anesthesiology 90(4): 964--970
Hogan QH, Prost R, Kulier A (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid
volume and the influence of body habitus and abdominal pressure. Anesthesiology 84(6):
1341--1349
Hogben CAM, Schanker LS, Tocco DJ et al. (1957) Absorption of drugs from the stomach. II.
The human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 120: 540--545
Hojgaard L, Mertz Nielsen A et al. (1996) Peptic ulcer pathophysiology: acid, bicarbonate,
and mucosal function. Scand J Gastroenterol 216(S): 10--15
Hökfelt T, Ljungdahl A, Terenius L et al. (1977) Immunohistochemical analysis of peptide
pathways possibly related to pain and analgesia: enkephalin and substance P. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 74(7): 3081--3085
Hökfelt T, Zhang X, Wiesenfeld Hallin Z (1994) Messenger plasticity in primary sensory
neurons following axotomy and its functional implications. Trends Neurosci 17: 22--30
Holaday JW, Faden AI (1978) Naloxone reversal of endotoxin hypotension suggests role of
endorphins in shock. Nature 275: 450--451
Hole A (1984) Peri and postoperative monocyte and lymphocytic functions: effects of sera
from patients operated under general or epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesth Scand 28: 287-291
Holland AJ, King PA, Chauvel PJ (1997) Intravesical therapy for the treatment of neurogenic
bladder in children. Aust N Z J Surg 67(10): 731--733
Hollander D (1994) Gastrointestinal complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Am J Med 96: 274--281
Hollenberg M, Mangano DT, Browner WS et al. (1992) Predictors of postoperative
myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.The Study of Perioperative
Ischemia Research Group JAMA 268(2): 205--209
Hollenberg SM, Tong W, Shelhamer JH et al. (1994) Eicosanoid production by human aortic
endothelial cells in response to endothelin. Am J Physiol 267(6Pt2): H2290--2296
Holley FO, Van Steenis C (1986) Transdermal administration of fentanyl for postoperative
analgesia. Anesthesiology 65: A548
Hollingworth P (1993) The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in paediatric
rheumatic diseases. Br J Rheumatol 32(1): 73--77
Hollt V (1983) Multiple endogenous opioid peptides. Trends Neurosci 4: 24--26
Holmberg H, Schouenborg J (1996) Postnatal development of the nociceptive withdrawal
reflexes in the rat: a behavioural and electromyographic study. J Physiol (Lond) 493(Pt1):
239--252
Holmes B, Ward A (1985) Meptazinol - a review of its pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 30: 285--312
Holthausen, U, Troidl, H, Postoperative Schmerztherapie in der stationären Behandlung
(1996) Chirurg 67: 671--680
Holthusen H (1997) Involvement of the NO/cyclic GMP pathway in bradykinin-evoked pain
from veins in humans. Pain 69(1--2): 87--92
Holthusen H, Arndt JO (1995) Nitric oxide evokes pain at nociceptors of the paravascular
tissue and veins in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 487( Pt 1): 253--258
Holthusen H, Ding Z (1997) Nitric oxide is not involved in vascular nociception of noxious
physical stimuli in humans. Neurosci Lett 227(2): 111--114
Holthusen H, Eichwede F, Stevens M et al. (1994) Pre-emptive analgesia: comparison of
preoperative with postoperative caudal block on postoperative pain in children. Br J
Anaesth 73: 440--442
Holzer P (1991) Capsaicin: cellular targets, mechanisms of action, and selectivity for thin
sensory neurons. Pharmacol. Rev. 43: 143--201
Holzer P (1998a) Neurogenic vasodilatation and plasma leakage in the skin. Gen Pharmacol
30: 5--11
Holzer P (1998b) Neural emergency system in the stomach. Gastroenterology 114: 823--839
Holzer P (1998c) Implication of tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide in
inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion in press
Holzer P (1998d) Neural injury, repair, and adaptation in the GI tract. II. The elusive action of
capsaicin on the vagus nerve. Am J Physiol in press
Holzer P, Holzer-Petsche U (1997) Tachykinins in the gut. Part I. Expression, release and
motor function. Pharmacol Ther 73(3): 173--217
Holzer P, Holzer-Petsche U (1997) Tachykinins in the gut. Part II. Roles in neural excitation,
secretion and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 73(3): 219--263
Homesley HD, Welander C, Muss H et al. (1986) Dosage range study of morphine sulfate
controlled-release. Am J Clin Oncol 9: 449--453
Hong JL, Kwong K, Lee LY (1997) Stimulation of pulmonary C fibres by lactic acid in rats:
contributions of H+ and lactate ions. J Physiol (Lond) 500 (Pt2): 319--329
Hong M, Milne B, Loomis CW et al. (1992) In vivo catechol activity in the rat locus
coeruleus following different nociceptive stimuli and naloxone. Can J Physiol Pharmacol
70: 1082--1089
Honoré P, Buritova J, Chapman V et al. (1998) UP 202-56, an adenosine analogue, selectively
acts via A1 receptors to significantly decrease noxiously-evoked spinal c-Fos protein
expression. Pain 75(2--3): 281--293
Hood DD, Eisenach JC (1994) Phase I safety assessment of spinal neostigmine in volunteers.
Anesthesiology V81(3A): A 926
Hood DD, Eisenach JC (1994) Side effects and analgesia from spinal neostigmine injected
through a whitacre needle. Anesthesiology V81(3A): A 927
Hood DD, Mallak KA, Eisenach JC et al. (1996) Interaction between intrathecal neostigmine
and epidural clonidine in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 2: 315--325
Hood DD, Mallak KA, James RL (1997) Enhancement of analgesia from systemic opioid in
humans by spinal cholinesterase inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1: 86--92
Hood, DD, Eisenach JC, Tuttle R (1995) Phase I safety assessment of intracheal neostigmine
methylsulfate in humans. Anesthesiology 82: 331--343
Hoos A, Rust M (1990) Schmerztherapie und Depression bei Karzinompatienten. Fortschr
Med 24: 462--466
Hopkin J, Neal MJ (1971) Effect of electrical stimulation and high potassium concentrations
on the efflux of 14-Glycine from slices of spinal cord. Br J Pharm 42: 215--223
Hoppe TG, Dauber A, Bürkner K et al. (1990). Schmerz in der chirurgischen Ambulanz. Eine
prospektive Beobachtungsstudie, Chirurg 61: 536--540
Hopton DS, Torrance HB (1967) Action of various analgesic drugs on the human common
bile duct. Gut 8: 296--300
Hori T, Oka T, Hosoi M et al. (1998) Pain modulatory actions of cytokines and prostaglandin
E2 in the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 840: 269--281
Hörl WH (1997) Kommentar zur Arbeit: "Zweckmäßigkeit fixer Analgetikakombinationen
am Beispiel von Thomapyrin®". Wien Klin Wochenschr 109: 255--256
Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ (1998) Spinal and epidural blockade and perioperative low
molecular weight heparin: smooth sailing on the Titanic. Anesth Analg 86(6):1153--1156
Hornstein von W, Gralow I, Lawin P (1989) Kontinuierliche subkutane Morphingabe mittels
eines externen tragbaren Infusorsystems bei inkurablen Kopf-Hals-Tumoren: Pilotstudie.
Anaesthesist 38 (S) Abstr. FV 29.8, S. 562
Horowitz S, Patwardhan R, Marcus E (1988) Hepatotoxic reactions associated with
carbamazepine therapy. Epilepsia 29(2): 149--164
Horowitz S, Patwardhan R, Marcus E (1988) Hepatotoxic reactions associated with
carbamazepine therapy. Epilepsia 29(2): 149--164
Horrobin DF, Manku MS (1973) Roles of prostaglandins suggested by the prostaglandin
agonist/antagonist actions of local anaesthetic, antiarrhytmic,anti-malarial,tricyclic
antidepressant and methylxanthine compounds,effects on membranes and on nucleic acid
function. Med Hypotheses 3: 71--86
Horta ML, Ramos L, Goncalves Z da R et al. (1996) Inhibition of epidural morphine-induced
pruritus by intravenous droperidol. The effect of increasing the doses of morphine and of
droperidol. Reg Anesth 4: 312--317
Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Lipton A et al. (1998) Long-term prevention of skeletal
complications of metastatic breast cancer with pamidronate. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast
Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 16(6): 2038--2044
Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW (1991) Opioid agonist-antagonist drugs in acute and chronic pain
states. Review Article. Drugs 41(3): 326--344
Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW, Aherne GW et al. (1989) The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of
morphine after intravenous, oral and buccal administration in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 27: 499--505
Hösli E, Ledergerber M, Kofler A et al. (1997) Evidence for the existence of galanin receptors
on cultured astrocytes of rat CNS: colocalization with cholinergic receptors. J Chem
Neuroanat 2: 95--103
Hosobuchi Y (1986) Subcortical electrical stimulation for control of intractable pain in
humans. Report of 122 cases (1970-1984). J Neurosurg 64(4): 543--553
Hosoi M, Oka T, Hori T (1997) Prostaglandin E receptor EP3 subtype is involved in thermal
hyperalgesia through its actions in the preoptic hypothalamus and the diagonal band of
Broca in rats. Pain 71(3): 303--311
Houghton AD, Nicholls G, Houghton AL et al. (1994) Phantom pain: natural history and
association with rehabilitation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 76(1): 22--25
Houghton KA, Hewitt E, Westlund KN (1999) Dorsal column lesion prevents mechanical
hyperalgesia and allodynia in osteotomy model. Pain 82(1): 73--80
Hougthon AK, Valdez JG, Westlund KN (1998) Peripheral Morphine administration blocks
the development of hyperalgesia and allodynia after bone damage in the rat.
Anesthesiology 89: 190--201
Houvenagel E, Forzy G, Leloire O et al. (1990) Cerebrospinal fluid monoamines in primary
fibromyalgia. Rev Rheum Mal Osteoartic 57: 21--23
Howard AD, Tan C, Shiao LL et al. (1997) Molecular cloning and characterization of a new
receptor for galanin. FEBS Lett 405(3): 285--290
Howard CR, Howard FM, Garfunkel LC et al. (1998) Neonatal circumcision and pain relief:
current training practices. Pediatrics 101: 423--428
Howard R, Sears T (1990) The effects of opiates on the respiratory activity of thoracic
motoneurones in the anaesthetized and decerebrate rabbit. J Physiol 437: 181--199
Howell LJ (1994) The unborn surgical patient. A nursing frontier. Nurs Clin North Am 4:
681--694
Howes LG (1995) Which drugs affect potassium? Drug Saf 4: 240--144
Hsieh JC, Stahle-Bäckdahl M, Hägermark O (1996) Traumatic nociceptive pain activates the
hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray: a positron emission tomography study. Pain
64(2): 303--314
Hsu HO, Hickey RF, Forbes AF (1979) Morphine decreases peripheral vascular resistance
and increases capacitance in man. Anesthesiology 59: 98--102
Hu OY, Chu KM, Liu HS et al. (1993) Reinduction of the hypnotic effects of thiopental with
NSAIDs by decreasing thiopental plasma protein binding in humans. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 37(3): 258--261
Hua XY, Calcutt NA, Malmberg AB (1997) Neonatal capsaicin treatment abolishes formalininduced spinal PGE2 release. NeuroReport 8: 2325--2329
Hubbard RC, Koepp RJ, Yu S et al. (1996a) SC-58635 (celecoxib), a novel COX-2 selective
inhibitor, is effective as a treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) in a short-term pilot study.
Arthritis Rheum 39(S): A 1188
Hubbard RC, Mehlisch DR, Jasper DR et al. (1996b) SC-58635, a highly selective inhibitor of
COX-2, is an effective analgesic in an acute post-surgical pain model. J Invest Med 44:
293A
Hudson N, Balsitis M, Filipowicz F et al. (1993) Effect of Helicobacter pylori colonisation on
gastric mucosal eicosanoid synthesis in patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Gut 34: 748--751
Hudson N, Murray FE, Cole AT et al. Effect of sucralfate on aspirin induced mucosal injury
and impaired haemostasis in humans. Gut 41(1): 19--23
Hug CC jr (1988) Pharmacology of narcotics as anesthetic agents. In: Refresher Course
Lectures, 9th WCA, May 22-28, 1988 Washington, S541: 1--5
Hug CC jr, Aldrete JA, Sampson JF et al. (1979) Morphine anesthesia in patients with liver
failure. Anesthesiology 51: 30
Hug CC jr, Longnecker DE (1986) Narcotics and narcotic antagonists. In: Drug Interactions
in Anaesthesia (Smith NT,Corbascio AN, eds), Lea & Febiger (Philadelphia), 2nd ed., pp
321--339
Hug CC jr, Murphy MR, Sampson JF et al. (1981) Biotransformation of morphine and
fentanyl in anhepatic dogs. Anesthesiology 55: A261
Hughes A, Wilcock A, Corcoran R (1997) Ketorolac: continuous subcutaneous infusion for
cancer pain. Letter. J Pain Symptom Manage 13(6): 315--316
Hughes HE, Barr GA (1988) Analgesic effects of intrathecally applied noradrenergic
compounds in the developing rat: differences due to thermal vs mechanical nociception.
Brain Res 469(1--2): 109--120
Hughes J (1975) Isolation of an endogenous compound from the brain with pharmacological
properties similar to morphine. Brain Res 88: 295--308
Hughes J (1979) Release, biosynthesis and metabolism of the enkephalins. In: Mechanims of
pain and analgesic compounds. (Beers RF, Bassett EG, eds. ), Raven Press (NY), pp 215-226
Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW et al. (1975) Identification of two related pentapeptides
from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 258: 577--579
Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Helzer JE et al. (1992) Should caffeine abuse, dependence, or
withdrawal be added to DSM-IV and ICD-10? Am J Psychiatry 149: 33--40
Hughes MA, Glass PSA, Jacobs JR (1992) Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment
pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 76: 334--341
Hull CJ (1985) Editorial: Receptor binding and its significance. Br J Anaesth 57: 192
Hull MA, Thomson JL, Hawkey CJ (1999) Expression of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 by human
gastric endothelial cells. Gut 45(4): 529--536
Hung OR, Hall RI (1993) Specific opioids and their clinical applications. Curr Op Anaesth 6:
678--682
Hunt RH (1996) The role of Helicobacter pylori in pathogenesis: the spectrum of clinical
outcomes. Scand J Gastroenterol 220 (S): 3--9
Hunt RH, Cederberg C, Dent J (1995) Optimizing acid suppression for treatment of acidrelated diseases Dig Dis Sci 40(2S): 24--49
Hunt SP, Pini A, Evan G (1987) Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons
following sensory stimulation. Nature 328: 632--634
Hunter JC, Leighton KG, Meecham KG et al. (1990) CI-977, a novel and selective agonist for
the K-opioid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 101: 183--189
Huntink-Sloot MT, Faber-Nijholt R, Zwierstra RP et al. (1997) Verbetering van de
postoperatieve pijnzorg bij kinderen door invoering van richtlijnen; een prospectief
onderzoek. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 141(20): 998--1002
Hurwitz ES (1989) Reye's syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 11: 249--253
Huskinsson EC (1973) Catecholamine excretion and pain. Br J Pharmacol 47: 80--88
Huskisson EC (1974) Measurement of pain. Lancet ii: 1127--1131
Hussein AA (1989) Mechanism of nasal adsorption of drugs. Prog Clin Biol Res 292: 261-272
Hwang L, Leichter R, Okamoto A (1993) Downregulation of neutral endopeptidase (EC
3.4.24.11) in the inflamed rat intestine. Am J Physiol 264(4 Pt 1): G735--743
Hylden JLK, Thomas DA, Iadarola MJ et al. (1991) Spinal opioid analgesic effects are
enhanced in a model of unilateral inflammation/hyperalgesia: possible involvement of
noradrenergic mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 194: 135--143
Iadarola MJ, Berman KF, Zeffiro TA et al. (1998) Neural activation during acute capsaicinevoked pain and allodynia assessed with PET. Brain 121 (Pt5): 931--947
Ichitani Y, Shi T, Haeggstrom JZ et al. (1997) Increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA
in the rat spinal cord after peripheral inflammation: an in situ hybridization study.
NeuroReport 8: 2949--2952
Iggo A (1974) Pain Receptors. In: Recent Advances on Pain: Pathophysiology and Clinical
Aspects (Bonica JJ, Procacci P, Pagni CA, eds.), Charles C Thomas (Springfield), Ch 1, pp
3--35
Iglesias V, Alguacil LF, Alamo C et al. (1992) Effects of Yohimbine on morphine analgesia
and physical dependence in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 211: 35--38
IHS - Headache Classification committee of the International Headache Society (1988)
Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgia, and facial
pain. Cephalalgia 8: 1--96
IKS (1985) Richtlinien der IKS betreffend Anforderungen an die Dokumentation für die
Registrierung von Arzneimitteln der Humanmedizin (Registrierungsrichtlinien). IKS, Bern
Illes P, Nörenberg W (1993) Neuronal ATP receptors and their mechanism of action. Trends
Pharmacol Sci 14: 50--54
Imai N, Kashiki M, Woolf PD et al. (1994) Comparison of cardiovascular effects of mu- and
delta-opioid receptor antagonists in dogs with congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol 267(3
Pt 2 H9): 12--17
Inglis JT, Leeper JB, Burke D et al. (!996) Morphology of action potentials recorded from
human nerves using microneurography. Exp Brain Res 110(2): 308--314
Inoue A, Hashimoto T, Hide I (1997) 5-Hydroxytryptamine-facilitated release of substance P
from rat spinal cord slices is mediated by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. J Neurochem 68(1):
128--133
Int Ass for the Study of Pain (1986) Classification of chronic pain: Description of chronic
pain syndromes and definitions of pain states (Merskey H, ed.) 3: 51
Inturrisi CE, Schmitz M, Shin S et al. (1983) Evidence from opiate bindung studies that
heroin acts through its metabolites. Life Sci 33: 773
Inturrisi CE, Umans JG (1983) Pethidine and its active metabolites, norpethidine. In: Opiate
Analgesia. Clinics in Anaesthesiology. (Bullingham RES, ed. ), Saunders (London 1983),
S. 123
Irestedt L, Lagercratz H, Hjemdahl P et al. (1982) Fetal and maternal plasma catecholamine
levels at elective cesarean section under general or epidural anesthesia versus vaginal
delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142(8): 1004--1010
Irwin K, Mibandumba N, Mbuyi K et al. (1993) More on vaginal inflammation in africa. N
Engl J Med 328: 888--889
Isenberg KE, Cicero TJ (1984) Possible involvement of opiate receptors in the
pharmacological profiles of antidepressant compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 103: 57--63
Israel E, Fischer AR, Rosenberg MA et al. (1993) The pivotal role of 5-lipoxygenase products
in the reaction of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics to aspirin. Am Rev Respir Dis 148: 1447-1451
Ito I, Suzuki H, Aizawa H et al. (1990) Pre-junctional inhibitory action of prostaglandin E2 on
excitatory neuro-effector transmission in the human bronchus. Prostaglandins 39: 639--655
Itoh S, Katsuura G, Maeda Y (1982) Caerulein and cholecystokinin suppress β-endorphininduced analgesia in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 80: 421--425
Itzhak Y, Stein I, Zhang SH et al. (1990) Binding of σ-ligands do C57GL/6 mouse brain
membranes: effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and subcellular distribution studies
suggest the existence of σ subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257: 141--148
Iwamoto ET, Way EL (1979) Opiate actions and catecholamines. Adv Biochem
Psychopharmacol 20: 357--407
Iwata F, Leung FW (1995) Tobacco cigarette smoke aggravates gastric ulcer in rats by
attenuation of ulcer margin hyperemia. Am J Physiol 268(1 Pt 1): G153--160
Jacobs HK, Rao TLK, Kumer P et al. (1980) Transmural coronary blood flows and
myocardial metabolism with high dose fentanyl. Anesthesiology 53(S): 65
Jacobsen J, Flachs H, Dich-Nielsen JO et al. (1988) Comparative plasma concentration
profiles after IV, IM and rectal administration of pethidine in children. Br J Anaesth 60:
623--626
Jacobson B, Bygdeman M (1998) Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide as
adults: case- control study. BMJ 317(7169): 1346--1349
Jacobson B, Nyberg K, Eklund G et al. (1988) Obstetric pain medication and eventual adult
amphetamine addiction in offspring. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67(8): 677--682
Jacobson B, Nyberg K, Grönbladh L et al. (1990) Opiate addiction in adult offspring through
possible imprinting after obstetric treatment. BMJ 301(6760): 1067--1070
Jacobson JT, Burke JP (1984) Injection-site abscess caused by group A beta-hemolytic
Streptococcus. An unusual complication of tonsillectomy and intramuscular injection. Am
J Infect Control 5: 293--296
Jacobson L (1984) Intrathecal and extradural narcotics. In: Advances in pain research and
therapy (Benedetti C, ed. ), Raven (NY), pp 199--236
Jadad AR, Carroll D, Glynn CJ et al. (1995) Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for
pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a systematic review and a randomized, doubleblind crossover study. J Pain Symptom Manage 1: 13--20
Jaffe RS, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC jr et al. (1988) Nalbuphine antagonism of fentanylinduced ventilatory depression: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 68: 254--260
Jaggar SI, Hasnie FS, Sellaturay S et al. (1998) Anti-hyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid
anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and
somativ inflammatory pain. Pain 76(1--2): 189--199
Jähne J, Piso P, Schmoll E et al. (1997) Intraoperative (hypertherme) intraperitoneale
Chemotherapie-Uberlegungen und Aspekte zum sicheren intra- und postoperativen
Umgang mit Zytostatika. Langenbecks Arch Chir 382(1): 8--14
Jahr CE, Jessell TM (1983) ATP excites a subpopulation of rat dorsal horn neurones. Nature
304:730--733
Jain JK, Mishell DR jr (1994) A comparison of intravaginal misoprostol with prostaglandin
E2 for termination of second-trimester pregnancy. N Engl J Med 331(5): 290--293
Jain VK, Dixit VB, Archana (1991) Oxyphenbutazon: Fixed drug eruption of the oral mucous
membrane. Ann Dent Summer 50(1): 9--11
Jakovlev V, Sofia RD, Achterrath-Tuckermann U et al. (1985) Untersuchungen zur
pharmakologischen Wirkung von Flupirtin, einem strukturell neuartigen Analgetikum.
Arzneimittel-Forschung Drug Res 35(1): 28--81
Jakowec MW, Fox AJ, Martin LJ et al. (1995) Quantitative and qualitative changes in AMPA
receptor expression during spinal cord development. Neuroscience 67(4): 893--907
Jakowec MW, Yen L, Kalb RG (1995) In situ hybridization analysis of AMPA receptor
subunit gene expression in the developing rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 67(4): 909--920
Jamison K, Wellisch DK, Katz RL et al. (1979) Phantom breast syndrome. Arch Surg 114(1):
93--95
Jamison RN, Ross MJ, Hoopman P et al. (1997) Assessment of postoperative pain
management: patient satisfaction and perceived helpfulness. Clin J Pain 3: 229--236
Janak PH, Manly JJ, Martinez JL jr (1994) [Leu]enkephalin enhances active avoidance
conditioning in rats and mice.Neuropsychopharmacology 1: 53--60
Jancsó G, Király E, Jancsó-Gábor A (1977) Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration
of chemosensitive primary sensory neurones. Nature 270: 741--743
Jänig W (1985) Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: in which way is the sympathetic
nervous system involved? Trends Neurosci 8: 471--477
Jänig W (1994) Spinal cord stimulation in patients: basic anatomical and neurophysiological
mechanisms. (S. Horsch, L. Claeys, Editors) Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt
Jänig W (1995) The sympathetic nervous system in pain. Eur J Anaesth 12 (S10): 53--60
Jänig W (1996) Neurobiology of visceral afferent neurons: neuroanatomy, functions, organ
regulations and sensations. Biol Psychol 42(1--2): 29--51
Jänig W, Levine JD, Michaelis M (1996) Interactions of sympathetic and primary afferent
neurons following nerve injury and tissue trauma. Prog Brain Res 113: 161--184
Janik J, Callahan P, Rabii J (1993) Morphine induced analgesia is attenuated in post-partum
lactating rats. Life Sci 52: 271--279
Jansen KL, Faull RL, Dragunow M et al. (1990) Autoradiographic localisation of NMDA,
quisqualate and kainic acid receptors in human spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 108: 53--57
Janss AJ, Cox BF, Brody MJ, Gebhart GF (1987) Dissociation of antinociceptive from
cardiovascular effects of stimulation in the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat. Brain Res
405(1):140--149
Janss AJ, Gebhart GF (1987) Spinal monoaminergic receptors mediate the antinociception
produced by glutamate in the medullary lateral reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 9: 2862--2873
Janssen PAJ (1962) A review of the chemical features associated with strong morphine-like
activity. Br J Anaesth 34: 260--268
Janssen PAJ (1964) Zur Chemie morphinartiger Körper. Anaesthesist 11: 1--7
Janssen PAJ (1981) Potent, new analgesics, tailor-made for different purposes. Janssen
Research News 2: 2--15
Jarvis LJ, Hogg JIC, Houghton CD (1992) Topical peppermint oil for the relief of colonic
spasm at barium enema. Clin Radiol 46: A435
Jasinsky DR (1984) Opioid receptors and classification. In: Opioid Agonist/Antagonist Drugs
in Clinical Practice (Nimmo WS, Smith G, eds.), Excerpta Medica (Genève)
Jay SM, Elliott C (1984) Behavioral observation scales for measuring children's distress: the
effects of increased methological rigor. J Consult Clin Psychol 52: 1106--1107
Jayaran A, Singh P, Carp HM (1995) An enkephalinase inhibitor, SCH 32615, augments
analgesia induced by surgery in mice. Anesthesiology 82: 1283--1287
Jeanrenaud B (1985) A hypothesis on the aetiology of obesity: dysfunction of the central
nervous system. Diabetol 28: 502--513
Jeans ME (1983) The measurement of pain in children. In: Pain Measurement and
Assessment (Melzack R, ed.), Raven Press (NY), pp 183--189
Jebeles JA, Reilly JS, Guitierrez JF et al. (1991) The effect of pre-incisional infiltration of
tonsils with bupovacaine on the pain following tonsillectomy under general anesthesia.
Pain 47: 305--308
Jelinek GA, Will R, Dusci LJ (1991) Intravenous regional administration of
methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 11(4--5): 147--150
Jenkins AJ, Keenan RM, Henningfield JE et al. (1994) Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of smoked heroin. J Anal Toxicol 6: 317--330
Jennings E, Fitzgerald M (1996) C-fos can be induced in the neonatal rat spinal cord by both
noxious and innocuous peripheral stimulation. Pain 68(2--3): 301--306
Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S (1986) The measurement of clinical pain intensity: A
comparison of six methods. Pain 27: 117--126
Jensen TC (1996) Mecanisms of neuropathic pain. In: Pain 1996: an update review (Campbell
JN, ed.), IASP Press (Seattle), pp. 77--86
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J (1983) Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in
amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation. Pain 3: 243--256
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J (1985) Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in
amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain.
Pain 3: 267--278
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J et al. (1984) Non-painful phantom limb phenomena in
amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and temporal course. Acta Neurol Scand
70(6): 407--414
Jensen TS, Yaksh TL (1984) Effects of an intrathecal dopamine agonist, apomorphine, on
thermal and chemical evoked noxious responses in rats. Brain Res 296: 285--293
Jessop DS (1998) Neuropeptides: modulators of the immune system. Curr Opinions
Endocrinol Diab 5: 52--58
Jessop DS, Renshaw D, Lightman SL et al. (1995) Changes in ACTH and β-endorphin in
immune tissues during a chronic inflammatory stress are not correlated with changes in
corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin. J Neuroimmunol 60: 29--35
Jewitt DE, Maurer BJ, Sonnenblick EJ et al. (1971) Pentazocine: Effect on ventricular muscle
and hemodynamic changes in ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 44 (S ii): 118
Jewitt DE, Maurer GJ, Hubner PJB (1970) Increased pulmonary arterial pressures after
pentazocine in µocardial infarction. BMJ 1: 795--796
Ji RR, Rupp F (1997) Phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB in rat spinal cord after
formalin-induced hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 17: 1776--1785
Ji RR, Zhang Q, Law PY et al. (1995) Expression of mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptorlike immunoreactivities in rat dorsal root ganglia after carrageenan-induced inflammation.
J Neurosci 12: 8156--8166
Jia YP, Seybold VS (1997) Spinal NK2 receptors contribute to the increased excitability of
the nociceptive flexor reflex during persistent peripheral inflammation. Brain Res 751(1):
169--174
Jian Q, Takemori AE, Sultana PS (1991) Differential antagonism of opioid delta
antinociception by (D-ala2,leu5,cys6) Enkephalin and Naltrindole 5’-Isothiocyanate:
evidence for delta receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257: 1069--1075
Jimenez P, Lanas A, Piazuelo E et al. (1997) Prostaglandin E2 is the major arachidonic acid
metabolite secreted by esophageal mucosal cells in rabbits. Inflammation 21(4): 419--429
Jobes DR, Kennell EM, Bitner R et al. (1975) Effects of morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia on
cerebral autoregulation. Anesthesiology 42: 30--34
Jobes DR, Kennell EM, Bush GL et al. (1977) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during
morphine-nitrous oxide anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 47: 16--18
Johns A, Paton DM (1977) Effect of indomethacin on atropine-resistand transmission in
rabbit and monkey urinary bladder: evidence for involvement of prostaglandins in
transmission. Prostaglandins 13: 245--254
Johnsen AH (1998) Phylogeny of the cholecystokinin/gastrin family. Front Neuroendocrinol
2: 73--99
Johnson AG (1997) NSAIDs and increased blood pressure. What is the clinical significance?
Drug Saf 17(5) 277--289
Johnson AG (1998) NSAIDs and blood pressure. Clinical importance for older patients.
Drugs Aging 1: 17--17
Johnson AG, Day RO (1991) The problems and pitfalls of NSAID therapy in the elderly (Part
1). Drugs Aging 1: 130--143
Johnson AG, Day RO (1991) The problems and pitfalls of NSAID therapy in the elderly (Part
2). Drugs Aging 1(3): 212--227
Johnson AG, Seideman P, Day RO (1993) Adverse drug interactions with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Recognition, management and avoidance. Drug Saf 2: 99-127
Johnson AG, Seidemann P, Day RO (1994) NSAID-related adverse drug interactions with
clinical relevance. An update. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32(10): 509--532
Johnson DS, Finley RS (1992) Pain management of acute and chronic pain syndromes. Am
Druggist 6: diverse Seiten
Johnson JA, Livingston TN (1997) Differences between blacks and whites in plasma protein
binding of drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 51(6): 485--488
Johnson JE, Rice VH, Fuller SS et al. (1978) Sensory information, instruction in a coping
strategy, and recovery from surgery. Res Nurs Health I: 4--17
Johnson JT, Ferretti GA, Nethery WJ et al. (1994) Oral pilocarpine for post-irradiation
xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. New Engl J Med 329: 390--395
Johnson M (1996) Neoplastic fever. Palliat Med 10: 217--224
Johnson MD, Sevarino FB, Lema MJ (1989) Cessation of shivering and hypothermia
associated with epidural sufentanil. Anesth Analg 68: 70--71
Johnson MH, Moroney CE, Gay CF (1997) Relieving nausea and vomiting in patients with
cancer: a treatment algorithm. Oncol Nurs Forum 1: 55--57
Johnson N, Houghten R, Pasternak W (1982) Binding of 3H-β-endorphin in rat brain. Life Sci
31: 1318--1384
Johnson SM, Fleming WW (1989) Mechanisms of cellular adaptive sensitivity changes:
applications to opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol Rev 41: 435--488
Johnston CC, Collinge JM, Henderson SJ et al. (1997) A cross-sectional survey of pain and
pharmacological analgesia in Canadian neonatal intensive care units. Clin J Pain 4: 308-312
Johnston RE (1996) Effect of midazolam with and without flumazenil on conditioned
hypoalgesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53(3): 649--656
Johnstone RE, Jobes DR, Kennell EM et al. (1974) Reversal of morphine anesthesia with
naloxone. Anesthesiology 41: 361--367
Jolkkonen J, Kähkönen K, Pitkänen A (1997) Cholinergic deafferentation exacerbates
seizure-induced loss of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampus.
Neuroscience 80(2): 401--411
Jones BE (1991) Noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurones: their distant connections and the
relationship to neighbouring (including cholinergic and GABAergic) neurones of the
central gray and reticular formation. Prog Brain Res 88: 15--30
Jones CM 3d, Greiss FC jr (1982) The effect of labor on maternal and fetal circulating
catecholamines. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144(2): 149--153
Jones DA, Cummings J, Langdon SP et al. (1996) Metabolism of the broad-spectrum
neuropeptide growth factor antagonist: [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-substance P.
Br J Cancer 73(6): 715--720
Jones KD, Higenbottam TW, Wallwork J (1987) Treatment of primary pulmonary
hypertension with intravenous epoprostenol. Br Heart J 57: 270--278
Jones RM, Detmer M, Hille AB et al. (1981) Incidence of choledochoduodenal sphincter
spasm during fentanyl-supplemented anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60: 638--640
Jones RM, Fiddian-Green R, Knight PR (1980) Narcotic induced choledochoduodenal
sphincter spasm reversed by glucagon. Anesth Analg 59: 946--947
Jönsson A, Cassuto J, Hanson B (1991) Inhibition of burn pain by intravenous lignocaine
infusion. Lancet 338: 151--152
Jonsson T, Christensen CB, Jordernung H et al. (1988) The bioavailability of rectally
administered morphine. Pharm Toxicol 62: 203--205
Joos GF, Germonpre PR, Kips JC et al. (1994) Sensory neuropeptides and the human lower
airways: present state and future directions. Eur Respir J 6: 1161--1171
Joranson DE et al. (1987) Wisconsins initiative for improving cancer pain management:
progress report. J Pain Symptom Man 2: 11--11
Jordan C, Lehane JR, Robson PJ et al. (1979) A comparison of the respiratory effects of
meptazinol, pentazocine and morphine. Br J Anaesth 51: 497--502
Jordan LM, Kenshalo DR, Martin RF et al. (1978) Depression of primate spinothalamic tract
neurons by iontophoretic application of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Pain 5: 135--142
Jordan LM, Kenshalo DR, Martin RF et al. (1979) Two populations of spinothalamic tract
neurons with opposite responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Brain Res 164: 342--346
Jorgensen B, Norrelund N, Bech P et al. (1984) Smerter og depressive symptomer i almen
praksis. En kontrolleret undersogelse af Anafranil (klomipramin) versus placebo. Ugeskrif
for Laeger 146(38): 2868--2872
Jorgensen BC, Andersen HB, Engquist A (1982) Influence of epidural morphin on
postoperative pain, endocrine-metabolic, and renal responses to surgery. A controlled
study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1: 63--68
Joris J, Kaba A, Lamy M (1997) Postoperative spirometry after laparoscopy for lower
abdominal or upper abdominal surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth 79(4): 422--426
Joris J, Thiry E, Paris P (1995) Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: characteristics and
effect of intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 81(2): 379--384
Joris JL, Dubner R, Haregreaves KM (1987) Opioid analgesia at peripheral sites: a target for
opioids released during stress and inflammation. Anesth Analg 66: 1277--1281
Joris JL, Hinque VL, Laurent PE et al. (1998) Pulmonary function and pain after gastroplasty
performed via laparatomy or laparoscopy in morbidly obese patients Br J Anaesth 80: 283-288
Jorm CM, Stamford JA (1995) Actions of morphine on noradrenaline efflux in the rat locus
coeruleus are mediated via both opioid and alpha2-adrenoceptor mechanisms. Br J Anaesth
74: 73--78
Joshi GP, McCarroll SM, Brady OH et al. (1993) Intra-articular morphine for pain relief after
anterior cruciate ligament repair. Br J Anaesth 70: 87--88
Juan H (1981) Dependence of histamine-evoked nociception on prostaglandin release. Agents
Actions 6--7: 706--7110
Julia V, Buéno L (1997) Tachykininergic mediation of viscerosensitive responses to acute
inflammation in rats: role of CGRP. Am J Physiol 272(1 Pt 1): G141--146
Julia V, Morteau O, Buéno L (1994) Involvement of neurokinin 1 and 2 receptors in
viscerosensitive response to rectal distension in rats. Gastroenterology 107(1): 94--102
Julien CH G, Bonardet A, Alloua D et al. (1982) Perturbation fonctionelle prolongée de la
sécretion de prolactine après chirurgie sous neuroleptanalgésie. Can Anaesth Soc 29: 468-472
Jung AB, Bennett JP jr (1996) Development of striatal dopaminergic function. I. Pre- and
postnatal development of mRNAs and binding sites for striatal D1 (D1a) and D2 (D2a)
receptors. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 94(2): 109--120
Jurna I (1998) Analgetische und analgesie-potenzierende Wirkung von B-Vitaminen.
Schmerz 12: 136--141
Jurna I, Brune K (1990) Central effect of the non-steroid and anti-inflammatory agents
indomethacin, ibuprofen, and diclofenac, determined in C fibre-evokde acticity in single
neurones of the rat thalamus. Pain 41: 71--80
Jurna I, Carlsson KH, Kömen W et al. (1990) Acute effects of vitamin B6 and fixed
combinations of vitamin B1, B6 and B12 on nociceptive activity evoked in the rat
thalamus: dose-response relationship and combinations with morphine and paracetamol.
Klin Wochenschr 68(2): 129--135
Kabacoff RI, Segal DL, Hersen M et al. (1997) Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility
of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with older adult
psychiatric outpatients. J Anxiety Disord 1: 33--47
Kadikani H, Rurutani Y, Takahashi H et al. (1982) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA
for porcine B-neo-endorphin-dynorphin precursor. Nature 298: 345--349
Kafer E, Brown J, Scott D et al. (1983) Biphasic depression of ventilatory responses to CO2
following epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 58: 418--427
Kageyama N, Miura M, Ichinose M (1997) Role of endogenous nitric oxide in airway
microvascular leakage induced by inflammatory mediators. Eur Respir J 1: 13--19
Kahn LH, Styrt BA (1997) Necrotizing soft tissue infections reported with nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs. Ann Pharmacother 9: 1034--1039
Kaiko R, Horodniak J, Saverese J et al. (1987) Bioequivalency of controlled release morphine
(MS Contin), 15, 160, and 100 mg vs. the 30 mg tablet. 12th ACO, Oncol Nurs Forum 14:
112
Kaiser KG, Bainton CR (1987) Treatment of intrathecal morphine overdose by aspiration of
cerebrospinal fluid. Anesth Analg 66: 475--477
Kajander KC, Bennett GJ (1992) Onset of a painful peripheral neuropathy in rat: a partial and
differential deafferentation and spontaneous discharge in A beta and A delta primary
afferent neurons. J Neurophysiol 68: 734--744
Kajander KC, Wakisaka S, Bennett GJ (1992) Spontaneous discharge originates in the dorsal
root ganglion at the onset of a painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat. Neurosci Lett
138(2): 225--228
Kakidani H, Furutani Y, Takahashi H et al. (1982) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA
for porcine beta-neo-endorphin/dynorphin precursor. Nature 298: 245--249
Kalia M (1992) Early ontogeny of the vagus nerve: an analysis of the medulla oblongata and
cervical spinal cord of the postnatal rat. Neurochem Int 1: 119--128
Kalyuzhny AE, Wessendorf MW (1998) Relationship of mu- and delta-opioid receptors to
GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system, including antinociceptive brainstem
circuits. J Comp Neurol 392(4): 528--547
Kam PC, Tan KH (1996) Pruritus--itching for a cause and relief? Anaesthesia 51(12): 1133-1138
Kamei J, Saitoh A (1996) Involvement of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated functions in the
modulation of morphine-induced antinociception in diabetic mouse. Neuropharmacology
35(3): 273--278
Kaneko H, Mitsuma T, Uchida K et al. (1993) Immunoreactive-somatostatin, substance P, and
calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations of the human gastric mucosa in patients with
nonulcer dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease. Am J Gastroenterol 88: 898--904
Kaneko M, Hammond DL (1997) Role of spinal gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors in
formalin-induced nociception in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(2): 928--938
Kangrga I, Larew JSA, Randic M (1990) The effects of substance P and calcitonin generelated peptide on the efflux of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from rat spinal dorsal
horn in vitro. Neurosci Lett 108: 155--160
Kangrga I, Randic M (1990) Tachykinins, and calcitonin gene-related peptide enhance release
of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from the rat spinal dorsal horn slice. J Neurosci 10:
2026--2038
Kankaanpää U, Jakob RP (1975) Intraossäre Injektionen und der ossäre Druck bei Patienten
mit rheumatischen Schulterschmerzen Arch Orthop Unfallchir 81(4): 341--347
Kanner RF, Foley KM (1981) Patterns of narcotic use in a cancer pain clinic. Ann NY Acad
Sci 362: 161--172
Kanterman RY, Axelrod K, Felder CC et al. (1990) Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor mediates the
release of arachidonic acid in spinal cord neurons independent of phosphatidylinositolspecific sphospholipase. C Adv Sec Mess Phosphoprot Res 24: 158--163
Kanterman RY, Felder CC, Brenneman DE et al. (1990) Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor
mediates arachidonic acid release in spinal cord neurons independent of inositol
phospholipid turnover. J Neurochem 54: 1225--1232
Kanterman RY, Ma AL, Briley EM et al. (1990) Muscarinic receptors mediate the release of
arachidonic acid from spinal cord and hippocampal neurons in primary culture. Neurosci
Lett 118(2): 235--237
Kaplan AP (1989) The relationship of Hageman factor activation to the formation of
bradykinin in humans: a historical perspective. Prog Clin Biol Res 297: 311--323
Kaplan AP, Silverberg M, Ghebrehiwet B et al.(1989) Pathways of kinin formation and role
in allergic disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 50(S): S41--S51
Kapur PA (1991) The big "little problem". Anesth Analg 73(3): 243--245
Kar S, Chabot JG, Quirion R (1993) Quantitative autoradiographic localization of
[125I]insulin-like growth factor I, [125I]insulin-like growth factor II, and [125I]insulin
receptor binding sites in developing and adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 333(3): 375--397
Kar S, Quirion R (1995) Neuropeptide receptors in developing and adult rat spinal cord: an in
vitro quantitative autoradiography study of calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurokinins,
mu-opioid, galanin, somatostatin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
receptors. J Comp Neurol 354(2): 253--281
Karalis K, Muglia LJ, Bae D et al. (1997) CRH and the immune system. J Neuroimmunol
72(2): 131--136
Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J et al. (1991) Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of
corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 254(5030): 421--423
Karanth SS, Springall DR, Lucas S et al. (1989) Changes in nerves and neuropeptides in skin
from 100 leprosy patients investigated by immunocytochemistry. J Pathol 157: 15--26
Karayiannakis AJ, Makri GG, Mantzioka A et al. (1996) Postoperative pulmonary function
after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy Br J Anaesth 77: 448--452
Kargman S, Charleson S, Cartwright M et al. (1996) Characterization of Prostaglandin G/H
Synthase 1 and 2 in rat, dog, monkey, and human gastrointestinal tracts. Gastroenterology
111: 445--454
Karl HW, Keifer AT, Rosenberger JL et al. (1992) Comparison of the safety and efficacy of
intranasal midazolam or sufentanil for preinduction of anesthesia in pediatric patients.
Anesthesiology 76: 209--215
Karlsson K, Eriksson U, Andrén P et al. (1997) Purification and characterization of substance
P endopeptidase activities in the rat spinal cord. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 1: 59--78
Karunakar N, Pillai KK, Husain SZ et al. (1997) Investigations of anti-inflammatory activity
of Jigrine. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 41(2): 134--138
Kase Y, Wakita Y, Kito G et al. (1970) Centrally induced coughs in the cat. Life Sci 9: 49--59
Kashihara K, Yabuki S (1987) Cold-induced dysaesthesia in acute idiopathic polyneuritis. J
Neurol 235 (1): 53--55
Kask K, Berthold M, Bartfai T (1997) Galanin receptors: involvement in feeding, pain,
depression and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 60(18): 1523--1533
Kastrup J, Petersen P. Dejgaard A et al. (1987) Intravenous lidocaine infusion: a new
treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy? Pain 28: 69--75
Katan BS, Olshaker JS, Dickerson SE (1988) Intraosseous infusion of muscle relaxants. Am J
Emerg Med 4: 353--354
Kato S, Hirata T, Takeuchi K (1997) Nitric oxide, prostaglandin, and sensory neurons in
gastric mucosal blood flow response during acid secretion in rats. Gen Pharmacol 28(4):
513--519
Katz DM, Karten HJ (1980) Substance P in the vagal sensory ganglia: localization in cell
bodies and pericellular arborizations J Comp Neurol 193(2): 549--564
Katz J (1993) Preop analgesia for postop pain. Lancet 342: 65--66
Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Clairoux M et al. (1993) Pre-emptive analgesia. Correspondence. Br J
Anaesth 70: 378--384
Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN (1992) Effect of preoperative opioid administration on
postoperative pain. Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 69(4): 424--425
Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN (1992) Preemptive analgesia: Clinical evidence of
neuroplasticity contributing to post-operative pain. Anesthesiology 77: 439--446
Katz J, Langevitz P, Shemer J et al. (1994) Prevention of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with
colchicine: an open trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 3(Pt 1): 459--461
Katz J, Melzack R (1990) Pain “memories” in phantom limbs: Review and clinical
observations. Pain 43: 319--336
Katz J, Vaccarino AL, Coderre TJ et al. (1991) Injury prior to neurectomy alters the pattern of
autotomy in rats. Anesthesiology 75: 876--883
Kauffman GL (1997) Stress, the brain, and the gastric mucosa. Am J Surg 174(3): 271--275
Kaufman RD, Agleh KA, Belville JW (1979) Relative potencies and duration of action with
respect to respiratory depression of intravenous meperidine, fentanyl and alphaprodine in
man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 208: 73--79
Kaukinen L, Kaukinen S, Eerola R et al. (1981) The antagonistic effect of pentazocine on
fentanyl induced respiratory depression compared with nalorphine and naloxone. Ann Clin
Res 13: 396--401
Kaunitz JD, Tanaka S (1996) Regulation of intracellular pH: role in gastric mucosal defence.
Keio J Med 45(3): 155--160
Kauppila T, Kemppainen P, Tanila H et al. (1991) Effect oft systemic medetomidine, an ?2adrenoceptor agonist, on experimental pain in humans. Anesthesiology 74: 3--8
Kavaliers M, Innes DG (1990) Developmental changes in opiate-induced analgesia in deer
mice: sex and population differences. Brain Res 516(2): 326--331
Kavanagh BP, Katz J, Sandler AN (1994) Multimodal analgesia before thoracic surgery does
not reduce postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 73: 184--189
Kawakita K, Sumiya E, Murase K et al. (1997) Response characteristics of nucleus submedius
neurons to colo-rectal distension in the rat. Neurosci Res 1: 59--66
Kawamori T, Rao CV, Seibert K et al. (1998) Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a
specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 58: 409-412
Kawamura M, Ohara H, Go K et al. (1998) Neurotropin induces antinociceptive effect by
enhancing descending pain inhibitory systems involving 5-HT3 and noradrenergic alpha2
receptors in spinal dorsal horn. Life Sci 62(24): 2181--2190
Kawamura T, Yamauchi T, Koyama M et al. (1997) Expression of prostaglandin EP2 receptor
mRNA in the rat spinal cord. Life Sci 61: 2111--2116
Kay B (1990) Opiatagonist-Antagonisten: Allgemeine Pharmakologie. In: Der postoperative
Schmerz (Lehmann KA, Hrsg), Springer, Seiten 190--200
Kay B, Rolly G (1977) Duration of action of analgesic supplement to anaesthesia. Acta
Anaesth Belg 28: 25--32
Kay DC, Eisenstein RB, Jasinski DR (1969) Morphine effects on human REM state, waking
state, and NREM sleep. Psychopharmac 14: 404--416
Kayaalp SO, Kaymakcalan S (1966) A comparative study of the effects of morphine in
unanesthetized and anesthetized cats. Br J Pharmacol 26: 196--204
Kaye MP, Randall WL, Hageman GR et al. (1977) Chronology and mode of reinnervatioan of
the surgically denervated canine heart: functional and chemical correlates. Am J Physiol
233: 431--437
Kayser V, Besson JM, Guilbaud G (1987) Paradoxical hyperalgesic effect of exceedingly low
doses of systemic morphine in an animal model of persistent pain (Freunds adjuvantinduced arthritic rats). Brain Res 414: 155--157
Kayser V, Gobeaux D, Lombard MC et al. (1990) Potent and long lasting antinociceptive
effects after injection of low doses of a mu-opioid receptor agonist, fentanyl, into the
brachial plexus sheath of the rat. Pain 42: 215--225
Keats A (1985) The effect of drugs on respiration in man. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 25:
41--65
Keele CA (1966) Measurement of pain and analgesia. Proc Roy Soc Med 59(S): 73--78
Keele CA (1966) Measurement of responses to chemically induced pain. In: Ciba Foundation
Symposium-Touch, Heat and Pain. (De Reuck AVS, Knight J, eds), Churchill Livingstone
(London)
Keen MF (1986) Comparison of intramuscular injection techniques to reduce site discomfort
and lesions. Nursing Res 35: 207--210
Keeri-Szanto M (1979) Drugs or drums: what relieves postoperative pain? Pain 6: 217--262
Kehlet H (1986) Pain relief and modification of the stress response. In: Acute Pain
Management (Cousins MJ, Philipps GD, eds), Churchill Livingstone (Edinburgh) pp 49-75
Kehlet H, Christensen T (1982) Postoperative fatigue and convalescence. Reg Anesth 7(S):
144--147
Kehlet H, Rosenberg J (1995) Late post-operative hypoxaemia and organ dysfunction. Eur J
Anaesthesiolog 12(S10): 31--34
Keifer JC, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R (1992) Sleep disruption and increased apnoeas after
pontine microinjection of morphine. Anesthesiology 77: 973--982
Keil G (1990) Sogenannte Erstbeschreibung des Phantomschmerzes von Ambroise Paré.
"Chose digne d'admiration et quasi incredible": die "douleur es parties mortes et
amputées". Fortschr Med 108(4): 62--66
Keith DE, Anton B, Murray SR et al. (1998) mu-Opioid receptor internalization: opiate drugs
have differential effects on a conserved endocytic mechanism in vitro and in the
mammalian brain. Mol Pharmacol 53(3): 377--384
Keller R, Waldvogel HH, Herzog H (1975) Neurolept analgesia for bronchoscopic
examinations. Chest 67(3): 315--319
Kelley DE, Henry RR, Edelman SV (1996) Acute effects of intraperitoneal versus
subcutaneous insulin delivery on glucose homeostasis in patients with NIDDM. Veterans
Affairs Implantable Insulin Pump Study Group. Diabetes Care 11: 1237--1242
Kemp HG (1973) Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal
coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol 32: 375--376
Kempe C, Gruning H, Stasche N et al. (1997) Isländisch-Moos-Pastillen zur Prophylaxe bzw.
Heilung von oralen Schleimhautirritationen und ausgetrockneter Rachenschleimhaut.
Laryngorhinootologie 76(3): 186--188
Kendig JJ, Savola MT, Maze M (1989) Effects of a sedative/analgesic adrenergic agonist,
dexmedetomidine, in the spinal cord of newborn rats. Anesthesiology 71: A579
Kennedy BL, West TC (1967) Effects of morphine on electrically-induced release of
autonomic mediators in the rabbit sinoatrial node. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 157(1): 149--158
Kenshalo DR jr, Leonard RG, Chung JM et al. (1979) Responses of primate spinothalamic
neurons to graded and to repeated noxious heat stimuli. J Neurophysiol 42: 1370--1389
Kentor ML, Schwalb AJ, Lieberman RW (1980) Rapid high dose fentanyl induction for
CABG. Anesthesiology 53(S): 95
Kerr FWL (1979) Segmental circuitry and ascending pathways of the nociceptive system. In:
Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesics (Beers RF jr, Bassett EG, eds.), Raven Press (NY),
Kapitel 11
Kerr ME, Brycua J (1993) Hyperventilation in the head-injured patient: an effective treatment
modality? Heart Lung 22: 516--521
Kerz T, Dick W (1996) Zugangswege für die Medikamentenapplikation bei
Herzkreislaufstillstand. Anaesthesist 45(6): 550--565
Kessler F, Habelt C, Averbeck B et al. (1999) Heat-induced release of CGRP from isolated rat
skin and effects of bradykinin and the protein kinase C activator PMA. Pain 83(2): 289-289
Kett A, Omoniyi AT, Kim H et al. (1998) Baroreflex-mediated bradycardia but not
tachycardia is blunted peripherally by intravenous mu-opioid agonists. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 178(5): 950--955
Kety SS, Schmidt CF (1948) Effects of blood arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen
on cerebral blood flow and cerebral consumption of normal young men. J Clin Invest 27:
484--492
Khandwala H, Loomis CW (1998) Milacemide, a glycine pro-drug, inhibits strychnineallodynia without affecting normal nociception in the rat. Pain 77: 85--95
Khandwala H, Zhang Z, Loomis CW (1998) Inhibition of strychnine-allodynia is mediated
by spinal adenosine A1- but not A2-receptors in the rat. Brain Res 808(1): 106--109
Khanna R, Mactier R (1992) Role of lymphatics in peritoneal dialysis. Blood Purif 10(3--4):
163--172
Khasar SG, Lin YH, Martin A et al. (1999) A novel nociceptor signaling pathway revealed in
protein kinase C epsilon mutant mice. Neuron 24(1): 253--260
Khasar SG, Miao FJ, Jänig W et al. (1998) Vagotomy-induced enhancement of mechanical
hyperalgesia in the rat is sympathoadrenal-mediated. J Neurosci 18(8): 3043--3049
Khawaja AM, Rogers DF (1996) Tachykinins: receptor to effector Int J Biochem Cell Biol 7:
721--738
Khoury GF, Chen AC, Garland DE et al. (1992) Intraarticular morphine, bupivacaine, and
morphine/bupivacaine for pain control after knee videoartrhoscopy. Anesthesiology 77(2):
263--266
Khoury GF, Stein C, Garland DE (1990) Intra-articular morphine for pain after knee
arthroscopy. Correspondence. Lancet 336(8719): 874
Khurana RC (1983) Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with trazadone.
Correspondence. JAMA 250: 1392
Kieffer BL, Befort K, Gaveriaux-Ruff C et al. (1992) The δ-opioid receptor: isolation of a
cDNA by expression cloning and pharmacologic characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
89: 12048--12052
Kielholz P (1954) Ätiologie und Therapie der Analgetica- und Hypnoticasucht. Schweiz Med
Wochenschr 84: 753--756
Kienbaum P, Thürauf N, Michel MC et al. (1998) Profound increase in epinephrine
concentration in plasma and cardiovascular stimulation after µ-opioid receptor blockade in
opioid-addicted patients during barbiturate-induced anesthesia for acute detoxification.
Anesthesiology 88: 1154--1161
Kiessig HJ, Orzechowski I (1941) Untersuchungen über die Wirkungsweise der
Sympathicomimetika. VIII. Über die Beeinflussung der Schmerzempfindlichkeit durch
Sympathicomimetika. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 197: 391--404
Kihara T, Kaneto H (1986) Important role of adrenergic function in the development of
analgesic tolerance to morphine in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 42: 419--423
Kilo S, Schmelm M, Koltzenburg M et al. (1994) Different patterns of hyperalgesia induced
by experimental inflammation in human skin. Brain 117(Pt2): 385--396
Kim U, Sanchez-Vives MV, McCormick DA (1997) Functional dynamics of GABAergic
inhibition in the thalamus. Science 278 (5335): 130--134
Kincy-Cain T, Bost KL (1997) Substance P-induced IL-12 production by murine
macrophages. J Immunol 158(5): 2334--2339
Kindgen-Milles D, Arndt JO (1996) Nitric oxide as a chemical link in the generation of pain
from veins in humans. Pain 64(1): 139--142
Kindgen-Milles D, Klement W, Arndt JO (1994) The nociceptive systems of skin,
paravascular tissue and hand veins of humans and their sensitivity to bradykinin. Neurosci
Letter 181(1--2): 39--42
King PJ, Widdowson PS, Doods H et al. (2000) Effect of cytokines on hypothalamic
neuropeptide Y release in vitro. Peptides 21(1): 143--146
Kinnman E, Nygards EB, Hansson P (1997) Peripheral alpha-adrenoreceptors are involved in
the development of capsaicin induced ongoing and stimulus evoked pain in humans. Pain
69(1--2): 79--85
Kirby H, Heaton KW, Burton JL (1974) Pruritic effect of bile salts. BMJ 4(5946): 693--695
Kirchner T, Aparicio B, Argentieri DC et al. (1997) Effects of tepoxalin, a dual inhibitor of
cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase, on events associated with NSAID-induced
gastrointestinal inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 56(6): 417--423
Kishimoto S, Kobayashi H, Machino H et al. (1994) High concentrations of substance P as a
possible transmission of abdominal pain in rats with chemical induced ulcerative colitis.
Biomed Res 15 (S2): 133--140
Kishore-Kumar R, Max MB, Schafer SC et al. (1990) Desipramine relieves postherpetic
neuralgia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47(3): 305--312
Kisin I, Markiewicz W, Birkhahn J (1979) Effect of large doses of morphine on experimental
myocardial ischemia in cats. Isr J Med 15: 588--591
Kiss IE, Killian M (1992) Does opiate premedication influence postoperative analgesia? A
prospective study. Pain 48: 157--158
Kissin I, Brown PT, Bradley EL jr (1991) Magnitude of acute tolerance to opioids is not
related to their potency. Anesthesiology 75: 813--816
Kistner JR, Miller ED, Lake CL et al. (1979) Indices of myocardial oxygenation during
coronary-artery revascularization in man with morphine versus halothane anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 50: 324--330
Kitchen I, Slowe SJ, Matthes HW et al. (1997) Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of mu, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in knockout mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene.
Brain Res 778(1): 73--88
Klamt JG (1998) Effects of intrathecally administered lamotrigine, a glutamate release
inhibitor, on short- and long-term models of hyperalgesia in rats. Anesthesiology 88(2):
487--494
Klamt JG, Dos Reis MP, Barbieri Neto J et al. (1996) Analgesic effect of subarachnoid
neostigmine in two patients with cancer pain. Pain 2-3: 389--391
Klamt JG, Prado WA (1991) Antinociception and behavioral changes induced by carbachol
microinjected into identified sites of the rat brain. Brain Res 549(1): 9--18
Klamt JG, Slullitel A, Garcia IV et al. (1997) Postoperative analgesic effect of intrathecal
neostigmine and its influence on spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 52(6): 547--51
Klauser AG, Vorderholzer WA, Knesewitsch PA et al. (1993) What is behind dyspepsia? Dig
Dis Sci 38: 147--154
Klebanoff MA, Levine RK, DerSimonian R et al. (1999) Maternal serum paraxanthine, a
caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. New Engl J Med 341(22): 1639-1644
Klein KG (1988) Controlled treatment trials in the irritable bowel syndrome: a critique.
Gastroenterology 95: 232--241
Kleinschmidt S, Stöckl W, Wilhelm W et al. (1997) The addition of clonidine to prilocaine
for intravenous regional anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 14(1): 40--46
Klepper ID, Rosen M, Vickers MD et al. (1986) Respiratory function following nalbuphine
and morphine in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth 58: 625--629
Klip A, Britt BA, Elliott ME et al. (1987) Anaesthetic-induced increase in ionised calcium in
blood mononuclear cells from malignant hyperthermia patients. Lancet 1: 463--466
Klotz U, McHorse TS, Wilkinson GR et al. (1974) The effect of cirrhosis on the disposition
and elimination of meperidine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16: 667--675
Knapp RJ, Hawkins KN, Lui GK et al. (1990) Multiple opioid receptors and novel ligands. In:
Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (Benedetti C, Chapman CR, Giron G, eds.),
Raven (NY), vol 14: 45--85
Knapp RJ, Malatynska E, Collins N et al. (1995) Molecular biology and pharmacology of
cloned opioid receptors. FASEB J 9(7): 516--525
Knecht S, Henningsen H, Elbert T et al. (1995) Cortical reorganization in human amputees
and mislocalization of painful stimuli to the phantom limb. Neurosci Lett 201(3): 262--264
Knecht S, Henningsen H, Hohling C et al. (1998) Plasticity of plasticity? Changes in the
pattern of perceptual correlates of reorganization after amputation. Brain 121 (Pt 4):717-724
Kniffki KD, Schomburg ED, Steffens H (1981) Convergence in segmental reflex pathways
from fine muscle afferents and cutaneous or group II muscle afferents to αmotorneurones. Brain Res 218: 342--346
Knight DA, Stewart GA, Thompson PJ (1997) Histamine-induced contraction of human
isolated bronchus is enhanced by endogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha and activation of TP
receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 319(2--3): 261--267
Köberle D, Bacchus L, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ (1999) Pamidronate treatment in patients with
malignant osteolytic bone disease and pain: a prospective randomized double-blind trial.
Support Care Cancer 7(1): 21--27
Koch CA, Doppman JL, Watson NJ et al. (1999) Spinal epidural lipomatosis in a patient with
the ectopic corticotropin syndrome. Correspondence. New Engl J Med 341(18): 1399-1400
Koch H, Kügelgen I, Starke K (1997) P2-receptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline
release in the rat hippocampus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 355(6): 707--715
Kocher R (1981) Psychopharmaka bei chronischen Schmerzen. Schw Med Wschr 111: 1946-1954
Kocher R, Schär J (1969) Zur Behandlung schwerer Schmerzzustände mit einer Kombination
von Anafranil (clomipramine) und Nozinan (laevopromazin). Praxis 58: 979--999
Koegler FH, Ritter S (1998) Galanin injection into the nucleus of the solitary tract stimulates
feeding in rats with lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Physiol
Behav 63(4): 521--527
Koehler PJ (1995) Use of corticosteroids in neuro-oncology. Anticancer Drugs 6(1): 19--33
Koehntop D, Rodman J, Brundage D et al. (1986) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonates.
Anesth Analg 65: 227--232
Koella WP (1983) Psychopharmaka in der Schmerzbehandlung - bisherige Erfahrungen,
neurophysiologische Grundlagen, Wirkungsmechanismen. Das Wesen und die
neurophysiologische Organisation des Schmerzes. Neurol Psychiatrie 6(S1): 21--28
Kofke WA, Garman RH, Tom CW et al. (1992) Alfentanil-induced hypermetabolism, seizure,
and histopathology in rat brain. Anesth Analg 75: 953--964
Koga T, Qu R, Fukuda H (1998) The central pattern generator for vomiting may exist in the
reticular area dorsomedial to the retrofacial nucleus in dogs. Exp Brain Res 118(2): 139-147
Kogan JH, Nestler AJ, Aghajanian GK (1992) Elevated basal firing rates and enhanced
responses to 8-Br-cAMP in locus coeruleus neurones in brain slices from opiate-dependent
rats. Eur J Pharmacol 211: 47--53
Kohane DS, Yieh J, Lu NT et al. (1998) A re-examination of tetrodotoxin for prolonged
duration local anesthesia. Anesthesiology 89(1): 119--131
Kohnen N (1978) Denn die Arztkunst ist der Anblick der Gesundheit.- Krankheit und
Behandlung aus aristotelischer Sicht. Dtsch. Ärztebl. 75: 1676--1679
Kohnen N (1986) Igorot. Alltag und traditionelle Wege des Heilens bei philippinischen
Bergstämmen. Triltsch, Düsseldorf
Kohnen N (1990) Schmerzerleben der Cabuntogueños. Faktoren des Schmerzes in einer
philippinischen Fischergruppe. Natur- und GanzheitsMedizin 3: 246--251
Kohnen N (1992) Traditionelle Medizin auf den Philippinen. Angstbewältigung und
Kognition bei Krankheit. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung Südasien-Institut Universität
Heidelberg Band 154, Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992
Koivuranta M,. Läärä E, Snare L et al. (1997) A survey of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia 52(5): 443--449
Kolb E (1991) Endotheline--Eigenschaften, Bildung, Wirkungsmechanismus und Bedeutung.
Z Gesamte Inn Med 46(10--11): 355--360
Kolecki PF, Curry SC (1997) Poisoning by sodium channel blocking agents. Crit Care Clin
13(4): 829--848
Kolesnikov YA, Ferkany J, Pasternak GW (1993) Blockade of mu and kappa1 opioid
analgesic tolerance by NPC17742, a novel NMDA antagonist. Life Sci 53: 1489--1494
Kolesnikov YA, Pick CG, Ciszewska G et al. (1993) Blockade of tolerance to morphine but
not to opioids by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5162--5166
Kolhekar R, Gebhart GF (1996) Modulation of spinal visceral nociceptive transmission by
NMDA receptor activation in the rat. J Neurophysiol 75(6): 2344--2353
Koltzenburg M, Handwerker HO, Torebjörk HE (1993) The ability of humans to localize
noxious stimuli. Neurosci Lett 150: 219--222
Komhoff M, Grone HJ, Klein T et al. (1997) Localization of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in adult
and fetal human kidney: implication for renal function. Am J Physiol 272(4 Pt 2): F460-F468
Komhoff M, Wang JL, Cheng HF et al. (2000) Cyclooxagenase-2-selective inhibitors impair
glomerulogenesis and renal cortical development. Kidney Int 57(2): 414--422
Kong H, Raynor K, Yano H et al. (1994) Agonist and antagonists bind to different domains of
the cloned kappa opioid receptor. 91(17): 8042--8046
Kongsgaard UE, Pettersen B, Bjorgo S et al. (1993) Myoclonic contractions associated with
intrathecal infusion of high-dose morphine. 7th World Congress Pain A594, P247
Konietzko N (1992) Abschätzung des praeoperativen Risikos bei vorbestehenden
Lungenerkrankungen Internist 33: 379--386
König M, Zimmer AM, Steiner H et al. (1996) Pain responses, anxiety and aggression in mice
deficient in pre-proenkephalin. Nature 383(6600): 535--538
Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ et al. (1998) Activation of genes for growth factors
and cyclooxygenases in rat gastric mucosa during recovery from stress damage. Eur J
Pharmacol 342(1): 55--65
Konturek SJ, Konturek JW (1994) Gastric adaptation: basic and clinical aspects. Digestion
55(3): 131--138
Kopacz DJ, Slover RB (1990) Accidental epidural cephalozin injection: safeguards for
patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 72: 944--947
Kopp E, Ghosh S (1994) Inhibition of NF-kappaB by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science
265: 956--959
Kopp UC, Cicha MZ, Smith LA et al. (2000) Cyclooxygenase-2 involved in stimulation of
renal mechanosensitive neurons. Hypertension 35(1): 373--378
Koppert W, Likar R, Geisslinger G et al. (1999) Peripheral antihyperalgesic effect of
morphine to heat, but not mechanical, stimulation in healthy volunteers after ultraviolet-B
irradiation. Anesth Analg 88(1): 117--122
Koprowska M, Romaniuk A (1997) Behavioral and biochemical alterations in median and
dorsal raphe nuclei lesioned cats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56(3): 529--540
Koren G, Butt W, Chinyanga H et al. (1985) Postoperative morphine infusion in newborn
infants: assessment of disposition characteristics and safety. J Ped 107: 963--967
Korinek AM, Languille M, Bonnet F et al. (1985) Effect of postoperative extradural morphine
on ADH secretion. Br J Anaesth 57: 407--411
Kortelainen ML, Särkioja T (1990) Fatal complications of intramuscular and intra-articular
injections. Z Rechtsmed 103(7): 547--554
Koskoff YD, Dennis W, Lazovik D et al. (1948) The psychological effects of frontal
lobotomy performed for the alleviation of pain. ARNMD XXVII: 723--753
Kossmann B, Hecht M, Bowdler I et al. (1985) Therapie von Karzinomschmerzen : Vergleich
einer wässrigen Morphinlösung mit MST-Tabletten. Schmerz Pain Douleur 4: 143--151
Kosterlitz HW, Hughes J (1975) Some thoughts on the significance of enkephalin, the
endogenous ligand. Life Sci 17(1): 91--96
Kosterlitz HW, Lord JAH (1971) The morphine receptor in the guinea pig ileum. A.
Antagonist of normorphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl and etorphine. B. Methadone. C.
Antagonists with very long duration of action. Com Prob Drug Depend ; 33rd Ann Scie
Meeting, Toronto
Kosterlitz HW, Paterson SJ (1990) Opioid receptors and mechanisms of opioid analgesia. In:
Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (Benedetti C, Chapman CR, Giron G, eds.),
Raven (NY), Vol 14, pp 37--43
Kosterlitz HW, Paterson SJ, Robson CE (1981) Characterisation of the kappa-subtype of the
opioid receptor in the guinea pig brain. Br J Pharmacol 73(4): 939---949
Kosterlitz HW, Wallis DI (1964) The action of morphine-like drugs on impulse transmission
in mammalian nerve fibers. Br J Pharmacol 22: 499--510
Kotani N, Oyama T, Sakai I et al. (1997) Analgesic effect of a herbal medicine for treatment
of primary dysmenorrhea--a double-blind study. Am J Chin Med 25(2): 205--212
Kotlinska J, Suder P, Legowska A et al. (2000) Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits morphine
withdrawal. Life Sci 2000 66(8): PL119--123
Kovac AL, Scuderi PE, Boerner TF et al. (1997) Treatment of postoperative nausea and
vomiting with single intravenous doses of dolasetron mesylate: a multicenter trial. Anesth
Analg 85: 546--552
Kovarik JM, Mueller EA, Gerbeau C et al. (1997) Cyclosporine and nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs: exploring potential drug interactions and their implications for the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol 37(4): 336--343
Kowall NW, Quigley BJ jr, Krause JE et al. (1993) Substance P and substance P receptor
histochemistry in human neurodegenerative diseases. Regul Pept 46(1--2): 174--185
Koyfman L, Kaplanski J, Artru AA et al. (2000) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 by
nimesulide decreases prostaglandin E3 formation but does not alter brain edeme or clinical
recovery after closed head injury in rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiolg 12(1): 44--50
Kozol R, Lange PM, Kosir M et al. (1997) A prospective, randomized study of open vs
laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. An assessment of postoperative pain. Arch Surg
132(3): 292--295
Kramer MS, Cutler N, Feighner J et al. (1998) Distinc mechanism for antidepressant activity
by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science 281: 1640--1645
Krames ES, Wilkie DJ, Gershow J (1986) Intrathecal D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADL)
restores analgesia in a patient analgetically tolerant to intrathecal morphine sulfate. Pain
24: 205--209
Krance R, Brenner MK (1998) Bone marrow transplantation beats autoimmune disease. Nat
Med 4: 153--155
Krane EJ, Heller LB (1995) The prevalence of phantom sensation and pain in pediatric
amputees. J Pain Symptom Manage 1: 21--29
Krause JE, Staveteig PT, Mentzer JN et al. (1997) Functional expression of a novel human
neurokinin-3 receptor homolog that binds [3H]senktide and [125I-MePhe7]neurokinin
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(1): 310--315
Krause L, Shuster S (1983) Mechanism of action of antipruritic drugs. BJM 287: 1199--1200
Kraushaar OF, Bradbury JT, Wang YK et al. (1949) Morphins suppression of urinary output
in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 57: 302--311
Krekoski CA, Parhad IM, Clark AW (1996) Attenuation and recovery of nerve growth factor
receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglion neurons following axotomy. J Neurosci Res 43: 1-11
Kremer EF, Block AJ, Gaylor MS (1980) Behavioral approaches to treatment of chronic pain:
The inaccuracy of patient self-report measures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 62: 188--191
Kremer M (1942) Action of intrathecally injected prostigmine, acetylcholine, and eserine on
the central nervous system in man. Q J Exp Physiology 31: 337--357
Kress M, Koltzenburg M, Reeh PW et al. (1992) Responsiveness and functional attributes of
electrically localized terminals of cutaneous C-fibers in vivo and in vitro. J Neurophysiol
68(2): 581--595
Kress M, Riedl B, Reeh PW (1995) Effects of oxygen radicals on nociceptive afferents in the
rat skin in vitro. Pain 62(1): 87--94
Krieger DT (1983) Brain peptides: where and what? Science 222(4627): 975--985
Krishna G, Paradise RR (1974) Effect of morphine on isolated human atrial muscle.
Anesthesiology 40: 147--151
Kristensen B, Ejlertsen B, Mouridsen HT et al. (1998) Survival in breast cancer patients after
the first episode of hypercalcaemia. J Intern Med 244(3): 189--198
Kristensen JD, Karlsten R, Gordh T et al. (1994) The NMDA antagonist 3-(2carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) has antinociceptive effect after
intrathecal injection in the rat. Pain 56: 59--67
Krivo S, Reidenberg MM (1996) Assessment of patient’s pain. Correspondence. New Engl J
Med 334: 59
Kroll DA, Caplan RA, Posner K et al. (1990) Nerve injury associated with anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 73(2): 202--207
Kromer W, Beubler E (1993) Dual opioid modulation of chloride/water secretion in the
guinea-pig colon in vitro and the rat jejunum in vivo. J Auton Pharmacol 13: 315--321
Kronenberg MF, Laimer I, Rifici C et al. (1998) Epileptic seizure associated with
intracerebroventricular and intrathecal morphine bolus. Pain 75: 383--387
Kroner K, Knudsen UB, Lundby L et al. (1992) Long-term phantom breast syndrome after
mastectomy. Clin J Pain 4: 346--350
Kroner K, Krebs B, Skov J et al. (1989) Immediate and long-term phantom breast syndrome
after mastectomy: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-mastectomy
breast pain. Pain 36(3): 327--334
Kropotov JD, Crawford HJ, Polyakov YI (1997) Somatosensory event-related potential
changes to painful stimuli during hypnotic analgesia: anterior cingulate cortex and anterior
temporal cortex intracranial recordings. Int J Psychophysiol 1: 1--8
Krüger-Thiemer E (1968) Continuous intravenous infusion and multicompartment
accumulation. Eur J Pharmacol 4(3): 317--324
Krukowski JA, Hood DD, Eisenach JC et al. (1997) Intrathecal neostigmine for post-cesarean
section analgesia: dose response. Anesth Analg 6: 1269--75
Kruszewski A, Lang S, Johnson J (1979) Effects of positioning on discomfort from
intramuscular injections in the dorsogluteal site. Nursing Res 28: 103--105
Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (1989) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Saunders
(Philadelphia)
Kubicki ST, Stölzel R, Otten J et al. (1970) Exzitatorische und inhibitorische Phänomene am
Zentralnervensystem verursacht durch Fentanyl. In: Neue klinische Aspekte der
Neuroleptanalgesie (Henschel WF, ed.), Schattauer, Seiten 21--30
Kucera LS, Herrmann EC jr (1967) Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family
(labiatae). I. Tannin of Melissa officinalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124(3): 865--869
Kudrow L (1982) Paradoxical effects of frequent analgesic use. In: Advances in Neurology
(Critchley EM, ed.), Raven Press, New York; pp 335--341
Kuhar MJ, Pasternak GW, eds. (1984) Analgesics: Neurochemical Behavioural, and Clinical
Perspectives. Raven Press (NY)
Kuhar MJ, Pert CB, Snyder SH (1973) Regional distribution of opiate receptor binding in
monkey and human brain. Nature 245: 447--450
Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Tu AL et al. (1979) Meperidine and normeperidine levels
following meperidine administration in labor. II. Fetus and neonate. Am J Obstet Gynec
133: 909--914
Kujuba DA, Herschman HR (1992) Dexamethasone inhibits mitogen induction of the TIS 10
prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase gene. J Biol Chem 267: 7991--7994
Kumar K, Wyant GM, Nath R (1990) Deep brain stimulation for control of intractable pain in
humans, present and future: a ten-year follow-up. Neurosurgery 26(5): 774--781
Kumar S, Bhargava HN (1997) Time course of the changes in central nitric oxide synthase
activity following chronic treatment with morphine in the mouse: reversal by naltrexone.
Gen Pharmacol 2: 223--227
Kunapuli P, Lawson JA, Rokach J et al. (1997) Functional characterization of the ocular
prostaglandin f2alpha (PGF2alpha) receptor. Activation by the isoprostane, 12-isoPGF2alpha. J Biol Chem 272(43): 27147--27154
Kunkel SL, Wiggins RC, Chensue SW et al. (1986) Regulation of macrophage tumor necrosis
factor production by prostaglandin E2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 137: 404--10
Kunt T (1978) Beschwerden im Lumbosakral-Bereich und ihre Behandlung mit DoloNeurobion. Fortschr Med 96(6): 299--300
Kuntschen FR, Galletti PM, Hahn C et al. (1985) Alterations of insulin and glucose
metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass under normothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc
Surg 89(1): 97--106
Künzi T, Ramstein C, Pirovino M (1995) Umschriebene Hautnekrose nach intramuskulärer
Injektion (Embolia cutis medicamentosa). Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 84: 640--643
Kuperberg KG, Grubbs L (1997) Coronary artery bypass patients' perceptions of acute
postoperative pain. Clin Nurse Spec 3: 116--122
Kupers R, Yu W, Persson JK et al. (1998) Photochemically-induced ischemia of the rat sciatic
nerve produces a dose-dependent and highly reproducible mechanical, heat and cold
allodynia, and signs of spontaneous pain. Pain 76(1--2): 45--559
Kupferburg HJ, Way EL (1963) Pharmacologic basis for the increased sensitivity of the
newborn rat to morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 141: 105--112
Kuraishi Y, Hirota N, Sato Y et al. (1985) Noradrenergic inhibition of the release of substance
P from the primary afferents in the rabbit spinal dorsal horn Brain Res 359(1-2): 177--182
Kuraishi Y, Hirota N, Sato Y et al. (1989) Stimulus specifity of peripherally evoked substance
P release from the rabbit dorsal horn in situ. Neuroscience 30: 241--250
Kuraishi Y, Kawamura M, Yamaguchi T (1991) Intrathecal injections of galanin and its
antiserum affect nociceptive response of rat to mechanical, but not thermal, stimuli. Pain
44(3): 321--324
Kuribara H, Uchihashi Y (1994) Interactions of opioids with caffeine: evaluation by
ambulatory activity in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 46(2): 141--144
Kuroda R, Nakatani J, Joku M et al. (1985) Clinicoanatomical study of thalamic stimulation
for pain relief. Appl Neurophysiol 48: 181--190
Kurosawa S, Kobune F, Okuyama K et al. (1987) Effects of antipyretics in rinderpest virus
infection in rabbits. J Infect Dis 155: 991--997
Kurose H, Seino Y, Shima M et al. (1987) Intranasal absorption of salmon calcitonin. Calcif
Tiss Int 41: 249--251
Kurumaji Y, Ohshiro Y, Miyamoto C et al. (1991) Allergic photocontact dermatitis due to
suprofen. Photopatch testing and cross-reaction study. Contact Dermatitis 4: 218--223
Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK et al. (1996) Structural basis for selective inhibition
of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature 384: 644--648
Kurz A, Go JC, Sessler DI et al. (1995) Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold
and markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology 83:
293--299
Kuschinsky K, Hornykiewicz (1972) Morphine katalepsy in the rat: relation to striatal
dopamine metabolism. Eur J Pharmacol 19(1): 119--122
Kussmann I, Koller M, Heinke T et al. (1997) Die Bedeutung der präoperativen
Gerinnungsanalytik für die Einschätzung des Blutungsrisikos in der Allgemeinchirurgie.
Chirurg 68(7): 684--688
Kutter E, Herz A, Teschemacher HJ et al. (1970) Structure-activity correlations of morphinelike analgesics based on efficiencies following intravenous and intraventricular application.
J Med Chem 13: 801--805
Kwekkeboom K (1996) Postmastectomy pain syndromes. Cancer Nurs 19(1): 37--43
Kwiat GC, Basbaum AI (1992) The origins of brainstem noradrenergic and serotoninergic
projections to the spinal cord dorsal horn in the rat. Somatosens Motor Res 9: 157--173
Kyriakides M, Silverstorne T, Jeffcoate W et al. (1980) Effect of naloxone on hyperphagia in
Prader-Willis syndrome. Lancet i: 876--877
Laatikainen TJ (1991) Corticotropin-releasing hormone and opioid peptides in reproduction
and stress. Ann Med 23: 489--496
Ladewig D (1986) Psychologische und psychiatrische Aspekte des Analgetika-Abusus. In:
Das Analgetikasyndrom. Folgen des langjährigen Schmerzmittelmissbrauchs. Grundlagen
- Klinik – Prävention (Mihatsch MJ, ed.) Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 27--33
Ladewig D (1993) The abuse of non-narcotic analgesics. In: Analgesic and NSAID-induced
kidney disease (Stewart JH, ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 48--57
Laduron PM (1984) Axonal transport of opiate receptors in capsaicin-sensitive neurons. Brain
Res 294: 157--160
Laduron PM (1984) Criteria for receptor sites in binding studies. Biochem Pharm 33: 833-839
Laine L (1996) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N
Am 6(3): 489--504
Laird JMA, Bennett GJ (1992) Dorsal root potentials and afferent input to the spinal cord in
rats with an experimental peripheral neuropathy. Brain Res 548: 181--190
Lake CL, Duckworth EN, Di Fazio CA et al. (1982) Cardiovascular effects of nalbuphine in
patients with coronary or valvular heart disease. Anesthesiology 57: 498--503
Lal S, Savidge RS, Chabra GP (1969) Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of morphine and
pentazocine in patients with myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 379--381
Lamb SA, Hosobuchi Y (1990) Intrathecal morphine sulfate for chronic benign pain delivered
by implanted pump delivery systems. IASP Meeting, Adelaide (Australia) S120
Lambert DG (1998) Recent advances in opioid pharmacology. Editorial. Br J Anaesth 81(1):
1--2
LaMotte C (1977) Distribution of the tract of Lissauer and the dorsal root fibers in the primate
spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 172(3): 529--561
LaMotte C, Pert CB, Snyder SH (1976) Opiate receptor binding in primate spinal cord:
distribution and changes after dorsal root section. Brain Res 112: 407--412.
LaMotte RH (1984) Can the sensitization of nociceptors account for hyperalgesia after skin
injury? Hum Neurobiol 3: 47--52
LaMotte RH, Lundberg LER, Torebjörk HE (1992) Pain, hyperalgesia and activity in
nociceptive C units in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin. J Physiol 448: 749-764
LaMotte RH, Shain CN, Simone DA et al. (1991) Neurogenic hyperalgesia: psychophysical
studies of underlying mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 66: 190--221
Lanas A, Sekar MC, Hirschowitz BI (1992) Objective evidence of aspirin use in both ulcer
and nonulcer upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 103(3): 862--869
Lanas A, Serrano P, Bajador E et al. (1997) Evidence of aspirin use in both upper and lower
gastrointestinal perforation. Gastroenterology 112(3): 683--689
Lancaster-Smith MJ, Jaderberg ME, Jackson DA (1991) Ranitidine in the treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated gastric and duodenal ulcers. Gut 32: 252--255
Lance JW, Curran DA (1964) Treatment of chronic tension headache. Lancet 1: 1236--1239
Laneuville O, Breuer DK, Dewitt DL et al. (1994) Differential inhibition of human
prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271: 927--934
Lang E, Novak A, Reeh PW et al. (1990) Chemosensitivity of fine afferents from rat skin in
vitro. J Neurophysiol 63: 887--901
Langemark M, Loldrup D, Bech P et al. (1990) Clomipramine and mianserin in the treatment
of chronic tension headache. Headache 30: 118--121
Langenbach R, Morham SG, Tiano HF et al. (1995) Prostaglandin synthase 1 gene disruption
in mice reduces arachidonic acid-induced inflammation and indomethacin-induced gastric
ulceration. Cell 83: 483--492
Langer SZ (1980) Presynaptic regulation of the release of catecholamines. Pharmacol Rev 32:
337--362
Langman MJS, Weil J, Wainwright P et al. (1994) Risks of bleeding peptic ulcer associated
with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 343: 1075--1078
Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J, Mortier F et al. (1992) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of
an aqueous extract of Harpagophytum procumbens. Planta Med 58(2): 117--123
Lanteri-Minet M, de Pommery J, Herdegen T et al. (1993) Differential time-course and spatial
expression of FOS, JUN and KROX-24 proteins in spinal cord of rats undergoing subacute
or chronic somatic inflammation. Journal of Comparative Neurology 333: 223--235
Lanz R, Polster P, Brune K (1986) Antipyretic analgesics inhibit prostaglandin release from
astrocytes and macrophages similarly. Eur J Pharmacol 130:105--109
Laporte JR, Carne X, Vidal X et al. (1991) Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to
previous use of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Catalan countries
study on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet 337: 85--89
Lappas DG, Buckely MJ, Laver MB et al. (1975) Left ventricular circulation following
addition of nitrous oxide to morphine during coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology 43:
61--69
Lappas DG, Fahmy NR, Slater EE et al. (1980) Catecholamines, renin and cardiovascular
responses to fentanyl-diazepam anesthesia. Anesthesiology 53(S): 14
Lappas DG, Geha D, Fischer JE et al. (1975) Filling pressures of the heart and pulmonary
circulation of the patient with coronary artery disease after large intravenous doses of
morphine. Anesthesiology 42: 153--159
Larbig W, Montoya P, Flor H et al. (1996) Evidence for a change in neural processing in
phantom limb pain patients. Pain 67(2--3): 275--283
Larijani GE, Goldberg ME, Rogers KH (1996) Treatment of opioid-induced pruritus with
ondansetron: report of four patients. Pharmacotherapy 5: 958--960
Lariviere WR, Melzack R (2000) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in pain and
analgesia. Review Article. Pain 84: 1--12
Larochelle P, Ogilvie RI (1975) Effect of drugs on effective vascular compliance in acute
heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 53: 850--858
Larsen DK, Taylor S, Asmundson GJ (1997) Exploratory factor analysis of the Pain Anxiety
Symptoms Scale in patiens with chronic pain complaints. Pain 69(1): 27--34
Larsen JJ, Arnt J (1984) Spinal 5-HT or NA uptake inhibition potentiates supraspinal
morphine antinociception in rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 54: 72--75
Larson AA, Kitto KF (1997) Manipulations of zinc in the spinal cord, by intrathecal injection
of zinc chloride, disodium-calcium-EDTA, or dipicolinic acid, alter nociceptive activity in
mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(3): 1319--1325
Larson CP, Mazze RI, Cooperman LH et al. (1974) Effects of anesthetics on cerebral, renal,
and splanchnic circulations: recent developments. Anesthesiology 41: 169--181
Larsson C, Anggard E (1973) Regional differences in the formation and metabolism of
prostaglandins in the rabbit kidney. Eur J Pharmacol 21: 30--36
Larsson S, Lundberg D (1995) A prospective survey of postoperative nausea and vomiting
with special regard to incidence and relations to patient characteristics, anesthetic routines
and surgical procedures. Acta Anaesth Scand 39: 539--545
Lascelles BD, Cripps PJ, Jones A et al. (1997) Post-operative central hypersensitivity and
pain: the pre-emptive value of pethidine for ovariohysterectomy. Pain 73(3): 461--471
Laska EM, Sunshine A, Mueller F et al. (1984) Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. JAMA 251:
1711--1718
Laska EM, Sunshine A, Zighelbom I et al. (1983) Effect of caffeine on acetaminophen
analgesia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 498--509
Lassagna L, Beecher HL (1954) The optimum dose of morphine. Am Med Ass J 156: 230
Lassen NA, Christensen MS (1976) Physiology of cerebral blood flow. Br J Anaesth 48: 719-734
Lassner J, Norman J (1985) Future work on patient-controlled analgesia: summary of open
discussion. In: Patient-Controlled Analgesia (Harmer M, Rosen M, Vickers MD, eds.),
Blackwell (Oxford), pp 191--194
Laszlo J (1983) Nausea and vomiting as major complications of cancer chemotherapy. Drugs
25(S1): 1--7
Latasch L, Probst S, Dudziak R (1984) Reversal by nalbuphine of respiratory depression
caused by fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63: 814--816
Latasch L, Zimmermann M, Eberhardt B et al. (1997) Aufhebung einer Morphin-induzierten
Obstipation durch orales Naloxon. Anaesthesist 46(3): 191--194
Latimer RG, Dickman M, Day WC et al. (1971) Ventilatory patterns and pulmonary
complications after upper abdominal surgery determined by preoperative and postoperative
computerized spirometry and blood gas analysis. Am J Surg 122: 622--632
Lau SM, Tang F (1995) The effect of haloperidol on met-enkephalin, beta-endorphin,
cholecystokinin and substance P in the pituitary, the hypothalamus and the striatum of rats
during aging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7: 1163--1175
Laube B, Kuhse J, Betz H (1998) Evidence for a tetrameric structure of recombinant NMDA
receptors. J Neurosci 18(8): 2954--2961
Laubie M, Schmitt H, Drouillat M (1977) Central sites and mechanisms of the hypotensive
and bradycardic effects of the narcotic analgesic agent fentanyl. Naunyn Schmiedebergs
Arch Pharmacol 296: 255--261
Laubie M, Schmitt H, Vincent M (1979) Vagal bradycardia produced by microinjections of
morphine-like drugs into the nucleus ambiguus in anaesthetized dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 59:
287--291
Laubie M, Schmitt H, Vincent M et al. (1977) Central cardiovascular effects of
morphinomimetic peptides in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 46: 67--71
Laughlin TM, Vanderah TW, Lashbrook J et al. (1997) Spinally administered dynorphin A
produces long-lasting allodynia: involvement of NMDA but not opioid receptors. Pain
72(1): 253--260
Laugner B, Muller A, Thiebaut JB (1985) Analgesia with an implanted device for repetitive
intrathecal injections of MSG. Ann F Anesth Rean 4: 511--520
Laurent SC, Nolan JP, Pozo LJ et al. (1994) Addition of morphine to intra-articular
bupivacaine does not improve analgesia after day-case arthroscopy. Br J Anaesth 72: 170-173
Lauretti GR, Azevedo VM (1996) Intravenous ketamine or fentanyl prolongs postoperative
analgesia after intrathecal neostigmine. Anesth Analg 83(4): 766--770
Lauretti GR, Lima IC (1996) The effects of intrathecal neostigmine on somatic and visceral
pain: improvement by association with a peripheral anticholinergic. Anesth Analg 3: 617-20
Lauretti GR, Mattos AL, Reis MP et al. (1997) Intrathecal neostigmine for postoperative
analgesia after orthopedic surgery. J Clin Anesth 6: 473--477
Lauretti GR, Reis MP (1996) Subarachnoid neostigmine does not affect blood pressure or
heart rate during bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 6: 586--591
Lauretti GR, Reis MP (1997) Postoperative analgesia and antiemetic efficacy after
subarachnoid neostigmine in orthopedic surgery. Reg Anesth 4: 337--342
Laurila JJ, Kostamovaara PA, Alahuhta S (1998) Streptococcus salivarius meningitis after
spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 89(6): 1579--1580
Laurito CE, Cohn SJ, Becker GL (1994) Effects of subcutaneous verapamil on the duration of
local anesthetic blockade. J Clin Anesth 5: 414--418
Laursen RJ, Graven-Nielsen T, Jensen TS et al. (1999) The effect of compression and
regional anaesthetic block on referred pain intensity in humans. Pain 80(1--2): 257--263
Lautenbacher S, Roscher S, Kohl G et al. (1999) Corticotropin-releasing-hormone lacks
analgesics properties: an experimental study in humans, using non-inflammatory pain. Pain
83: 1--7
Lauterburg BH, Taswell HF, Pineda AA et al. (1980) Treatment of pruritus of cholestasis by
plasma perfusion through USP-charcoal-coated glass beads. Lancet 2: 53--55
Lavand’homme P, Pan HL, Eisenach JC (1998) Intrathecal neostigmine, but not
sympathectomy, relieves mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
Anesthesiology 89(2): 493--499
Law PY, Griffin MT, Loh HH (1984) Mechanisms of multiple cellular adaptation process in
clonal cell lines during chronic opiate treatment; NIDA Res Prog: Mechanisms of tolerance
dependence (Sharp CW, ed.), Monograph N° 54, US Gov Print Off (Washington DC), pp
119--135
Lawhead RG, Blaxall HS, Bylund DB (1992): α2A is the predominant α2 adrenergic receptor
subtype in human spinal cord. Anesthesiology 77: 983--991
Lawrence AJ, Joshi J, Michalkiewicx A et al. (1992) Evidence for analgesia mediated by
peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed synovial tissue. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43: 351--355
Lawson SN (1979) The postnatal development of large light and small dark neurons in mouse
dorsal root ganglia: a statistical analysis of cell numbers and size. J Neurocytol 8: 275--294
Le Bars D, Willer JC (1993) Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). In: Bonnet F (ed):
Pain control in surgical practice. Arnette/Blackwell, Paris, pp 38--43
Le Bars D, Willer JC, De Broucker T (1992) Morphine blocks descending pain inhibitory
controls in humans. Pain 48: 13--20
Leah JD, Sandkühler J, Herdegen T et al. (1992) Potentiated expression of Fos protein in the
rat spinal cord following bilateral noxious stimulation. Neuroscience 48: 525--532
Leander JD (1983) Further study of kappa opioids on increased urination. J Pharmacol Ther
227: 35--41
Lecci A, Giuliani S, Tramontana M (1997) MEN 11,420, a peptide tachykinin NK2 receptor
antagonist, reduces motor responses induced by the intravesical administration of capsaicin
in vivo. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 356(2): 182--188
Lechardeur D, Phung-Ba V, Wils P et al. (1996) Detection of the multidrug resistance of Pglycoprotein in healthy tissues: the example of the blood-brain barrier. Ann Biol Clin
54(1): 31--36
Lechner SM, Curtis AL, Brons R (1997) Locus coeruleus activation by colon distention: role
of corticotropin-releasing factor and excitatory amino acids. Brain Res 756(1--2): 114--120
Ledent C, Valverde O, Cossu G (1999) Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced
addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science 283(5400): 401--414
Lee JJ, Parry H (1991) Bacterial meningitis following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean
section. Br J Anaesth 66(3): 383--386
Lee KF, Li E, Huber LJ et al. (1992) Targeted mutation of the gene encoding the low affinity
NGF receptor o75 leads to deficits in the peripheral sensory nervous system. Cell 69: 737-749
Lee LE jr (1941) Medication in the control of pain in terminal cancer. JAMA 116: 216--219
Lee NM, Smith AP (1984) Possible regulatory function of dynorphin and its clinical
implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 5: 108--110
Lee Y, Takami K, Kawai Y et al. (1985) Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the
rat peripheral nervous system with reference to ist co-existence with substance P.
Neuroscience 15: 1227--1237
Leemann TD, Transon C, Bonnabry P et al. (1993) A major role for cytochrome P450TB
(CYP2C subfamily) in the actions of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Drugs Exp
Clin Res 19(5): 189--195
Lehmann H, Hirsch U, Bauer E et al. (1996) Studies on the chronic oral toxicity of an
analgesic drug combination consisting of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and caffeine in
rats including an electron microscopical evaluation of kidneys. Arzneim-Forsch/ Drug Res
46(II): 895--905
Lehmann KA (1983) "On demand Analgesie". Dtsch Med Wochenschr 108: 647--650
Lehmann KA (1990) On-demand-Analgesie. In: Der postoperative Schmerz (Lehmann KA,
Hrsg), Springer Heidelberg, New York, pp 237--265
Lehmann KA, Gerhard A, Horrichs-Haermeyer G et al. (1991) Postoperative patientcontrolled analgesia with sufentanil: Analgesic efficacy and minimum effective
concentrations. Anesthesiology 35: 221--226
Lehmann KA, Neubauer ML, Daub D et al. (1983) Co2-Antwortkurve als Mass für eine
opiatbedingte Atemdepression. Untersuchungen mit Fentanyl. Anaesthesist 32: 242--258
Lehner R, Brugger H, Maassen MM et al. (1997) A totally implantable drug delivery system
for local therapy of the middle and inner ear. Ear Nose Throat J 76(8): 567--670
Lehtinen AM (1981) Opiate action on adenohypophyseal hormone secretion during anesthesia
and gynecologic surgery in different phases of the menstrual cycle. Acta Anaesth Scand
(S)73: 1--54
Leicester RJ, Hunt RH (1982) Peppermint oil to reduce colonic spasm during endoscopy.
Lancet ii: 989
Leiman BC, Walford A, Rawal N et al. (1987) The effects of oral transmucosal fentanyl
citrate premedication on gastric volume and acidity in children. Anesthesiology 67: A489
Leith S, Wheathley RG, Jackson IJB et al. (1994) Extradural infusion analgesia for postoperative pain relief. British Journal of Anaesth 73: 552--558
Lema MJ, Myers DP, De Leon-Casasola O (1992) Pleural phenol therapy for the treatment of
chronic esophageal cancer pain. Reg Anesth 17(3): 166--170
Lembeck F (1953) Zur Frage der zentralen Übertragung afferenter Impulse. III. Das
Vorkommen und die Bedeutung der Substanz P in den dorsalen Wurzeln des
Rückenmarks. Arch Pharmacol 219: 107
Lembeck F (1989) Schmerz. In: Funktionelle Pathologie (Wick, G, Schwarz S, Förster O.
Peterlik M, Hrsg.), Gustav Fischer, 2. Auflage, S. 331
Lempa M, Koch G, Dietrich A et al. (1998) Effizienz eines Akuten Schmerzdienstes. Eine
kontrollierte Krankenhausvergleichsstudie: Langenbecks Archiv Suppl., II
Kongressbericht: 673--676
Lenz FA, Gracely RH, Hope EJ et al. (1994) The sensation of angina can be evoked by
stimulation of the human thalamus. Pain 59(1): 119--125
Lenz FA, Gracely RH, Zirh TA et al. (1997) Human thalamic nucleus mediating taste and
multiple other sensations related to ingestive behavior. J Neurophysiol 77(6): 3406--3409
Leong Way E, Kemp JW, Young JM et al. (1960) The pharmacologic effects of heroin in
relationship to its rate of biotransformation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 129: 144--154
Leresche L (1982) Facial expression in pain: a study of candid photographs. J Nonverbal
Behavior 7: 46--52
Leriche R (1916) De la causalgie envisagée comme une névrite du sympathique et de son
traitement par la dénudation et l’excision des plexus nerveux péri-artériels. Presse Méd 24:
178--180
Leriche R (1937) La Chirurgie de la douleur. Masson, Paris
Leriche R (1945) La Chirurgie à l’ordre de la vie. Zeluck
Leriche R (1956) Souvenirs de ma vie morte. Seuil, Paris
Leriche R, Fontaine R (1929) La Chirurgie du sympathique. Revue neurologique pp 1046-1085
Lerman J (1992) Surgical and patient factors involved in postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth 69(S1): 4--32
Les PY, Pearce FL (1990) Histamine secretion from mast cells stimulated with bradykinin.
Agents Actions 1: 67--69
Lesley RM, Tso S, Holbutt TE (1982) Differential appearance of opiate receptor subtypes in
neonatal rat brain. Life Sci 31: 1393--1396
Leslie ST (1981) Continus controlled release preparations. Br J Clin Pract 10: 5--10
Leslie ST (1986) The Contin controlled delivery system: dosing considerations. J Allerg Clin
Immunol 78: 768--773
Leslie ST, Rhodes A, Black MP (1980) Controlled release morphine sulfate tablets-A study in
normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 9: 532--534
Leuschner J (1992) Antinociceptive properties of thiamine, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin
following repeated oral administration to mice. Arzneimittelforschung 42(2): 114--115
Levenson DJ, Simmons CE, Brenner BM (1982) Arachidonic acid metabolism,
prostaglandins, and the kidney. Am J Med 72: 354--374
Levine JD, Fields HL, Basbaum AI (1993) Peptides and the primary nociceptor. J Neurosci
13: 2273--2286
Levine JD, Gordon NC, Fields HL (1978) The mechanism of placebo analgesia. Lancet
Lancet 2(8091): 654--657
Levine JD, Lau W, Kwiat G et al. (1984) Leukotriene B4 produces hyperalgesia that is
dependent on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Science 225: 743--745
Levine JD, Taiwo YO, Collins SD et al. (1986) Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated
through interaction with sympathetic postganglionic neuron terminals rather than
activation of primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 323: 158--160
Levine JS (1995) Misoprostol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a tale of effects,
outcomes and costs. Ann Intern Med 123: 309--310
Levite M, Cahalon L, Hershkoviz R et al. (1998) Neuropeptides, via specific receptors,
regulate T cell adhesion to fibronectin. J Immunol 160(2): 993--1000
Levitsky S, Mullin EM, Sloane RE et al. (1971) Experimental evaluation of pentazocine:
Effect on myocardial contractility and peripherel vascular resistance. Am Heart J 81: 381-386
Levy DM, Abraham RR, Tomlinson DR (1991) Topical Capsaicin in the treatment of painful
diabetic neuropathy. Letter. N Engl J Med 324(11): 776--777
Levy GN (1997) Prostaglandin H synthases, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and colon
cancer. FASEB J 11: 234--247
Levy JH, Rockoff MA (1982) Anaphylaxis to meperidine. Anesth Analg 61: 301--303
Lewin GR, Mendell LM (1993) Nerve growth factor and nociception. TINS 16(9): 353--359
Lewin GR, Ritter AM, Mendell LM (1992) On the role of nerve growth factor in the
development of myelinated nociceptors. J Neurosci 12: 1896--1905
Lewin GR, Rueff A, Mendell LM (1994) Peripheral and central mechanisms of NGF-induced
hyperalgesia. Eur J Neurosci 6(12): 1903--1912
Lewis C, Neidhart S, Holy C et al. (1995) Coexpression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits
can account for ATP-gated currents in sensory neurons. Nature 377(6548): 432--435
Lewis JW (1985) Buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 14: 363--372
Lewis KS, Whipple JK, Michael KA et al. (1994) Effect of analgesic treatment on the
physiological consequences of acute pain. Am J Hosp Pharm 51(12): 1539--1554
Lewis T (1936) Experiments relating to cutaneous hyperalgesia and its spread through
somatic nerves. Clin Sci 2: 373--423
Lewis T, Pochin EE (1937) The double pain response of the human skin to a single stimulus.
Clin Sci 3: 67--76
Leysen JE, Gommeren W, Niemegeers CJE (1983) [3]H-sufentanil: a superior ligand for muopiate receptors: binding properties and a regional distribution in rat brain and spinal cord.
Eur J Pharmacol 87: 209--225
Leysen JE, Laduron PM, Niemegeerts CJE (1978) Receptor binding binding properties in
vitro and in vivo of new long acting narcotic analgesics. In: Characteristics and functions
of opioids (van Ree J, Terenius R, eds.), Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 479--482
Leysen JE, Tollenaere JP, Koch MHJ et al. (1977) Differentiation of opiate and neurolept
receptor binding in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 43: 447--453
Li C, Peoples RW, Weight FF (1997) Enhancement of ATP-activated current by protons in
dorsal root ganglion neurons. Pflugers Arch 433: 446--454
Li LY, Zhang ZM, Su YF et al. (1993) Pharmacological mechanisms of opioid analgesics.
Clin Neuropharm 16: 1--18
Li P, Kerchner GA, Sala C et al. (1999) AMPA receptor-PDZ interactions in facilitation of
spinal sensory synapses. Nat Neurosci 2(11): 972--977
Li P, Zhuo M (1998) Silent glutamatergic synapses and nociception in mammalian spinal
cord. Nature 393(6686): 696--698
Li YM, Wingrove DE, Too HP et al. (1995) Local anesthetics inhibit substance P binding and
evoked increases in intracellular Ca2+. Anesthesiology 82(1): 166--173
Lichtman AH, Cook SA, Martin BR (1996) Investigation of brain sites mediating
cannabinoid-induced antinociception in rats: evidence supporting periaqueductal gray
involvement. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276(2): 585--593
Lichtman AH, Martin BR (1997) The selective cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716A blocks
cannabinoid-induced antinociception in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57(1--2): 7--12
Lichtman AH, Meng Y, Martin BR (1996) Inhalation exposure to volatilized opioids produces
antinociception in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279(1): 69--76
Liebel JT, Swandulla D, Zeilhofer HU (1997) Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission
by nociceptin in superficial dorsal horn neurones of the neonatal rat spinal cord. Br J
Pharmacol 121(3): 425--432
Lieberman AR (1971) The axon reaction: a review of the principal features of perikaryal
responses to axon injury. Int Rev Neurobiol 14: 49--124
Lierman LM (1988) Phantom breast experiences after mastectomy. Oncol Nurs Forum 1: 41-44
Light AR, Metz CB (1978) The morphology of the spinal cord efferent and afferent neurons
contributing to the ventral roots of the cat. J Comp Neurol 179: 501--516
Lim H, Paria BC, Das SK et al. (1997) Multiple female reproductive failures in
cyclooxygenase 2-deficient mice. Cell 91: 197--208
Lim HW, Vallurupalli S, Meola T et al. (1997) UVB phototherapy is an effective treatment
for pruritus in patients infected with HIV. J Am Acad Dermatol 37(3 Pt 1): 414--417
Lim HY, Joo HJ, Choi JH et al. (2000) Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in
human gastric carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 6(2):519--525
Lim RKS, Guzman F, Rodgers DW et al. (1964) Site of action of narcotic and non-narcotic
analgesics determined by blocking bradykinin-evoked visceral pain. Arch Int Pharmacodyn
152: 25--58
Lin JH (1996) Bisphosphonates: a review of their pharmacokinetic properties. Bone 2: 75--85
Lin MT, Wu JJ, Chandra A et al. (1981) Activation of striatal dopamine receptors induces
pain inhibition in rats. J Neural Transm 51(3--4): 213--222
Lin Q, Palecek J, Paleckova V et al. (1999) Nitric oxide mediates the central sensitization of
primate spinothalamic tract neurons. J Neurophysiol 81(3): 1075--1085
Lin Q, Peng YB, Willis WD (1996) Role of GABA receptor subtypes in inhibition of primate
spinothalamic tract neurons: difference between spinal and periaqueductal gray inhibition.
J Neurophysiol 75(1): 109--123
Lin Q, Wu J, Peng YB, Cui M et al. (1999) Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract neurons
by spinal glycine and GABA is modulated by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic Monophosphate. J
Neurophysiol 81(3): 1095--1103
Lind HG, Marcus MA, Mears Slashburn MA et al. (1991) Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate
for analgesia and sedation in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 20: 1117--1120
Lindblom V, Lindstrom P (1984) Analgesic effect of tocainide in neuralgia. Acta Neurol
Scand 69: 216--217
Lindell P, Hedenstierna G (1976) Ventilatory efficiency after different incisions for
cholecystectomy. Acta Chir Scand 142: 561--565
Linder N, Sirota L, Aboudy Y et al. (1999) Placental transfer of maternal rubella antibodies to
full-term and preterm babies. Infection 27(3): 203--207
Lindsay PG, Wychoff M (1981) The depression-pain syndrome and its response to
antidepressants. Psychosomatics 22: 571--577
Lindsay RM, Harmar AJ (1989) Nerve growth factor regulates expression of neuropeptide
genes in adult sensory neurons. Nature 337: 362--364
Lindstrom P, Lindblom U (1987) The analgesic effect of tocainide in trigeminal neuralgia.
Pain 28: 45--50
Ling GSF, Spiegel K, Lockhart SH et al. (1985) Separation of opioid analgesia from
respiratory depression: evidence for different receptor mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
232: 149--155
Linke H (1963) Die Entpersönlichung des Schmerzes durch Phenothiazinerivate. Ther Ber 35:
94--99
Lipton A (1997) Bisphosphonates and breast carcinoma. Cancer 80(8) S1:668--673
Lipton JM, Catania A (1998) Mechanisms of antiinflammatory action of the
neuroimmunomodulatory peptide alpha-MSH. Ann NY Acad Sci 840: 373--380
Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Ryan RE jr et al. (1998) Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen,
aspirin, and caffeine in alleviating migraine headache pain: three double-blind,
randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Neurol 55(2): 210--217
Liu H, Mantyh PW, Basbaum AI (1997) NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release
from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 386(6626): 721--724
Liu L, Simon SA (1997) Capsazepine, a vanilloid receptor antagonist, inhibits nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors in rat trigeminal ganglia. Neurosci Lett 228: 29--32
Liu LM, Hu DY, Chen HS et al. (1997) The importance of delta and kappa opioid receptors in
the property of thyrotropin-releasing hormone against hemorrhagic shock. Shock 7(1): 60-64
Liu RH, Tang JS, Hou ZL (1993) Effect of systemic morphine on neurons in the lateral
reticular nucleus area of the rat. Brain Res Bull 32(2): 179--184
Liu SJ, Wang RIH (1975) Increased analgesia and alterations in distribution and metabolism
of methadone by desipramine in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 195: 94--104
Liu WHD, Aitkenhead AR (1991). Comparison of contemporanous and retrospective assessment of postoperative pain using the visual analogue scale. British Journal of Anaesth
67: 768--777
Liu WS, Bidwai AV, Stanley TH et al. (1976) Cardiovascular dynamics after large doses of
fentanyl and fentanyl plus N2O in the dog. Anesth Analg 55: 168--172
Liu XG, Sandkühler J (1995) Long-term potentiation of C-fiber-evoked potentials in the rat
spinal dorsal horn is prevented by spinal N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid receptor blochage.
Neuroscience Letters 191: 43--46
Liu Y, Christou H, Morita T et al. (1998) Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide suppress the
hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene via the 5‘ enhancer. J Biol
Chem 273(24): 15257--15262
Liverant S, Meiri H (1990) Colchicine prevents recovery of nerve conduction at chronic
demyelination. Brain Res 519(1--2): 50--56
Livingston EH, Passaro EP (1990) Postoperative ileus. Dig Dis 35: 121--132
Livingston WK (1943) Pain mechanisms: a physiologic interpretation of causalgia and its
related states. Macmillan (NY)
Llobell F, Laorden ML (1995) Characterization of the opioid receptor subtypes mediating the
negative inotropic effects of DAMGO, DPDPE and U-50, 488H in isolated human right
atria strips. Neuropeptides 2: 115--159
Lloyd-Thomas AR (1990) Pain management in paediatric patients. Br J Anaesth 64: 85--104
Lo SL, Colemann RR (1987) Exceptionally high narcotic analgesic requirements in a
terminally ill cancer patient. Clin Pharm 5(10): 828---832
Lo YC, Huang WC, Chen IJ (1997) Glyceryl nonivamide, a nonpungent analogue of
capsaicin, enhances substance P release and renal function in rats. Pharmacology 54(3):
127--134
Locke KW, Little JA, Fielding S (1987) The effects of mu- and kappa-opioid receptor
agonists on sciatic nerve stimulation-evoked potentials in the rat. Ann Meet Soc
Neuroscience A13(3), Part 3, 1590, A440.9
Lockeridge O, Mottershaw-Jackson N. Eckerson HW et al. (1980) Hydrolysis of diacetyl
morphine (heroin) by human serum cholinesterase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215: 1--8
Lockhart A, Dinh-Xuan AT (1997) Physiopathologie de l'asthme: quelle place pour les
leucotrienes? Rev Pneumol Clin 53(3): 119--127
Lodge D, Johnson KM (1990) Noncompetitive excitatory amino acid receptors antagonists.
TINS 11: 81--86
Loeb DS, Ahlquist DA, Talley NJ (1992) Managment of gastroduodenopathy associated with
use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Mayo Clin Proc 67: 354--364
Loeschcke HH (1965) A concept of the role of intracranial chemosensitivity in respiratory
control. In: Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Regulation of Ventilation (Brookes Mc CC, Kao
FF, Lloyd BB, eds.), Blackwell (Oxford)
Loeschcke HH, Sweel A, Kough RH et al. (1953) The of effect of morphine and of
meperidine (dolantin, demerol) upon the respiratory response of normal men to low
concentrations of inspired carbon dioxide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 108: 376--382
Loewe G, Slapke J, Kunath H (1985) Nasal polyposis, bronchial asthma and analgesic
intolerance Rhinology 23(1):19--26
Loimer N, Hofmann P, Chaudhry HR (1994) Nasal administration of naloxone is as effective
as the intravenous route in opiate addicts. Int J Addict 6: 819--827
Loimer N, Presslich O, Lenz K et al. (1989) Die "induzierte Entzugsbehandlung" bei
Opiatabhängigen--ein neues Therapiekonzept. Wien Klin Wochenschr 101(13): 451--454
Loldrup D, Langemarkt M, Hansen HJ et al. (1989) Clomipramine and mianserin in chronic
idiopathic pain syndrome. Psychopharmacology 99(1): 1--7
London SW (1987) Respiratory depression after single epidural injection of local anaesthetic
and morphine. Anesth Analg 66: 797--770
Lopes da Silva FH (Ed.) Sampling, conversion and measurement of bioelectrical phenomena.
Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 4A,
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976.
Lopez-Garcia JA (1998) Serotonergic modulation of the responses to excitatory amino acids
of rat dorsal horn neurons in vitro: implications for somatosensory transmission. Eur J
Neurosci 4: 1341--1349
Lord JAH, Waterfield AA, Hughes J et al. (1977) Endogenous opioid peptides: multiple
agonists and receptors. Nature 267: 495--499
Lördal M, Theodorsson E, Hellström PM (1997) Tachykinins influence interdigestive rhythm
and contractile strength of human small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 42(9): 1940--1949
Lorimer JW, Eidus LB (1994) Invasive Clostridium septicum infection in association with
colorectal carcinoma. Can J Surg 37: 245--249
Losek JD, Gyuro J (1992) Pediatric intramuscular injections: do you know the procedure and
complications? Pediatr Emerg Care 2: 79--81
Lou J, Bühler L, Deng S et al. (1998) Inhibition of leukocyte adherence and transendothelial
migration in cultured human liver vascular endothelial cells by prostaglandin E1.
Hepatology 3: 822--828
Louis SM, Jameson A, Russel NJW et al. (1989) The role of substance P and calcitonin generelated peptide in neurogenic plasma extravasation and vasodilation in the rat.
Neuroscience 32: 581--586
Lövblad KO, Baumgartner RW, Zambaz BD (1997) Nontraumatic spinal epidural
hematomas. MR features. Acta Radiol 38(1) : 8--13
Lowenstein E (1971) Morphine „anesthesia“ - a perspective. Anesthesiology 35: 563--565
Lowenstein E, Hallowell P, Levine FH et al. (1969) Cardiovascular response to large doses of
intravenous morphine in man. N Engl J Med 281: 1389--1393
Lowenstein E, Philbin DM (1981) Narcotic „anesthesia“ in the eighties. Anesthesiology 55:
195--197
Lowenstein E, Whiting RB, Bittar DA et al. (1972) Local and neurally mediated effect of
morphine on skeletal muscle vascular resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 180: 359--367
Lowenthal RM, Cohen ML, Atkinson K et al. (1993) Apparent cure of rheumatoid arthritis by
bone marrow transplantation. J Rheumatol 1: 137--140
Lu X, Richardson PM (1993) Responses of macrophages in rat dorsal root ganglia following
peripheral nerve injury. J Neurocytol 22: 334--341
Lubbers EJ (1984) Phantom sensations after excision of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 12:
777--778
Lucas JJ, Mellstrom B, Colado MI et al. (1993) Molecular mechanism in pain: serotonin 1A
receptor agonists trigger transactivation by c-fos of the prodynorphin gene in spinal cord
neurons. Neuron 10: 599--611
Luchette FA, Radafshar SM, Kaiser R (1994) Prospective evaluation of epidural versus
interpleural catheters for analgesia in chest wall trauma. J Trauma 36(6): 865--869
Ludwin D, Alexopoulou I (1993) Cyclosporin A nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 32(S1): 60--64
Luff SE, McLachlan EM, Hirst GD (1987) An ultrastructural analysis of the sympathetic
neuromuscular junctions on arterioles of the submucosa of the guinea pig ileum. J Comp
Neurol 257(4): 578--94
Lugea A, Antolín M, Mourelle M et al. (1997) Deranged hydrophobic barrier of the rat
gastroduodenal mucosa after parenteral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Gastroenterology 112(6): 1931--1939
Luger TA, Scholzen T, Brzoska T et al. (1998) Cutaneous immunomodulation and
coordination of skin stress responses by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Ann N Y
Acad Sci 840: 381--394
Lumpkin MM (1998) FDA public health advisory: low molecular-weight heparin and
spinal/epidural anesthesia or spinal puncture. Int J Trauma Nurs 4(2): 56--57
Lund C, Hansen OB, Mogensen T et al. (1987) Effect of thoracic epidural bupivacaine on
somatosensory evoked potentials after dermatomal stimulation. Anesth Analg 66: 731--734
Lundberg N, Kjallquist A, Bien C (1959) Reduction of increased intracranial pressure by
hyperventilation: a therapeutic aid in neurological surgery. Acta Psychiat Neurol Scand 34
(S139): 5--64
Lundy J, Lovett EJ ed, Hamilton S et al. (1978) Halothane, surgery, immunosuppression and
artificial pulmnary metastases. Cancer 41(3): 827--830
Lunn JK, Stanley TH, Eisele J et al. (1979) High dose fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery
surgery: Plasma fentanyl concentrations and influence of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular
responses. Anesth Analg 58: 390--395
Luong C, Miller A, Barnett J et al. (1996) Flexibility of the NSAID binding site in the
structure of human cyclooxygenase-2. Nature Struct Biol 3: 927--933
Lutz TA, Niijima A, Scharrer E (1996) Intraportal infusion of 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol
increases afferent activity in the common hepatic vagus branch. J Auton Nerv Syst 61(2):
204--208
Lydic R, Keifer JC, Baghdoyan HA et al. (1993) Microdialysis of the pontine reticular
formation reveals inhibition of acetylcholine release by morphine. Anesthesiology 79:
1003--1012
Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE et al. (1998) The impact of postoperative pain on the
development of postoperative delirium. Anesth Analg 86(4): 781--785
Lynn AM, Slattery JT (1987) Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy. Anesthesiology
66: 136--139
Lynn B, Carpenter SE (1982) Primary afferent units from the hairy skin of the rat hindlimb.
Brain Res 238: 29--43
Lynn J, Teno JM, Phillips RS et al. (1997) Perceptions by family members of the dying
experience of older and seriously ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to
Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. Ann Intern
Med 126(2): 97--106
Lynn RK, Olsen GD, Leger RM et al. (1976) The secretion of methadone and its major
metabolite in the gastric juice of humans. Drug Metab Dispos 4(5): 504--509
Lyons PD, Blalock JE (1997) Pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and protein in rat
mononuclear leukocytes. J Neuroimmunol 78: 47--58
Ma W, Bisby MA (1997) Differential expression of galanin immunoreactivities in the primary
sensory neurons following partial and complete sciatic nerve injuries. Neuroscience 79(4):
1183--1195
Macdonald R (1991) Editorial I: Aspirin and extradural blocks. Br J Anaesth 66: 1--3
Machelska H, Cabot PJ, Mousea SA et al. (1998) Pain control in inflammation governed by
selectins. Nat Med 12: 1425--1428
Machelska H, Labuz D, Przewlocki R et al. (1997) Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase
enhances antinociception mediated by mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in acute and
prolonged pain in the rat spinal cord. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(2): 977--984
Machelska H, Ziólkowska B, Mika J (1997) Chronic morphine increases biosynthesis of nitric
oxide synthase in the rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 8(12): 2743--2747
Mackenzie (1983) Phantom lim pain during spinal anaesthesia. Recurrence in amputees.
Anaesthesia 38(9): 886--887
MacKinnon KL, Zuzel KA, Billington D (1996) Hepatic inactivation of Leu-enkephalin.
Regul Pept 67(2): 85--92
MacLean PD (1973) A triune concept of the brain amd behaviour. In: The Hincks Memorial
Lectures (Boag TJ, Campbell D, eds. ), University of Toronto Press (Toronto), pp 6--66
MacLean PD (1978) A mind of three minds: Educating the triune brain. In: 77th Yearbook
Nat Soc Study Educ, University of Chicago Press (Chicago), pp 308--342
MacLean PD (1983) Brain roots of the will-to-power. Zygon 18: 359--374
MacLennan DH, Duff C, Zorzato D et al. (1990) Ryanodine receptor gene is a candidate for
predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. Nature 343: 559--561
Madej TH, Strunin L (1987) Comparison of epidural fentanyl with sufentanil. Anaesthesia 42:
1156--1161
Madsen SN, Brandt MR, Engquist A (1977) Inhibition of plasma cyclic AMP, glucose and
cortisol response to surgery by epidural analgesia. Br J Surg 64: 669--671
Maeda A, Kubo T, Mishina M et al. (1988) Tissues distribution of mRNAs encoding
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors subtypes. FEBS Lett 239: 339--342
Maekawa K, Minami M, Yabuuchi K et al. (1994) In situ hybridization study of mu- and
kappa-opioid receptor mRNAs in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci Lett
168(1--2): 97--100
Magerl W, Wilk SH, Treede RD (1998) Secondary hyperalgesia and perceptual wind-up
following intradermal injection of capsaicin in humans. Pain 74(2--3): 257--268
Maggi CA (1997a) The effects of tachykinins on inflammatory and immune cells. Regul Pept
70: 75--90
Maggi CA (1997b) Tachykinins as peripheral modulators of primary afferent nerves and
visceral sensitivity. Pharmacol Res 36: 153--169
Magnan J, Paterson SJ, Tavani A et al. (1982) The binding spectrum of narcotic analgesic
drugs with different agonist and antagonist properties. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
Pharmacol 319: 197--205
Magni G (1991) The use of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic pain: a review of the
current evidence. Drugs 42: 730--748
Magni G, Conlon P, Arsie D (1987) Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of cancer pain:
a review. Pharmacopsychiatre 20: 160--164
Magoul R, Onteniente B, Geffard M et al. (1987) Anatomical distribution and ultrastructural
organization of the GABAergic system in the rat spinal cord. An immunocytochemical
study using anti-GABA antibodies. Neuroscience 20: 1001--1009
Mai JK, Stephens PH, Hopf A et al. (1986) Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience 3:
709--739
Maier C (1997) Multiaxiale Schmerzklassifikation (Mask-S). Abstract. Der Schmerz 11(S1):
2
Maier C, Hildebrandt J, Klinger R, Lindena G et al. (1995) Doppelblind-placebokontrollierte
Studie zur kurzfristigen Wirksamkeit von oralem Morphin bei chronisch nichttumorbedingten Schmerzen (MONTAS). Der Schmerz 9(S1): 40--41
Maier SF, Goehler LE, Fleshner M et al. (1998) The role of the vagus in cytokine-to-brain
communication. Ann NY Acad Sci 840: 289--300
Maines MD (1997) The heme oxygenase system: a regulator of second messenger gases.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37: 517--554
Malagelada (1998) Visceral gut pain syndromes: new pathophysiological insights. First Pain
and Nociception Conference in Switzerland, Montreux, Januar 29--31, Abstracts, pp 5--16
Malcolm R, O`Neil PM, Sexauer JD et al. (1985) A controlled trial of naltrexone in obese
humans. Int J Obes 9: 347--353
Maldonado R, Koob GF (1993) Destruction of the locus coeruleus decreases physical signs of
opiate withdrawal. Brain Res 605: 128--138
Maldonado R, Valverde O, Turcaud S et al. (1994) Antinociceptive response induced by
mixed inhibitors of enkephalin catabolism in peripheral inflammation. Pain 58(1): 77--83
Malini PL, Strocchi E, Zanardi M et al. (1997) Thromboxane antagonism and cough induced
by angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor. Lancet 350: 15--18
Malmberg A B, Yaksh T L (1992) Antinociceptive actions of spinal nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents on the formalin test in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263: 136--146
Malmberg AB, Rafferty MF, Yaksh T.L. (1994) Antinociceptive effect of prostaglandin E
receptor antagonists in the formalin test on the rat. Neurosci. Lett 173: 193--196
Malmberg AB, Yaksh T (1995) Cyclooxygenase inhibition and the spinal release of
prostaglandin E2 and amino acids evoked by paw formalin injection: A microdialysis study
in unanesthetized rats. J Neurosci 15: 2768--2776
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1992) Antinociceptive actions of spinal non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents on the formalin test in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263: 136--146
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1992) Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P
receptor blocked by spinal cyclooxygenase inhibition. Science 257: 1276--1279
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1993) Pharmacology of the spinal action of ketorolac, morphine,
ST-91. U50488H, and L-PIA on the formalin test and an isobolographic analysis of the
NSAID interaction. Anesthesiology 79: 270--281
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1995) Cyclooxygenase inhibition and the spinal release of
prostaglandin E2 and amino acids evoked by paw formalin injection: a microdialysis study
in unanaesthetized cats. J Neurosci 15: 2768--2776
Malmberg-Aiello P, Lamberti C, Ipponi A et al. (1997) Effects of two histamine-Nmethyltransferase inhibitors, SKF 91488 and BW 301 U, in rodent antinociception.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 355(3): 354--360
Maloney CM, Kesner RK, Klein G et al. (1989) The rectal administration of MS Contin-R:
Clinical implications of use in end stage cancer. Am J Hosp Care 1: 34--35
Maloney PK jr, Darling RC (1966) Phantom-limb sensations evoked by palpation of inflamed
prostate: Report of a case. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 47(6): 360--362
Malow BM, West JA, Sutker PB (1989) Anxiety and pain response changes across treatment:
sensory decision analysis. Pain 38: 35--44
Malseed RT, Goldstein FJ (1979) Enhancement of morphine analgesia by tricyclic
antidepressants. Neuropharmacology 18: 827--829
Mamede Rosa ML, Oliveira MA, Valente RB et al. (1998) Pharmacological and
neuroanatomical evidence for the involvement of the anterior pretectal nucleus in the
antinociception induced by stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats. Pain 74(2--3):
171--179
Mamede Rosa ML, Prado WA (1997) Antinociception induced by opioid or 5-HT agonists
microinjected into the anterior pretectal nucleus of the rat. Brain Res 757(1): 133--138
Mamiya T, Noda Y, Nishi M et al. (1998) Enhancement of spatial attention in
nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor-knockout mice. Brain Res 783(2): 236--240
Manabe T, Noda Y, Mamiya T et al. (1998) Facilitation of long-term potentiation and
memory in mice lacking nociceptin receptors. Nature 394(6693): 577--581
Manara AR, Bodenham AR, Park GR (1990) Analgesic efficacy of perioperative buccal
morphine. Br J Anaesth 64: 551--555
Manara AR, Shelly MP, Quinn KG et al. (1989) Pharmacokinetics of morphine following
administration by the buccal route. Br J Anaesth 62: 498--502
Mancuso C, Pistritto G, Tringali G et al. (1997) Evidence that carbon monoxide stimulates
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activity in rat hypothalamic explants and in primary
cultures of rat hypothalamic astrocytes. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 45(2): 294--300
Mandl F (1925) Die Wirkung der paravertebralen Injektion bei “Angina pectoris”. Arch Klin
Chir 136: 495
Mangano DT (1990) Perioperative cardiac morbidity. Anesthesiology 72: 153--184
Mangano DT, Siliciano D, Hollenberg M (1992) Postoperative myocardial ischemia:
therapeutic trials using analgesia following surgery. Anesthesiology 76: 342--353
Mankikian B, Cantineau JP, Bertrand M et al (1988) Improvement of diaphragmatic function
by a thoracic extradural block after upper abdoninal surgery. Anesthesiology 68(3): 379-386
Mann A (1998) A continuing postoperative complication: nausea and vomiting--who is
affected, why, and what are the contributing factors? A review. CRNA 1: 19--29
Manning BH, Mayer DJ (1995) The central nucleus of the amygdala contributes to the
production of morphine antinociception in the rat tail-flick test. J Neurosci 12: 8199--8213
Manning DC, Srinivasa NR, Meyer RA et al. (1991) Pain and hyperalgesia after intradermal
injection of bradykinin in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 50: 721--729
Mansour A, Burke S, Pavlic RJ et al. (1996) Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned
kappa 1 receptor in the rat CNS and pituitary. Neuroscience 71(3): 671--690
Mansour A, Fox CA, Burke S et al. (1995) Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned
mu opioid receptor in the rat CNS. J Chem Neuroanat 8(4): 283--305
Mansour A, Fox CA, Thompson RC et al. (1994) mu-Opioid receptor mRNA expression in
the rat CNS: comparison to mu-receptor binding.Brain Res 643(1--2): 245--265
Mansour A, Watson SJ, Akil H (1995) Opioid receptors: past, present and future. Trends
Neurosci 18(2): 69--70
Mantyh PW, Allen CJ, Rogers S et al. (1994) Some sensory neurons express neuropeptide Y
receptors: potential paracrine inhibition of primary afferent nociceptors following
peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosci 6: 3958--3968
Mantyh PW, DeMaster E, Malhotra A et al. (1995) Receptor endocytosis and dendrite
reshaping in spinal neurons after somatosensory stimulation. Science 268: 1629--1632
Mao J, Coghill RC, Price DD et al. (1992) Spatial patterns of spinal cord [14C]-2deoxyglucose metabolic activity in a rat model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain
50: 89--100
Mao J, Price DD, Hayes RL et al. (1992) Differential role of NMDA and non-NMDA
receptor activation in rats with painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res 598: 271-278
Mao J, Price DD, Mayer DJ et al. (1992) Intrathecal MK-801 and local nerve anesthesia
synergistically reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral
mononeuropathy. Brain Res 576: 254--262
Mao J, Price DD, Mayer DJ et al. (1992) Pain-related increases in spinal cord membranebound protein kinase C following peripheral nerve injury. Brain Res 588: 144--149
Marbach JJ (1993) Is phantom tooth pain a deafferentation (neuropathic) syndrome? Part I:
Evidence derived from pathophysiology and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
75(1): 95--105
Marbach JJ (1996) Orofacial phantom pain: theory and phenomenology. J Am Dent Assoc
127(2): 221--229
Marchand JE, Sant GR, Kream RM (1998) Increased expression of substance P receptorencoding mRNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 81(2):
224--248
Margalit D, Segal M (1979) A pharmacologic study of analgesia produced by stimulation of
the nucleus locus coeruleus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 62(2): 169--173
Marilena G (1997) New physiological importance of two classic residual products: carbon
monoxide and bilirubin. Biochem Mol Med 61(2): 136--142
Marín-Bertolín S, De Andrés J, González-Martínez R (1997) A controlled, randomized,
double-blind study of ketorolac for postoperative analgesia after plastic surgery. Ann Plast
Surg 38(5): 478--484
Markovitz BP, Duhaime AC, Sutton L et al. (1992) Effects of alfentanil on intracranial
pressure in children undergoing ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision. Anesthesiology 76:
71--76
Marks RJ, Derrington MC, Hewlett AM (1985) Peripheral actions of narcotics. Letter.
Anaesthesia 40(1): 85
Marks RM, Sachar EJ (1973) Undertreatment of medical inpatients with narcotic analgesics.
Ann Intern Med 78: 173--181
Marmont AM (1997) Stem cell transplantation for severe autoimmune disorders, with special
reference to rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol S48: 13--18
Marshall EK, Rosenfeld M (1936) Depression of respiration by oxygen. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 57: 437--457
Marshall H, Porteous C, McMillan I et al. (1985) Relief of pain by infusion of morphine after
operation: does tolerance develop. BMJ 291: 19--21
Marshall RE, Porter FL, Rogers AG et al. (1982) Circumcision II: effects upon mother-infant
interaction. Early Hum Dev 7: 367--374
Marshall RE, Stratton WE, Moore J et al. (1980) Circumcision I: effects upon newborn
behaviour. Inf Behav Dev 3: 1--14
Martin HA (1990) Leukotriene BR induced decrease in mechanical and thermal thresholds of
C-fiber mechanoreceptors in rat hairy skin. Brain Res 509: 273--279
Martin JR, Takemorie AE (1987) Modification of the development of acute opiate tolerance
by increased dopamine receptor sensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 241(1): 48--55
Martin WJ, Tsou K, Walker JM (1998) Cannabinoid receptor-mediated inhibition of the rat
tail-flick reflex after microinjection into the rostral ventromedial medulla. Neurosci Lett
242(1): 33--36
Martin WR (1967) Opioid antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 19: 463--521
Martin WR (1979) History and development of mixed opioid agonists, partial agonists and
antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7 (S3): 273--279
Martin WR (1983) Pharmacology of opioids. Pharmacol Rev 35: 283--323
Martin WR, Eades CG (1961) Demonstration of tolerance and physical dependence in the dog
following a short-term infusion of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 133: 262--270
Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA et al. (1976) The effect of morphine-and nalorphine
like drugs in the non dependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 197: 517--532
Martin WR, Jasinsi DR (1969) Physiological parameters of morphine dependence in manTolerance, early abstinence, protracted abstinence. J Psychiatr Res 7: 9--17
Martin WR, Margherita A, Amsterdam E (1994) Phantom angina. Chest 105(4): 1271--1272
Martinez JL jr, de Graaf JS, Chavkin C et al. (1985) Leu-enkephalin actions on avoidance
conditioning are mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism. Life Sci 37(25): 2345--2353
Maruta T, Swanson DW, Finlayson RE (1979) Drug abuse and dependency in patients with
chronic pain. Mayo Clin Proc 54: 241--244
Marx W, Shah N, Long C et al. (1989) Sufentanil, alfentanil, and fentanyl: impact on
cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with brain tumors. J Neurosurg Anesth 1: 3--7
Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Zweifel B et al. (1992) Endogenous glucocorticoids regulate an
inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3917--3921
Masferrer JL, Zweifel BS, Seibert S et al. (1990) Selective regulation of cellular
cyclooxygenase by dexamethasone and endotoxin in mice. J Clin Invest 86: 1375--1379
Masjuan J, Barón M, Lousa M (1997) Isolated pontine infarctions with prominent ipsilateral
midfacial sensory signs. Stroke 3: 649--651
Mason JS, Heber D (1982) Endogenous opiates modulate insulin secretion in flushing
noninsulin-dependent diabetics. J Clin Endocrin Metab 54: 693--697
Mason P (1997) Physiological identification of pontomedullary serotonergic neurons in the
rat. J Neurophysiol 77(3): 1087--1098
Masters N, Heao G, Wedley J et al. (1988) Inhaled nebulised morphine und diamorphine:
useful in general practice? Pract 232(I): 910
Mastorakos G, Weber JS, Magiakou MA et al. (1994) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
activation and stimulation of systemic vasopressin secretion by recombinant interleukin-6
in humans: potential implications for the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion J
Clin Endocrinol Metab 79(4): 934--939
Mather LE (1987) Opioid kinetics in relation to their effects. Anaesth Intensive Care 15: 15-22
Mather LE, Owen H (1988) The scientific basis of patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesth
Intensive Care 16: 427--447
Mather LE, Tucker GT, Pflug AE et al. (1975) Meperidine kinetics in man. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 17: 21--30
Mathew RJ, Wilson WH, Coleman RE et al. (1997) Marijuana intoxication and brain
activation in marijuana smokers. Life Sci 60(23): 2075--2089
Matikainen M, Kangas E (1996) Is there a relationship between the use of analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding? A Finnish
case-control prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 9: 912--916
Matsumoto RR, Hemstreet MK, Lai NL et al. (1990) Drug specifity of pharmacological
dystonia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36: 151--155
Matsumura K, Cao C, Ozaki M et al. (1998) Brain endothelial cells express cyclooxygenase-2
during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever: light and electron microscopic
immunocytochemical studies. J Neurosci 18: 6279--6989
Matthews NC, Corser G (1988) Epidural fentanyl for shaking in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 43:
783--785
Matthiessen von H, Grote B, Kiwit J et al. (1987) Therapie tumorbedingter Schmerzen:
Verordnungs-und Dosierungshinweise. Sonderdruck Dtsch Ärztebl-Ärztl Mitt 39: 3--7
Matucci-Cerinic M, Ceruso M et al. (1992) The medical and surgical treatment of finger
clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A blind study with colchicine and a surgical
approach to finger clubbing reduction. Clin Exp Rheumatol Suppl. 7: 67--70
Maune S, Frese KA, Mrowietz U et al. (1997) Toxischer Innenohrschaden bei topischer
Psoriasisbehandlung mit Salizylaten. Laryngorhinootologie 76(6): 368--370
Maves TJ, Gebhart GF (1991) Analgesic synergy between intrathecal opioids and local
anesthetics. Anesth Analg 73: 365--366
Maves TJ, Gebhart GF (1992) Antinociceptive synergy between intrathecal morphine and
lidocaine during visceral and somatic nociception in the rat. Anesthesiology 76: 91--99
Max (1986) This and that: please pass the coffee. Trends Pharmacol Sci 7: 12--14
Max MB, Culnane M, Schafer SC et al. (1987) Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathic
pain in patients with normal or depressed mood. Neurology 37(4): 589--596
Max MB, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF et al. (1985) Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebrospinal
fluid and plasma profiles in patients with chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38 (6): 631-641
Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J et al. (1992) Effects of desipramine, amitryptyline and fluoxetine
on pain in diabetic neuropathy. New Engl J Med 326: 1250--1256
Max MB, Schafer SC, Culnane M et al. (1988) Amitriptyline, but not lorazepam, relieves
postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 38(9): 1427--1432
May A, Gijsman HJ, Wallnöfer A et al. (1996) Endothelin antagonist bosentan blocks
neurogenic inflammation, but is not effective in aborting migraine attacks. Pain 67(2--3):
375--378
Mayer DJ, Liebeskind JC (1974) Pain reduction by focal electrical stimulation of the brain: an
anatomical and behavioural analysis. Brain Res 68: 73--93
Mayer DJ, Price DD (1976) Central nervous system mechanisms of analgesia. Pain 2: 379-404
Mayer DJ, Wolfe TL, Akil H et al. (1971) Analgesia from electrical stimulation in the
brainstem of the rat. Science 174:1351
Mays KS, Lipman JJ, Schnapp M (1987) Local analgesia without anesthesia using peripheral
perineural morphine injections. Anesth Analg 66(5): 417--420
Maze M (1981) Clinical implications of membrane receptor function in anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 51: 160--171
Maze M, Tranquilli W (1991) Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 74: 581--605
McCaffery M, Beebe A (1989) Pain. Clinical Manual for Nursing Practice , Mosby (Toronto)
McCammon RL, Hilgenberg JC, Stoelting RK (1980) Hemodynamic effects of diazepam and
diazepam-nitrous oxide in patients with coronary disease. Anesth Analg 59(6): 438--414
McCammon RL, Viegas OJ, Stoelting RK et al. (1978) Naloxone reversal of
choledochoduodenal spincter spasm associated with narcotic administration.
Anesthesiology 48: 437--439
McCarson KE, Goldstein BD (1990) Time course of the alteration of dorsal horn substance P
levels following formalin blockage by naloxone. Pain 41: 95--100
McCarson KE, Krause JE (1996) The neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist LY306,740 blocks
nociception-induced increases in dorsal horn neurokinin-1 receptor gene expression. Mol
Pharmacol 50(5): 1189--1199
McCleane G (1999) 200 mg daily of lamotrigine has no analgesic effect on neuropathic pain:
a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 83: 105--107
McConville GJ, Norman AB, Fogelson MH (1994) Sequential use of opioid antagonists and
agonists in Tourette's syndrome. Lancet (8897): 601
McCormack K, Brune K (1991) Dissociation between the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A survey of their
analgesic efficacy. Drugs 41: 533--547
McCormick ASM, Thomas VL (1998) Bronchospasm during inhalation of nebulized
midazolam. Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 80(4): 564--565
McCracken LM, Gross RT, Aiken J et al. (1996) The assessment of anxiety and fear in
persons with chronic pain: a comparison of instruments. Behav Res Ther 34(11--12): 927-933
McCrea FD, Meek WJ (1926) The action of morphine in slowing the pulse. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 28: 361--366
McCredie M, Stewart JH, Mahony JF(1982) Is phenacetin responsible for analgesic
nephropathy in New South Wales? Clin Nephrol 17: 134--140
McDermott R, Stanley TH (1974) The cardiovascular effects of low concentrations of nitrous
oxide during anaesthesia. Anesthesiology 41(1): 89--91
McDonald E, Marino C (1998) Stopping progression to tophaceous gout. When and how to
use urate-lowering therapy. Postgrad Med 104(6): 117--120, 123--124, 127
McDonald GA (1994) Nephrotoxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 344:
515--518
McDougall JJ, Bray RC, Sharkey KA (1997) Morphological and immunohistochemical
examination of nerves in normal and injured collateral ligaments of rat, rabbit, and human
knee joints. Anat Rec 248(1): 29--39
McGaugh JL, Introini-Collison IB, Castellano C (1993) Involvement of opioid peptides in
learning and memory. In: Opioids I (Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch 47, pp 429--447
McGilliard KL, Takemori AE (1978) Antagonism by naloxone of narcotic-induced
respiratory depression and analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 207: 494--503
McGivney WT, Crooks GM (1984) The care of patients with severe chronic pain in terminal
illness. JAMA 251: 1182--1188
McGlew IC, Angliss DB, Gee GJ (1991) A comparison of rectal indomethacin with placebo
for pain relief following spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care: 40--45
McGrath PA (1994) Psychological aspects of pain perception. Arch Oral Biol 39(Sl): 55S-62S
McHale S, Clark MM (1990) Meningitis after spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 45(11): 987-988
McInnes IB, Leung BP, Field M et al. (1996) Production of nitric oxide in the synovial
membrane of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis patients. J Exp Med 184: 1519--1524
McIntosh JH, Fung CS, Berry G et al. (1988) Smoking, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and acetaminophen in gastric ulcer - a study of associations and the effects of previous
diagnosis on exposure patters. Am J Epidemiol 128: 761--770
McLachlan EM, Jänig W, Devor M (1993) Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic
sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature 363: 543--546
McLaughlin CR, Tao Q, Abood ME (1995) Analysis of the antinociceptive actions of the
kappa-opioid agonist enadoline (CI-977) in neonatal and adult rats: comparison to kappaopioid receptor mRNA ontogeny. Drug Alcohol Depend 38(3): 261--269
McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Chow WH et al. (1998) Analgesic use and chronic renal failure:
A critical review of the epidemiologic literature. Kidney Int 54: 679--686
McLaughlin PJ, Tobias SW, Lang CM et al. (1997) Opioid receptor blockade during prenatal
life modifies postnatal behavioral development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58(4): 1075-1082
McLaughlin S (1973) Salicylates and phospholipid bilayer membranes. Nature (Lond.) 243:
234--236
McLean PG, Picard C, Garcia-Villar R et al. (1997) Effects of nematode infection on
sensitivity to intestinal distension: role of tachykinin NK2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 337:
279--282
McLellan AM, Goodell H (1942) Pain from the bladder, ureter and kidney pelvis. Res Arch
Publ Ass Res Nerv Ment Dis 23: 252--262
McLoon LK, Wirtschafter J (1997) Local injections of corticotropin releasing factor reduce
doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation in the eyelid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38(5):
834--841
McMahon AJ, Russell IT, Ramsay G et al. (1994) Laparoscopic and minilaparotomy
cholecystectomy: a randomized trial comparing postoperative pain and pulmonary
function. Surgery 115(5): 533--539
McMahon SB, Armanini MP, Ling, LH (1994) Expression and coexpression of Trk receptors
in subpopulations of adult primary sensory neurons projecting to identified peripheral
targets. Neuron 12: 1161--1171
McMahon SB, Bennett DL, Priestley JV et al. (1995) The biological effects of endogenous
nerve growth factor on adult sensory neurons revealed by a trkA-IgG fusion molecule Nat
Med 8: 774--780
McMillan SC (1989) The relationship between age and intensity of cancer-related symptoms.
Oncol Nurs Forum 2: 237--241
McNeil DW, Rainwater AJ 3rd (1998) Development of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire--III. J
Behav Med 21(4): 389--410
McNeill JA, Sherwood GD, Starck PL et al. (1998) Assessing clinical outcomes: patient
satisfaction with pain management. J Pain Symptom Manage 1: 29--40
McQuade R, Sharp T (1995) Release of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine evoked by electrical
stimulation of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei: effect of a neurotoxic amphetamine.
Neuroscience 68(4): 1079--1088
McQuay H, Carroll D, Jadad AR et al. (1995) Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain:
a systematic review. BMJ 311(7012): 1047--105
McQuay HJ, Bullingham RES, Moore RA (1981) Acute tolerance in man. Life Sci 27: 2513-251
McQuay HJ, Moore RA, Paterson GMC et al. (1979) Plasma fentanyl concentrations and
clinical observations during and after operation. Br J Anaesth 51(6): 543--550
McQuay JH, Carrol D, Glynn CJ (1992) Low dose amitriptyline in the treatment of chronic
pain. Anaesthesia 47: 646--652
McRorie TI, Lynn AN, Nespeca MK et al. (1992) The maturation of morphine clearance and
metabolism. Am J Dis Child 146: 972--976
Meade EA, Smith WL, DeWitt DL (1993) Differential inhibition of prostaglandin
endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) isozymes by aspirin and other non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Biol Chem 268: 6610--6614
Medina JH, Izquierdo I (1995) Retrograde messengers, long-term potentiation and memory
Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2: 185--194
Meghji P (1993) Storage, release, uptake, and inactivation of purines. Drug Dev Res 28: 214-219
Mei N (1983) Recent studies on intestinal vagal afferent innervation. Functional implications.
J Auton Nerv Syst 1: 199--206
Meiser A, Laubenthal H (1997) Klinische Studien zur peripheren Wirksamkeit von Opioiden
nach Kniegelenk-Operationen. Ein Literaturüberblick. Anaesthesist 46(10): 867--879
Melasnon SW, Morse JW, Pronchik DJ et al. (1997) Transnasal butorphanol in the emergency
department management of migraine headache. Am J Emergency Med 15: 57--61
Melby JC, Spink WW (1958) Comparative studies on adrenal function and cortixol
metabolism in healthy adults and in patients with shock due to infection. J Clin Investig 37:
1791--1798
Meller ST, Dykstra C, Gebhart GF (1992) Production of endogenous nitric oxide and
activation of soluble guanylate cyclase are required for N-methyl-D-aspartate-produced
facilitation of the nociceptive tailflick reflex. Eur J Pharmacol 214: 93--96
Meller ST, Dykstra CL, Gebhart GF (1994) Investigations of the possible role for carbon
monoxide (CO) in thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroreport 5(17):
2337--2341
Meller ST, Gebhart GF (1993) Nitric oxide (NO) and nociceptive processing in the spinal
cord. Topical Review. Pain 52(2): 127--136
Melzack R (1973) The Puzzle of Pain. Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth (Middlesex,
England )[(Deutsche Ausgabe: Das Rätsel des Schmerzes, Hippokrates Verlag (Stuttgart)
1978]
Melzack R (1990) Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends Neurosci 13: 88-92
Melzack R (1993) New concept of pain: phantom,-limb and referred pain. In: Interventional
Pain Management (Winne AP, Waldman SD, eds.), Dannemiller Memorial Educational
Foundation, Nice (France) 101: 1--20
Melzack R, Israel R, Lacroix R et al. (1997) Phantom limbs in people with congenital limb
deficiency or amputation in early childhood. Brain 120(Pt9): 1603--1620
Melzack R, Mount BM, Gordon JM (1979) The Brompton mixture vs. morphine solution
given orally: effects on pain. Can Med Ass J 120: 435--439
Melzack R, Wall P (1965) Pain mechanism: a new theory. Science 150: 331
Mendell LM (1966) Physiological properties of unmyelinated fiber projection to the spinal
cord. Exp Neurol 16: 316--332
Mené P, Pugliese F, Patrono C (1995) The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on
human hypertensive vascular disease. Semin Nephrol 3: 244--252
Menk EJ, Baumgarten RK, Kingsley CP et al. (1990) Success of reentry into anesthesiology
training programs by residents with a history of substance abuse. JAMA 263: 3060--3062
Mense S (1983) Basic neurobiologic mechanisms of pain and analgesia. In: Antipyretic
analgesic therapy symposium. Am J Med 75(S): 4--14
Mense S (1993) Nociception from skeletal muscle in relation to clinical muscle pain. Review.
Pain 54: 241--289
Mercadante S (1997) Malignant bone pain: pathophysiology and treatment. Pain 69(1--2): 1-18
Mercadante S (1998) Pilocarpine as an adjuvant to morphine therapy. Research Letter. Lancet
351(9099): 338--339
Mercadante S (1999) Problems of long-term spinal opioid treatment in advanced cancer
patients. Pain 79(1): 1--17
Mercadante S, Caligara M, Sapio M et al. (1997) Subcutaneous fentanyl infusion in a patient
with bowel obstruction and renal failure. J Pain Symptom Manage 13(4): 241--244
Mercer DW, Smith GS, Miller TA (1998) Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates
cholecystokinin-induced gastroprotection. Dig Dis Sci 43(3): 468--475
Mergens PA (1991) Muscle rigidity after narcotics: pharmacologic concepts. In:
Anesthesiology Review (Faust RJ, ed), Churchill Livingstone, Kapitel 48, Seite 102--103
Merighi A, Polak JM, Gibson SJ et al. (1988) Ultrastructural studies on calcitonin generelated peptide-, tachykinins-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in rat dorsal root
ganglia: evidence for the colocalization of different peptides in single secretory granules.
Cell Tissue Res 254: 101--109
Merskey H (1986) Classification of chronic pain. Pain S3: S215--S221
Messersmith DJ, Kim DJ, Iadarola MJ (1998) Transcription factor regulation of prodynorphin
gene expression following rat hindpaw inflammation. Molecular Brain Research 53: 259-269
Messing RB, Lytle LD (1977) Serotonin-containing neurons: their possible role in pain and
analgesia. Pain 4(1): 1--21
Mestre JR, Chan G, Zhang F et al. (1999) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. An
approach to preventing head and neck cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 889: 62--71
Metze D, Reimann S, Szepfalusi Z et al. (1997) Persistent pruritus after hydroxyethyl starch
infusion therapy: a result of long-term storage in cutaneous nerves. Br J Dermatol 136(4):
553--559
Meunier JC (1997) Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and the opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Eur J
Pharmacol 340 (1): 1--15
Meunier JC, Mollereau C, Toll L et al. (1995) Isolation and structure of the endogenous
agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Nature 377: 532--535
Meynadier J, Chrubasik J, Dubar M et al. (1985) Intrathecal somatostatin in terminally ill
patiens. A report of two cases. Pain 23: 9--12
Mezzatesta JP, Scott DA, Schweitzer SA et al. (1997) Continuous axillary brachial plexus
block for postoperative pain relief. Intermittent bolus versus continuous infusion. Reg
Anesth 22(4): 357--362
Miao FJ, Jänig W, Levine JD (1997) Vagal branches involved in inhibition of bradykinininduced synovial plasma extravasation by intrathecal nicotine and noxious stimulation in
the rat J Physiol (Lond) 498(Pt 2): 473--481
Miaskowski C, Taiwo O, Levine JD (1990) Kappa and delta agonists synergize to produce
potent analgesia. Brain Res 509: 165--168
Michaelis LL, Hickey PR, Clark TA (1974) Ventricular irritability associated with the use of
naloxone hydrochloride. Ann Thor Surg 18: 608--614
Michaelis M, Häbler HJ, Jäenig W (1996) Silent afferents: a separate class of primary
afferents? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2: 99--105
Michielsen P, De Schepper P (1996c) Analgesic nephropathy in Belgium: confusion between
prevalence and incidence. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 958--960
Michielsen P, De Schepper P (1998) Analgesic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 339: 48--49
Michielsen P, De Schepper P (1996a) Combination analgesic involvement in the pathogenesis
of analgesic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 959--960
Michielsen P, De Schepper P (1996b) Analgesic nephropathy. Are new legal regulations
needed? Tijdschr Geneeskd 52: 1429--1437
Michultka DM, Blanchard EB, Appelbaum KA et al. (1989) The refractory headache patient II. High medication consumption (analgesic rebound) headache. Behav Res Ther 27: 411-420
Micieli G, Manzoni GC, Granella F et al. (1988) Clinical and epidemiological observations on
drug abuse in headache patients. In: Drug-Induced Headache (Diener HC, Wilkinson M,
eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp 20--28
Micol JA, Laorden ML (1994) Effects of mu-, delta- and kappa-agonists on isolated right atria
of the rat. Neuropeptides 6: 365--370
Migliardi JR, Armellino JJ, Friedman M et al. (1994) Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant in
tension headache. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56(5): 576--586
Mihic DN, Pinkert E (1981) Phantom limb pain during peridural anaesthesia. Pain 2: 269-272
Milde LN, Milde JH, Gallagher WJ (1990) Effects of sufentanil on cerebral circulation and
metabolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 70: 138--146
Miles J (1983) Neurological advances in the relief of pain. Br J Hosp Med 30: 348--353
Milgrom H, Fick RB, Su JQ et al. (1999) Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal antiIgE antibody. New Engl J Med 341(26): 1966--1973)
Milgrom-Friedman J, Penman R et al. (1983) A preliminary study on pain perception and
tobacco smoking. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 10(2): 161--169
Millan MJ (1986) Multiple opioid systems and pain. Pain 27: 303--347
Millan MJ (1989) Kappa-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception in the rat. I. Comparative
actions of mu- and kappa-opioids against noxious thermal, pressure and electrical stimuli. J
Pharmacol Ther 251(1): 334--341
Millan MJ (1990) K-Opioid receptors and analgesia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11: 70--76
Millan MJ, Czlonkowski A, Lipkowski A et al. (1989) Kappa-opioid receptor mediated
antinociception in the rat II. Supraspinal in addition to spinal sites of action. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 251(1): 342--350
Millan MJ, Czlonkowski A, Morris B et al. (1988) Inflammation of the hind limb as a model
of unilateral, localized pain: influence on multiple opioid systems in the spinal cord of the
rat. Pain 35: 299--312
Miller MS, Buck SH, Sipes IG et al. (1982) Regulation of substance P by nerve growth factor:
disruption by capsaicin. Brain Res 250: 193--196
Miller RL, Forsyth RP, Melmon KL (1972) Morphine-induced redistribution of cardiac output
in the unanesthetized monkey. Pharmacol 7: 138--148
Miller TA (1983) Protective effects of prostaglandins against gastric mucosal damage: current
knowledge and proposed mechanisms. Am J Physiol 245 (5Pt1): G601--623
Miller TA, Henagan JM, Watkins LA et al. (1983) Prostaglandin-induced bicarbonate
secretion in the canine stomach: characteristics and evidence for a cholinergic mechanism.
J Surg Res 35(2): 105--112
Milton AS (1982) Prostaglandins in fever and the mode of action of antipyretic drugs. In:
Pyretics and antipyretics (Milton AS, ed.) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol.
60, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 257--303
Milton AS, Wendlandt S (1970) A possible role for prostaglandin E1 as a modulator for
temperature regulation in the central nervous system of the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 207:76P-77P
Minami T, Nishihara I, Uda R et al. (1994b) Characterization of EP-receptor subtypes
involved in allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal administration of
prostaglandin E2 to mice. Br J Pharmacol 112(3): 735--740
Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Mori H et al. (1996) Prostaglandin D2 inhibits prostaglandin
E2-induced allodynia in conscious mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278: 1146--1152
Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Nishizawa M et al. (1997) Inhibition of nociceptin-induced
allodynia in conscious mice by prostaglandin D2. Br J Pharmacol 122(4): 605--610
Minami T, Uda R, Horiguchi S et al. (1992) Allodynia evoked by intrathecal administration of
prostaglandin F2 alpha to conscious mice. Pain 50(2): 223--229
Minami T, Uda R, Horiguchi S et al. (1994a) Allodynia evoked by intrathecal administration
of prostaglandin E2 to conscious mice. Pain 57(2): 217--231
Minocha A, Greenbaum DS (1991) Pill-esophagitis caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs. Am J Gastroenterol 86(8): 1086--1089
Miralles FS, Lopez-Soriano F, Perez D et al. (1986) Subarachnoid administration of calcitonin
produces postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 65: A199
Miranda HF, Bustamante D, Kramer V et al. (1992) Antinociceptive effects of Ca2+ channel
blockers. Eur J Pharmacol 7(2--3): 137--141
Miranda HF, Pelissier T, Sierralta F (1993) Analgesic effects of intracerebroventricular
administration of calcium channel blockers in mice. Gen Pharmacol 1: 201--204
Miser AW, Davis DM, Hughes CS et al. (1983) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of
morphine in children with cancer. Am J Dis Child 137: 383--385
Misra AL (1978) Metabolism of opiates. In: Factors affecting the action of narcotics (Adler
MW, Manara L, Samanin R, eds. ), Raven Press (NY), pp 297--343
Misra AL, Pontani RB, Vadlamani NL (1987) Stereospecific potentiation of opiate analgesie
by cocaine: predominant role of noradrenalin. Pain 28(1): 129--138
Mitchard M (1977) Drug distribution in the elderly. In: Drugs and the elderly (Crooks J,
Stevenson IH, eds. ), Macmillan (London)
Mitchell SW, Morehouse GR, Keen WW (1864) Gunshot wounds and other injury of nerves.
Lippincott (Philadelphia)
Miyake H, Inaba N, Kato S et al. (1996) Increased susceptibility of rat gastric mucosa to
ulcerogenic stimulation with aging. Role of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. Dig Dis
Sci 41(2): 339--345
Mizel SB, Dayer JM, Krane SM et al. (1981) Stimulation of rheumatoid synovial cell
collagenase and prostaglandin production by partially purified lymphocyte-activating
factor (interleukin 1). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 2474--2477
Mizuno H, Sakamoto C, Matsuda K et al. (1997) Induction of cyclooxygenase 2 in gastric
mucosal lesions and its inhibition by the specific antagonist delays healing in mice.
Gastroenterology 112: 387--397
Moerman N, van Dam FS, Muller MJ et al. (1996) The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and
Information Scale (APAIS) Anesth Analg 82(3): 445--451
Moertel C, Shutte A, Reitemeir R et al. (1974) Corticosteroid therapy in pre-terminal gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer 33: 1607--1609
Mogil JS, Grisel JE (1998) Review Article. Transgenic studies of pain. Pain 77: 107--128
Mogil JS, Grisel JE, Reinscheid RK et al. (1996) Orphanin FQ is a functional anti-opioid
peptide. Neuroscience 75(2): 333--337
Mogil JS, Shin YH, McCleskey EW et al. (1998) Ginsenoside Rf, a trace component of
ginseng root, produces antinociception in mice. Brain Res 792(2): 218--228
Mohamed SS, Atkinson ME (1982) The ontogeny of substance P fibers in the mouse
trigeminal nerve. Brain Res 3: 351--355
Mohammadian P, Andersen OK, Arendt-Nielsen L (1998) Correlation between local vascular
and sensory changes following tissue inflammation induced by repetitive application of
topical capsaicin. Brain Res 792(1): 1--9
Möiniche S, Dahl JB, Kehlet H (1993) Time course of primary and secondary hyperalgesia
after heat injury to the skin. Br J Anaesth 71: 201--205
Mollereau C, Simons MJ, Soularue P et al. (1996) Structure, tissue distribution, and
chromosomal localization of the prepronociceptin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(16):
8666--8670
Moltner A, Hölzl R, Strian F (1990) Heart rate changes as an autonomic component of the
pain response. Pain 43: 81--89
Monaghan DT, Cotman CW (1985) Distribution of N-methyl-D aspartate-sensitive L[3H]glutamate binding sites in rat brain. J Neuroscience 5: 2909--2919
Mönkkönen J, Similä J, Rogers MJ (1998) Effects of tiludronate and ibandronate on the
secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide from macrophages in vitro. Life
Sci 62(8): PL95--102
Montoya P, Larbig W, Grulke N et al. (1997) The relationship of phantom limb pain to other
phantom limb phenomena in upper extremity amputees. Pain 72(1--2): 87--93
Montoya P, Ritter K, Huse E et al. (1998) The cortical somatotopic map and phantom
phenomena in subjects with congenital limb atrophy and traumatic amputees with phantom
limb pain. Eur J Neurosci 10(3):1095--1102
Mooradian AD (1997) Central nervous system complications of diabetes mellitus--a
perspective from the blood-brain barrier Brain Res Brain Res Rev 23(3): 210--218
Moore GE, Stayton D (1981) Phantom breast sensations. Correspondence. Arch Surg 116(4):
482--483
Moore GP, Pace SA, Busby W (1989) Comparison of intraosseous, intramuscular, and
intravenous administration of succinylcholine Pediatr Emerg Care 4: 209--210
Moore J, Dundee JW (1961) Alterations in response to somatic pain associated with
anaesthesia. VII: The effects of nine phenothiazine derivatives. Br J Anaesth 33: 422
Moore RA, Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ et al. (1982) Dural permeability to narcotics: in
vitro determination and application to extradural administration. Br J Anaesth 54: 1117-1128
Moore RA, Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ et al. (1984) Spinal fluid kinetics of morphine and
heroin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35: 40--45
Moore TJ, Crantz TR, Hollenberg NK et al. (1981) Contribution of prostaglandins to the antihypertensive action of captopril in essential hypertension. Hypertension 3: 168--173
Moran T, Robinson P, Goldrich MS et al. (1986) Two brain cholecystokinin receptors:
implications for behavioural actions. Brain Res 362: 175--179
Moran WH, Miltenberger FW, Shuyab WA et al. (1964) The relationship of antidiuretic
hormone secretion to surgical stress. Surgery 1: 56--99
Moran WH, Zimmermann B (1967) Mechanism of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control of
importance to surgical patient. Surgery 62: 638--643
Morgan D, Cook CD, Smith MA et al. (1999) An examination of the interactions between the
antinociceptive effects of morphine and various mu-opioids: the role of intrinsic efficacy
and stimulus intensity. Anesth Analg 88(2): 407--413
Morgan JI, Curran T (1989) Stimulus-transcription coupling in neurons: role of cellular
immediate-early genes. Trends Neurosci 12: 459--570
Morgan JP (1985--1986) American opiophobia: customary underutilization of opioid
analgesics. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 5: 163--173
Morgan MJ, Franklin KB (1988) Stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) from brain-stem and
diencephalic sites in the rat: relationships between analgesia, aversion, seizures and
catalepsy. Pain 33(1): 109--121
Morgan MM (1998) Direct comparison of heat-evoked activity of nociceptive neurons in the
dorsal horn with the hindpaw withdrawal reflex in the rat. J Neurophysiol 79(1): 174--180
Morgan MM, Liebeskind JC (1987) Site specificity in the development of tolerance to
stimulation-produced analgesia from the periaqueductal gray matter of the rat. Brain Res
425(2): 356--359
Morgane PJ, Jacobs MS (1997) Raphe projections to the locus coeruleus in the rat. Brain Res
Bull 4(4): 519--534
Morgello S, Uson RR, Schwartz EJ et al. (1995) The human blood-brain barrier glucose
transporter (GLUT1) is a glucose transporter of gray matter astrocytes. Glia 14(1): 43--54
Mori K (1987) The EEG and awareness during anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 42: 1153--1155
Moriarty P, Dimaline R, Thompson DG (1997) Characterization of cholecystokininA and
cholecystokininB receptors expressed by vagal afferent neurons. Neuroscience 79(3): 905-913
Morishima HO, Pedersen H, Finster M (1978) The influence of maternal psychological stress
on the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 131(3): 286--290
Morishima HO, Yeh MN, James LS (1979) Reduced uterine blood flow and fetal hypoxemia
with acute maternal stress: experimental observation in the pregnant baboon. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 134(3): 270--275
Morlans M, Laporte JR, Vidal X et al. (1990) End-stage renal disease and non-narcotic
analgesics: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30: 717--723
Morley JE, Levine AS (1980) Stress-induced eating is mediated through endogenous opiates.
Science 209: 1259--1261
Morley JE, Levine AS (1981) Dynorphin-(1-13) induces spontaneous feeding in rats. Life Sci
29: 1902--1903
Morley JE, Levine AS (1982) The role of endogenous opiates as regulators of appetite. Am J
Clin Nutr 35: 757--761
Morrison JC, Whybrew WD, Rosser SI et al. (1976) Metabolites of meperidine in the fetal
and maternal serum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 997--1002
Morrison JC, Wiser WL, Rosser SI et al. (1973) Metabolites of meperidine related to fetal
depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 115: 1132--1137
Morros Vinoles C, Pérez Cuenca MD, Castillo Monsegur J (1991) Adición de fentanilo a la
mepivacaína en el bloqueo axilar del plexo braquial. Efectos sobre la calidad anestésica y
analgésica postoperatoria. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 38(2): 87--89
Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, Hickok JT et al. (1998) Initial control of chemotherapy-induced
nausea and vomiting in patient quality of life. Oncology (Huntingt) 3(S4): 32--37
Morsy AH, Kulbaski M, Chen C et al. (1998) Incidence and characteristics of patients with
hand ischemia after a hemodialysis access procedure. J Surg Res 74(1): 8--10
Morteau O, Morham SG, Sellon R et al. (2000) Impaired mucosal defense to acute colonic
injury in mice lacking cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest 105(4): 469-478
Morton CR, Hutchison WD (1989) Release of sensory neuropeptides in the spinal cord:
studies with calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin. Neuroscience 31: 807--815
Morton CR, Siegel J, Xiao HM (1997) Modulation of cutaneous nociceptor activity by
electrical stimulation in the brain stem does not inhibit the nociceptive excitation of dorsal
horn neurons. Pain. 71(1): 65--70
Moss E, Powell D, Gibson RM et al. (1978) Effects of fentanyl on intracranial pressure and
cerebral perfusion pressure during hypocapnia. Br J Anaesth 50: 779--784
Motoayma EK, Rivard G, Acheson F et al. (1966) Adverse effect of maternal hyperventilation
on the foetus. Lancet 1(432): 286--288
Motsch J, Gräber E, Ludwig K (1990) Addition of clonidine enhances analgesia from epidural
morphine: a double blind study. Anesthesiology 73: 1067--1073
Moulin DE, Inturrisi CE, Foley KM (1986) Epidural and intrathecal opioids: cerebrospinal
fluid and plasma pharmacokinetics in cancer pain patient. Adv Pain Res Ther 8: 369--383
Moulin DE, Kreeft JH, Murray-Parsons N et al. (1991) Comparison of continuous
subcutaneous and intravenous hydromorphone infusions for the management of cancer
pain. Lancet 337: 465--468
Mount BM (1980) Narcotic Analgesics. In: The Continuing Care of Terminal Cancer Patients.
(Twycross RG, Ventafridda V, eds. ), Pergamon Press (NY), pp 97--116
Moussard C, Alber D, Toubin MM et al. (1992) A drug used in traditional medicine,
harpagophytum procumbens: no evidence for NSAID-like effect on whole blood
eicosanoid production in human. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 46(4): 283-286
Moya F, Thorndike V (1962) Passage of drugs across the placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 82:
1778--1785
Mozzanica N, Pigatto PD (1990) Contact and photocontact allergy to ketoprofen: clinical and
experimental study. Contact Dermatitis 5: 336--340
Mraovic B, Jurisic T, Kogler-Majeric V (1997) Intraperitoneal bupivacaine for analgesia after
laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(2): 193--196
Mulder AM, Schoffelmeer ANM (1993) Multiple opioid receptors and presynaptic
modulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain. In: Opioids (Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch
7, pp 125--144
Müller S, Ho B, Gambus P et al. (1997) An HPLC/RIA method for dynorphin A1-13 and its
main metabolites in human blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1: 101--109
Müller S, Hochhaus G (1995) Metabolism of dynorphin A 1-13 in human blood and plasma.
Pharm Res 8: 1165--1170
Müller-Lissner SA, Blum L (1981) Effects of specific gravity and eating on gastric emptying
of slow-release capsules. Letter. N Engl J Med 304(22): 1365--1366
Müller-Vahl H (1984) Aseptische Gewebsnekrose: eine schwerwiegende Komplikation nach
intramuskulärer Injektion.D tsch Med Wochenschr 109(20): 786--792
Mummaneni N, Rao TLK, Montoya A (1980) Awareness and recall with high-dose fentanyloxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 59: 948--949
Mundinger F, Salomao JF (1980) Deep brain stimulation in mesencephalic lemniscus
medialis for chronic pain. Acta Neurochir (Wien) S30: 245--258
Mundinger MO (1994). Advanced-practice nursing - good medicine for physicans ? New
England J Med 330: 211--214.
Mundy GR (1990) Incidence and pathophysiology of hypercalcemia. Calcif Tissue Int 46(S):
3--10
Munglani R, Jones JG, Hunt S (1993) Pre-emptive analgesia-use of immediate early genes
expression as markers of neuronal stimulation. Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 71(3): 458
Muramoto T; Atsuta Y; Iwahara T (1997) The action of prostaglandin E2 and triamcinolone
acetonide on the firing activity of lumbar nerve roots. Int Orthop 21(3): 172--175
Muranishi S (1991) Drug targeting towards the lympathics. Adv Drug Res 21: 1--38
Murata T, Ushikubi F, Matsuoka T et al. (1997) Altered pain perception and inflammatory
response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor. Nature 388: 678--682
Murphy DF (1993) Interpleural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 71: 426--434
Murphy DF, Medley C (1993) Preoperative indomethacin for pain relief after thoracotomy:
comparison with postoperative indomethacin. Br J Anaesth 70: 298--300
Murphy MR, Hug CC (1982) Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of fentanyl. Anesthesiology
57: A347
Murphy P, Salomon J, Roseman DL (1980) Narcotic anesthetic drugs: their effect on biliary
dynamics. Arch Surg 115: 710--711
Murray CW, Cowan A (1991) Tonic pain perception in the mouse: differential modulation by
three receptor-selective opioid agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257: 335--341
Murray MD, Brater DC (1990) Adverse effect of nonsteroidal drugs on renal function. Ann
Intern Med 112: 559--560
Murray MD, Brater DC (1997) Effects of NSAIDs on the kidney. Prog Drug Res 49: 155-171
Murray RM (1973) Dependance on analgesics in analgesic nephropathy. Br J Addict Alcohol
Other Drugs 68(3): 265--272
Murray RM (1978) Genesis of analgesic nephropathy in the United Kingdom. Kidney Int 13:
50--57
Murray TG, Stolley PD, Anthony JC et al. (1983) Epidemiologic study of regular analgesic
use and end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med 143: 1687--1693
Murrell GAC, Jang D, Williams RJ (1995) Nitric oxide activates metalloprotease enzymes in
articular cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 206: 15--21
Musleh W, Bi X, Tocco G et al. (1997) Glycine-induced long-term potentiation is associated
with structural and functional modifications of alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(17): 9451--9456
Myers DE, Shaikh Z, Zullo TG (1997) Hypoalgesic effect of caffeine in experimental
ischemic muscle contraction pain. Headache 37(10): 654--658
Naber D (1993) Opioids in the Etiology and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. II: The
Effect of Antidepressants and Electroconvulsive Treatment. In: Opioids II (Herz A, ed.),
Springer, pp 787
Nabeshima T, Katoh A, Wada M et al. (1992) Stress-induced changes in brain Metenkephalin, Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin concentrations. Life Sci 51(3): 211--217
Nabeshima T, Yamada K, Hayashi T et al. (1994) Changes in muscarinic cholinergic, PCP,
GABAA, D1, and 5-HT2A receptor binding, but not in benzodiazepine receptor binding in
the brains of aged rats. Life Sci 55(20): 1585--1593
Nadasdi M, Zsoter TT (1969) The effect of meperidine on the peripheral circulation. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 10: 239--243
Nagasaka H, Awad H, Yaksh TL (1996) Peripheral and spinal actions of opioids in the
blockade of the autonomic response evoked by compression of the inflamed knee joint.
Anesthesiology 85(4): 808--816
Nagasaka H, Yaksh TL (1995) Effects of intrathecal µ, δ and κ agonists on thermally evoked
cardiovascular and nociceptive reflexes in halothane-anesthetized rats Anesth Analg 80:
437--434
Nagashima H, Karamanian A, Malovany R et al. (1976) Respiratory and circulatory effects of
intravenous butorphanol and morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19: 738--745
Nagoshi U, Uehara Y, Kanai F et al. (1998) Prostaglandin D2 inhibits inducible nitric oxide
synthase expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cell. Circ Res 82(2): 204--209
Naguib M, Yaksh TL (1994) Antinociceptive effects of spinal cholinesterase inhibition and
isobolographic analysis of the interaction with mu and alpha 2 receptor systems.
Anesthesiology 80(6): 1338--1348
Naguib M, Yaksh TL (1997) Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes that mediate
antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Anesth Analg 85(4): 847--853
Naim M, Spike RC, Watt C et al. (1997) Cells in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord that
possess the neurokinin-1 receptor and have dorsally directed dendrites receive a major
synaptic input from tachykinin-containing primary afferents. J Neurosci 17(14): 5536-5548
Nair MP, Schwartz SA, Polasani R et al. (1997) Immunoregulatory effects of morphine on
human lymphocytes. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4(2): 127--132
Nakada SY, Jerde TJ, Bjorling DE et al. (2000) Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors reduce
ureteral contraction in vivo: a better alternative for renal colic? J Urol 163(2): 607--612
Nakai M, Ogata J, Fukui K (1997) Basal forebrain and cerebral cortical muscarinic receptors
mediate increase in cortical blood flow provoked by periaqueductal gray matter.
Neuroscience 79(2): 571--579
Nakamori T, Morimoto A, Yamaguchi K et al. (1993) Organum vasculosum laminae
terminalis (OVLT) is a brain site to produce interleukin-1 beta during fever. Brain Res
618:155--159
Nakamura I, Ohta Y, Kemmotsu O (1997) Characterization of adenosine receptors mediating
spinal sensory transmission related to nociceptive information in the rat. Anesthesiology
87(3): 577--584
Nakamura-Craig M, Smith TW (1989) Substance p and peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia.
Pain 38: 91--98
Nakanishi S (1987) Substance P precursor and kininogen: their structures, gene organizations,
and regulation. Physiol. Rev 67: 1117--1142
Nakanishi S (1991) Mammalian tachykinin receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 14:123--136
Nakanishi S, Nakajima Y, Masu M et al. (1998) Glutamate receptors: brain function and
signal transduction. Brain Res Brain Res Rev (2--3): 230--235
Nakano H, Minami T, Abe K et al. (2000) Effect of intrathecal nocistatin on the formalininduced pain in mice versus that of nociceptin/orphanin FQ. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292(1):
331--336
Nanra RS (1983) Renal effects of antipyretic analgesics. Am J Medicine 14: 70--81
Nanra RS (1993) Analgesic nephropathy in the 1990s - an Australian perspective. Kidney Int
44(S): 86--92
Nanra RS, Daniel V, Howard M (1980) Analgesic nephropathy induced by common
proprietary mixtures. Med J Aust 1(10): 486--487
Nanra RS, Kincaid-Smith P (1970) Papillary necrosis in rats caused by aspirin and aspirincontaining mixtures. Br Med J 3(722): 559--561
Nash P, Gould RS, Barnardo DE (1986) Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable
bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 40: 292--293
Nash P, Gould RS, Barnardo DE (1986) Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable
bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 40: 292--293
Näsström J, Karlsson U, Post C (1992) Antinociceptive actions of different classes of
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 212: 21--29
Nauta HJ, Hewitt E, Westlund KN (1997) Surgical interruption of a midline dorsal column
visceral pain pathway. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 86(3): 538-542
Navari RM, Rienhardt RR, Gralla RJ et al. (1999) Reduction of cisplatin-induced emesis by a
selective neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist. New Engl J Med 340(3): 190--195
Navarro E, Romero SD, Yaksh TL (1989) CNS stimulation and PGE2 release. III.
Pentamethylenetetrazole-induced seizures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9: 180--186
Neal EA, Meffin PJ, Gregory PB et al. (1979) Enhanced bioavailability and decreased
clearance of analgesics in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 77: 96--102
Neely J (1969) The effects of analgesic drugs on gastrointestinal motility in man. Br J Surg
56: 925--929
Negri L, Potenza RL, Melchiori P (1991) Evidence for two subtypes of delta opioid receptors
in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 196: 335--336
Nehlig A, Debry G (1994) Potential teratogenic and neurodevelopmental consequences of
coffee and caffeine exposure: a review on human and animal data. Neurotoxicol Teratol 6:
531--543
Neidhart P, Burgener MC, Schwieger I et al. (1989) Chest wall rigidity during fentanyl-and
midazolam-fentanyl induction: ventilatory and haemodynamic effects. Acta Anaesth Scand
33: 1--5
Neil A (1990) Tolerance and Dependence. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy
(Benedetti C, Chapman CR, Giron G, eds. ), Raven (NY), Ch 14: 121--142
Nelson CJ, Dykstra LA, Lysle DT (1997) Comparison of the time course of morphine's
analgesic and immunologic effects. Anesth Analg 85(3): 620--626
Nelson KA, Glare PA, Walsh D et al. (1997) A prospective, within-patient, crossover study of
continuous intravenous and subcutaneous morphine for chronic cancer pain. J Pain
Symptom Manage 5: 262--267
Nelson PS, Streisand JB, Mulder S et al. (1987) Premedications in children: a comparison of
oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (fentanyl lollipop) and oral solution of meperidine,
diazepam and atropine. Anesthesiology 67: A 490
Nemeroff CB, Osbahr AJ 3d, Manberg PJ et al. (1979) Alterations in nociception and body
temperature after intracisternal administration of neurotensin, beta-endorphin, other
endogenous peptides, and morphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76(10): 5368--5371
Nemoto T, Sekikawa T, Suzuki T et al. (1997) Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis accelerates
the recovery of polysynaptic reflex potentials after transient spinal cord ischemia in cats.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 355(4): 447--451
Neugebauer E, Hempel K, Sauerland S et al. (1998). Akuter Schmerz in der Chirurgie:
Ergebnisse einer Umfrage an 1000 Chrirurgischen Kliniken in Deutschland. Chirurg 69:
461--466
Neugebauer V, Geisslinger G, Rümenapp et al. (1995a) Antinociceptive effects of R(-)- and
S(+)flurbiprofen on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons rendered hyperexcitable by an acute
knee joint inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 275: 618--628
Neugebauer V, Geisslinger G, Rümenapp P et al. (1995) Antinociceptive effects of R(-)- and
S(+)-flurbiprofen on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons rendered hyperexcitable by an acute
knee joint inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275: 618--628
Neugebauer V, Rumenapp P, Schaible HG (1996) Calcitonin gene-related peptide is involved
in the spinal processing of mechanosensory input from the rat's knee joint and in the
generation and maintenance of hyperexcitability of dorsal horn-neurons during
development of acute inflammation. Neuroscience 71(4): 1095--109
Neugebauer V, Rumenapp P, Schaible HG (1996) The role of spinal neurokinin-2 receptors in
the processing of nociceptive information from the joint and in the generation and
maintenance of inflammation-evoked hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons in the rat.
Eur J Neurosci 8(2): 249--60
Neugebauer V, Schaible G, He X et al. (1994) Eletrophysiological evidence for a spinal
antinociceptive action of dipyrone. Agents Actions 41: 62--70
Newby DE, Boon NA, Webb DJ (1997) Comparison of forearm vasodilatation to substance P
and acetylcholine: contribution of nitric oxide. Clin Sci (Colch) 92(2): 133--138
Newby DE, Sciberras DG, Mendel CM et al. (1997) Intra-arterial substance P mediated
vasodilatation in the human forearm: pharmacology, reproducibility and tolerability. Br J
Clin Pharmacol 43(5): 493--499
Newsome HH jr (1975) Editorial: Growth hormone in surgical stress. Surgery 77(4): 475--477
Newton JA jr, Lesnik IK, Kennedy CA (1994) Streptococcus salivarius meningitis following
spinal anesthesia. Correspondence. Clin Infect Dis 5: 840--841
Newton R, Kuitert LM, Bergmann M et al. (1997) Evidence for involvement of NF-kappaB in
the transcriptional control of COX-2 gene expression by IL-1beta. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 237(1): 28--32
Newton RC, Covington M (1987) the activation of human fibroblast prostaglandin E
production by interleukin 1. Cell Immun 110: 338--349
Nguyen J.-P, Lefaucheur J.-P, Decq P (1999) Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the
treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Correlations between clinical,
electrophysiological and anatomical data. Pain 82(3): 245--251
Nguyen JP, Keravel Y, Feve A et al. (1997) Treatment of deafferentation pain by chronic
stimulation of the motor cortex: report of a series of 20 cases. Acta Neurochir Suppl
(Wien) 68: 54--60
Nguyen TT, Matsumoto K, Yamasaki K et al. (1997) Involvement of supraspinal GABA
receptors in majonoside-R2 suppression of clonidine-induced antinociception in mice. Life
Sci 61(4): 427--436
Nichols DS, Thorn BE, Berntson GG (1989) Opiate and serotonergic mechanisms of
stimulation-produced analgesia within the periaqueductal gray. Brain Res Bull 4: 717--724
Nichols ML, Lopez Y, Ossipov MH et al. (1997) Enhancement of the antiallodynic and
antinociceptive efficacy of spinal morphine by antisera to dynorphin A (1-13) or MK-801
in a nerve-ligation model of peripheral neuropathy. Pain 69(3): 317--322
Nickel B (1987) The antinociceptive activity of flupirtin: a structurally new analgesic. Postgr
Med J 63 (S3): 19--28
Nickel B, Aledter A (1987) Comparative physical dependence studies in rats with flupirtin
and opiate receptor stimulating analgesics. Postgr Med J 63 (S3): 41--43
Nickel B, Jakovlev V, Szelenyi I (1990) Einfluss von Flupirtin, verschiedener Analgetika und
Muskelrelaxantien auf den Skelettmuskeltonus wacher Ratter. Arzn-Forschung Drug Res
40(II): 909--911
Nicol G D, Klingberg D K, Vasko M R (1992) Prostaglandin E2 increases calcium
conductances and stimulates release of substance P in avian sensory neurons. J Neurosci
12: 1917--1927
Nicolodi M, Frezzotti R, Diadori A (1997) Phantom eye: features and prevalence. The
predisposing role of headache. Cephalalgia 4: 501--504
Niiro H, Otsuka T, Izuhara K et al. (1997) Regulation by interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 of
cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human neutrophils. Blood 89: 1621--1628
Nikfar S, Abdollahi M, Sarkarati F et al. (1998) Interaction between calcium channel blockers
and sweetening agents on morphine-induced analgesia in mice by formalin test. Gen
Pharmacol 3: 431--435
Nikolajsen L, Hansen CL, Nielsen J (1996) The effect of ketamine on phantom pain: a central
neuropathic disorder maintained by peripheral input. Pain 67: 69--77
Nikolajsen L, Hansen PO, Jensen TS (1997) Oral ketamine therapy in the treatment of
postamputation stump pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(3): 427--429
Nikolajsen L, Ilkjaer S, Christensen JH et al. (1997) Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine
and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation. Lancet
350: 1353--1357
Nilsson HL, von Knorring L (1989) Clomipramine in acute and chronic pain syndromes.
Nordic Psykiatr Tidssrk 43(S20): 101--113
Nimmo WS (1982) Gastrointestinal function following surgery. Reg Anesth 7(S): 105
Nimmo WS, Heading RC, Wilson J et al. (1975) Inhibition of gastric emptying and drug
absorption by narcotic analgesics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2: 509--513
Nimmo WS, Todd JG (1985) Fentanyl by constant rate IV infusion for postoperative
analgesia. Br J Anaesth 57: 250--254
Nishi M, Takeshima H, Fukuda K et al. (1993) cDNA cloning and pharmacological
characterization of an opioid receptor with high affinities for κ-subtype-selecetive ligands.
FEBS Lett 330: 77--80
Nishihara I, Minami T, Uda R et al. (1995a) Effect of NMDA receptor antagonists on
prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia in conscious mice. Brain Res 677: 138--144
Nishihara I, Minami T, Watanabe Y et al. (1995b) Prostaglandin E2 stimulates glutamate
release from synaptosomes of rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 196: 57--60
Nishijo H, Uwano T, Tamura R, Ono T (1998) Gustatory and Multimodal Neuronal
Responses in the Amygdala During Licking and Discrimination of Sensory Stimuli in
Awake Rats. J Neurophysiol 79(1): 21--36
Nishina K, Mikawa K, Takao Y et al. (1997) Prostaglandin E1, lidocaine and prostaglandin
E1-lidocaine combination for attenuating cardiovascular responses to extubation. Can J
Anaesth 44(11): 1211--1214
Nishino K, Su YF, Wong CS et al. (1990) Dissociation of µ opioid tolerance from receptor
down-regulation in rat spinal cord. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253: 67--72
Nishitateno K, Ngai SH, Finck AD et al. (1979) Pharmacokinetics of morphine:
concentrations in the serum and brain of the dog during hyperventilation. Anesthesiology
50: 520--523
Nishiyama T, Yaksh TL, Weber E (1998) Effects of intrathecal NMDA and non-NMDA
antagonists on acute thermal nociception and their interaction with morphine.
Anesthesiology 89(3): 715--722
Nitescu P, Dahm P, Appelgren L et al. (1998) Continous infusion of opioid and bupivacaine
by externalized intrathecal catheters in long-term treatment of „refractory“ nonmalignant
pain. Clin J Pain 1: 17--28
Nix WA (1998) Was ist gesichert in der Schmerztherapie? Haben Neuroleptika eine
analgetische Potenz? Eine Metaanalyse. Schmerz 12: 30--38
Noble F, Fournie-Zaluski MC, Roques BP (1996) Opposite role of delta 1- and delta 2 opioid
receptors activated by endogenous or exogenous opioid agonists on the endogenous
cholecystokinin system: further evidence for delta-opioid receptor heterogenicity.
Neuroscie 75(3): 917--926
Nock B, Wich M, Cicero TJ (1997) Chronic exposure to morphine increases corticosteroidbinding globulin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(3): 1262--1268
Noda M, Furutani Y, Takahashi H et al. (1982) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for
bovine adrenal pre-pro-enkephalin. Nature 295: 202--206
Noda M, Nakanishi H, Nabekura J et al. (2000) AMPA-kainate subtypes of glutamate
receptor in rat cerebral microglia. J Neurosci 20(1): 251--258
Noda M, Teranishi Y, Takahashi H et al. (1982) Isolation and structural organization of the
human preproenkephalin gene. Nature 297: 431--434
Noda Y, Mamiya T, Nabeshima T et al. (1998) Loss of antinociception induced by naloxone
benzoylhydrazone in nociceptin receptor-knockout mice. J Biol Chem 273(29): 18047-18051
Noel GL, Suh HK, Stone JG et al. (1972) Human prolactin and growth hormone release
during surgery and other conditions of stress. J Clin Endocrin Metab 35: 840--851
Noels LM, Elseviers MM, de Broe ME (1995) Impact of legislative measures on the sales of
analgesics and the subsequent prevalence of analgesic nephropathy: a comparative study in
France, Sweden and Belgium. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10: 167--174
Noguchi K, Dubner R, Ruda M (1992) Preproenkephalin mRNA in spinal dorsal horn neurons
is induced by peripheral inflammation and is colocalized with Fos and Fos-related proteins.
Neuroscience 46: 561--570
Noguchi K, Kowalski T, Traub R et al. (1991) Dynorphin depression and Fos-like
immunoreactivity following inflammation-induced hyperalgesia are co-localized in spinal
cord neurons. Mol Brain Res 10: 229--234
Nohr CW, Christou NV (1984) In vivo and in vitro humoral immunity in surgical patients. J
Am Surg 200: 373--380
Nomura S, Ding YQ, Kaneko T et al. (1996) Localization of mu-opioid receptor-like
immunoreactivity in the central components of the vagus nerve: a light and electron
microscope study in the rat. Neuroscience 73(1): 277--286
Noordenbos W (1959) Pain: Problems pertaining to the transmission of nerve impulses which
give rise to pain. Elsevier (Amsterdam)
Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T et al. (1984) Pharmacokinetic aspects of intrathecal
morphine analgesia. Anesthesiology 60: 448--454
Nordbladh I, Ohlander B, Björkman R (1991) Analgesia in tonsillectomy: a double-blind
study on pre-and postoperative treatment with diclofenac. Clin Otolaryngol 16: 554--558
Nordling K, Johansson O, Liden S et al. (1993) Glutamate and aspartate-like
immunoreactivities in human normal and inflamed skin. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathol
Mol Pathol 64: 75--82
Norman J (1985) Terminology used in patient-controlled analgesia. In: Patient controlled
analgesia (Harmer M, Rosen M, Vickers MD, eds.), Blackwell (Oxford), pp 1--6
Nørregaard J, Volkmann H, Danneskiold-Samsøe B (1995) A randomized controlled trial of
citalopram in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Pain 61: 445--449
North RA (1993) Opioid actions on membrane ion channels. In: Opioids (Herz A, ed.),
Springer, pp 773--797
Norvell JE, Lower RR (1973) Degeneration and regeneration of the nerves of the heart after
transplantation. Transplantation 15: 337--344
Novack GD, Bullock JL, Eisele JH (1978) Fentanyl: cumulative effects and development of
short-term tolerance. Neuropharm 17: 77--82
Novick DM, Kreek MJ, Fanizza AM et al. (1981) Methadone disposition in patients with
chronic liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 353--362
Nudelmann I (1987) Nasal delivery: a revolution in drug delivery. Proc Robert S First, Drug
Del Conf 1987, Pharmaceutical Technology, Eugene (Oregon): Astor Publishing Corp., pp
43--48
Numo R (1992) Prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers by the coadministration of Misoprostol
- implications in clinical practice. Scand J Rheumatol 92: 25--29
Nyberg F, Sanderson K, Glämsta EL (1997) The hemorphins: a new class of opioid peptides
derived from the blood protein hemoglobin. Biopolymers 43(2): 147--153
Nyberg K, Allebeck P, Eklund G et al. (1992) Socio-economic versus obstetric risk factors for
drug addiction in offspring. Br J Addict 87(12): 1669--1676
O´Banion MK, Sadowski HB, Winn V et al. (1991) A serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated 4kilobase mRNA encodes a cyclooxygenase-related protein. J Biol Chem 266: 23261-23267
Oates JA, Fitzgerald GA, Branch RA et al. (1988) Clinical implications of prostaglandins and
thromboxane A2 formation (2 Parts). New Engl J Med 319: 689--698
O'Brien CP (1996) Is there an abuse potential for caffeine-containing analgesic combinations?
In: Advances in the management of acute pain. International Congress and Symposium
series 218 (Holtz A, ed.), Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited, London, pp 119--127
Obstler C, Rouxel JM, Zahwa A et al. (1997) Douleurs et vomissements postopératoires dans
la chirurgie de la rétine. Cah Anesthesiol 45(3): 181--185
O'Byrne PM, Israel E, Drazen JM (1997) Antileukotrienes in the treatment of asthma. Ann
Intern Med 127(6): 472--480
Ochoa JL, Torebjörk HE (1980) Paraesthesia from ectopic impulse generation in human
sensory nerves. Brain 103: 835--853
O'Connor PG, Kosten TR (1998) Rapid and ultrarapid opioid detoxification techniques.
JAMA 279(3): 229--234
Ogle CW, Qiu BS, Cho CH (1993) Nicotine and gastric ulcers in stress. J Physiol Paris 87(6):
359--365
Ohara A, Mashimo T, Zhang P et al. (1997) A comparative study of the antinociceptive action
of xenon and nitrous oxide in rats. Anesth Analg 85(4): 931--936
Ohta Y, Alojado ES, Kemmotsu O (1994) Inhibition of the activity of rat raphe magnus
neurons with adenosine and adenosine 5’-triphosphate in vitro. Anesthesiology V81(3A):
A842
Oka T, Wakugawa Y, Hosoi M et al. (1998) Intracerebroventricular injection of tumor
necrosis factor-alpha induces thermal hyperalgesia in rats. Neuroimmunomodulation 2--3:
135--140
Oku R, Satoh M, Fujii N et al. (1987) Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes mechanical
nociception by potentiating the release fo substance P from the spinal dorsal horn in rats.
Brain 403: 350--354
Okuda Y, Sakoda S, Fujimura H et al. (1997) Nitric oxide via an inducible isoform of nitric
oxide synthase is a possible factor to eliminate inflammatory cells from the central nervous
system of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 73(1--2):
107--116
Okuda-Ashitaka E, Minami T, Tachibana S et al. (1998) Nocistatin, a peptide that blocks
nociceptin action in pain transmission. Nature 392(6673): 286--289
Olden AJ, Jordan ET, Sakima NT et al. (1995). Patients´ and nurses´ assessments of pain and
sedation after cesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 24(2): 137--141
Oldendorf WH, Hyman S, Braun L et al. (1972) Blood-brain barrier: penetration of morphine,
codeine, heroin and methadone after carotid injection. Science 178: 984--986
Oleson TD, Kirkpatrick DB, Goodman SJ (1980) Elevation of pain threshold to tooth shock
by brain stimulation in primates. Brain Res 194(1): 79--95
Olinas MC, Onali P (1992) Characterization of opioid receptors mediating stimulation of
adenylate cyclase in rat olfactory bulb. Molecul Pharmacol 42: 109--115
Oliver RM (1986) Bronchospasm and heroin inhalation. Lancet i: 915
Olkkola KT, Maunuksela EL, Korpela R et al. (1988) Kinetics and dynamics of postoperative
intravenous morphine in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 128--136
Omote K, Kawamata M, Satoh O et al. (1996) Spinal antinociceptive action of an N-Type
voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker and the synergistic interaction with morphine.
Anesthesiology 84(3): 636--643
Omote K, Kawamata T, Kawamata M et al. (1998) Formalin-induced release of excitatory
amino acids in the skin of the rat hindpaw. Brain Res 787: 161--164
Omri G, Meiri H (1990) Characterization of sodium currents in mammalian sensory neurons
cultured in serum-free defined medium with and without nerve growth factor. J Membr
Biol 115: 13--29
Onaka M, Minami T, Nishihara I et al. (1996) Involvement of glutamate receptors in
strychnine- and bicuculline-induced allodynia in conscious mice. Anesthesiology 84(5):
1215--1222
O'Neil G, Paech M, Wood F (1997) Preliminary clinical use of a patient-controlled intranasal
analgesia (PCINA) device. Anaesth Intensive Care 4: 408--412
O'Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW (1993) Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and
cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett 330: 156--160
Ongehna P, van Houdenhove B (1992) Anti-depressant induced analgesia in chronic nonmalignant pain: a meta-analysis of 39 placebo-controlled studies. Pain 49: 199--204
Onghena P, van Oudenhove B (1992) Antidepressant-induced analgesia in chronic
nonmalignant pain: a meta-analysis of 39 placebo-controlled studies. Pain 49: 205--219
Onoe Y, Miyaura C, Kaminakayashiki T et al. (1996) IL-13 and IL-4 inhibit bone resorption
by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin synthesis in osteoblasts. J
Immunol 156: 758--764
Onofrio BM, Yaksh TL (1983) Intrathecal ?-receptor ligand produces analgesia in man.
Lancet 1: 122--124
Orwoll ES, Kenall JW (1980) Beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin in extrapituitary sites:
gastrointestinal tract. Endocrin 107: 438--442
Osborne PB, Vaughan CW, Wilson HI (1996) Opioid inhibition of rat periaqueductal grey
neurones with identified projections to rostral ventromedial medulla in vitro. J Physiol
(Lond) 490(Pt 2): 383--389
Osei-Gyimah P, Archer S (1981) Some 14-? substituted analogues of N-(cyclopropylmethyl)normorphine. J Med Chem 24: 212--215
Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E, Trzaskos JM, Evans
JF, Taketo MM (1996) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc∆716 knockout mice by
inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 87: 803--809
Osman A, Kopper BA, Barrios FX et al. (1997) The Beck Anxiety Inventory: reexamination
of factor structure and psychometric properties. J Clin Psychol 53(1): 7--14
Ostermeier AM, Roizen MF, Hautkappe M et al. (1997) Three sudden postoperative
respiratory arrests associated with epidural opioids in patients with sleep apnea. Anesth
Analg 85(2): 452--60
Ostesen M (1994) Optimisation of antirheumatic drug treatment in pregnancy. Clin
Pharmacokinet 27(6): 486--503
Ostheimer GW, Shanahan EA, Guyton RA et al. (1975) Effects of fentanyl and droperidol on
canince left ventricular performance. Anesthesiology 42: 288--291
Ots T (1989) “Herr Doktor, ich fühl mich nicht.” – “Ja, wo tut es denn weh?” Über die Rolle
des Medizinsystems bei der Produktion chronischen Schmerzes. Eine Pilotstudie. In:
Schmerz – Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven (Ed. Greifeld K, Kohnen N, Schröder E),
Vieweg, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden 87--96
Otsuka M, Konishi S, Yanagisawa M et al. (1982) Role of substance P as a sensory
transmitter in spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia. Ciba Found Symp 91: 13--34
Otterness IG, Bliven ML (1985) Laboratory models for testing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. In: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Lombardino J, ed.=. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc, New York, pp 111--252
Ovassapian A, Joshi CW, Brunner EA (1982) Visual disturbances: an unusual symptom of
transurethral prostatic resection reaction. Anesthesiology 57: 332--334
Overdick FJ, Gramling-Babb PM, Handy JR et al. (1997) Thoracic epidural anesthesia as the
last option of treating angina in a patient before coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth
Analg 84: 213--215
Ovesen P, Kroner K, Ornsholt J et al. (1991) Phantom-related phenomena after rectal
amputation: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Pain 44(3): 289--291
Owen H, Mather LE, Rowley K (1988) The development and clinical use of patientcontrolled analgesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 16: 437--447
Owen JA, Sitar DS, Berger L et al. (1983) Age-related morphine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 34: 364--368
Owen MD, Fibuch EE, McQuillan R et al. (1997) Postoperative analgesia using a low-dose,
oral-transdermal clonidine combination: lack of clinical efficacy. J Clin Anesth 1: 8--14
Oyama T, Taniguchi K (1970) Plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol in man during halothane
anaesthesia and surgery. Anesth Analg 49: 363--366
Oyama T, Yakazawa T (1971) Effect of halothane and surgery on human growth hormone
and insulin level in plasma. Br J Anaesth 43: 573--577
Paech MJ, Pavy TJ, Evans SF (1995) Single-dose prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and
vomiting after major abdominal surgery: ondansetron versus droperidol. Anaesth Intensive
Care 23(5): 548--545
Paech MJ, Pavy TJ, Kristensen JH et al. (1998) Postoperative nausea and vomiting:
development of a management protocol. Anaesth Intensive Care 2: 152--155
Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S, Yirmiya R et al. (1993) Morphine attenuates surgery-induced
enhancement of metastatic colonization in rats. Pain 54: 21--28
Pagliaro AM (1986) Preparation, administration, and monitoring of medications. In:
Pharmacologic aspects of nursing (Pagliaro AM, Pagliaro LA, eds. ), Mosby (St. Louis),
pp 30--67
Pain terms (1979): a list with definitions and notes on usage. Recommended by the IASP
Subcommittee on Taxonomy (1979). Pain 6 (3): 249--252
Painter NS, Truelove SC (1964) The intraluminal pressure patterns in diverticulosis of the
colon. Part IV: the effect of pethidine and probanthine. Gut 5: 369--373
Painter NS, Truelove SC (1964) The intraluminal pressure patters in diverticulosis of the
colon. Part II: the effects of morphine. Gut 5: 207--213
Palazzo MAG, Evans R (1993) Logistic regression analysis of fixed patient factors for
postoperative sickness: a model for risk assessment. Br J Anaesth 70: 135--140
Palecek J, Dougherty PM, Paleckova V et al. (1993) Response of spinal thalamic tract
neurons to mechanical and thermal stimuli in an experimental model of peripheral
neuropathy. J Neurophysiol 68: 1951--1966
Palecek J, Paleckova V, Dougherty PM et al. (1992) Responses of spinothalamic tract cells to
mechanical and thermal stimulation of skin in rats with experimental peripheral
neuropathy. J Neurophysiol 67: 1562--1573
Palicki R (1970) Erfahrungen mit Dolo-Neurobion in der orthopädischen Praxis. Dtsch Med J
21(9): 623--624
Pallapies D, Peskar BA (1993) Effect of prostaglandin (PG) E1 and its initial metabolites on
neutrophil-induced inhibition of human platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 71(3): 217--225
Palm S, Lehzen S, Mignat C et al. (1998) Does prolonged oral treatment with sustainedrelease morphine tablets influence immune function Anesth Analg 86(1): 166--172
Palm S, Moenig H, Maier C (1997) Effects of oral treatment with sustained release morphine
tablets on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 4: 269-273
Palmer LS, Zebold K, Firlit CF (1997) Complications of intravesical oxybutynin chloride
therapy in the pediatric myelomeningocele population. J Urol 157(2): 638--640
Pan HL, Chen SR, Eisenach JC (1999) Intrathecal clonidine alleviates allodynia in
neuropathic rats: interaction with spinal muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Anesthesiology
90(2): 509--514
Pan HL, Zeisse ZB, Longhurst JC (1997) Mechanical stimulation is not responsible for
activation of gastrointestinal afferents during ischemia. Am J Physiol 272 (1 Pt 2): H99-106
Pan HL, Zeisse ZB, Pitsillides KF et al. (1997) Spatiotemporal aspects of sympathetic C-fiber
afferent activity in pressor reflex during abdominal ischemia. Am J Physiol 272(4 Pt 2):
H1928--1936
Pan W, Banks WA, Kastin AJ (1997) Permeability of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord
barriers to interferons. J Neuroimmunol 76(1--2): 105--111
Pan ZZ, Fields HL (1996) Endogenous opioid-mediated inhibition of putative painmodulating neurons in rat rostral ventromedial medulla. Neuroscience 74(3): 855--862
Pan ZZ, Wessendorf MW, Williams TJ (1993) Modulation of serotonin of the neurons in rat
nucleus raphe magnus in vitro. Neuroscience 54(2): 321--429
Panerai AE, Monza G, Movilia P et al. (1990) A randomized, within-patient, cross-over,
placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy and tolerability of the tricyclic antidepressants
chlorimipramine and nortriptyline in central pain. Acta Neurol Scand 82(1): 34--38
Panetsos F, Nunez A, Avendano C (1998) Sensory information processing in the dorsal
column nuclei by neuronal oscillators. Neuroscience 84: 635--639
Pang I-H, Vasko MR (1986) Morphine and norepinephrine but not 5-hydroxytryptamine and
t-aminobutyric acid inhibit the potassium-stimulated release of substance P from rat spinal
cord slices. Brain 376: 268--279
Pang L, Knox AJ (1997) Effect of interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and
interferon-gamma on the induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in cultured human airway smooth
muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 121(3): 579--587
Pansard JL, Mankikian B, Bertrand M et al. (1993) Effects of thoracic extradural block on
diaphragmatic electrical activity and contractility after upper abdominal surgery.
Anesthesiology 78(1): 63--71
Paoli F, Darcourt G, Cossa P (1960) Note préliminaire sur l'action de l'imipramine dans les
états douloureux. Rev Neurol 102: 503--504
Papper S, Papper EM (1964) The effects of pre-anesthetic, anesthetic, and postoperative drugs
on renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 5: 205--215
Papper S, Saxon L, Burg MB et al. (1957) The effect of morphine sulfate upon the renal
excretion of water and solute in man. J Lab Clin Med 50: 692--704
Pardridge WM (1999) Blood-brain barrier biology and methodology J Neurovirol 5(6): 556-569
Parikh RK, Rymaszeweski, Scott NB (1995) Prolonged postoperative analgesia for arthrolysis
of the elbow joint. Br J Anaesth 74: 469--471
Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF (1991) Patient controlled analgesia: Does a concurrent
opioid infusion improve pain management after surgery? JAMA 266: 1947--1952
Parolaro D, Sala M, Gori E (1977) Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of
morphine upon intestinal motility in rat and its antagonism with naloxone. Eur J Pharmacol
46: 329--338
Paronis CA, Holtzman SG (1991) Analgesic cross-tolerance between mu-opioids with
different intrinsic activities. Abstract. Pharmacologist 33(3): 137, A1
Paronis CA, Holtzman SG (1991) Increased analgesic potency of my agonists after
continuous naloxone infusion in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259(2): 582--589
Parrat JR (1986) Opioid receptors in the cardiovascular system. Progr Pharmacol 6(2): 97-110
Parrett ML, Harris RE, Joarder FS et al. (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human
breast cancer. Int J Oncol 10: 503--507
Parsons AM, Honda CN, Jia YP et al. (1996) Spinal NK1 receptors contribute to the increased
excitability of the nociceptive flexor reflex during persistent peripheral inflammation.
Brain Res 739(1--2): 263--275
Parsons AM, Seybold VS (1997) Calcitonin gene-related peptide induces the formation of
second messengers in primary cultures of neonatal rat spinal cord. Synapse 3: 235--242
Parsons CG, Czlonkowski A, Stein A et al. (1990) Peripheral opioid receptors mediating
antinociception. Activation by endogenous opioids and role of the pituitary-adrenal axis.
Pain 41: 81--93
Parsons CG, Herz A (1990) Peripheral opioid receptors mediating antinociception in
inflammation: evidence for activation by enkephalin-like opioid peptides after cold water
swim stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255: 795--802
Pascual-Leone A, Catalá MD, Pascual-Leone Pascual A (1996) Lateralized effect of rapidrate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood. Neurology 46(2):
499--502
Pasqualucci A (1998) Experimental and clinical studies about the preemptive analgesia with
local anesthetics. Possible reasons of the failure. Minerva Anestesiol 64(10): 445--457
Pasqualucci A, de Angelis V, Contardo R et al. (1996) Preemptive analgesia: intraperitoneal
local anesthetic in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Anesthesiology 85(1): 11--20
Pasternak GW, Adler BA, Rodriguez J (1985) Characterization of the opioid receptor binding
and animal pharmacology of meptazinol. Postgr Med J 61(S2): 5--12
Pasternak GW, Wood PL (1986) Multiple mu receptors. Life Sci 38: 1889--1898
Pasternak GW, Zhang AZ, Tecolt L (1980) Developmental differences between high and low
affinity opiate binding sites: their relationships to analgesia and respiratory depression.
Life Sci 27: 1185--1190
Patel D, McKinley BD, Davis TP et al. (1997) Peptide targeting and delivery across the
blood-brain barrier utilizing synthetic triglyceride esters: design, synthesis, and bioactivity.
Bioconjug Chem 8(3): 434--441
Patel RI, Hannallah RS (1988) Anesthetic complications following pediatric ambulatory
surgery: a 3-year study. Anesthesiology 69: 1009--1012
Paterson AH (1997) Should bisphosphonates be standard therapy for bone pain? Support Care
Cancer 3: 200--204
Patmas MA, Wilborn SL, Shankel SW (1984) Acute multisystem toxicity associated with the
use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arch Intern Med 144(3): 519--521
Patrignani P, Panara MR, Greco A et al. (1994) Biochemical and pharmacological
characterization of the cyclooxygenase activity of human blood prostaglandin
endoperoxide synthase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271: 1705--1712
Patrignani P, Panara MR, Sciulli MG et al. (1997) Differential inhibition of human
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J
Physiol Pharmacol 48: 623--631
Patwardhan RV, Johnson RF, Hoyumpa A jr et al. (1981) Normal metabolism of morphine in
cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 81: 1006--1011
Paul D, Bodnar RJ, Gistrak MA et al. (1989) Different mu receptor subtypes mediate spinal
and supraspinal analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 168: 307--314
Paulin C, Charnay Y, Chayvialle JA et al. (1986) Ontogeny of substance P in the digestive
tract, spinal cord and hypothalamus of the human fetus. Regul Pept 2: 145--153
Pavlovic ZW, Bodnar RJ (1998) Opioid supraspinal analgesic synergy between the amygdala
and periaqueductal gray in rats. Brain Res 779(1--2): 158--169
Pavlovic ZW, Cooper ML, Bodnar RJ (1996) Opioid antagonists in the periaqueductal gray
inhibit morphine and beta-endorphin analgesia elicited from the amygdala of rats. Brain
Res 741(1-2): 13--26
Pavord ID, Tattersfield AE (1995) Bronchoprotective role for endogenous prostaglandin E2.
Hypothesis. Lancet 345(8947): 436--437
Payne GW, Neuman RS (1997) Effects of hypomagnesia on histamine H1 receptor-mediated
facilitation of NMDA responses. Br J Pharmacol 121(2): 199--204
Payne R (1987) Role of epidural and intrathecal narcotics and peptides in the management of
cancer pain. Med Clin North Am 71: 313--327
Peck SL, Johnston RB, Horrowitz LD (1985) Reduced neutrophil superoxide anion release
after prolonged infusion of lidocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 235: 418--422
Peden CJ, Prys-Roberts C (1992) Dexmedetomidine-a powerful new adjunct to anaesthesia?
Editorial II. Br J Anaesth 68: 123--125
Pedersen JL, Andersen OK, Arendt-Nielsen L et al. (1998) Hyperalgesia and temporal
summation of pain after heat injury in man. Pain 74(2--3): 189--197
Pei G, Ling K, Pu L, Cunningham MD, Ma L (1997) Nociceptin/orphanin FQ stimulated
extracellular acidification and desensitization of the response involves protein kinase C.
FEBS Lett 412: 253--256
Peikert A, Hentrich M, Ochs G (1991) Topical 0,025% capsaicin in chronic post-herpetic
neuralgia: efficacy, predictors of response and long-term course. J Neurol 238: 452--456
Pelissier J, Touchon J, Besset et al. (1981) La personnalité du sujet atteint d'algodystrophie
sympathique réflex. Etude psychométrique par le test MMPI. Rhum 33: 351--354
Pelligrino DA, Reigler FX, Albrecht RF (1989) Ventilatory effects of fourth
cerebroventricular infusions of morphine-6-or morphine-3-glucuronide in the awake dog.
Anesthesiology 71: 936--940
Pellino TA, Ward SE (1998) Perceived control mediates the relationship between pain
severity and patient satisfaction. J Pain Symptom Manage 2: 110--116
Pellock JM (1987) Carbamazepine side effects in children and adults. Epilepsia 28(S3): 64-70
Pellock JM (1987) Carbamazepine side effects in children and adults. Epilepsia 28(S3): 64-70
Peng YB, Lin Q, Willis WD (1996) Involvement of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the
periaqueductal gray-induced inhibition of dorsal horn cell activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 278(1): 125--135
Peng YB, Lin Q, Willis WD (1996) The role of 5-HT3 receptors in periaqueductal grayinduced inhibition of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
276(1): 116--124
Penn RD, Paice JA (1987) Chronic intrathecal morphine for intractable pain. J Neurosurg 67:
182--186
Pennant JH, Wallace D (1991) Intrathecal morphine and reactivation of oral herpes simplex.
Anesthesiology 75: 167
Penning JP, Samson B, Baxter AD (1988) Reversal of epidural morphine-induced respiratory
depression and pruritus with nalbuphine. Can J Anaesth 35: 599--604
Penning JP, Yaksh TL (1992) Interaction of intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine and
lidocaine in the rat. Anesthesiology 77: 1186--1200
Penrose JF, Spector J, Baldasano M et al. (1996) Molecular cloning of the gene for human
leukotrine C4 synthase: organisation, nucleotide sequence, and chromosomal localisation
to 5q35. J Biol Chem 271: 11356--11361
Pentland B, Donald SM (1994) Pain in the Guillan-Barré syndrome: a clinical review. Pain
59: 159--164
Pepe S, Xiao RP, Hohl C et al. (1997) 'Cross talk' between opioid peptide and adrenergic
receptor signaling in isolated rat heart. Circulation 95(8): 2122--2129
Pepine CJ (1986) Clinical aspects of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with angina and
other forms of coronary heart disease. Am J Med 80(4C): 25--34
Peralta EG, Ashkenazi A, Winslow JW et al. (1987) District primary structures, ligand
binding properties and tissue specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors. EMBO J 6: 3923--3929
Pere P (1993) Effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus with 0.125% bupivacaine plus
fentanyl on diaphragmatic motility and ventilatory function. Reg Anaesth 18: 93--97
Peri KG, Hardy P, Li DY et al. (1995) Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 is a major contributor of
brain prostaglandins in the newborn. J Biol Chem 270: 24615--24620
Perkins MN, Kelly D, Davis AJ (1995) Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor mechanisms and
cytokine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 73(7): 832--836
Perl ER, Kumazawa T, Lynn B et al. (1974) Sensitization of high threshhold receptors with
unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers. Prog Brain Res 43: 263--277
Perlow JH, Wigton T, Hart J et al. (1996) Birth trauma. A five-year review of incidence and
associated perinatal factors. J Reprod Med 41(10): 754--760
Perneger TV, Whelton PK, Klag MJ (1994) Risk of kidney failure associated with the use of
acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 331:
1675--1679
Pernow BP (1983) Substance P. Pharmacol Rev 85--141
Perriss BW, Latham BV, Wilson IH (1990) Analgesia following extradural and IM pethidine
in post-cesarean section patients. Br J Anaesth 64: 355--357
Perrot S, Idänpään-Heikkilä JJ, Guilbaud G et al. (1998) The enhancement of morphine
antinociception by a CCKB receptor antagonist in the rat depends on the phase of
inflammation and the intensity of carrageenin-induced hyperalgesia. Pain 74(2--3): 269-274
Perry EK, Smith CJ, Perry RH et al. (1989) Regional distribution of muscarinic and nicotinic
cholinergic receptor binding activities in the human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2: 189--199
Perry MJ, Lawson SN (1998) Differences in expression of oligosaccharides, neuropeptides,
carbonic anhydrase and neurofilament in rat primary afferent neurons retrogradely labelled
via skin, muscle or visceral nerves. Neuroscience 85: 293--310
Perry S, Heidrich G (1982) Management of pain during debridement: a survey of US burn
units. Pain 13: 267--280
Pert CB, Snyder SH (1973) Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 179:
1011--1014
Pert CB, Snyder SH (1974) Opiate receptor binding of agonists and antagonists affected
differentially by sodium. Mol Pharmacol 10: 868--879
Pertovaara A (1998) A neuronal correlate of secondary hyperalgesia in the rat spinal dorsal
horn is submodality selective and facilitated by supraspinal influence. Exp Neurol 149(1):
193--202
Pertovaara A, Kontinen VK, Kalso EA (1997) Chronic spinal nerve ligation induces changes
in response characteristics of nociceptive spinal dorsal horn neurons and in their
descending regulation originationg in the periaqueductal gray in the rat. Exp Neurol
147(2): 428--436
Pescatori M (1987) Effect of cisapride on clinical parameters of postoperative ileus. Progr
Med 43: 105--110
Peters SP, Schulman ES, Schleimer RP et al. (1982) Dispersed human lung mast cells.
Pharmacologic aspects and comparison with human lung fragments. Am Rev Respir Dis
126: 1034--1039
Petersen LJ, Winge K, Brodin E et al. (1997) No release of histamine and substance P in
capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in intact human skin in vivo: a microdialysis
study. Clin Exp Allergy 8: 957--965
Petersen M, Eckert AS, Segond von Banchet G (1998a) Plasticity in the expression of
bradykinin binding sites in sensory neurons after mechanical nerve injury, Neuroscience
83: 949--959
Petersen M, Segond von Banchet G, Heppelmann B et al. (1998b) Nerve growth factor
regulates the expression of bradykinin binding sites on adult sensory neurons via the
neurotrophin receptor p75. Neuroscience 83: 161--168
Petersen M, Zhang J, Zhang JM (1996) Abnormal spontaneous activity and responses to
norepinephrine in dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells after chronic nerve constriction.
Pain 67: 391--397
Petersen-Felix S, Zbinden AM, Fischer M et al. (1993) Isoflurane minimum alveolar
concentration decreases during anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 79: 959--965
Petersen-Zeitz KR, Basbaum AI (1999) Second messengers, the substantia gelatinosa and
injury-induced persistent pain. Pain. S6: S5--12
Peterson P, Hayes TE, Arkin CF et al. (1998) The preoperative bleeding time test lacks
clinical benefit: College of American Pathologists' and American Society of Clinical
Pathologists' position article. 133(2): 134--139
Peterson PK, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1998) The opioid-cytokine connection. J Neuroimmunol
83(1--2): 63--69
Petersson J, Gordh TE, Hartvig P et al. (1986) A double-blind trial of the analgesic properties
of physostigmine in postoperative patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 30: 283--288
Petraglia F, Gallinelli A, De Vita D et al. (1994) Activin at parturition: changes of maternal
serum levels and evidence for binding sites in placenta and fetal membranes. Obstet
Gynecol 84: 278--282
Petrow M, Falay S (1983) Postoperative Morphin Analgesie nach axillärer Plexus brachialis
Blockade. Anaesthesist 32 (AV 17.8): 258--259
Pfaffenrath V, Brune K, Diener L et al. (1998) Die Behandlung des Kopfschmerzes vom
Spannungstyp. Empfehlungen der Deutschen Migräne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft.
MMW 140: 519--525
Pfeiffer A, Brantl V, Herz A et al. (1986) Psychomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors.
Science 233: 774--776
Pfeiffer A, Pasi A, Mehraein P et al. (1982) Opiate receptor binding sites in human brain.
Brain Res 248: 87--96
Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W, Hummel R et al. (1996) Therapeutic strategies for the inhibition
of inducible nitric oxide synthase – potential for a novel class of anti-inflammatory agents.
Cell Biol Intern 20: 51--58
Philbin DM, Coggins CH (1978) Plasma antidiuretic hormone levels in cardiac surgical
patients during morphine and halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 49: 95--98
Philbin DM, Moss J, Rosow CE et al. (1981) The use of H1 and H2 histamine antagonists
with morphine anesthesia: A double blind study. Anesthesiology 55: 292--296
Philbin DM, Wilson NE, Sokoloski J et al. (1976) Radioimmunoassay of antidiuretic
hormone during morphine anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 23: 290--295
Phillips OC, Ebner H, Nelson AT et al. (1969) Neurologic complications following spinal
anesthesia with lidocaine: A prospective review of 10,440 cases. Anesthesiology 30: 284-289
Phillis JW, Scislo TJ, O'Leary DS (1997) Purines and the nucleus tractus solitarius: effects on
cardiovascular and respiratory function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 9--10: 738--742
Piani D, Frei K, Do KQ et al. (1991) Murine brain macrophages induce NMDA receptor
mediated neurotoxicity in vitro by secreting glutamate. Neurosci Lett 133: 159--162
Piazuelo E, Lanas A, Jimenez P et al. (1998) In vitro wound repair by human gastric
fibroblasts: implications for ulcer healing. Dig Dis Sci 43(6): 1230--1240
Pichard-Léandri E, Gauvain-Piquard A (1989) La Douleur chez l'enfant. Medsi/McGraw
(Paris)
Pickard JD, Czosnyka M (1993) Management of raised intracranial pressure. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psych 56: 845--858
Pickel VM, Sumal KK, Miller RJ (1982) Early prenatal development of substance P and
enkephalin-containing neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol 210(4): 411--422
Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (1994) The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein
prostaglandin H2 synthase-1. Nature 367: 243--249
Piguet V, Desmeules J, Allaz AF et al. (1998) Facteurs associés aux douleurs cancéreuses
réfractaires. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 128(6): 208--211
Pillans PI, O'Connor N (1995) Tissue necrosis and necrotizing fasciitis after intramuscular
administration of diclofenac. Ann Pharmacother 3: 264--266
Pilotto A, Leandro G, Di Mario F (1997) Role of Helicobacter pylori infection on upper
gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly: a case-control study. Dig Dis Sci 42(3): 586--591
Pilowsky I, Spence N, Rounsefell B et al. (1995) Out-patient cognitive-behavioural therapy
with amitriptyline for chronic non-malignant pain: a comparative study with 6-month
follow-up. Pain 60: 49--54
Pinelli A, Trivulzio S, Tomasoni L (1997) Effects of carbamazepine treatment on pain
threshold values and brain serotonin levels in rats. Pharmacology 54(3): 113--117
Pini LA. Bigarelli M, Vitale G et al. (1996) Headaches associated with chronic use of
analgesics: a therapeutic approach. Headache 36: 433--439
Piovezan AP, D'Orléans-Juste P, Tonussi CR et al. (1997) Endothelins potentiate formalininduced nociception and paw edema in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 75(6): 596--600
Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR et al. (1991) Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease:
role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 114(9): 735--740
Platt MP, Anand KJ, Aynsley-Green A (1989) The ontogeny of the metabolic and endocrine
stress response in the human fetus, neonate and child. Intensive Care Med 1989 15 (S1):
S44--45
Plezia PM, Linford J, Kramer TH et al. (1986) Transdermal therapeutic system (fentanyl) for
postoperative pain. An efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic trial. Anesthesiology 65(S):
210
Plourde G, Boylan JF (1991) The auditory steady state response during sufentanil anaesthesia.
Br J Anaesth 66: 683--691
Plourde V, St-Pierre S, Quirion R (1997) Calcitonin gene-related peptide in viscerosensitive
response to colorectal distension in rats. Am J Physiol 273(1Pt1): G191--196
Po AL, Zhang WY (1998) Analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen alone and in combination with
codeine or caffeine in post-surgical pain: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 53(5):
303--311
Pohl M, Lombard MC, Bourgoin S et al. (1989) Opioid control for the in vitro release fo
calcitonin gene-related peptide from primary afferent fibers projecting in the rat cervical
cord. Neuropeptides 14: 151--159
Polak JM, Sullivan SN, Boom SR et al. (1977) Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the
human gastrointestinal tract. Lancet i: 972--974
Pöldinger W (1986) Zur Psychosomatik des Schmerzes. Swiss Med 8: 19--20
Poleka ML, Okkola KT, Koivisto M et al. (1992) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
of intravenous meperidine in neonates and infants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52: 342--349
Pollak MN, Schally AV (1998) Mechanisms of antineoplastic action of somatostatin analogs.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217(2): 143--152
Pöllmann (1990) Phantomerscheinungen auch nach Zahnentfernungen? Fortschr Med 108(4):
59--61
Polosa R, Milazzo VL, Magri S et al. (1997) Activity of inhaled lysine acetylsalicylate (LASA) on bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics: evidence of contribution
of prostaglandins. Eur Respir J 10(4): 866--871
Poma S, Varenna R, Bordin G et al. (1996) Síndrome del seno fantasma. Rev Clin Esp
196(5): 299--301
Pomerleau OF (1986) Nicotine as a psychoactive drug: anxiety and pain reduction.
Psychopharmacol Bull 22(3): 865--869
Pommer W, Bronder E, Greiser E et al. (1989) Regular analgesic intake and the risk of endstage renal failure. Am J Nephrol 9: 403--412
Pommer W, Bronder E, Klimpel A et al. (1989) Regular intake of analgesic mixtures and risk
of end-stage renal failure. Lancet Feb 2: 381
Pommer W, Bronder E, Offermann G et al. (1986) Schmerzmittelkonsum und AnalgetikaNephropathie. Ausmass, Häufigkeit und Kosten - Daten für die Bundesrepublik
Deutschland und Berlin (West). MMW 128: 220--223
Pommer W, Gläske G, Molzahn M (1986) The analgesic problem in the Federal Republic of
Germany: analgesic consumption, frequency of analgesic nephropathy and regional
differences. Clin Nephrol 26: 273--278
Pomonis JD, Billington CJ, Levine AS (1996) Orphanin FQ, agonist of orphan opioid
receptor ORL1, stimulates feeding in rats. Neuroreport 8(1): 369--371
Pond SM, Tong T, Benowitz NL et al. (1981) Presystemic metabolism of meperidine to
normeperidine in normal and cirrhotic subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 183--188
Pontiroli AE, Alberetto M, Pozza G (1985) Intranasal calcitonin and plasma calcium
concentrations in normal subjects. Br Med J 290: 1390--1391
Pontiroli AE, Calderara A, Pozza G (1989) Intranasal drug delivery: potential advantages and
limitations from a clinical pharmacokinetic perspective. Clin Pharmacokinet 17: 299--307
Pope JE, Anderson JJ, Felson DT (1993) A meta-analysis of the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 153(4): 477--484
Popiela T, Lucchi R, Giongo F (1989) Methylprednisolone as palliative therapy for female
terminal cancer patients. The methylprednisolone female preterminal cancer study group.
Eur J Canc Clin Oncol 25: 1823--1829
Porreca F, Filla A, Burks T (1982) Spinal cord-mediated effects on the gastrointestinal transit
in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 86: 135--136
Porreca F, Heyman JS, Mosberg HI et al. (1987) Role of mu and delta receptors in the
supraspinal and spinal analgesic effects of [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin in the mouse. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 241(2): 393--400
Porst H (1996) The rationale for prostaglandin E1 in erectile failure: a survey of worldwide
experience. J Urol 155(3): 802--815
Port JD, Stanley TH (1982) Narcotic inhalational anesthesia. Anesthesiology 57: A344
Portenoy RK, Caraceni A, Cherny NI et al. (1999) Dynorphin A(1-13) analgesia in opioidtreated patients with chronic pain: a controlled pilot study. Clinical Drug Investigation 17:
33--42
Portenoy RK, Foley MK, Inturrisi CE (1990) The nature of opioid responsiveness and its
implications for neuropathic pain: new hypotheses derived from studies of opioid
infusions. Clinical Section. Pain 43: 273--286
Porter FL, Wolf CM, Gold J et al. (1997) Pain and pain management in newborn infants: a
survey of physicians and nurses. Pediatrics 100(4): 626--632
Porter J, Jick H (1980) Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. Letter. N Engl J Med
302: 123
Porter JD, Robinson PH, Glasgow JF et al. (1990) Trends in the incidence of Reye's syndrome
and the use of aspirin. Arch Dis Child 65(8): 826--829
Porterfield WR, Wu CL (1997) Epidural hematoma in an ambulatory surgical patient. J Clin
Anesth 1: 74--77
Porthoghese PS, Nagase H, Lipkowski AW et al. (1988) Binalthorphimine-related bivalent
ligands and their κ-opioid receptor antagonist activity. J Med Chem 31: 836--841
Portoghese PS, Lipkowski AW, Takemori AE (1987) Binaltorphimine and norbinalthorphomine, potent and selective κ-opioid receptor antagonists. Life Sci 40: 1287-1292
Poulsen L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Brøsen K et al. (1995) The hypoalgesic effect of imipramine in
different human experimental pain models. Pain 60: 287--293
Pounder DR, Steward DJ (1992) Postoperative analgesia: opioid infusions in infants and
children. Can J Anaesth 39: 969--974
Powell H, Smallman JMB, Morgan M (1990) Comparison of IM ketorolac and morphine in
pain control after laparotomy. Anaesthesia 45: 538--542
Power I, Noble DW, Douglas E (1990) Comparison of IM ketorolac, trometamol and
morphine sulphate for pain relief after cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 65: 448--455
Poznansky MJ, Juliano RL (1984) Biological approaches to the controlled delivery of drugs: a
critical review. Pharmacol Rev 36: 277--33
Prado WA (1989) Antinociceptive effect of agonists microinjected into the anterior pretectal
nucleus of the rat. Brain Res 493(1): 147--154
Prado WA, Roberts MH (1985) An assessment of the antinociceptive and aversive effects of
stimulating identified sites in the rat brain. Brain Res 340(2): 219--228
Pray LG (1941) Lumbar puncture as a factor in the pathogenesis of meningitis. Am J Dis
Child 62: 295--308
Presley RW, Menetrey D, Levine JD et al. (1990) Systemic morphine suppresses noxious
stimulus-evoked Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 10:
323--335
Priano LL, Vanter SF (1981) Generalized cardiovascular and regional hemodynamics of
meperidine in conscious dogs. Anesth Analg 60: 649--654
Price DC, Hu JW, Dubner R et al. (1977) Peripheral suppression of first pain and central
summation of second pain evoked by noxious heat pulses. Pain 3: 57--68
Price DD (1972) Characteristics of second pain and flexion reflexes indicative of prolonged
central summation. Exp Neurol 37: 371--391
Price DD (1976) Modulation of first and second pain by peripheral and by psychological set.
In: Adv Pain Res Ther (Bonica JJ, Fessard DA eds), Raven Press (NY), pp 427--432
Price DD, Dubner R (1977) Mechanisms of first and second pain in the peripheral and central
nervous system. J Invest Dermatol 69: 167--171
Price DD, ed. (1988) Psychological and neural mechanisms of pain. Raven Press (NY)
Price DD, Hu JW, Dubner R (1977) Peripheral suppression of first pain and central
summation of second pain evoked by noxious heat pulses. Pain 1: 57--68
Price DD, Mao J, Coghill RC et al. (1991) Regional changes in spinal cord glucose
metabolism in a rat model of painful neuropathy. Brain Res 564: 314--318
Price DD, Mao J, Frenk H et al. (1994) The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
dextromethorphan selectively reduces temporal summation of second pain in man. Pain
59(2): 165--174
Price DD, McHaffie JG (1988) Effects of heterotopic conditioning stimuli on first and second
pain: a psychophysical evaluation in humans. Pain 34(3): 245--252
Price DD, McHaffie JG, Larson MA (1989) Spatial summation of heat-induced pain:
influence of stimulus area and spatial separation of stimuli on perceived pain sensation
intensity and unpleasantness. J Neurophysiol 62(6): 1270--1279
Price DD, McHaffie JG, Steine BE (1992) The psychological attributes of heat-induced pain
and their relationships to neural mechanisms. J Cognit Neurosci 4: 1--14
Prior A, Sorial E, Sun WM et al. (1993) Irritable bowel syndrome: difference between
patients who show rectal sensitivity and those who do not. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:
343--349
Proske U, Luff AR (1998) Mechanical sensitivity of muscle afferents in a nerve treated with
colchicine. Exp Brain Res 119(3): 391--398
Proudfit HK (1980) Effects of raphe magnus and raphe pallidus lesions on morphine-induced
analgesia and spinal cord monoamines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 5: 705--714
Proudfit HK, Anderson EG (1975) Morphine analgesia: blockade by raphe magnus lesions.
Brain Res 98(3): 612--618
Pruett SB, Han YC, Fuchs BA (1992) Morphine suppresses primary humoral immune
responses by a predominantly indirect mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262(3): 923-928´
Prys-Robert C, Sear JW (1984) Non-barbiturate intravenous anesthetics and continuous
infusion anesthesia. In: Pharmacokinetics of Anesthesia (Prys-Robert C, Hug CC jr, eds.),
Blackwell Scie (St. Louis) S. 128
Przewlocka B, Machelska H, Rekowski P (1995) Intracerebroventricular galanin and Nterminal galanin fragment enhance the morphine-induced analgesia in the rat. J Neural
Transm Gen Sect 102(3): 229--235
Przewlocki R, Hassan AHS, Lason W (1992) Gene expression and localization of opioid
peptides in immune cells of inflamed tissue: functional role of antinociception.
Neuroscience 48: 491--500
Przewlocki R, Machelska H, Przewlocki B (1993) Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enhances
morphine antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Life Sci 53: 1--5
Puerto BA, Wong KC, Puerto AX et al. (1979) Epinephrine induced dysrhythmias:
comparison during anaesthesia with narcotics and with halogenated inhalation agents in
dogs. Can Anaesth Soc J 26: 263--268
Pugh G jr, Mason DJ jr, Combs V et al. (1997) Involvement of dynorphin B in the
antinociceptive effects of the cannabinoid CP55,940 in the spinal cord. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 281(2): 730--737
Pugsley MK, Penz WP, Walker MJ et al. (1992) Cardiovascular actions of the kappa-agonist,
U-50,488H, in the absence and presence of opioid receptor blockade. Br J Pharmacol
105(3): 521--526
Purcell-Jones G, Dormon F, Sumner E (1987) The use of opioids in neonates. Anaesthesia 42:
1316--1320
Putensen C, Hörmann C, Kleinsasser A et al. (1998) Cardiopulmonary effects of aerosolized
prostaglandin E1 and nitrix oxide inhalation in patients with acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(6Pt1): 1743--1747
Putensen-Himmer G, Putensen C, Lammer H et al. (1992) Comparison of postoperative
respiratory function after laparoscopy or open laparotomy for cholecystectomy.
Anesthesiology 77(4): 675--680
Puttfarcken PS, Manelli AM, Arneric SP et al. (1997) Evidence for nicotinic receptors
potentially modulating nociceptive transmission at the level of the primary sensory neuron:
studies with F11 cells. J Neurochem 69(3): 930--938
Quiding H, Olsson GL, Boreus LO et al. (1992) Infants and young children metabolise
codeine to morphine. A study after single and repeated rectal administration. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 33: 45--49
Quillan JM, Sadée W (1997) Dynorphin peptides: antagonists of melanocortin receptors.
Pharm Res 6: 713--719
Quinn AC, Brown JH, Wallace PG et al. (1994) Studies in postoperative sequelae. Nausea
and vomiting -- still a problem. Anaesthesia 49(1): 62--65
Quinn MW, Wild J, Dean HG et al. (1993) Randomised double-blind controlled trial of effect
of morphine on catecholamine concentrations in ventilated pre-term babies. Lancet 342:
324--327
Raad I (1998) Intravascular-catheter-related infections. Lancet 351(9106): 893--898
Rabinovitz M, Van Thiel DH (1992) Hepatoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Am J Gastroenterol 87: 1696--1704
Racz H, Gunning K, Della Santa D et al. (1991) Evaluation of the effect of perineuronal
morphine on the quality of postoperative analgesia after axillary plexus block: a
randomized double-blind study. Anesth Analg 72(6): 769--772
Radbruch L, Zech D, Grond S et al. (1991) Perianalschmerz und Rektumkarzinom--Prävalenz
beim Lokalrezidiv. Med Klin 86(4): 180--185
Radnay PA, Brodman E, Mankikar D et al. (1980) The effect of equi-analgesic doses of
fentanyl, morphine, meperidine, and pentazocine on common bile duct pressure.
Anaesthesist 29: 26--29
Raevsky VV, Alexandrov LI, Vorobyeva AD et al. (1997) Sensory information--the major
factor of ontogeny. Neurosci Behav Physiol 4: 455--461
Rahman A, Segasothy M, Samad SA (1993) Analgesic use and chronic renal disease in
patients with headache. Headache 33(8): 442--445
Raineri-Gerber I, von Felten A (1991) Hemmung der Thrombozytenfunktion durch nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika: eine Vergleichsstudie zwischen Diclofenac, Acemetacin,
Mefenaminsäure und Ibuprofen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 121(21): 783--787
Rainsford KD, Schweitzer A, Brune K (1981) Autoradiographic and biochemical
observations on the distribution of non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs. Arch Int
Pharmacodyn Ther 250: 180--194
Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD et al. (1997) . Pain affect encoded in human anterior
cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 277(5328): 968--971
Raja SN, Campbell JN, Meyer RA (1984) Evidence for different mechanisms of primary and
secondary hyperalgesia following heat injury to the glabrous skin. Brain 107: 1179--1188
Raja SN, Dickstein RE, Johnson CA (1992) Comparison of postoperative analgesic effect of
intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine following arthroscopic knee surgery.
Anesthesiology 77: 1143--1147
Raja SN, Meyer RA, Campbell JN (1988) Peripheral mechanisms of somatic pain.
Anesthesiology 68: 571--590
Rajagopalan S, Meng XP, Ramasamy S et al. (1996) Reactive oxygen species produced by
macrophage derived foam cells regulate the activity of vascular matrix metalloproteinases
in vitro. J Clin Invest 98: 2572--2579
Rajakulasingam K, Polosa R, Lau LC et al. (1992) Nasal effects of bradykinin and capsaicin:
influence on plasma protein leakage and role of sensory neurons J Appl Physiol 72(4):
1418--1424
Rajaofetra N, Poulat P, Marlier L et al. (1992) Pre- and postnatal development of
noradrenergic projections to the rat spinal cord: an immunocytochemical study. Brain Res
Dev Brain Res 67(2): 237--246
Rajaofetra N, Ridet JL, Poulat P et al. (1992) Immunocytochemical mapping of noradrenergic
projections to the rat spinal cord with an antiserum against noradrenaline. J Neurocytol 7:
481--494
Rajaofetra N, Sandillon F, Geffard M et al. (1989) Pre- and post-natal ontogeny of
serotonergic projections to the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 3: 305--321
Rajbhandari SM, Jarratt JA, Griffiths PD et al. (1999) Diabetic neuropathic pain in a leg
amputated 44 years previously. Pain 83: 627--629
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (1996) Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced
with mirrors. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 263(1369): 377--386
Ramer MS, Bisby MA (1997) Rapid sprouting of sympathetic axons in dorsal root ganglia of
rats with a chronic constriction injury. Pain 270: 237--244
Ramstedt U, Ng J, Wigzell H et al. (1985) Action of novel eicosanoids lipoxin A and B on
human natural killer cell cytotoxicity: effects on intracellular cAMP and target cell
binding. J Immunol 135(5): 3434--3438
Ramwell PW, Shaw JE (1966) Spontaneous and evoked release of prostaglandins from
cerebral cortex of anesthetized cats. Am J Physiol 211: 125--134
Ramwell PW, Shaw JE, Jessup R (1966) Spontaneous and evoked release of prostaglandins
from frog spinal cord. Am J Physiol 211: 998--1004
Rana SS, Giuliani MJ, Oddis CV et al. (1994) Acute onset of colchicine myoneuropathy in
cardiac transplant recipients: case studies of three patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99(4):
266--270
Rance MJ (1983) Multiple opiate receptors: their occurence and significance. In: Clinics in
Anesthesiology, vol I (I): Opiate Analgesia (Bullingham RES, ed), W.B. Saunders
(London)
Randall T (1993) Morphine receptor cloned-improved analgesics, addiction therapy expected.
JAMA 270: 1165--1166
Randic M, Yu HH (1976) Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin in cat dorsal horn
neurones activated by noxious stimuli. Brain Res 111(1): 197--203
Rane K, Segerdahl M, Goiny M et al. (1998) Intrathecal adenosine administration. A phase 1
clinical safety evaluation of its influence on sensory thresholds and experimental pain.
Anesthesiology 89(5): 1108--1115
Rapalino O, Lazarov-Spiegler O, Agranov E et al. (1998) Implantation of stimulated
homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats. Nat Med 4(7): 814-821
Rapoport A, Stang P, Gutterman DL et al. (1996) Analgesic rebound headache in clinical
practice: data from a physician survey. Headache 36(1): 14--19
Rapoport AM (1988) Analgesic rebound headache. Headache 10: 662--665
Rapoport AM (1998) Pharmacological prevention of migraine. Clin Neurosci 5(1): 55--59
Rapoport AM, Sheftell F (1996) Headache disorders. A management guide for practitioners.
Saunders Company, Philadelphia
Rasmussen K, Beitner-Johnson DB, Krystal JH et al. (1990) Opiate withdrawal and the rat
locus coeruleus: behavioral, electrophysiological and biochemical correlates. J
Neuroscince 10: 2308--2317
Ravnborg M, Hensen FM, Jensen NH et al. (1987) Pupillary diameter and ventilatory CO2
sensitivity after epidural morphine and buprenorphine. Anesth Analg 66: 847--851
Rawal J, Mollefors K, Axelsson K et al. (1983) An experimental study of urodynamic effects
of epidural morphine and of naloxone reversal. Anesth Analg 62: 641
Rawal N, Arnér S, Gustafsson L et al. (1987) Present state of extradural and intrathecal opioid
analgesia in Sweden. Br J Anaesth 59: 791--799
Rawal N, Berggren L (1994). Organization of acute pain service: a low cost model. Pain 57:
117--123
Rawal N, Hylander J, Nydahl PA et al. (1997) Survey of postoperative analgesia following
ambulatory surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(8): 1017--1022
Rawal N, Nuutinen L, Raj PR et al. (1991) Behavioral and histopathologic effects following
intrathecal administration of butorphanol, sufentanil, and nalbuphine in sheep.
Anesthesiology 75: 1025--1034
Rawal N, Sjostrand UH (1986) Clinical application of epidural and intrathecal opioids for
pain management. Int Anesth Clin 24: 43--57
Rawal N, Tandon B (1985) Epidural and intrathecal morphine in intensive care units.
Intensive Care Med 11: 129--133
Reber P, Crevoisier X, Noesberger B (1996) Unusual localisation of tophaceous gout. A
report of four cases and review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 115(5): 297-299
Reche I, Ruiz-Gayo M, Fuentes JA (1998) Inhibition of opioid-degrading enzymes potentiates
delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception in mice. Neuropharmacology 37(2):
215--222
Reddy SVR, Yaksh TL (1980) Spinal noradrenergic terminal system mediates
antinociception. Brain Res 189: 391--401
Rees H, Roberts MHT (1993) The anterior pretectal nucleus: a proposed role in sensory
processing. Review article. Pain 53: 121--135
Rees HA, Muir AL, MacDonald HR et al. (1967) Circulatory effects of pethidine in patients
with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 863--866
Rees WDW, Evans BK, Rhodes J (1979) Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint
oil. BMJ ii: 835--836
Reeve AJ, Dickenson AH (1995) The roles of spinal adenosine receptors in the control of
acute and more persistent nociceptive responses of dorsal horn neurones in the
anaesthetized rat. Br J Pharmacol 116: 2221--2228
Reeves HL, Francis RM, Manas DM et al. (1998) Intravenous bisphosphonate prevents
symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral collapse in patients after liver transplantation. Liver
Transpl Surg 5: 404--409
Reichlin S (1983) Somatostatin. I. New Engl J Med 309: 1495--1501
Reichlin S (1988) Prolactin and growth hormone secretion in stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 245:
353--376
Reier CE, George JM, Kilman JW (1973) Cortisol and growth hormone response to surgical
strss during morphine anesthesia. Anesth Analg 52(6): 1003--1010
Reiestad F, McIlvaine WB, Barnes M (1990) Interpleural analgesia in the treatment of severe
thoracic postherpetic neuralgia. Reg Anesth 3: 113--117
Reimann W, Englberger W, Friderichs E et al. (1994) Spinal antinociception by morphine in
rats is antagonised by galanin receptor antagonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
Pharmacol 350(4): 380--386
Reinscheid RK, Higelin J, Henningsen RA et al. (1998) Structures that delineate orphanin FQ
and dynorphin A pharmacological selectivities. J Biol Chem 273(3): 1490--1495
Reinscheid RK, Nothacker HP, Bourson A et al. (1995) Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that
activates an opioidlike G protein-coupled receptor. Science 270(5237): 792--794
Reitan JA, Stengert KB, Wymore MC et al. (1978) Central vagal control of fentanyl induced
bradycardia during halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 57: 31--36
Rem J, Brandt MR, Kehlet H (1980) Prevention of postoperative lymphopenia and
granulocytosis by epidural analgesia. Lancet 1: 283--284
Ren K, Hylden JLK, Williams GM et al. (1992) The effect of a non-competitive NMDA
receptor antagonist, MK-801, on behavioral hyperalgesia and dorsal horn neuronal
activities with unilateral inflammation. Pain 50: 331--344
Repges R (1994) Phenacetin or two analgesic components plus caffeine/ codeine? Nephrol
Dial Transplant 12: 1839--1840
Replogle K, Reader A, Nist R et al. (1997) Anesthetic efficacy of the intraosseous injection of
2% lidocaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) and 3% mepivacaine in mandibular first molars.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83(1): 30--37
Report of working party of the commission on the provision of surgical services (1990). Pain
after surgery. London: Royal College of Surgeons of England and College of
Anaesthetists.
Reuben SS, Duprat KM (1996) Comparison of wound infiltration with ketorolac versus
intravenous regional anesthesia with ketorolac for postoperative analgesia following
ambulatory hand surgery. Reg Anesth 21(6): 565--568
Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Kreitzer JM et al. (1995) Intravenous regional anesthesia using
lidocaine and ketorolac. Anesth Analg 81(1): 110--113
Reubi JC, Laissue J, Waser B et al. (1994) Expression of somatostatin receptors in normal,
inflamed, and neoplastic human gastrointestinal tissues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 733: 122--137
Reutens DC (1990) Burning oral and mid-facial pain in ventral pontine infarction. Aust N Z J
Med 3: 249--250
Reuter BK, Davies NM, Wallace JL (1997) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy
in rats: role of permeability, bacteria, and enterohepatic circulation. Gastroenterology
112(1): 109--117
Reves JG, Kissin I, Fournier I et al. (1984) Additive negative inotropic effect of a
combination of diazepam and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63: 97--100
Revill SI, Robinson JO, Rosen M et al. (1976) The reliability of a linear analogue for
evaluating pain. Anaesthesia 31: 1191--1198
Rexed B (1952) The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the cat. J Comp
Neurol 96: 415--495
Reynolds DV (1969) Surgery in the rat during electrical analgesia induced by focal brain
stimulation. Science 164: 444--445
Reynolds JE, Pernoll ML, Mabie W et al. (1985) Direct fetal therapy: the multidisciplinary
team concept. South Med J 78(6): 661--664
Reynolds ML, Fitzgerald M (1995) Long-term sensory hyperinnervation following neonatal
skin wounds. J Comp Neurol 358(4): 487--498
Reynolds PN, Holmes MD, Scicchitano R (1997) Role of tachykinins in bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol (3--4): 273--280
Rezaiguia S, Jayr C (1996) Prévention des complications respiratoires apres chirurgie
abdominale. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 15(5): 623--646
Rezayat M, Oreizi S, Zarrindast MR (1997) Caerulein may potentiate morphine-induced
antinociception by cholecystokinin-A and/or cholecystokinin-B receptor mechanisms. Gen
Pharmacol 2: 337--340
Reznik M (1996) Structure et fonctions du systeme nerveux cutané. Pathol Biol (Paris)
44(10): 831--837
Rhee MH, Bayewitch M, Avidor-Reiss T et al. (1998) Cannabinoid receptor activation
differentially regulates the various adenylyl cyclase isozymes. J Neurochem 71(4): 1525-1534
Rhodes DL, Liebeskind JC (1978) Analgesia from rostral brain stem stimulation in the rat.
Brain Res 143: 521--532
Rhodes VA (1997) Criteria for assessment of nausea, vomiting, and retching. Oncol Nurs
Forum 7(S): 13--19
Rice AS, Andreev NY, McMahon SB (1994) The consequences of microneurography
electrode-induced injury of peripheral nerves observed in the rat and man. Pain 59(3): 385-393
Rice LJ, Pudimat MA, Hannallah RS (1990) Timing of caudal block placement in relation to
surgery does not affect duration of postoperative analgesia in paediatric ambulatory
patients. Can J Anaesth 37: 429--431
Richardson DE, Akil H (1977) Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 1:
Acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites. J Neurosurg 47(2): 178-183
Richardson JD, Aanonsen L, Hargreaves KM (1998) Antihyperalgesic effects of spinal
cannbinoids. Eur J Pharmacol 345: 145--153
Richardson JD, Aanonsen L, Hargreaves KM (1998) Hypoactivity of the spinal cannabinoid
system results in NMDA-dependent hyperalgesia J Neurosci 18(1): 451--457
Richardson JD, Kilo S, Hargreaves KM (1998) Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesie and
inflammation via interaction with peripheral CB1-receptors. Pain 75(1): 111--119
Richelson E, Nelson A (1984) Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of
normal human brain in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230: 94--102
Richmond CE, Bromley LM, Woolf CJ (1993) Preoperative morphin pre-empts postoperative
pain. Lancet 342: 73--75
Richter D, Brackertz D (1989) Die Algodystrophie und ihre Therapie. Zeitschrift
Rheumatologie 48 (S1): 72--83
Ridley RM, Harder JA, Baker HF (1996) Neurochemical modulation of the hippocampus in
learning, remembering and forgetting in primates. Neurodegeneration 4: 467--471
Rifat K (1972) Pentazocine in sequential analgesic anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 44: 175--182
Rigel DF, Katona PG (1986) Effects of antihistamines and local anesthetics on excess
tachycardia in conscious dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 238(1): 367--371
Rikard DH (1993) Nursing care of the neonate receiving prostaglandin E1 therapy. Neonatal
Netw 4: 17--22
Riley ET, Hamilton CL, Cohen SE et al. (1998) Intrathecal sufentanil produces sensory
changes without hypotension in male volunteers. Anesthesiology 89: 73--78
Riley ET, Hamilton CL, Cohen SE et al. (1998) Intrathecal sufentanil produces sensory
changes without hypotension in male volunteers. Anesthesiology 89: 73--78
Riley JL III, Robinson ME, Wise EA et al. (1999) A meta-analytic review of pain perception
across the menstrual cycle. Pain 81(3): 225--235
Rimbäck G, Cassuto J, Wallin G et al. (1988) Inhibition of peritonitis by amide local
anesthetics. Anesthesiology 69: 881--886
Ristimäki A, Honkanen N, Jänkälä H et al. (1997) Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human
gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 57: 1276--1280
Ritter MA, Gioe TJ: The effect of indomethacin on paraarticular ectopic ossification
following total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Rel Res 167: 113--117
Rius RA, Barg J, Bem WT et al. (1991) The prenatal development profile of expression of
opioid peptides and receptors in the mouse brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 58(2): 237-241
Rivier C, Vale W, Ling N et al. (1977) Stimulation in vivo of secretion of prolaction and
growth hormone by beta-endorphin. Endocrinology 100: 238--241
Rizzo MA, Kocsis JD, Waxman SG (1995) Selective loss of slow and enhancement of fast
Na+ currents in cutaneous afferent dorsal root ganglion neurones following axotomy.
Neurobiol Dis 2: 87--96
Robbins LD (1994) Tension headache and tension headache abortive medication. In:
Management of Headache and Headache Medications (Anonymous), Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg, pp. 84--88
Roberts MH, Rees H (1986) The antinociceptive effects of stimulating the pretectal nucleus of
the rat. Pain 1: 83--93
Roberts SP, Petts HV (1990) Meningitis after obstetric spinal anesthesia. Anaesthesia 45:
376--377
Robins LN, Davis DH, Goodwin DW (1974) Drugs used by U.S. army enlisted men in
Vietnam: A follow-up on their return home. Am J Epidemiol 99: 148--156
Robuschi M, Gambaro G, Sestini P (1997) Attenuation of aspirin-induced
bronchoconstriction by sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 155(4): 1461--1464
Rochon PA, Gill SS, Litner J et al. (1997) A systematic review of the evidence for
hypodermoclysis to treat dehydration in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
52(3): M169 – 176
Rodriguez FJ, Lluch M, Dot J (1997) Histamine modulation of glutamate release from
hippocampal synaptosomes. Eur J Pharmacol 323(2--3): 283--286
Rodriguez-Moreno A, Lopez-Garcia JC, Lerma J (2000) Two populations of kainate receptors
with separate signaling mechanisms in hippocampal interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 97(3):1293--1298
Roe DA (1988) Drug and nutrient interactions in the elderly diabetic. Drug Nutr Interact 5(4):
195--203
Rogers J, Tay HH, Misiewicz JJ (1988) Peppermint oil. Lancet ii: 98--99
Rogers KJ, Thornton JA (1969) The interaction between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and
narcotic analgesics in mice. Br J Pharmacol 36: 470--480
Rogers MJ, Chilton KM, Coxon FP et al. (1996) Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in mouse
macrophage-like cells in vitro by a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. J Bone Miner Res
10: 1482--1491
Rogers MJ, Ji X, Russell RG, Blackburn GM et al. (1994) Incorporation of bisphosphonates
into adenine nucleotides by amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium
discoideum. Biochem J 303(Pt1): 303--311
Rogers MJ, Xiong X, Ji X, Mönkkönen J et al. (1997) Inhibition of growth of Dictyostelium
discoideum amoebae by bisphosphonate drugs is dependent on cellular uptake. Pharm Res
5: 625--630
Rogers NF, El-Fakahany EE (1986) Morphine-induced opioid receptor down-regulation
detected in intact adult brain cells. Eur J Pharmacol 42: 221--230
Roila F (1998) La ricerca sugli antiemetici: un modello italiano di successo. Tumori 84(S1):
S3--S11
Roizen FM, Horrigan RW, Fragen BM (1981) Anesthetic doses blocking adrenergic (stress)
and cardiovascular responses to incision-MAC BAR. Anesthesiology 54: 390--398
Rolando L (1824) Ricerche anatomiche sulla struttura del midollo spinale. Stamperia Reale,
Torino, pp 1--118
Rollof J, Vinge E (1993) Neurologic adverse effects during concomitant treatment with
ciprofloxacin, NSAIDS, and chloroquine: possible drug interaction. Ann Pharmacother 9:
1058--1059
Rolls ET (1996) A theory of hippocampal function in memory. Hippocampus 6: 601--620
Romagnoli A, Keats AS (1980) Ceiling effect for respiratory depression by nalbuphine. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 27: 478--485
Römer DM, Büscher H, Hill RC et al. (1980) Bremazocine: a potent, long acting opioid
kappa-agonist. Life Sci 27: 971--978
Rongen GA, Floras JS, Lenders JW et al. (1997) Cardiovascular pharmacology of purines.
Clin Sci (Colch) 92(1): 13--24
Roques BP, Beaumont A, Dauge V et al. (1993) Peptidase inactivation of enkephalins: design
of inhibitors and biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical applications. In: Opioids I
(Herz A, Hrg.); Springer, Ch 23, pp 547--584
Rorie DK, Muldoon SM, Tyce GM (1981) Effect of fentanyl on adrenergic function in canine
coronary arteries. Anesth Analg 60: 21--27
Rose U, Attar Z (1992) Interpleurales Bupivacain und parenterales Opioid zur postoperativen
Analgesie. Eine vergleichende Studie. Anaesthesist 41(1): 53--57
Rosemberg S, Marie SK, Kliemann S (1994) Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
(hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV) Pediatr Neurol 1: 50--56
Rosen SD, Paulesu E, Frith CD et al. (1994) Central nervous pathways mediating angina
pectoris. Lancet 344(8916): 147--150
Rosen SD, Paulesu E, Nihoyannopoulos P et al. (1996) Silent ischemia as a central problem:
regional brain activation compared to silent and painful myocardial ischemia. Ann Intern
Med 125: 939--949
Rosenbaum JS, Holford NHG, Sadée W (1985) In vivo receptor binding of opioid drugs at the
mu site. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 233(3): 735--740
Rosenberg J, Rosenberg-Adamsen S, Kehlet H (1995) Post-operative sleep disturbances:
causes, factors and effects on outcome. Eur J Anaesthesiol 12(S10): 28--30
Rosow CE (1985) Newer synthetic opioid analgesics. In: Acute Pain (Smith G, Covino BG,
eds), Butterworths (London) pp 68--103
Rosow CE, Moss J, Philbin DM et al. (1980) Histamine in human plasma following
administration of morphine or fentanyl. 7th WCA (Amsterdam) A579
Rosow CE, Moss J, Philbin DM et al. (1982) Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 56: 93--96
Rosow CE, Philbin DM, Keegan CR et al. (1984) Hemodynamic and histamine release during
induction with sufentanil or fentanyl. Anesthesiology 60: 489--491
Rossi GC, Leventhal L, Bolan E et al. (1997) Pharmacological characterization of orphanin
FQ/nociceptin and its fragments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(2): 858--865
Rossi GC, Leventhal L, Pan YX et al. (1997) Antisense mapping of MOR-1 in rats:
distinguishing between morphine and morphine-6-beta-glucuronide antinociception. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 281(1): 109--114
Rossi GC, Su W, Leventhal L et al. (1997) Antisense mapping DOR-1 in mice: further
support for delta receptor subtypes. Brain Res 753(1): 176--179
Rossi L, Conen D (1995) Die intramuskuläre Injektion--eine überholte Applikationsart? 6
Fälle von Staphylococcus-aureus-Sepsis nach intramuskulären Injektionen. Schweiz Med
Wochenschr 1125(31--32): 1477--1482
Rossier F, French ED, Rivier C (1977) Footshock induced stress increases β-endorphin levels
in blood but not in brain. Nature 270: 618--620
Rossier J (1982) Opiod peptides have found their roots. Nature 298: 221--222
Rossier J (1993) Biosynthesis of enkephalins and proenkephalin-derived peptides. In: Opioids
(Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch 18, pp 423--447
Roth-Isigkeit A, Brechmann J, Dibbelt L et al. (1998) Persistent endocrine stress response in
patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Endocrinol Invest 21(1): 12--19
Rothman RB, France CP, Bykov V et al. (1989) Pharmacological activities of optically pure
enantiomers of the kappa opioid agonist U520,488 and its cis diastereomer: evidence for
three kappa receptor subtypes. Eur J Pharmacol 167: 345--353
Rothman RB, Holaday JW, Porreca F (1993) Allosteric coupling among opioid receptors:
evidence for an opioid receptor complex. In: Opioids I (Herz A, ed.), Springer ch 10: 217-237
Rothman RB, Jacobson AE, Rice KC et al. (1987) Autoradiographic evidence for two classes
of mu opioid binding sites in rat brain using (125-l) FK 33824. Peptides 8: 1015--1021
Rothman SM, Olney JW (1986) Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic
brain damage. Ann Neurol 19: 105--111
Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L et al. (1995) Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson
syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med 333: 1600--1607
Roumy M, Zajac JM (1998) Neuropeptide FF, pain and analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 345(1): 1-11
Roux C, Gennari C, Farrerons J et al. (1995) Comparative prospective, double-blind,
multicenter study of the efficacy of tiludronate and etidronate in the treatment of Paget's
disease of bone. Arthritis Rheum 38(6): 851--858
Rowbotham DJ (1989) Cisapride and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 62: 121--123
Rowe WB, Nicot A, Sharma S et al. (1997) Central administration of the neurotensin receptor
antagonist, SR48692, modulates diurnal and stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
activity. Neuroendocrinology 66(2): 75--85
Rowlingson JC, Di Fazio CA, Foster J et al. (1980) Lidocaine as an analgesic for
experimental pain. Anesthesiology 52: 20--25
Roy CS, Sherrington CS (1890) On the regulation of the blood-supply of the brain. J Physiol
11: 5--108
Roy S, Chapin RB, Cain KJ et al. (1997) Morphine inhibits transcriptional activation of IL-2
in mouse thymocytes. Cell Immunol 179(1): 1--9
Roy SB, Singh I, Bhatia MH et al. (1965) Effects of morphine on pulmonary blood volume in
convalescents from high altitude edema. Br Heart J 27: 876
Roze C, Chariot J, de la Tour J et al. (1978) Methadone blockade of 2-deoxy-glucose-induced
pancreatic secretion in man. Gastroenterol 74: 215--220
Ruah CB, Stram JR, Chasin WD (1988) Treatment of severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis
with colchicine. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 114(6): 671--675
Rubin, A, Winter L (1983) The study of pain in hospital patients: evaluations of an
aspirin/acetaminophen combination with and without caffeine. Bristol Myers Products.
Unpublished report (No 2196), New York.
Ruda MA, Bennett BJ, Dubner R (1986) Neurochemistry and neural circuitry in the dorsal
horn. Prog Brain Res 66: 219--268
Ruffieux P (1995) Complications des injections intramusculaires. Méd Hyg (Genève) 53:
522--525
Ruggiero DA, Mtui EP, Otake K et al. (1996) Central and primary visceral afferents to
nucleus tractus solitarii may generate nitric oxide as a membrane-permeant neuronal
messenger. J Comp Neurol 364(1): 51--67
Ruiz-Gayo M, Durieux C, Fournié-Zaluski MC et al. (1992) Stimulation of δ-opioid receptors
reduces in vivo binding of the cholecystokinin (CCK)-B-selective agonist [3H]pBC264:
evidence for a physiological regulation of CCKergic systems by endogenous enkephalins. J
Neurochem 59: 1805--1811
Ruiz-Gayo M, Durieux C, Fournié-Zaluski MC et al. (1992) Stimulation of δ-opioid receptors
reduces in vivo binding of the cholecystokinin (CCK)-B-selective agonist [3H]pBC264:
evidence for a physiological regulation of CCKergic systems by endogenous enkephalins. J
Neurochem 59: 1805--1811
Rung GW, Claybon L, Hord A et al. (1997) Intravenous ondansetron for postsurgical opioidinduced nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 84: 832--838
Rupniak NM, Boyce S, Webb JK et al. (1997) Effects of the bradykinin B1 receptor
antagonist des-Arg9[Leu8]bradykinin and genetic disruption of the B2 receptor on
nociception in rats and mice. Pain 71(1): 89--97
Rusin KI, Randic M (1991) Modulation of NMDA-induced currents by µ-opioid receptor
agonist DAGO in acutely isolated spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. Neuroscie Letters 124:
208--212
Russel RCG, Walker CJ, Bloom SR (1975) Hyperglucagonemia in the surgical patient. BMJ
1: 10--12
Russel RCG, Walker CJ, Bloom SR (1975) Hyperglucagonemia in the surgical patient. BMJ
1: 10--12
Russell IJ (1998) Advances in fibromyalgia: possible role for central neurochemicals. Am J
Med Sci 315(6): 377--384
Russell RD, Leslie JB, Su YF et al. (1987) Continuous intrathecal opioid analgesia: tolerance
and cross-tolerance of µ and ? opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 240: 150--158
Russo E (1998) Cannabis for migraine treatment: the one and future prescription? An
historical and scientific review. Pain 76(1--2): 3--8
Russo E (1998) Cannabis for migraine treatment: the one and future prescription? An
historical and scientific review. Pain 76(1--2): 3--8
Russo S, Mangrella M, Vitagliano S et al. (1997) Somatostatina per via locale nelle patologie
articolari degli sportivi. Minerva Med 88(6): 265--270
Russo S, Mangrella M, Vitagliano S et al. (1997) Somatostatina per via locale nelle patologie
articolari degli sportivi. Minerva Med 88(6): 265--270
Rusthoven JJ, Osoba D, Butts CA et al. (1998) The impact of postchemotherapy nausea and
vomiting on quality of life after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Support Care
Cancer 4: 389--395
Rutberg H, Hakanson E, Anderberg B et al. (1984) Effect of the extradural administration of
morphine and bupivacaine, in the endocrine response to upper abdominal surgery. Br J
Anaesth 56: 233--238
Rutter PC, Murphy F, Dudley HAF (1980) Morphine: controlled trial of different methods of
administration for postoperative pain relief. Br Med J 280: 12--13
Ryu HS, Chang KH, Yang HW et al. (2000) High Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Stage IB
Cervical Cancer with Lymph Node Metastasis or Parametrial Invasion. Gynecol Oncol
76(3): 320--325
Saada M, Catoire P, Bonnet F et al. (1992) Effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia combined
with general anesthesia on segmental wall motion assessed by transesophageal
echocardiography. Anesth Analg 75: 329--335
Saadé NA, Kafrouni AI, Saab CY et al. (1999) Chronic thalamotomy increases pain-related
behaviour in rats. Pain 83: 401--409
Saadé NE, Atweh SF, Bahuth NB et al. (1997) Augmentation of nociceptive reflexes and
chronic deafferentation pain by chemical lesions of either dopaminergic terminals or
midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 751(1): 1--12
Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, Bickford Smith PJ et al. (1990) Efficacy of continuous extrapleural
intercostal nerve block on post-thoracotomy pain and pulmonary mechanics. Br J Surg
77(2): 221--225
Sabbe MB, Grafe MR, Mjanger E et al. (1994) Spinal delivery of sufentanil, alfentanil, and
morphine in dogs. Anesthesiology 81: 899--920
Sabbe MB, Yaksh TL (1990) Pharmacology of spinal opioids. J Pain Symptom Manage 3:
1191--203
Sacchetti G, Roncoroni L, Mandelli V et al. (1976) Effect of analgesic agents on emptying of
the gallbladder in man. Eur J Clin Pharm 10: 127--131
Sacerdote P, Manfredi B, Mantegazza P et al. (1997) Antinociceptive and immunosuppressive
effects of opiate drugs: a structure-related activity study. Br J Pharmacol 121(4): 834--840
Sage JI, Kortis HI, Sommer W (1990) Evidence for the role of spinal cord systems in
Parkinson's disease-associated pain. Clin Neuropharmacol 2: 171--174
Sagen J, Proudfit HK (1985) Evidence for pain modulation by pre- and postsynaptic
noradrenergic receptors in the medulla oblongata. Brain Res 331(2): 285--293
Said G, Elgrably F, Lacroix C et al. (1997) Pain proximal diabetic neuropathy: inflammatory
nerve lesions and spontaneous favorable outcome. Ann Neurol 41: 762--770
Sajnani GG, Abreu P, Castro R (1997) Pre/postnatal dopamine D1 receptor stimulation
induces a differential reduction of serotonin levels in hippocampus and superior colliculus
of puber rats. Neurosci Lett 230(2): 121--124
Sakai Y, Nishijima Y, Mikuni N et al. (1979) An experimental model of hyper-irritability in
the trigeminal skin field of the rat. Pain 2 : 147--57
Sakurada T, Sakurada S, Katsuyama S et al. (2000) Evidence that N-terminal fragments of
nociceptin modulate nociceptin- induced scratching, biting and licking in mice. Neurosci
Lett 279(1): 61--64
Sakurai H, Kohsaka H, Liu MF et al. (1995) Nitric oxide production and inducible nitric
oxide synthase expression in inflammatory arthritides. J Clin Invest 96: 2357--2363
Salamone JD, Cousins MS, Snyder BJ (1997) Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens
dopamine: empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis. Neurosci
Biobehav Rev 3: 341--359
Saleh TM, Bauce LG, Pittman QJ (1997) Glutamate release in parabrachial nucleus and
baroreflex alterations after vagal afferent activation. Am J Physiol 272(5 Pt 2): R1631-1640
Saleh TM, Kombian SB, Zidichouski JA et al. (1997) Cholecystokinin and neurotensin
inversely modulate excitatory synaptic transmission in the parabrachial nucleus in vitro.
Neuroscience 77(1): 23--35
Salik JO, Siegel CI, Mendeloff AI (1973) Biliary duodenal dynamics in man. Radiology 106:
1--11
Salt TE, Hill JL (1983) Excitation of single sensory neurons in the rat caudal trigeminal
nucleus by iontophoretically applied adenosine 5’-triphosphate. Neurosci Lett 35: 53--57
Salter MW, Henry JL (1987) Purine-induced depression of dorsal horn neurons in the cat
spinal cord: enhancement by tachykinins. Neuroscience 23: 903--915
Salvetti A, Magagna A, Abdel-Haq B et al. (1990) Nifedipine interactions in hypertensive
patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 5 (S): 963--968
Sam E, Jeanjean AP, Maloteaux JM (1995) Apomorphine pharmacokinetics in parkinsonism
after intranasal and subcutaneous application. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 20(1): 27-33
Samanin R, Valzelli (1971) Increase of morphine-induced analgesia by stimulation of the
nucleus raphe dorsalis. Eur J Pharmacol 3: 298---302
Sampson AP, Cowburn AS, Sladek K et al. (1997) Profound overexpression of leukotriene
C4-Synthase in bronchial biopsies from aspirin intolerant asthmatic patients. Int Arch
Allergy Immunol 113: 355--357
Sampson SE, Sampson AP, Costello JF (1997) Effect of inhaled prostaglandin D2 in normal
and atopic subjects, and of pretreatment with leukotriene D4. Thorax 52(6): 513--518
Samuel IO, Clarke RS, Dundee JW (1977) Some circulatory and respiratory effects of
morphine in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease. Br J Anaesth 49: 927--933
Samuel IO, Unni VKN, Dundee JW (1977) Peripheral vascular effects of morphine patients
without pre-existing cardiac disease. Br J Anaesth 49: 935--939
Sanak M, Simon HU, Szczeklik A (1997) Leukotriene C4 synthase promoter polymorphis and
risk of aspirin-induced asthma. Lancet 350: 1599--1600
Sanansilp V, Areewatana S, Tonsukchai N (1998) Droperidol and the side effects of epidural
morphine after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 86(3): 532--537
Sanchez Quintanar (1864) zitiert in: Luc Lecron (1992) La douleur maitrisée, Arnette (Paris),
p. 7
Sanchez R, Nielsen H, Heslet L et al. (1984) Neuronal blockade with morphine. A hypothesis.
Anaesthesia 39(8): 788--789
Sanchez V, Arthur GR, Strichartz GR (1987) Fundamental properties of local anesthetics: I.
The dependence of lidocaine's ionization and octanol: buffer partitioning on solvent and
temperature. Anesth Analg 66: 159--165
Sánchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Capriles-Behrens E (1997) A new triad: sensitivity to
aspirin, allergic rhinitis, and severe allergic reaction to ingested aeroallergens. Cutis 59(6):
311--314
Sander HW, Conigliari MF, Masdeu JC (1998) Anticubital phlebotomy complicated by lateral
antebrachial cutaneous neuropathy. Correspondence. New Engl J Med 339(27): 2024
Sanderson K, Nyberg F, Khalil Z (1998) Modulation of peripheral inflammation by locally
administered hemorphin-7. Inflamm Res 47(2): 49---55
Sanderson K, Nyberg F, Khalil Z (1998) Modulation of peripheral inflammation by locally
administered hemorphin-7. Inflamm Res 47(2): 49---55
Sandin J, Nylander I, Georgieva J et al. (1998) Hippocampal dynorphin B injections impair
spatial learning in rats: a kappa-opioid receptor-mediated effect. Neuroscience 85(2): 375-282
Sandin J, Tan-No K, Kasakov L et al. (1997) Differential metabolism of dynorphins in
substantia nigra, striatum, and hippocampus. Peptides 18(7): 949--956
Sandler A, Chovyz P, Whiting W (1986) Respiratory depression following epidural morphine:
a clinical study. Can Anaesth Soc J 33: 549--559
Sandler DP, Smith JC, Weinberg CR et al. (1989) Analgesic use and chronic renal disease. N
Engl J Med 320: 1238--1243
Sandouk P, Serrie A, Scherrmann JM et al. (1991) Presence of morphine metabolites in
human cerebrospinal fluid after intracerebroventricular administration of morphine. Eur J
Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 3: 166--171
Sandyk R (1985) Sensory symptoms in Parkinson´s disease and the opioid system. Med
Hypothesis 16: 361--364
Sanford-Driscoll M, Knodel LC (1986) Induction of hemolytic anemia by nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 12: 925--934
Sang CN, Hostetter MP, Gracely RH et al. (1998) AMPA/Kainate antagonist LY293558
reduces capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia but not pain in normal skin in humans.
Anesthesiology 89(5): 1060--1067
Sanico AM, Atsuta S, Proud D et al. (1998) Plasma extravasation through neuronal
stimulation in human nasal mucosa in the setting of allergic rhinitis. J Appl Physiol 84(2):
537--543
Sann H, Dux M, Schemann M (1996) Neurogenic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of
the rat. Neurosci Lett 219(3): 147--150
Santus G, Rivolta R, Bottoni G (1993) Nasal formulations of ketorolac tromethamine:
technological evaluation--bioavailability and tolerability in rabbits. Farmaco 48(12): 1709-1723
Saria A, Gamse R, Petermann J et al. (1986) Simultaneous release of several tachykinins and
calcitonin gene-related peptide from rat spinal cord slices. Neurosci Lettt 63: 310--314
Sarkar MA (1992) Drug metabolism in the nasal mucosa. Pharm Res 9(1): 1--9
Sasaki K, Hattori T, Fujisawa T et al. (1998) Nitric oxide mediates interleukin-1β-induced
gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases and basic fibroblast growth factor in cultured
rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Biochem 123: 431--439
Sassajima M (1970) Analgesic effects of morphine-3-monoglucuronide. Keio Gaku 47: 421-526
Sastry BV (1997) Human placental cholinergic system. Biochem Pharmacol 53(11): 1577-1586
Sastry BV, Hemontolor ME, Chance MB et al. (1997) Dual messenger function for
prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in human placenta. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand) 43(3): 417-424
Sastry BV, Hemontolor ME, Chance MB et al. (1997) Dual messenger function for
prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in human placenta. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 43(3): 417-424
Satchithananda DK, Parameshwar J, Hardy I et al. Correspondence (1998) Lancet 352(9124):
292
Sato J, Perl ER (1991) Adrenergic excitation of cutaneuous pain receptors induced by
peripheral nerve injury. Science 251: 1608--1610
Sato T, Matsuki A, Zsigmond EK (1997) Ketamine relaxes airway smooth muscle contracted
by endothelin. Anesth Analg 84(4): 900--906
Sato Y, Sato S, Baba Y et al. (1994) Prolongation of epidural anesthesia using biodegradable
copolymer in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 81(3A): A387
Satoh H, Ligumsky M, Guth PH (1984) Stimulation of gastric prostaglandin synthesis by
refeeding in the rat. Role in protection of gastric mucosa from damage. Dig Dis Sci 4: 330-335
Satoh M, Takagi H (1971) Enhancement by morphine of the central descending inhibitory
influence on spinal sensory transmission. Eur J Pharmacol 14(1): 60--65
Satz N, Mäder C, Ott A et al. (1988) Erfolgreiche Schmerzbehandlung durch kontinuierliche
subkutane Morphininjektion. Schw Rundschau Med (Praxis) 77: 630--633
Savarese J, Kaiko R, Thomas G et al. (1986) Correlation of onset and frequency of side
effects with Cmax of a single dose of controlled morphine sulfate. J Clin Pharmacol 26:
558--561
Säwe J (1986) Morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides in plasma and urine during chronic
oral administration in cancer patients. In: Advances in pain research and therapy (Foley
KM, Inturrisi CE, eds. ), Raven (NY) 8: 45--55
Sawynok J (1984) GABA-ergic mechanisms in antinociception. Progr
Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8: 581--586
Sawynok J (1987) GABAergic mechanisms of analgesia: an update. Pharmacol Biochem
Behav 2: 463--474
Sawynok J (1995) Pharmacological rationale for the clinical use of caffeine. Drugs 49: 37--50
Sawynok J (1998) Adenosine receptor activation and nociception. Eur J Pharmacol 347(1): 1-11
Sawynok J, Reid A (1997) Peripheral adenosine 5'-triphosphate enhances nociception in the
formalin test via activation of a purinergic p2X receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 330(2--3): 115-121
Sawynok J, Reid A, Doak GJ (1995) Caffeine antiociception in the rat hot-plate and formalin
tests and locomotor stimulation: Involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms. Pain 61: 203-213
Sawynok J, Reid AR, Doak GJ (1995): Caffeine antinociception in the rat hot-plate and
formalin tests and locomotor stimulation: involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms. Pain
61: 203--213
Sawynok J, Sweeney MI (1989) The role of purines in nociception. Neuroscience 32: 557-569
Sawynok J, Sweeney MI, White TD (1986) Classification of adenosine receptors mediating
antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 88(4): 923--930
Sawynok J, Sweeney MI, White TD (1989) Adenosine release may mediate spinal analgesia
by morphine. Trends Pharmacol 10: 186--189
Sawynok J, Zarrindast MR, Reid AR et al. (1997) Adenosine A3 receptor activation produces
nociceptive behaviour and edema by release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Eur J
Pharmacol 333(1): 1--7
Saxena PR, de Boer MO (1991) Pharmacology of antimigraine drugs. J Neurol 238: S28--S35
Scadding JW (1981) Development of ongoing activity, mechanosensitivity, and adrenaline
sensitivity in severed peripheral nerve axons. Exp Neurol 73: 345--364
Scammell TE, Griffin JD, Elmquist JK et al. (1998) Microinjection of a cyclooxygenase
inhibitor into the anteroventral preoptic region attenuates LPS fever. Am J Physiol 274:
R783--R789
Scarry E (1985) The body is pain: the making and unmaking of the world. Oxford (NY)
Scatton B, Dubois A, Javoy-Agid F et al. (1984) Autoradiographic localization of muscarinic
cholinergic receptors at various segmental levels of the human spinal cord. Neurosci Lettt
49: 239--245
Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Lane AC et al. (1991) Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. A
double-blind study comparing aspirin with caffeine to aspirin and placebo in patients with
sore throat. Arch Intern Med 151(4): 733--737
Schadrack J, Castro-Lopes JM, Avelino A et al. (1998) Modulated expression of c-Fos in the
spinal cord following noxious thermal stimulation of monoarthritic rats. J Neurosci Res
53(2): 203--213
Schaeffler P, Pichard E, Ramboatiana R et al. (1986) Bacterial meningitis due to infection of a
lumbar drug release system in patients with cancer pain. Pain 25: 75--77
Schäfer M, Carter L, Stein C (1994) Interleukin-1β and Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibit
pain by releasing opioids from immune celles in inflamed tissue. Proc Nat Acad Scie
(USA) 91: 4219--4223
Schäfer M, Imai Y, Uhl GR et al. (1995) Inflammation enhances peripheral mu-opioid
receptor-mediated analgesia, but not mu-opioid receptor transcription in dorsal root
ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol 279(2--3): 165--169
Schäfer M, Mousa SA, Stein C (1997) Corticotropin-releasing factor in antinociception and
inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 323: 1--10
Schäfer M, Mousa SA, Stein C (1997) Corticotropin-releasing factor in antinociception and
inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 323: 1--10
Schäfer M, Mousa SA, Zhang Q et al. (1996) Expression of corticotropin-releasing factor in
inflamed tissues is required for intrinsic peripher opioid analgesia. Proct Natl Acad Sci
USA 93(12): 6096--6100
Schäfer M, Zhou L, Stein C (1998) Cholecystokinin inhibits peripheral opioid analgesia in
inflamed tissue. Neuroscience 82(2): 603--611
Schäffer MR, Tantry U, van Wesep RA (1997) Nitric oxide metabolism in wounds. J Surg
Res 71(1): 25--31
Schaffstein W, Panijel M, Luettecke K (1990) Comparative safety and efficacy of trimebutine
versus mebeverine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Ther Res 47(1): 136-145
Schaible H-G, Grubb BD (1993) Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain. Pain 55: 5--54
Schaible HG, Grubb BD (1993) Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain. Pain 55: 50--54
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1985) Effects of an experimental arthritis on the sensory
properties of fine articular afferent units. J Neurophysiol 54: 1109--1122
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1988) Time course of mechanosensitivity changes in articular
afferents during a developing experimental arthritis. J Neurophysiol 60: 2180--2195
Scharein E, Bromm B (1998) The intracutaneous pain model in the assessment of analgesic
efficacy. Pain Reviews 5: 216--246
Schatz AR, Lee M, Condie RB et al. (1997) Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2: a
characterization of expression and adenylate cyclase modulation within the immune
system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 142(2): 278--87
Schauer PR, Luna J, Ghiatas AA et al. (1993) Pulmonary function after laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. Surgery 114(2): 389--397
Scheffler NM, Sheitel PL, Lipton MN (1991) Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with
capsaicin 0,075%. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 81: 288--293
Scheiman JM (1992) Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal injury due to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs - implications for prevention and therapy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 21:
201--210
Scheinin B, Asantila R, Orko R (1987) The effect of bupivacaine and morphine on pain and
bowel function after colonic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31: 161--164
Scheinin B, Lindgren L, Randell T et al. (1992) Dexmedetomidine attenuates sympthoadrenal
responses to tracheal intubation and reduces the need for thiopentone and peroperative
fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 68: 126--131
Schellong SM, Burchert W, Böger RM et al. (1998) Prostaglandin E1 in peripheral vascular
disease: A PET study of muscular blood flow. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 58(2): 109--117
Scher KS (1996) Unplanned reoperation for bleeding. Am Surg 62(1): 52--55
Scheuren N, Neupert W, Ionac M et al. (1997) Peripheral noxious stimulation releases PGE2
during the first phase in the formalin assay of the rat. Life Sci 60: PL
Schlicker E, Marr I (1997) Mutual interactions of the presynaptic histamine H3 and
prostaglandin EP3 receptors on the noradrenergic terminals in the mouse brain.
Neuroscience 79(1): 247--254
Schlosser RJ, Czaja JM, Yang B et al. (1995) Signal transduction mechanisms in substance Pmediated ciliostimulation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113(5): 582--588
Schmassmann A, Peskar BM, Stettler C et al. (1998) Effects of inhibition of prostaglandin
endoperoxide synthase-2 in chronic gastro-intestinal ulcer models in rats. Br J Pharmacol
123: 795--804
Schmauss C, Hammond DL, Ochi JW et al. (1983) Pharmacological antagonism of the
antinociceptive effects of serotonin in the rat spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol 90: 349--357
Schmid J, Brickl R (1985) Zur Pharmakokinetik "schwachwirksamer Analgetika". II.
Pharmakokinetik eines Kombinationspräparates. In: Forth W (Hrsg) Analgetika. Zur
Problematik der schwachwirksamen Analgetika. TW Taschenbuch Band 7, G Braun
Verlag, Karlsruhe, pp 121--130
Schmid J, Fedorcak A, Zimmer A et al. (1980) Die Pharmakokinetik eines
Kombinationspräparates. Dtsch Apoth 32: 576--587
Schmidt CF, Livingston AE (1933) The action of morphine on the mammalian circulation. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 47: 411--441
Schmidt ED, Janszen AW, Wouterlood FG et al. (1995) Interleukin-1-induced long-lasting
changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)--neurons and
hyperresponsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Neurosci 11: 7417-7426
Schmidt RF, Schaible HG (1994) Silent primary afferents. In: Cellular Mechanisms of
Sensory Processing (Ed.: Urban L; NATO ASI Series), Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Vol.
H 79, pp 289--295
Schmucker P, van Ackern K, Franke N et al. (1980) Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of
pentazocine. Studies on surgical cardiac patients. Anaesthesist 29: 475--480
Schmutz M (1987) Zur Pharmakologie von Antiepileptika bei chronischen Schmerzen. In:
Psychopharmaka bei chronischen Schmerzen, Workshop 1987; Ciba-Geigy, Geigy Pharma
(Basel)
Schnapp M, Mays KS, North WC (1981) Intravenous 2-chloroprocaine in treatment of
chronic pain. Anesth Analg 60: 844--845
Schnebel BE, Simmons JW (1988) The use of oral colchicine for low-back pain. A doubleblind study. Spine 3: 354--357
Schneider H (1971) Zur Therapie neuritisch-neuralgischer Schmerzzustände mit DexaNeurobion. Z Allgemeinmed 47(21): 1081--1083
Schneider RF, Villamena PC, Harvey J (1993) Lack of efficacy of interpleural bupivacaine
for postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. Chest 103(2): 414--416
Schneider SP, Pearl ER (1985) Selective excitation of neurons in the mammalian spinal dorsal
horn by aspartate and glutamate in vitro: correlation with location and excitatory input.
Brain Res 360: 339--343
Schoenen (1990) Anatomie biochimique des systemes peptidergiques spinaux. Étude de
matériel normal et pathologique; plasticité des neuropeptides du ganglion rachidien adulte.
Therapie 45(3): 243--249
Schoenfield LJ, Sjovall J, Perman E (1967) Bile acids on the skin of patients with pruritic
hepatobiliary disease. Nature 213: 93
Schoffelmeer AN, Yao YH, Simon EJ (1990) Cross-linking of 125I-beta-endorphin to rat
striatal mu- and delta-opioid receptors under physiological conditions: evidence for an
opioid receptor complex. Prog Clin Biol Res 328: 105--108
Scholz E, Diener HC, Geiselhart S (1988) Drug-induced headache - does a critical dosage
exist? In: Drug-Induced Headache (Diener HC, Wilkinson M, eds.), Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg-New York, pp 29--43
Scholz MJ (1993) Phantom breast pain following mastectomy. RN 56(8):78
Schoon W, Erdmann H, Kleeberg UR (1987) Die kontinuierliche subkutane Opioidinfusion in
der onkologischen Schmerztherapie. Med Klin 82: 805--811
Schott GD (1985) Pain in Parkinson's disease. Pain 4: 407--411
Schott GD (1995) An unsympathetic view of pain. Viewpoint. Lancet 345: 634--636
Schrock TR, Devene CW, Dunphy JE (1973) Factors contributing to colonic anastomosis.
Ann Surg 177: 513--518
Schuhfried O, Fialka-Moser V (1995) Iontophorese zur Behandlung von Schmerzzuständen.
Wien Med Wochenschr 145(1): 4--8
Schuligoi R, Jocic M, Heinemann A et al. (1998) Gastric acid-evoked c-fos messenger RNA
expression in rat brainstem is signaled by capsaicin-resistant vagal afferents.
Gastroenterology 115: 649--660
Schulte D (1986). Verhaltenstherapeutische Diagnostik. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Verhaltenstherapie (Hrsg.). Verhaltenstherapie: Theorien und Methoden. Forum 11: 16-42. Tübingen: DGVT
Schulte-Steinberg H, Weninger E, Jokisch D (1995) Intraperitoneal versus interpleural
morphine or bupivacaine for pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology
82(3): 634--640
Schultz JE, Hsu AK, Gross GJ (1998) Ischemic preconditioning in the intact rat heart is
mediated by delta1- but not mu- or kappa-opioid receptors. Circulation 97(13): 1282--1289
Schultz JJ, Hsu AK, Gross GJ (1997) Ischemic preconditioning is mediated by a peripheral
opioid receptor mechanism in the intact rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 5: 1355--1362
Schulz C, Riedel M, Gillissen A et al. (1998) Praeoperative Identifizierung des pulmonalen
Risikopatienten vor Lungenresektion. Atemwegs- und Lungenkrankheiten 24: 205--214
Schulz S, Schreff M, Koch T et al. (1998) Immunolocalization of two mu-opioid receptor
isoforms (MOR1 and MOR1B) in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 82(2): 613-622
Schulze S, Roikjaer O, Hasselstrom L et al. (1988) Epidural bupivacaine and morphine plus
systemic indomethacin eliminates pain but not systemic response and convalescence after
cholecystectomy. Surgery 103: 321--327
Schulze-Neick I, Rossaint R, Berger F et al (1994) Inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous
prostacyclin for preoperative evaluation of pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with
congenital heart disease. Eur Hear J 15: 524
Schüttler J, Kloos S, Schwilden H et al. (1988) Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol
and alfentanil by computer-assisted infusion. Anaesthesia 43(S): 2--7
Schwartz RH, Voth EA, Sheridan MJ (1997) Marijuana to prevent nausea and vomiting in
cancer patients: a survey of clinical oncologists. South Med J 90(2): 167--172
Schwarz A, Faber U, Borner K et al. (1984) Reliability of drug history in analgesic users.
Lancet Nov 11: 1163--1164
Schwarz A, Kunzendorf U, Keller F et al. (1989) Progression of renal failure in analgesicassociated nephropathy. Nephron 53: 244--249
Schwarz A, Perez-Canto A (1998) Nephrotoxicity of antiinfective drugs. Int J Clin Pharmacol
Ther 36(3): 164--167
Schwarz A, Preuschof L, Zellner D (1999) Incidence of analgesic nephropathy in Berlin since
1983. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 109--112
Schweichel E, Schmidt E, Schneider E et al. (1979) Circulatory pattern and duration of action
of naloxone in dogs with and without opioid pretreatment. Anesthesiology 23: 336--343
Sciberras DG, Goldenberg MM, Bolognese JA et al. (1987) Inflammatory responses to
intradermal injection of platelet activating factor, histamine and prostaglandine E2 in
healthy volunteers: a double blind investigation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 6: 753--761
Scott DB, Hibbard BM (1990) Serious non-fatal complications associated with extradural
block in obstetric practice. Br J Anaesth 64: 537--541
Scott J, Huskisson EC (1976) Graphic representation of pain. Pain 2: 175--184
Scott JC, Cooke JE, Stanski DR (1991) Electroencephalographic quantification of opioid
effect: comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and sufentanil. Anesthesiology 74(1):
34--42
Scott JC, Panganis KV, Stanski DR (1985) EEG quantification of narcotic effect. The
comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 62: 234--241
Scott JC, Stanski DR (1987) Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age. A
simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp 240:
159--166
Scott JS (1970) Obstetric analgesia: a consideration of labour pain and a patient controlled
technique for its relief with meperidine. Am J Obst Gyn 106: 959--978
Scott NB, Mogensen T, Bigler D et al. (1989) Continuous thoracic extradural 0.5%
bupivacaine with or without morphine: effect on quality of blockade, lung function and the
surgical stress response. Br J Anaesth 62: 253--257
Scott PA, Fischer HBJ (1982) Spinal opiate analgesia and facial pruritus: a neural theory.
Postgr Med J 58: 531--535
Scott SK, Young AW, Calder AJ et al. (1997) Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger
following bilateral amygdala lesions. Nature 385(6613): 254--257
Scuderi PE, James RL, Harris L et al. (1999) Antiemetic prophylaxis does not improve
outcomes after outpatient surgery when compared to symptomatic treatment.
Anesthesiology 90: 360--371
Seal D, Balaton J, Coupland SG, Eagle CJ et al. (1997) Somatosensory evoked potential
monitoring during cardiac surgery: an examination of brachial plexus dysfunction. J
Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2: 187--191
Sebel PS, Bovill JG, Wauquier A et al. (1981) Effects of high-dose fentanyl anesthesia on the
electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 55: 203--211
Sebert ME, Shooter EM (1993) Expression of mRNA for neurotrophic factors and their
receptors in the rat dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve following nerve injury. J
Neurosci Res 36: 357--367
Sechzer PH (1968) Objective measurement of pain. Anesthesiology 29: 209--210
Sechzer PH (1971) Studies in pain with the analgesic-demand system. Anesth Analg 50: 1--10
Sechzer PH (1990) Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): a retrospective. Anesthesiology 72:
735
Sederber J, Stanley TH, Reddy P et al. (1981) Hemodynamic effects of butorphanol-oxygen
anesthesia in dogs. Anesth Analg 60: 715--719
Seed JC, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW et al. (1958) A comparison of the analgesic and
respiratory effects of dihydrocodeine and morphine in man. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 116:
358
Seelig CB, Maloley PA, Campbell JR (1990) Nephrotoxicity associated with concomitant
ACE inhibitor and NSAID therapy. South Med J 83(10): 1144--1148
Segerdahl M, Irestedt L, Sollevi A (1997) Antinociceptive effect of perioperative adenosine
infusion in abdominal hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(4):473--479
Sehic E, Szekely M, Ungar AL et al. (1996) Hypothalamic prostaglandin E2 during
lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in guinea pigs. Brain Res Bull 39: 391--399
Seibert K, Zhang Y, Leahy K et al. (1994) Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of
the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:
12013--12017
Seideman P, Fjellner B, Johannesson A Psoriatic arthritis treated with oral colchicine. J
Rheumatol 4: 777--779
Seki T, Minami M, Nakagawa T et al. (1998) DAMGO recognizes four residues in the third
extracellular loop to discriminate between mu- and kappa-opioid receptors. Eur J
Pharmacol 350(2--3): 301--10
Selby IR, James MR (1993) The intraosseous route for induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia
48(11): 982--984
Selby PL, Young MJ, Boulton AJ (1994) Bisphosphonates: a new treatment for diabetic
Charcot neuroarthropathy? Diabet Med 1: 28--31
Sellal F, Renaseau-Leclerc C, Labrecque R (1996). L’homme à six bras. Un examen de
membres fantômes surnuméraires après ramollissement sylvien droit. Rev Neurol (Paris)
152(3):190--195
Seltzer M, Cohn S, Ginzburg R et al. (1991) Modulation of neuropathic pain behavior in rats
by spinal disinhibition and NMDA receptor blockade of injury discharge. Pain 45: 69--71
Semple P, Jackson IJB (1991) Postoperative pain control. A survey of current practice.
Anaesthesia 46: 1074--1076
Semsroth M, Plattner O, Horcher E (1996) Effective pain relief with continuous interpleural
bupivacaine after thoracotomy in infants and children. Paediatr Anaesth 6(4): 303--310
Seoane A, Carrasco G, Cabré L et al. (1997) Efficacy and safety of two new methods of rapid
intravenous detoxification in heroin addicts previously treated without success. Br J
Psychiatry 171: 340--345
Serrié A (1995) Etudes de l'effet analgésique de la morphine et de ses métabolites administrés
par voie intracérébro-ventriculaire. Bull Acad Natl Med 179:(6): 1237--1252
Sestini P, Refini RM, Pieroni MG et al. (1997) Protective effect of inhaled lysine
acetylsalicylate on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 100(1): 71--77
Sevarino FB, McFarlane C, Sinatra RS (1991) Epidural fentanyl does not influence PCA
requirements in the post-cesarean patient. Can J Anaesth 38: 450--453
Severinghaus JW, Mitchell RA (1962) Ondine’s curse: failure of respiratory center
automaticity while awake. Clin Res 10: 22
Seybold VS, Galeazza MT, Garry MG et al. (1995) Plasticity of calcitonin gene related
peptide neurotransmission in the spinal cord during peripheral inflammation. Can J Physiol
Pharmacol 73: 1007--1014
Seybold VS, Hylden JL, Wilcox GL (1982) Intrathecal substance P and somatostatin in rats:
behaviors indicative of sensation. Peptides 1: 49--54
Shabata M, Ohkubo T, Takahasi H et al. (1986) Interaction of bradykinin with substance P on
vascular permeability and pain response. Jpn J Pharmacol 41: 427--429
Shafei H, Chamberlain M, Natrajan KN et al. (1990) Interpleural bupivacaine for early postthoracotomy analgesia--comparison with bupivacaine intercostal block and cryofreezing.
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 38(1): 38--41
Shafer A, White PF, Schüttler J et al. (1983) Use of fentanyl infusion in the intensive care
unit: Tolerance to its effects? Anesthesiology 59: 245--248
Shakhanbeh J, Lynn B (1993) Morphine inhibits antidromic vasodilatation without affecting
the excitability of C-polymodal nociceptors in the skin of the rat. Brain Res 607: 314--318
Shanker KB, Palkar NV, Nishkala R (1985) Paraplegia following epidural analgesia.
Anaesthesia 40: 45--47
Shann F (1995) Antipyretics in severe sepsis. Letter. Lancet 345: 338
Shapiro S (1997) Neurotransmission by neurons that use serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate,
glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the normal and injured spinal cord.
Neurosurgery 40(1): 168--176
Sharma S, Nirenberg M, Klee W (1975) Morphine receptors as regulators of adenylate
cyclase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 72: 590--594
Shaw JE, Urquhart J (1981) Transdermal drug administration: a nuisance becomes an
opportunity. Br J Med 282: 875--876
Sheehan AP, Sauerbier GA (1986) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of morphine. Oncol
Nurs Forum 13(4): 92--93
Sheehan MJ, Hayes AG, Tyers MB (1988) Lack of evidence for ε-opioid receptors in the rat
vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 154: 237--245
Sheehan PB, Zomow MH (1992) The effects of fentanyl and sufentanil on intracranial
pressure and cerebral blood flow in rabbits with an acute cryogenic brain injury. J
Neurosurg Anesth 4: 261--267
Shell HW (1972) Adrenal corticosteroid therapy in far advanced cancer. Geriatrics 27: 131-141
Shen KF, Crain SM (1992) Chronic selective activation of excitatory opioid receptor
functions in sensory neurons results in opioid 'dependence' without tolerance. Brain Res
597: 74--83
Sheng WS, Hu S, Gekker G et al. (1997) Immunomodulatory role of opioids in the central
nervous system. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 45(5--6): 359--366
Sherman RA, Arena JG, Sherman CJ (1989) The mystery of phantom pain: growing evidence
for psychophysiological mechanisms. Biofeedback Self Regul 4: 267--280
Sherman RA, Griffin VD, Evans CB (1992) Temporal relationships between changes in
phantom limb pain intensity and changes in surface electromyogram of the residual limb.
Int J Psychophysiol 1: 71--77
Sherman RA, Sherman CJ (1983) Prevalence and characteristics of chronic phantom limb
pain among American veterans. Results of a trial survey. Am J Phys Med 62(5): 227--238
Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Bruno GM (1987) Psychological factors influencing chronic
phantom limb pain: an analysis of the literature. Pain 3: 285--295
Sherman SE, Loomis CW (1994) Morphine insensitive allodynia is produced by intrathecal
strychnine in the lightly anesthetized rat. Pain 56: 17--29
Sherman SE, Loomis CW (1996) Strychnine-sensitive modulation is selective for nonnoxious somatosensory input in the spinal cord. Pain 66: 321--330
Sherwin RS, Shamoon H, Hendler R et al. (1980) Epinephrine and the regulation of glucose
metabolism: effect of diabetes and hormonal interactions. Metabolism 11(S1): 1146--1154
Sherwin RS, Shamoon H, Hendler R et al. (1980) Epinephrine and the regulation of glucose
metabolism: effect of diabetes and hormonal interactions. Metabolism 11(S1): 1146--1154
Shibata K, Takeda M, Ito A et al. (1998) Ovariectomy-induced hyperalgesia and
antinociceptive effect of elcatonin, a synthetic eel calcitonin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav
60(2): 371--376
Shibata M, Ohkbo T, Takahasi H et al (1986) Interaction of bradykinin with substance P on
vascular permeability and pain response. Jpn J Pharmacol 41: 427--429
Shiffman ML, Farrel MT, Yee YS (1994) Risk of bleeding after endoscopic biopsy or
polypectomy in patients taking aspirin or other NSAIDS. Gastrointest Endosc 40(4): 458-462
Shindo K, Hirai Y, Fukumura M et al. (1997) Plasma levels of leukotriene E4 during clinical
course of chronic obstructice pulmonary disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
56(3): 213--217
Shintani F, Nakaki T, Kanba S et al. (1995) Role of interleukin-1 in stress responses. A
putative neurotransmitter. Mol Neurobiol 1: 47--71
Shionoiri H (1993) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with ACE inhibitors. Clin
Pharmacokinet 1: 20--58
Shipman CM, Croucher PI, Russell RG et a. (1998) The bisphosphonate incadronate
(YM175) causes apoptosis of human myeloma cells in vitro by inhibiting the mevalonate
pathway. Cancer Res 58(23): 5294--5297
Shir Y, Seltzer Z (1991) Effects of sympathectomy in a model of causalgiform pain produced
by partial sciatic nerve injury in rats. Pain 45: 309--320
Shirasaka C, Tsaji H, Asoh Y et al. (1986) Role of the splanchnic nerves in the endocrine and
metabolic response to abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 73: 142--145
Shnider SM, Wright RG, Levinson G et al. (1979) Uterine blood flow and plasma
norepinephrine changes during maternal stress in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesiology 50(6):
524--527
Shorrock CJ, Rees WD (1988) Overview of gastroduodenal mucosal protection. Am J Med
84(2A): 25--34
Short CE, Greenwald W, Bendick F (1970) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH responses in
arterial blood or dogs given analgesics, neuroleptanalgesic and ataractic agents. J Am Vet
Med Ass 156(10): 1406--1410
Short K, Scheeres D, Mlakar J et al. (1996) Evaluation of interpleural analgesia in the
management of blunt traumatic chest wall pain: a clinical trial. Am Surg 62(6): 488--493
Shukla VK, Prasad JA, Lemaire S (1997) Nonopioid motor effects of dynorphin A and related
peptides: structure dependence and role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 283(2): 604--610
Shuldham CM, Cunningham G, Hiscock M et al. (1995) Assessment of anxiety in hospital
patients. J Adv Nurs 1: 87--93
Shulman M, Sandler AN, Bradley JW (1984) Postthoracotomy pain and pulmonary function
following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology 61: 569--575
Shyun KW, Lin MT (1985) Hypothalamic monoaminergic mechanisms of a aspirin-induced
analgesia in monkeys. J Neurol Transmitters 62: 285--293
Siddall PJ, Taylor DA, McClelland JM et al. (1999) Pain report and the relationship of pain to
physical factors in the first 6 months following spinal cord injury. Pain 81(1--2): 187--197
Sides CA (1987) Hypertension during anaesthesia with monoamine oxydase inhibitors.
Anaesthesia 42: 633--635
Siegfried B, Nunes de Souza RL (1989) NMDA receptor blockade in the periaqueductal grey
prevents stress-induced analgesia in attacked mice. Eur J Pharmacol 168: 239--242
Siegfried J, Wieser HG (1978) Effets de la stimulation de la substance grise périaqueductale
chez l'homme sur l'activité spontanée et évoquée. Neurochirurgie 24(6): 407--414
Sigwald J, Herbert HH, Quetin A (1957) Traitement du zona et des algies zostériennes, ainsi
que de certaines algies rebelles, par les phénothiazines. Sem Hôp Paris 33: 1137--1139
Siker ES, Wolfson B, Stewart WD et al (1966) The earlobe algesimeter. 2: The effect on pain
threshhold of certain phenothiazine derivatives alone or combined with meperidine.
Anesthesiology 27: 497--500
Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ (1998) Headache in clinical practice. 1st Ed., Isis
Medical Media, Oxford
Silveri F, Morosini P, Brecciaroli D et al. (1994) Intra-articular injection of somatostatin in
knee osteoarthritis: clinical results and IGF-1 serum levels. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 14(2):
79--85
Silverman DH, Munakata JA, Ennes H (1997) Regional cerebral activity in normal and
pathological perception of visceral pain. Gastroenterology 2(1): 64--72
Silverman K, Evans SM, Strain EC et al. (1992) Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind
cessation of caffeine consumption. N Engl J Med 327: 1109--1114
Silverstein FE, Graham DY, Senior JR et al. (1995) Misoprostol reduces serious
gastrointestinal complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern
Med 123: 241--249
Silverstein JH, Silva DA, Iberti TJ (1993) Opioid addiction in anesthesiology. Review Article.
Anesthesiology 79: 354--375
Sim LJ, Childers SR (1997) Anatomical distribution of mu, delta, and kappa opioid- and
nociceptin/orphanin FQ-stimulated [35S]guanylyl-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate binding
in guinea pig brain.J Comp Neurol 386(4): 562--572
Simantov R, Snowman AM, Snyder SH (1976) A morphine-like factor „enkephalin“ in rat
brain: subcellular localization. Brain Res 107: 650--655
Simmoneau G, Vivien A, Sartene R et al. (1983) Diaphragm dysfunction induced by upper
abdominal surgery. Am Rev Respir Dis 128: 899--903
Simmons JW, Harris WP, Koulisis CW et al. (1990) Intravenous colchicine for low-back
pain: a double-blind study. Spine 7: 716--717
Simon EJ, Gioannini TL (1993) Opioid receptor multiciplicity: isolation, purification, and
chemical characterization of binding sites. In: Opioids I (Herz A, ed.), Springer, Ch 1, pp
3--26
Simon EJ, Hileer JM, Edelman I (1973) Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic
analgesie [3H] etorphine to rat-brain homogenate. Proc Nat Acad Sci (USA) 70: 1947-1449
Simone DA, Baumann TK, La Motte RH (1989) Dose-dependent pain and mechanical
hyperalgesia in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin. Pain 38: 99--107
Simone DA, Nolano M, Johnson T et al. (1998) Intradermal injection of capsaicin in humans
produces degeneration and subsequent reinnervation of epidermal nerve fibers: correlation
with sensory function. J Neurosci 18: 8947--8945
Simone DA, Sorkin LS, Oh O et al. (1991) Neurogenic hyperalgesia: central neural correlates
in responses of spinothalamic tract neurons. J Neurophysiol 66: 228--246
Simonin F, Befort K, Gaveriaux-Ruff C et al. (1994) The human delta-opioid receptor:
genomic organization, cDNA cloning, functional expression, and distribution in human
brain. Mol Pharmacol 46(6): 1015--1021
Simonin F, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Befort K et al. (1995) kappa-Opioid receptor in humans:
cDNA and genomic cloning, chromosomal assignment, functional expression,
pharmacology, and expression pattern in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 92(15): 7006--7010
Simonin F, Valverde O, Smadja C et al. (1998) Disruption of the kappa-opioid receptor gene
in mice enhances sensitivity to chemical visceral pain, impairs pharmacological actions of
the selective kappa-agonist U-50,488H and attenuates morphine withdrawal. EMBO J
17(4): 886--897
Simpson KH, Tring IC, Ellis FR (1989) An investigation of premedication with morphine
given by the buccal or intramuscular route. Br J Clin Pharm 27: 377--380
Sindrup SH, Bjerre U, Dejgaard A et al. (1992) The selective reotonin reuptake citalopram
relieves the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52: 547--552
Sindrup SH, Gram LF, Brosen K et al. (1990) The selective serotonin reuptake neuropathy
inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. Pain 42:
135--144
Sindrup SH, Jensen TS (1999) Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an
update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Review Article. Pain 83: 389--400
Singh J, Gupta MC (1997) Effect of aspartate and glutamate on nociception, catalepsy and
core temperature in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 41(2): 123--128
Sinton RI (1995)Meningitis after combined spinal-extradural anaesthesia in obstetrics.
Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 74(3): 351--352
Sirois J, Richards JS (1992) Purification and characterisation of a novel, distinct isoform of
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase induced by human chorionic gonadotropin in
granulosa cells of rat preovulatory follicles. J Biol Chem 267: 6382--6388
Sitoh YY, Tien RD (1997) The limbic system. An overview of the anatomy and its
development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1: 1--10
Sitsapesan R, Parratt JR (1989) The effects of drugs interacting with opioid receptors on the
early ventricular arrhythmias arising from myocardial ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 97(3):
795--800
Siwek B, Lacroix M, De Pollak C et al. (1997) Secretory products of breast cancer cells
specifically affect human osteoblastic cells: partial characterization of active factors. J
Bone Miner Res 4: 552--560
Sjöberg M, Appelgren L, Einarsson S et al. (1991) Long-term intrathecal morphine and
bupivacaine in refractory cancer pain. I. Results from the first series of 52 patients.
Anesthesiology 35: 30--43
Sjöberg M, Nitescu P, Appelgren L et al. (1994) Long-term intrathecal morphine and
bupivacaine in patients with refractory cancer pain. Anesthesiology 80: 284--297
Sjolund KF, Sollevi A, Segerdahl M et al. (1997) Intrathecal adenosine analog administration
reduces substance P in cerebrospinal fluid along with behavioral effects that suggest
antinociception in rats. Anesth Analg 85(3): 627--632
Sjöström S, Tamsen A, Persson M et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal morphine and
meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 67: 889--895
Skilling SR, Smullin DH, Beitz AJ et al. (1988) Extracellular amino acid concentrations in the
dorsal spinal cord of freely moving rats following veratridine and nociceptive stimulation.
J Neurochem 51: 127--132
Skinner K, Fields HL, Basbaum AI et al. (1997) GABA-immunoreactive boutons contact
identified OFF and ON cells in the nucleus raphe magnus. J Comp Neurol 378(2): 196-204
Skofitsch G, Jacobowitz DM (1985) Calcitonin gene-related peptide coexists with substance P
in capsaicin sensitive neurons and sensory ganglia of the rat. Peptides 6: 747--754
Skopp G, Ganssmann B, Cone EJ et al. (1997) Plasma concentration of heroin and morphinerelated metabolites after intranasal and intramuscular administration. J Analytical Toxicol
21: 105--110
Skrabanek P, Cannon D, Dempsey J et al. (1979) Substance P in medullary carcinoma of the
thyroid. Experientia 35(9): 1259--1260
Slade MS, Simmons RL, Ynis E et al. (1975) Immunodepression after major surgery in
normal patients. Surgery 78: 363--372
Slattery PJ, Mark A, Couch RAC (1986) Analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of nalbuphine
- a comparison with pethidine. Anaesth Intensive Care 14: 121--125
Slinger P, Shennib H, Wilson S (1995) Postthoracotomy pulmonary function: a comparison of
epidural versus intravenous meperidine infusions J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9(2): 128-134
Sloan JB, Soltani K (1986) Iontophoresis in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatology 15: 671-684
Slosberg M (1990) Spinal learning: central modulation of pain processing and long-term
alteration of interneuronal excitability as a result of nociceptive peripheral input. J
Manipulative Physiol Ther 6: 326---336
Sluka KA, Milton MA, Willis WD et al. (1997) Differential roles of neurokinin 1 and
neurokinin 2 receptors in the development and maintenance of heat hyperalgesia induced
by acute inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 120(7): 1263--1273
Small RE, Johnson SM (1987) Consideration of platelet effects in the selection of an antiinflammatory agend. Clin Pharmacol 6: 756--757
Smart D, Smith G, Lambert DG (1993) µ-Opioid receptor stimulation of inositol (1,4,5)
triphosphate formation via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. J Neurochem 62: 1009-1014
Smart TG (1989) Excitatory amino acids: the involvement of second messengers in the signal
transduction process. Cell Mol Neurobiol 9: 193--206
Smet PJ, Moore KH, Jonavicius J (1997) Distribution and colocalization of calcitonin generelated peptide, tachykinins, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in normal and idiopathic
unstable human urinary bladder. Lab Invest 77(1): 37--49
Smith AL, Wollman H (1972) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism: Effects of anesthetic
drugs and techniques. Anesthesiology 36: 303--314
Smith AO, Law PY, Loh HH (1988) Role of opiate receptors in narcotic
tolerance/dependence. In: The Opiate Receptors (Pasternak GW, ed.), Humana (Clifton),
pp 441--485
Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG (1994) The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral
proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76: 959--962
Smith CJ, Zhang Y, Koboldt CM et al. (1998) Pharmacological analysis of cyclooxygenase-1
in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13313--13318
Smith DJ, Hawranko AA, Monroe PJ et al. (1997) Dose-dependent pain-facilitatory and inhibitory actions of neurotensin are revealed by SR 48692, a nonpeptide neurotensin
antagonist: influence on the antinociceptive effect of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
282(2): 899--908
Smith FL, Fujimori K, Lowe J et al. (1998) Characterization of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol
and anandamide antinociception in nonarthritic and arthritic rats. Pharmacol Biochem
Behav 60(1): 183--191
Smith G, Roberts R, Hall C et al. (1996) Reversible ovulatory failure associated with the
development of luteinized unruptured follicles in women with inflammatory arthritis taking
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Rheumatol 35(5): 458--462
Smith JAM, Bley KR (1997) Characterization of prostanoid receptors on rat sensory neurons.
Soc Neurosci A23: 167
Smith KE, Walker MW, Artymyshyn R et al. (1998) Cloned human and rat galanin GALR3
receptors. Pharmacology and activation of G-protein inwardly rectifying K+ channels. J
Biol Chem 273(36): 23321--23326
Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Yeager J et al. (1997) Pruritus in HIV-1 disease: therapy with drugs
which may modulate the pattern of immune dysregulation. Dermatology 195(4): 353--358
Smith NT, Benthuysen JL, Bickford RG et al. (1989) Seizures during opioid anesthetic
induction - are they opioid.induced rigidity? Anesthesiology 71: 852--862
Smith NT, Dec-Silver H, Sanford TJ et al. (1984) EEGs during high-dose fentanyl-,
sufentanil-, or morphine-oxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 63: 386--393
Smith TC (1971) Pharmacology of respiratory depression. Int Anesth Clin 19: 752--756
Smith WSC, Bourne D, Squair J et al. (1999) A retrospective cohort study of post mastectomy
pain syndrome. Pain 83: 91--95
Smullin DH, Skilling SR, Larson AA (1990) Interaction between substance P, calcitonin
gene-related peptide, taurine and excitatory amino acids in the spinal cord. Pain 42: 93-101
Snead OC III, Bearden LF (1982) The epileptogenic spectrum of opiate agonists. Neuropharm
21: 1137--1144
Snowball RK, Dampney RA, Lumb BM (1997) Responses of neurones in the medullary raphe
nuclei to inputs from visceral nociceptors and the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey in the
rat. Exp Physiol 82(3): 485--500
Snowden JA, Heaton DC (1997) Development of psoriasis after syngeneic bone marrow
transplant from psoriatic donor: further evidence for adoptive autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol
137(1): 130--132
Snowden JA, Kearney P, Kearney A et al. (1998) Long-term outcome of autoimmune disease
following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Arthritis Rheum 41(3): 453--459
Snyder SH (1977) Opiate receptors and internal opiates. Scie Am 236: 44--56
Soderstrom K, Choi H, Berman FW et al. (1997) N-alkylated derivatives of [DPro10]dynorphin A-(1-11) are high affinity partial agonists at the cloned rat kappa-opioid
receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 338(2): 191--197
Sofuoglo M, Portoghese S, Takemori AE (1991) Differential antagonism of delta opioid
agonists by naltrindole and its benzofuran analog (NTB) in mice: evidence for delta opioid
receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257: 676--680
Sokoll MD, Hoyt JL, Georgis SD (1972) Studies in muscle rigidity, nitrous oxide and narcotic
analgesic agents. Anesth Analg 51: 16--20
Somerville K, Faulkner G, Langman MJS (1986) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and
bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet i: 452--454
Sommer C, Schmidt C, George A (1998) Hyperalgesia in experimental neuropathy is
dependent on the TNF receptor 1. Exp Neurol 151(1): 138--142
Sorge J (1987) Medikamentöse Schmerztherapie bei Tumorpatienten. Niedersächs Ärztebl 22
(Sonderdruck vom 20.11)
Sorge J, Lehmkuhl C, Lohse K et al. (1990) Langzeittherapie von Tumorschmerzen mit
Morphin-retard-Tabletten. Med Klin 9: 523--528
Sorge J, Zenz M (1989) Schmerzpatienten unterversorgt-Verschreibung von
Betäubungsmitteln: Vorurteile und Hindernisse. Dtsch Ärztebl 86: 1583--1586
Sosnowski M, Stevens CE, Yaksh TL (1989) Assessment of the role of A1/A2 adenosine
receptors mediating the purine antinociception, motor and autonomic function in the rat
spinal cord. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 250: 915--922
Sosnowski M, Yaksh TL (1989) Role of spinal adenosine receptors in modulating the
hyperesthesia produced by spinal glycine receptor antagonism. Anesth Analg 69: 587--592
Sosnowski M, Yaksh TL (1990) Spinal administration of receptor-selective drugs as
analgesics: new horizons. J Pain Symptom Manage 3: 204--213
Southall MD, Michael RL, Vasko MR (1997) Intrathecal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDS) attenuate inflammation-induced neuropeptide release from rat spinal cord
slices. Soc. Neurosci. A23: 164
Soyka D, Pfaffenrath V, Steude U et al. (1998) Therapie und Prophylaxe von
Gesichtsneuralgien und chronischen Schmerzen anderer Provenienz. Schmerz 12(6): 419-427
Sparidans RW, Twiss IM, Talbot S (1998) Bisphosphonates in bone diseases. Pharm World
Sci 20(5): 206--213
Sparks MJW, O’Sullivan P, Herrington AA et al (1995) Does peppermint oil relieve spasm
during barium enema? Br J Radiol 68: 841--843
Spaulding T, Fielding S, Venafro J et al. (1979) Antinociceptive activity of clonidine and its
potentiation of morphine analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 58: 19--25
Spence AA, Alexander JI (1972) Pulmonary consequences of abdominal and thoracic surgery.
Int Anesthesiol Clin 10(4): 41--59
Spence AA, Logan DA (1975) Respiratory effects of extradural nerve block in the
postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 47: 281--283
Spence AA, Smith G (1971) Postoperative analgesia and lung function: a comparison of
morphine with extradural block. Br J Anaesth 43: 144--148
Spence AA, Smith G (1971) Postoperative analgesia and lung function: a comparison of
morphine with extradural block. Br J Anaesth 43: 144--148
Spencer PSJ (1976) Some aspects of the pharmacology of analgesia. J Int Med Res 4(S2): 1-14
Sperlagh B, Vizi ES (1996) Neuronal synthesis, storage and release of ATP. Sem Neurosci 8:
175--186
Sperry RJ, Bailey PL, Reichman MV et al. (1992) Fentanyl and sufentanil increase
intracranial pressure in head injury patients. Anesthesiology 77: 416--420
Spiegel K, Kalb R, Pasternak GW (1983) Analgesic activity of tricyclic antidepressants. Ann
Neurol 13: 462--465
Spiegel K, Kourides IA, Pasternak GW (1982) Prolactin and growth hormone release by
morphine in the rat: different receptor mechanism. Science 217: 745--747
Spiegel K, Pasternak GW: Meptazinol (1984) A novel µ-1 selective opioid analgesic. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 228: 414--419
Spiegelman WG, Saunders L, Mazze RI (1984) Addiction and anesthesiology.
Anesthesiology 60: 335--341
Spiller WG, Martin E (1912) The treatment of persistent pain of organic origin in the lower
part of the body by division of the anterolateral column of the spinal cord. JAMA 58:
1489--1490
Splinter WM, Rhine EJ, Roberts DW et al. (1996) Preoperative ketorolac increases bleeding
after tonsillectomy in children Can J Anaesth 43(6): 560--563
Spühler O, Zollinger HU (1953) Die chronisch-interstitielle Nephritis. Z Klin Med 151: 1--50
Sriwatanakul K, Weis OF, Alloza JL et al. (1983) Analysis of narcotic analgesic usage in the
treatment of postoperative pain. JAMA 250: 926--929
St. Clair WE, Wilkinson WE, Lang T et al. (1996) Increased expression of blood
mononuclear cell nitric oxide synthase type 2 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Exp Med
184: 1173--1178
St. Marie B, Henrickson K (1988) Intraspinal narcotic infusions for terminal cancer pain. J
Intraven Nurs 11: 161--163
Stacey BR, Watkins WD (1994) Mechanisms and modulators of opioid analgesia. Curr Opin
Anaesth 7: 343--346
Stage JG, Schulze S, Moller P et al. (1997) Prospective randomized study of laparoscopic
versus open colonic resection for adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 84(3): 391--396
Stage JG, Schulze S, Moller P et al. (1997) Prospective randomized study of laparoscopic
versus open colonic resection for adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 84(3): 391--396
Stager JM, Robertshae D, Miescher E (1990) Delayed menarche in swimmers in relation to
age at the onset of training and athletic performance. Med Scie Sport Exerc 22: 546--558
Stahl GL, Pan HL, Longhurst JC (1993) Activation of ischemia- and reperfusion-sensitive
abdominal visceral C fiber afferents. Role of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
Circ Res 72(6): 1266--1275
Stahl KD, van Bever W, Janssen P et al. (1977) Receptor affinity and pharmacological
potency of a series of narcotic analgesics, anti-diarrheal and neuroleptic drugs. Eur J
Pharmacol 46: 199--205
Stahmer SA, Shofer FS, Marino A et al. (1998) Do quantitative changes in pain intensity
correlate with pain relief and satisfaction?Acad Emerg Med 9: 851--857
Stanfa LC, Sullivan AF, Dickenson AH (1992) Alterations in neuronal excitability and the
potency of spinal mu, delta and kappa opioids after carrageenan-induced inflammation.
Pain 50: 345--354
Stang HJ, Gunnar MR, Snellman L et al. (1988) Local anaesthesia for neonatal circumcision:
effects on distress and cortisol response. JAMA 259: 1507--1511
Stang HJ, Gunnar MR, Snellman L et al. (1988) Local anaesthesia for neonatal circumcision:
effects on distress and cortisol response. JAMA 259: 1507--1511
Stanley TH (1988) New routes of administration and new delivery systems of anesthetics.
Editorial. Anesthesiology 68: 665--667
Stanley TH (1990) Opioids: Practical operating room considerations. In: ASA Annual
Refresher Course Lectures, Oct 19-23, 124: 1--7
Stanley TH, Bennett GM, Loeser EA et al. (1976) Cardiovascular effects of diazepam and
droperidol during morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 44: 255--258
Stanley TH, Berman L, Green O et al. (1980) Plasma catecholamines and cortisol responses to
fentanyl oxygen anesthesia for coronary artery operations. Anesthesiology 53: 250--253
Stanley TH, Gray NG, Stanford W et al. (1973) The effects of high-dose morphine on fluid
and blood requirements in open-heart operations. Anesthesiology 38: 536--541
Stanley TH, Gray NH, Bidway AV et al. (1974) The effect of high dose morphine and
morphine plus nitrous oxide on urinary output in man. Can Anaesth Soc J 21: 379--384
Stanley TH, Hague B, Mock DL et al. (1989) Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (lozenge)
premedication in human volunteers. Anesth Analg 69: 21--27
Stanley TH, Isern-Amaral L, Lathrop GD (1975) The effects of morphine anesthesia on urine
norepinephrine during and after coronary artery surgery. Can Anesth Soc J 22(4): 478--485
Stanski DR, Greenblatt DJ, Lowenstein E (1978) Kinetics of intravenous and intramuscular
morphine. Clin Pharm Ther 24: 52--59
Stanski DR, Hug CC jr (1982) Alfentanil-a kinetically predictable narcotic analgesic.
Editorial. Anesthesiology 57: 435--437
Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Hassenbusch S et al. (1995) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy:
changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 63: 127--133
Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Hassenbusch S et al. (1995) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy:
changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 63: 127--133
Staps T, Hoogenhout J, Wobbes T (1985) Phantom breast sensations following mastectomy.
Cancer 56(12): 2898--2901
Staritz M, Poralla T, Manns M et al. (1986) Effect of modern analgesic drugs (Tramadol,
pentazocine, and buprenorphine) on the bile duct spincter in man. Gut 27: 567--569
Stark RP, McGinn AL, Wilson RF (1991) Chest pain in cardiac-transplant recipients:
evidence of sensory reinnervation after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 324: 1791-1794
Starke K, Schöffel E, Illes P (1985) The sympathetic axons innervating the sinus node of the
rabbit possess presynaptic opioid kappa- but not mu- or delta-receptors. Naunyn
Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 329(2): 206--209
Starzyk RM, Rosenow C, Frye J et al. (2000) Cerebral cell adhesion molecule: A novel
leukocyte adhesion determinant on blood-brain barrier capillary endothelium. J Infect Dis
181(1): 181--187
Steen KH, Reeh PW, Anton F et al. (1992) Protons selectively induce lasting excitation and
sensitization to mechanical stimulation of nociceptors in rat skin. Neurosci 1: 86--95
Steen KH, Steen AE, Reeh PW (1995) A dominant role of acid pH in inflammatory excitation
and sensitization of nociceptors in rat skin, in vitro. J Neurosci 5 (Pt2): 3982--3989
Steenland NK, Thun MJ, Ferguson CW et al. (1990) Occupational and other exposures
associated with male end-stage renal disease. A case-control study. Am J Public Health 80:
153--159
Stefanidis I, Böhm R, Hägel J et al. (1992) Toxische Myopathie mit Nierenversagen als
Colchicin-Nebenwirkung bei familiärem Mittelmeerfieber. Dtsch Med Wochenschr
117(33): 1237--1240
Stefano GB, Salzet B, Salzet M (1997) Identification and characterization of the leech CNS
cannabinoid receptor: coupling to nitric oxide release. Brain Res 753(2): 219--224
Stefano GB, Scharrer B, Smith EM et al. (1996) Opioid and opiate immunoregulatory
processes. Crit Rev Immunol 16(2): 109--144
Stein C (1993) Peripheal mechanisms of opioid analgesia. In: Opioids II (Herz A, ed.),
Springer, Ch 34, pp 91--103
Stein C (1993) Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia. Anesth Analg 76: 182--191
Stein C (1994) Peripheral and non-neuronal opioid effects. Curr Opin Anaesth 7: 347--351
Stein C (1995) The control of pain in peripheral tissue by opioids. N Engl J Med 332(25):
1685--1690
Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E et al. (1991) Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after
arthroscopic knee surgery. N Engl J Med 325(16): 1123--1126
Stein C, Gramsch C, Herz A (1990) Intrinsic mechanisms of antinociception in inflammation:
local opioid receptors and ?-endorphin. J Neurosci 10: 1292--1298
Stein C, Hassan AHS, Lehrberger K et al. (1993) Local analgesic effect of endogenous opioid
peptides. Lancet 342: 321--324
Stein C, Hassan AHS, Przewlocki R et al. (1990) Opioids from immunocytes interact with
receptors on sensory nerves to inhibit nociception in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci
(USA) 87: 5935--5939
Stein C, Millan MJ, Shippenberg TS et al. (1988) Peripheral effect of fentanyl upon
nociception in inflamed tissue of the rat. Neurosci Lett 84: 225--228
Stein C, Millan MJ, Shippenberg TS et al. (1989) Peripheral opioid receptors mediating
antinociception in inflammation, Evidence for involvement of mu, delta and kappa
receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248 (3): 1269--1275
Stein EA (1976) Morphine effects on the cardiovascular system of awake freely behaving
rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 223: 54--63
Steinhaus JE, Gaskin LP (1963) A study of intravenous lidocaine as a suppressant of cough
reflex. Anesthesiology 24: 285--285
Steinhäuslin F, Munafo A, Buclin T (1993) Renal effects of nimesulide in furosemide-treated
subjects. Drugs 46 (S1): 257--262
Stella N, Schweitzer P, Piomelli D (1997) A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates
long-term potentiation. Nature 388(6644): 773--778
Stenseth R, Bjella L, Berg EM et al. (1996) Effects of thoracic epidural analgesia on
pulmonary function after coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10(10):
859--865
Steranka LR, Manning DC, De Haas et al. (1988) Bradykinin as a pain mediator: receptors are
localized to sensory neurons, and antagonists have analgesic actions. Proc Nat Acad Sci
85: 3245--3249
Steriade M, McCarley RW (1990) Brainstem control of wakefulness and sleep. Plenum (NY),
pp 1--499
Sternbach HA, Annetto W, Pottash ALC et al. (1988) Anorexic effect of naloxone in man.
Lancet i: 388--389
Sternbach RA (1981) Chronic pain as a disease entity. In: The Management of Pain (Bonica
JJ, ed.), Vol 1, 2nd ed. 1990, Lea & Febiger
Sternbach RA, Janowski DS, Huey LY et al. (1976) Effects of altering brain serotonin activity
on human chronic pain. Adv Pain Res Ther 1: 601--606
Sternbach RA, Murphy RW, Timmermans G et al. (1974) Measuring the severity of clinical
pain. In: Advances in Neurology. Ed. Bonica JJ, Vol 4, Pain, Raven Press, New York 281-295
Sternbach RA, Tursky B (1965) Ethnic differences among housewives in psychophysical and
skin potential responses to electric shock. Psychophysiology 1: 241--246
Stevens CW, Yaksh TL (1989) Magnitude of opioid dependence after continuous infusion of
mu-and ?-selective opioids in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 166: 467--472
Stevens CW, Yaksh TL (1989) Time course characteristics of tolerance development to
continuously infused spinal antinociceptive agents in rat spinal cord. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
251: 216--233
Stevens CW, Yaksh TL (1992) Studies of morphine and D-ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin
(DADLE) cross-tolerance after continuous intrathecal infusions in the rat. Anesthesiology
76: 596--603
Stevens DL, Musher DM, Watson Da et al. (1990) Spontaneous nontraumatic gangrene due to
Clostridium septicum. Rev Infect Dis 12: 286--296
Stevens RA, Frey K, Sheikh T et al. (1998) Time course of the effects of cervical epidural
anesthesia on pulmonary function. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1: 20--24
Stevens RA, Sharrock NE (1991) Nystagmus following epidural morphine. Letter.
Anesthesiology 74: 390--391
Stewart PE, Hammond DL (1993) Evidence for delta opioid receptor subtypes in rat spinal
cord: studies with intrathecal Naltriben, cyclic [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin and {δ Ala2,
Glu4}delorphin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 820--828
Stichtenoth DO, Frolich JC (1998) Nitric oxide and inflammatory joint diseases. Br J
Rheumatol 37(3): 246--257
Stiefel FC, Breitbart WS, Holland JC (1989) Corticosteroids in cancer: Neuropsychiatric
complications. Cancer Invest 7: 479--491
Stiene-Martin A, Gurwell JA, Hauser KF (1991) Morphine alters astrocyte growth in primary
cultures of mouse glial cells: evidence for a direct effect of opiates on neural maturation.
Brain Res Dev Brain Res 60(1): 1--7
Stiene-Martin A, Hauser KF (1990) Opioid-dependent growth of glial cultures: suppression of
astrocyte DNA synthesis by met-enkephalin. Life Sci 46(2): 91--98
Stiene-Martin A, Hauser KF (1991) Glial growth is regulated by agonists selective for
multiple opioid receptor types in vitro. J Neurosci Res 4: 538--548
Stiene-Martin A, Mattson MP, Hauser KF (1993) Opiates selectively increase intracellular
calcium in developing type-1 astrocytes: role of calcium in morphine-induced morphologic
differentiation. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 76(2): 189--196
Stiff G, Rhodes M, Kelly A et al. (1994) Long-term pain: less common after laparoscopic
than open cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 81(9): 1368--1370
Stiller CO, Bergquist J, Beck O et al. (1996) Local administration of morphine decreases the
extracellular level of GABA in the periaqueductal gray matter of freely moving rats.
Neurosci Lett 209(3): 165--168
Stillman MJ, Moulin DE, Foley KM (1987) Paradoxical pain following high dose spinal
morphine. Letter. Pain 4: 389
Stitt JT (1985) Evidence for the involvement of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis
in the febrile response of rabbits and rats. J Physiol (Lond) 368: 501--511
Stockdale A, Bellman M (1998) An audit of post-operative pain and nausea in day case
surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 3: 271--274
Stoeckel H, Hengstmann JH, Schüttler J (1979) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl as a possible
explanation for recurrence of respiratory depression. Br J Anaesth 51: 741--744
Stoelting RK ,Gibbs PS (1973) Hemodynamic effects of morphine and morphine-nitrous
oxide in valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology 38: 45--52
Stoll-Keller F, Schmitt C, Thumann C et al. (1997) Effects of morphine on purified human
blood monocytes. Modifications of properties involved in antiviral defences. Int J
Immunopharmacol 2: 95--100
Stonestreet BS, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD et al. (1996) Ontogeny of blood-brain barrier
function in ovine fetuses, lambs, and adults. Am J Physiol 271(6Pt2): R1594--1601
Strang P (1996) Analgesic effect of bisphosphonates on bone pain in breast cancer patients: a
review article. Acta Oncol 35(S5): 50--54
Strassburg HM, Thoden U, Mundinger F (1979) Mesencephalic chronic electrodes in pain
patients. An electrophysiological study. Appl Neurophysiol 42(5): 284--293
Strauer BE (1972) Contractile responses to morphine, piritramide, meperidine, and fentanyl:
A comparative study of effects on the isolated ventricular myocardium. Anesthesiology 37:
304--310
Strauer BE (1973) Myocardial depression by fentanyl and morphine. Anesthesiology 38: 602-604
Streisand JB, Bailey PL, LeMaire L et al. (1993) Fentanyl-induced rigidity and
unconsciousness in human volunteers. Incidence, duration, and plasma concentrations.
Anesthesiology 78: 629--634
Streisand JB, Hague B, Van Vreeswijk H et al. (1989) Oral transmucosal fentanyl
premedication in children. Letter. Anesth Analg 69(1): 28--34
Streisand JB, Jaarsma RL, Gay MA et al. (1998) Oral transmucosal etomidate in volunteers.
Anesthesiology 88 : 89--95
Streisand JB, Varvel JR, Stanski DR et al. (1991) Absorption and bioavailability of oral
transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Anesthesiology 75: 223--229
Striebel HW, Bonillo B, Schwagmeier R et al. (1995) Self-administered intranasal meperidine
for postoperative pain management. Can J Anaesth 42: 287--291
Striebel HW, Gottschalk B, Krämer J (1992) Intranasal fentanyl titration for postoperative
pain management. Anesthesiology 75: A671
Striebel WH, Pommering J, Rieger A et al. (1993) Intranasal fentanyl for postoperativer pain
management in an unselected population. Br J Anaesth 70 (S1): 108 (A209)
Striebel WH, Wessel A, Rieger A et al. (1993) Intranasal fentanyl for breakthrough cancer
pain or incident pain. Br J Anaesth 70 (S1): 109 (A210)
Strumpf M, Köhler A, Zenz M et al. (1997) Opioide und Fahrtüchtigkeit. Schmerz 11: 233-240
Stucky CL, Abrahams LG, Seybold VS (1998) Bradykinin increases the proportion of
neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons that respond to capsaicin and protons.
Neuroscience 84(4): 1257--1265
Stucky CL, Thayer SA, Seybold VS (1996) Prostaglandin E2 increases the proportion of
neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons that respond to bradykinin. Neuroscience 74:
1111--1123
Study RE, Kral MG (1996) Spontaneous action potential activity in isolated dorsal root
ganglion neurons from rats with a painful neuropathy. Pain 65(2-3): 235--242
Stulc J (1997) Placental transfer of inorganic ions and water. Physiol Rev 77(3): 805--836
Su K, Kyaw H, Fan P et al. (1997) Isolation, characterization, and mapping of two human
potassium channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241(3): 675--681
Su TP, London ED, Jaffe JH (1988) Steroid binding at sigma receptors suggests a link
between endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. Science 240 (4849): 219--221
Su X, Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF (1997) Effects of kappa opioid receptor-selective agonists on
responses of pelvic nerve afferents to noxious colorectal distension. J Neurophysiol 78(2):
1003--1012
Suarez-Roca H, Abdullah L, Zunga J et al. (1992) Multiphasic effect of morphine on the
release of substance P from rat trigeminal nucleus slices. Brain Res 579: 187--194
Suarez-Roca H, Maixner W (1992) Morphine produces a multiphasic effect on the release of
substance P from rat trigeminal nucleus slices by activating different opioid receptors
subtypes. Brain Res 579: 195--203
Sudeck P (1900) Über die akute entzündliche Knochenatrophie. Arch Klin Chir 62: 148
Sudeck P (1901/1902) Über die akute (reflektorische) Knochenatrophie nach Entzündungen
und Verletzungen und ihre klinischen Erscheinungen. Fortschr Röntgenstr 5: 277
Sugawa C, Takekuma Y, Lucas CE et al. (1997) Bleeding esophageal ulcers caused by
NSAIDs. Surg Endosc 2: 143--146
Sugimoto T, Bennett GJ, Kajander KC (1990) Transsynaptic degeneration in the superficial
dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: effects of a chronic constriction injury, transection
and strychnine. Pain 42: 205--213
Sugioka K, Davis DR (1960) Hyperventilation with oxygen: possible cause of cerebral
hypoxia. Anesthesiology 21: 135--143
Sugrue MF (1979) Effect of depletion of rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine on morphine-induced
antinociception. J Pharm Pharmacol 31: 253--255
Sukin RTS, Eghbali M, Oliver D et al. (1988) Characterization and visualization of rat guinea
pig brain kappa opioid receptors: evidence for kappa1 and kappa2 opioid receptors. Proc
Natl Acad Sci (USA) 85: 4061--4065
Sullivan AF, Dashwood MR, Dickenson AH (1987) Alpha2-Adrenoceptor modulation of
nociception in rat spinal cord: location, effects and interactions with morphine. Eur J
Pharmacol 138: 169--177
Sullivan AF, Kalso EA, McQuay HJ et al. (1992) Evidence for the involvement of the mu but
not delta opioid receptor subtype in the synergistic interaction between opioid and alpha 2
adrenergic antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 139(1): 65--68
Sullivan DL, Wong KC (1973) The effects of morphine on the isolated heart during
normothermia and hypothermia. Anesthesiology 38: 550--556
Sumida T, Smith MA, Maehara Y et al. (1998) Spinal R-phenyl-isopropyl adenosine inhibits
spinal dorsal horn neurons responding to noxious heat stimulation in the absence and
presence of sensitization. Pain 74(2--3): 307--313
Sun FF, Taylor B, McGuire JC et al. (1981) Metabolism of prostaglandins in the kidney.
Kidney Intern 19: 760--770
Sun K, Adamson SL, Yang K et al. (1999) Interconversion of cortisol and cortisone by
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in the perfused placenta. Placenta
20(1): 13--19
Sun, Klein KW, White PF (1997) The effect of timing of ondansetron administration in
outpatients undergoing otolaryngoloc surgery. Anesth Analg 84(2): 331--336
Sun, Klein KW, White PF (1997) The effect of timing of ondansetron administration in
outpatients undergoing otolaryngoloc surgery. Anesth Analg 84(2): 331--336
Sundaram K, Murugaian J, Krieger A et al. (1989) Microinjections of cholinergic agonists
into the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord at T1-T3 increase heart rate and
contractility. Brain Res 503: 22--23
Sunshine A, Roure C, Badillo S (1983a) Subjective clinical evaluation of the relative potency
of caffeine in combination with aspirin/acetaminophen at different doses in clinical
analgesia. Bristol Myers Products; unpublished report (NO 2275); New York.
Sunshine A, Zighelboim I (1983b) Subjective clinical evaluation of the relative potency of
caffeine in combination with aspirin/acetaminophen at different doses in clinical analgesia.
Bristol Myers Products. Unpublished report (No 2276-I). New York.
Sunshine A, Zighelboim I (1983c) Subjective clinical evaluation of the adjuvant effects of
caffeine in combination with aspirin/acetaminophen on clinical analgesia. Bristol Myers
Products. Unpublished report (No 2276-II). New York.
Svensson P, Minoshima S, Beydoun A et al. (1997) Cerebral processing of acute skin and
muscle pain in humans. J Neurophysiol 78(1): 450--460
Swan JW, Walton C, Godsland IF et al. (1994) Insulin resistance syndrome as a feature of
cardiological syndrome X in non-obese men. Br Heart J 71(1): 41--44
Swanston M, Abraham C, Macrae W et al. (1993) Pain assessment with interactive computer
animation. Pain 53: 347--351
Sweeney MI, White TD, Sawynok J (1989) Morphine, capsaicine and K+ release purines
from capsaicine-sensitive primary afferent nerve terminals in the spinal cord. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 248: 447-454
Sweet WH (1986) Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux). New Engl J Med 315 :
174--177
Swenzen GO, Whitwam JG (1986) Selective tolerance of group III and IV somatosympathetic
reflexes to the effects of alfentanil. Neuropharmacol 25: 1379--1385
Symonds RP (1998) Treatment-induced mucositis: an old problem with new remedies. Br J
Cancer 77(10): 1689--1695
Symons MC (1996) Radicals generated by bone cutting and fracture. Free Radic Biol Med
20(6): 831--851
Symreng T, Gomez MN, Johnson B et al. (1989) Interpleural bupivacaine--technical
considerations and intraoperative use. J Cardiothorac Anesth 3(2): 139--143
Synnerstad I, Holm L (1998) Prostaglandin E2 and aggressive factors increase the gland
luminal pressure in the rat gastric mucosa in vivo. Gastroenterology 114(6): 1276--1286
Szallasi A (1995) Autoradiographic visualization and pharmacological characterization of
vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in several species, including man. Acta Physiol Scand S629:
1--68
Szallasi A, Blumberg PM (1992) Characterization of vanilloid receptors in the dorsal horn of
pig spinal cord. Brain Res 547: 335--338
Szczeklik A (1997) Mechanism of aspirin-induced asthma. Allergy 52(6): 613--619
Szczeklik A, Gryglewski RJ (1983) Asthma and anti-inflammatory drugs. Mechanisms and
clinical patterns. Drugs 6: 533--543
Szczeklik A, Mastalerz L, Nizankowska E et al. (1996) Protective and bronchodilator effects
of prostaglandin E and salbutamol in aspirin-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
153(2): 567--571
Szczeklik A, Nizankowska E, Serafin A et al. (1995) Autoimmune phenomena in bronchial
asthma with special reference to aspirin intolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(6 Pt
1): 1753--1756
Szczeklik A, Sladek K, Dworski R et al. (1996) Bronchial aspirin challenge causes specific
eicosanoid response in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154(6 Pt
1): 1608--1614
Szelenyi I, Nickel B (1987) Putative site(s) and mechanism(s) of action of flupirtin, a novel
analgesic compound. Postgr Med J 63(S3): 57--60
Szem JW, Hydo L, Barie PS (1996) A double-blinded evaluation of intraperitoneal
bupivacaine vs saline for the reduction of postoperative pain and nausea after laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 10(1): 44--48
Szeto HH, Inturrisi CE, Houde R et al. (1977) Accumulation of normeperidine, an active
metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure or cancer. Ann Int Med 86: 738-741
Tabak LA, Levine MJ, Mandel ID et al. (1982) Role of salivary mucins in the protection of
the oral cavity. J Oral Pathol 11: 1--17
Taddio A, Goldbach M, Ipp M et al. (1995) Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses
during vaccination in boys. Lancet 345: 291--292
Taddio A, Nulman I, Goldbach M et al. (1994) The use of lidocaine-prilocaine cream for
vaccination pain in infants. J Pediatr 124: 643--648
Taha AS, Dahill S, Sturrock RD et al. (1994) Predicting NSAID related ulcers-assessment of
clinical and pathological risk factors and importance of differences in NSAID. Gut 35(7):
891--895
Taha AS, Hudson N, Hawkey CJ et al. (1996) Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and
duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 334: 1435-1439
Taiwo YO, Levine J (1988) Prostaglandins inhibit endogenous pain control mechanisms by
blocking transmission at spinal noradrenergic synapses. J. Neurosci 8: 1346--1349
Taiwo YO, Levine JD (1988) Characterization of the arachidonic acid metabolites mediating
bradykinin and noradrenalin hyperalgesia. Brain Res 458: 402--406
Takala A, Kaasalainen V, Seppala T et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous
and intranasal administration of oxycodone. Acta Anaesth Scand 41: 309--312
Takasawa K, Terasaki T, Suzuki H et al. (1997) In vivo evidence for carrier-mediated efflux
transport of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine across the blood-brain
barrier via a probenecid-sensitive transport system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281(1): 369-375
Takata K, Hirano H (1997) Mechanism of glucose transport across the human and rat
placental barrier: a review. Microsc Res Tech 1997 38(1-2): 145--152
Takeba Y, Suzuki N, Takeno M et al. (1997) Modulation of synovial cell function by
somatostatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 40(12): 2128--2138
Takemori AE, Begonia YH, Naeseth JS et al. (1988) Nor-binalthorphimine, a highly selective
kappa-opioid antagonist in analgesic and receptor binding assays. J Pharmacol Ther 246:
255--258
Takeshita H, Michenfelder JD, Theye RA (1972) The effects of N-allylnormorphine on
canince cerebral metabolism and circulation. Anesthesiology 37: 605--612
Tal M, Bennett GJ (1994) Extra-territorial pain in rats with a peripheral mononeuropathy:
mechano-hyperalgesia and mechano-allodynia in the territory of an uninjured nerve. Pain
57: 375--382
Talbott GD, Gallegos KV, Wilson PO et al. (1987) The medical association of Georgia's
impaired physicians program: Review of the first 1000 physicians. Analysis of specialty.
JAMA 257: 2927--2930
Talley NJ, Evans JM, Fleming KC et al. (1995) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and
dyspepsia in the elderly Dig Dis Sci 40(6): 1345--1350
Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR (1994) Smoking, alcohol, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in outpatients with functional dyspepsia and among dyspepsia
subgroups. Am J Gastroenterol 89(4): 524--528
Tamsen A (1987) Epidural Morphine: A review of current pharmacological and clinical
studies. Astra Alab AG, Pain Control, Sweden
Tamsen A, Gordh T (1984) Epidural clonidine produces analgesia. Lancet 2: 231--232
Tan J, Wang B, White PF et al. (1998) The effect of timing of ondansetron administration on
its efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic in the
ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 86: 274--282
Tanaka S, Sohen S, Fukuda K (1997) A role for histamine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis.
Semin Arthritis Rheum 6: 824--833
Tanberg D, Abercrombie D (1982) Treatment of heroin overdose with endotracheal naloxone.
Ann Emerg 11(8): 443--445
Tanelian DL, Brose WG (1991) Neuropathic pain can be relieved by drugs that are usedependent sodium channel blockers: lidocaine, carbamazepine, and mexiletine.
Anesthesiology 74(5): 949--951
Tanelian DL, MacIver MB (1991) Analgesic concentrations of lidocaine supress tonic A-?
and C fiber discharges produced by acute injury. Anesthesiology 74: 934--936
Tanelian DL, MacIver MB (1991) Differential excitatory and depressant anesthetic effects on
mammalian A-delta and C fiber sensory afferents. Ann NY Acad Sci 625: 273--275
Tanemura H, Sakata K, Kunieda T et al. (1982) Influence of operative stress on cell-mediated
immunity and on tumor metastasis and their prevention by nonspecific immunotherapy:
experimental studies in rats. J Surg Oncol 3: 189--195
Tang R, Shimomura SK, Rotblatt M (1980) Meperidine-induced seizures in sickle cell
patients. Hosp Formul 86: 764--772
Tao R, Auerbach SB (1995) Involvement of the dorsal raphe but not median raphe nucleus in
morphine-induced increases in serotonin release in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience 68(2):
553--561
Taoka M, Song SY, Kubota M, Minegishi A, Yamakuni T, Konishi S (1996)Increased level
of neurokinin-1 tachykinin receptor gene expression during early postnatal development of
rat brain. Neuroscience 74(3): 845--853
Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJH et al. (1997) A short-term study of chimeric
monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor α for Crohn’s disease. New Engl J Med
337(15): 1029--1035
Tariq M, Parmar NS, Ageel AM (1985) Effect of nicotine and caffeine pretreatment on the
gastric mucosal damage induced by aspirin, phenylbutazone, and reserpine in rats. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol 79(2): 268--273
Tartiere J, Samba D, Lefrancois C (1991) Interpleural bupivacaine analgesia after thoracoabdominal incision for oesophagectomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 8(2): 145--149
Tasker RR, Munz M, Junn FS (1997) Deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy for tremor
compared. Acta Neurochir (Wien) S68: 49--53
Taub DD, Eisenstein TK, Geller EB et al. (1991) Immunomodulatory activity of mu- and
kappa-selective opioid agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(2): 360--364
Taurà P, Planella V, Balust J et al. (1994) Epidural somatostatin as an analgesic in upper
abdominal surgery: a double-blind study. Pain 59: 135--140
Taylor CC, Soong YI, Wu D et al. (1997) Morphine stimulates adrenocorticotropin and
cortisol release in the late-term ovine fetus. Pediatr Res 41(3): 411--415
Tejwani GA, Rattan AK, McDonald JS (1992) Role of spinal opioid receptors in the
antinociceptive interactions between intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine. Anesth Analg
74: 726--734
Tenen SS (1968) Antagonism of the analgesic effect of morphine and other drugs by pchlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor. Psychopharm 12: 278--285
Terasaki T, Pardridge WM, Denson DD (1986) Differential effect of plasma protein binding
of bupivacain on its in vivo transfer into the brain and salivary gland of rats. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 239: 724--729
Terenius L (1973) Characteristics of the "receptor" for narcotic analgesics in synaptic plasma
membrane fraction from rat brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 33: 377--384
Terenius L, Wahlström A (1975) Search for an endogenous ligand for the opiate receptor.
Acta Physiol Scand 94: 74--81
Terenzi MG, Guimaraes FS, Prado WA (1990) Antinociception induced by stimulation of the
habenular complex of the rat. Brain Res 524(2): 213--218
Teschemacher H, Koch G, Brantl V (1997) Milk protein-derived opioid receptor ligands.
Biopolymers 43(2): 99--117
Tessler MJ, Kleiman SJ (1994) Spinal anaesthesia for patients with previous lower limb
amputations. Anaesthesia 49(5): 439--441
Teuchmann JK, Kania BF (1970) The effects of etorphine, fentanyl and morphine on
noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in the striatum of rat. Acta Physiol (Pol) 28(2):
107--112
Thamsborg G, Storm TL, Brinch E et al. (1990) The effect of different doses of nasal salmon
calcitonin on plasma cyclic AMP and serum ionized calcium. Calcif Tiss Int 46: 5--8
The International Collaborative Study of Severe Anaphylaxis (1998) Epidemiology 9: 141-146
The Subcutaneous Sumatriptan International Study Group (1991) Treatment of migraine
attacks with sumatriptan. New Engl J Med 325: 316--321
The Sumatriptan Cluster Headache Study Group (1991) Treatment of acute cluster headache
with sumatriptan. New Engl J Med 325: 322--326
Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W et al. (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces
skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation
for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 139(1): 403--413
Thiébaud D, Sauty A, Burckhardt P et al. (1997) An in vitro and in vivo study of cytokines in
the acute-phase response associated with bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int 61(5): 386-392
Thirlwell MP, Boos GJ, Hollingsworth ML (1990) Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral
controlled release morphine: An overview. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy
(Benedetti C, Chapman CR, eds.), Raven (NY), Ch 14, pp 275--284
Thoden U, Doerr M, Dieckmann G et al. (1979) Medial thalamic permanent electrodes for
pain control in man: an electrophysiological and clinical study. Electroencephalogr Clin
Neurophysiol 47(5): 582--591
Thoenen H (1991) The changing scene of neurotrophic factors. Trends Neurosci 14: 165--170
Thomas DA, Ren K, Besse D et al. (1996) Application of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N
omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, on injured nerve attenuates neuropathy-induced
thermal hyperalgesia in rats. Neurosci Lett 210(2): 124--126
Thomas SA, Abbruscato TJ, Hruby VJ et al. (1997) The entry of [Dpenicillamine2,5]enkephalin into the central nervous system: saturation kinetics and
specificity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280(3): 1235--1240
Thomason JM, Seymour RA, Murphy P et al. (1997) Aspirin-induced post-gingivectomy
haemorrhage: a timely reminder. J Clin Periodontol 2: 136--138
Thompson DA, Welle SL, Lilivivat U et al. (1982) Opiate receptor blockade in man reduces
2-deoxyglucose-induced food intake but not hunger, thirst and hypothermia. Life Sci 31:
847--852
Thompson RC, Mansour A, Akil H et al. (1993) Cloning and pharmacological
characterization of a rat µ opioid receptor. Neuron 11: 903--913
Thompson SWN, King AE, Woolf CJ (1990) Activity-dependent changes in rat ventral horn
neurones in vitro: Summation of prolonged postsynaptic depolarizations produce d-APV
sensitive wind-up. Eur J Neurosci 2: 638--649
Thompson SWN, Woolf CJ (1991) Primary afferent evoked prolonged potentials in the spinal
cord and their central summation. role of the NMDA receptor. In. Proceedings of the VIth
world congress on pain (Bond MR, Carlton JE, Woolf CJ), Elsevier (Amsterdam) pp 291-297
Thomson AM (1990) Glycine is a coagonist at the NMDA receptor/channel complex. Prog
Neurobiol 35: 53--74
Thorén P, Önerg B (1981) Studies on the endoanesthetic effects of lidocaine and benzonatate
on on-medullated nerve endings in the left ventricle. Acta Physiol Scand 111: 51--58
Thoren SE, Sundberg A, Wattwil M et al. (1989) Effects if bupivacaine and epidural
morphine on bowel function and pain after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 33:
181--185
Thoren SE, Wattwil M, Näslund I (1992) Postoperative morphine but not epidural
bupivacaine, delays gastric emptying on the first day after cholecystectomy. Reg Anesth
17: 35--42
Thorn BE, Applegate L, Jones K (1990) The relative efficacy of monopolar vs. bipolar
electrodes in stimulation-produced analgesia. Exp Brain Res 79(2): 266--270
Thorpe DH (1984) Opiate structure and activity: a guide to understanding the receptor.
Anesth Analg 63: 143--151
Thurston CL, Helton ES (1996) Effects of intravenous phenylephrine on blood pressure,
nociception, and neural activity in the rostral ventral medulla in rats. Brain Res 717(1--2):
81--90
Thurston CL, Randich A (1992) Electrical stimulation of the subdiaphragmatic vagus in rats:
inhibition of heat-evoked responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons and central substrates
mediating inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick reflex. Pain 51(3): 349--365
Tigerstedt I, Turunen M, Tammisto T et al. (1981) The effect of buprenorphine and
oxycodone on the intracholedochal passage pressure. Anesthesiology 25: 99--102
Timmis AD, Rothman MT, Henderson MA et al. (1980) Haemodynamic effects of
intravenous morphine in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by severe
left ventricular failure. Br Med J 5: 980--982
Tiseo PJ, Inturrisi CE (1993) Attenuation and reversal of morphine tolerance by the
competitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist, LY274614. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
264: 1090--1096
Tive L, Ginsberg K, Pick CG et al. (1992) Kappa (3) receptors and levorphanol-induced
analgesia. Neuropharm 31(9): 851--856
Tizabi Y, Massari VJ, O'Donohue TL et al. (1979) Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,7dihydroxytryptamine brain stem lesions on morphine analgesia. Neuroscience 5: A617
Tocco DR, Maickel RP (1984) Analgesic activities of amphetamine isomers. Arch Int
Pharmacodyn Ther 268: 25--31
Todd AJ (1990) An electron microscope study of glycin-like immunoreactivity in laminae IIII of the spinal dorsal horn of the rat. Neuroscience 39: 387--394
Todd AJ, McKenzie J (1989) GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat
spinal cord. Neuroscience 31: 799--806
Todd AJ, Sullivan AC (1990) Light microscope study of the coexistence of GABA-like and
glycin-like immunoreactivities in the spinal cord of the rat. J Comp Neur 296: 496--505
Toellner R (1971)Die Umbewertung des Schmerzes im 17. Jahrhundert in ihren
Voraussetzungen und Folgen. Med. Hist. J. 6: 36--44
Toellner R (1971)Die Umbewertung des Schmerzes im 17. Jahrhundert in ihren
Voraussetzungen und Folgen. Med. Hist. J. 6: 36--44
Toft P, Jorgensen A (1987) Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for the control of pain in
myocardial infarction. Intensive Care Medecine 13: 388--389
Tohda C, Yamaguchi T, Kuraishi Y (1997) Intracisternal injection of opioids induces itchassociated response through mu-opioid receptors in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 74(1): 77--82
Tokuyama S, Inoue M, Fuchigami T et al. (1998) Lack of tolerance in peripheral opioid
analgesia in mice. Life Sci 62(17--18): 1677--1681
Tölle TR (1997) Chronischer Schmerz in „Klinische Neurobiologie“ (Hrsg. Herdegen T,
Tölle TR, Bähr M), pp 307--333
Tölle TR, Kaufmann T, Siessmeier T et al. (1997). Funktionelle Bildgebung mit PET bei
Schmerz: Experimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen. Der Schmerz 11(S1): A26
Tomlinson DR, Fernyhough P, Diemel LT (1997) Role of neurotrophins in diabetic
neuropathy and treatment with nerve growth factors. Diabetes 46 (S2): S43--49
Tommasino C, Maekawa T, Shapiro HM (1984) Fentanyl-induced seizures activate
subcortical brain metabolism. Anesthesiology 60: 283--290
Topper JN, Cai J, Falb D et al. (1996) Identification of vascular endothelial genes
differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: cyclooxygenase-2, manganese
superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively upregulated by steady laminar shear stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 10417--10422
Torebjörk HE (1974) Afferent C units responding to mechanical, thermal and chemical
stimuli in human non-glabrous skin. Acta Physiol Scand 92: 374--390
Torebjörk HE, Lundberg LE, LaMotte RH (1992) Central changes in processing of
mechanoreceptive input in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in humans. J Physiol
448: 765--780
Torebjörk HW, Schady W, Ochoa J (1984) Sensory correlation of somatic afferent fibre
activatin. Human Neurobiol 3: 15--20
Tougas A, Hudoba P, Fitzpatrick D et al. (1993) Cerebral-evoked potential responses
following direct vagal and esophageal electrical stimulation in humans. Am J Physiol 264:
G486--G491
Traub RJ, Silva E, Gebhart GF (1996) Noxious colorectal distention induced-c-Fos protein in
limbic brain structures in the rat. Neurosci Lett 215(3): 165--168
Treede RD, Meyer RA, Raja SN et al. (1992) Peripheral and central mechanisms of cutaneous
hyperalgesia. Prog Neurobiol 38: 397--421
Treede RD, Meyer RA, Raja SN et al. (1995) Evidence for two different heat transduction
mechanisms in nociceptive primary afferents innervating monkey skin. J Physiol (Lond)
483 ( Pt 3): 747--58
Trendelenburg P (1917) Physiologische und pharmakologische Versuche über die
Dünndarmperistaltik. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 81: 55--129
Trewin VF, Lawrence CJ, Rae SA et al. (1994) Development and use of a gastropathy index
for ranking the safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the elderly. J Clin Pharm
Ther 3: 209--214
Troidl H, Angelini L, Klimek D, Finken U (1993) Zur Situation der postoperativen
Schmerzbehandlung aus operativer Sicht. Anästh Intensivmed 34: 269--276
Troidl H, Neugebauer E (1990) Akuter Schmerz in der Chirurgie. Klinische Bedeutung,
Meßmethoden und Therapie. Der Chirurg 61: 485--493
Trotter JM, Scott R, Macbeth FR et al. (1981) Problems of the oncology outpatient: role of the
liaison health visitor. Br Med J 282: 122--124
Trulson ME, Frederickson CJ (1987) A comparison of the electrophysiological and
pharmacological properties of serotonin-containing neurons in the nucleus raphe dorsalis,
raphe medianus and raphe pallidus recorded from mouse brain slices in vitro: role of
autoreceptors Brain Res Bull 2: 179--190
Truog R, Anand KJ (1989) Management of pain in the postoperative neonate. Clin Perinatol
1: 61--78
Trussel LO, Jackson M (1985) Adenosine activated K+ conduction in cultured striatal
neurones. Proc Nat Ac Sci 82: 4857--4861
Tseng LF (1982) Tolerance and cross-tolerance to morphine after chronic spinal D-ala2-DLeu5-enkephalin infusion. Life Sci 31: 987--992
Tseng LF (1983) Partial cross-tolerance to D-ala-2-D-Leu-5-enkephalin after chronic spinal
morphin infusion. Life Sci 32: 2545--2550
Tseng LF, Wang HQ, Xu JY (1997) Inhibition of spinal nitric oxide synthase by N(omega)nitro-L-arginine blocks the release of Met-enkephalin and antinociception induced by
supraspinally administered beta-endorphin in the rat. Neuroscience 78(2): 461--446
Tseng LL, Tang R, Stackman R et al. (1990) Brainstem sites differentially sensitive to betaendorphin and morphine for analgesia and release of met-enkephalin in anesthetized rats. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 253(3): 930--937
Tsuboi K, Sugimoto Y, Iwane A et al. (2000) Uterine expression of prostaglandin H2
synthase in late pregnancy and during parturition in prostaglandin F receptor-deficient
mice. Endocrinology 141(1):315--324
Tsuboi N, Yoshida H, Shibamura K (1997) Acute renal failure after binge drinking of alcohol
and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug ingestion Intern Med 36(2): 102--106
Tsui SL, Law S, Fok M et al. (1997) Postoperative analgesia reduces mortality and morbidity
after esophagectomy Am J Surg 173(6): 472--478
Tsukamoto M, Sarna SK, Condon RE (1997) A novel motility effect of tachykinins in normal
and inflamed colon. Am J Physiol 272(6 Pt 1): G1607--1614
Tsung JS, Tsung SS (1986) Creatine kinase isoenzymes in extracts of various human skeletal
muscles. Clin Chem 32: 1568--1570
Tuckett RP, Martin HA (1989) Are there different classes of polymodal nociceptor limits for
pain and itch? Skin Pharmacol 2: 217--218
Tuffier MT (1899) C. r. Soc. Bio. (Paris) 51: 222 zitiert in Macintosh RR (1953)
Lumbalpunktion und Spinalanästhesie, Schwabe (Basel), Seite 16
Tung AS, Tenicela R, Winter PM (1980) Opiate withdrawal syndrome following intrathecal
administration of morphine. Anesthesiology 53(4): 340
Tung AS, Yaksh TL (1982) In vivo evidence for multiple opiate receptors mediating
analgesia in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 247: 75--83
Turk DC, Kerns RD (1983/1984) Conceptual issues in the assessment of clinical pain. Int J
Psych Med 13: 57--68
Turk DC, Meichenbaum D, Genest M (1983) Pain and behavioral medicine: a cognitivebehavioral perspective. Guilford Press, NY
Turkington RM (1980) Depression masquerading as diabetic neuropathy. JAMA 243: 1147-1150
Turnbull IM, Shulman R, Woodhurst WB (1980) Thalamic stimulation for neuropathic pain. J
Neurosurg 52(4): 486--493
Tverskoy M, Cozacov C, Ayache M et al. (1990) Postoperative pain after inguinal
herniorraphy with different types of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 70: 29--35
Twitchell WA, Rane SG (1993) Opioid peptide modulation of CA2+-dependent K+ and
voltage-activated CA2+currents in bovine adrenal chromafin cells. Neuron 10: 701--709
Twycross RG (1982) Ethical and clinical aspects of pain treatment in cancer patients.
Anesthesiology 74(S): 83--90
Twycross RG, Fairfield S (1982) Pain in far-advanced cancer. Pain 14(3): 303--310
Twycross RG, Lack SA (1983) Symptom control in far advanced cancer: pain relief. Pitman
(London)
Twycross RG, Lack SA (1984) Oral morphine in advanced cancer. Beaconsfield (England)
Tyler BM, Cusack B, Douglas CL et al. (1998) Evidence for additional neurotensin receptor
subtypes: neurotensin analogs that distinguish between neurotensin-mediated hypothermia
and antinociception. Brain Res 792(2): 246--252
Uda R, Horiguchi S, Ito S et al. (1990) Nociceptive effects induced by intrathecal
administration of prostaglandin D2, E2, or F2 alpha to conscious mice. Brain Res 510(1):
26--32
Udelsman R, Ramp J, Gallucci WT et al. (1986) Adaptation during surgical stress. A
reevaluation of the role of glucocorticoids. J Clin Invest 77(4): 1377--1381
Ueda H, Yamaguchi T, Tokuyama S et al. (1997) Partial loss of tolerance liability to
morphine analgesia in mice lacking the nociceptin receptor gene. Neurosci Lett 237(2--3):
136--138
Uhlenbruck W (1994). Die Rechtsplicht des Arztes zu ausreichender postoperativer
Schmerztherapie, in: Lehmann KA (Hrsg.), Der postoperative Schmerz. Bedeutung,
Diagnose und Behandlung, Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, S. 18--25
Umans JG, Inturrisi CE (1981) Pharmadynamics of subcutaneously administered
diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 218(2):
409--415
Ummenhofer WC, Arends RH, Shen DD, Bernards CM (2000) Comparative spinal
distribution and clearance kinetics of intrathecally administered morphine, fentanyl,
alfentanil, and sufentanil. Anesthesiology 92(3):739--753
Uncles DR, Glynn CJ, Carrie LE (1996) Regional anaesthesia for repeat Caesarean section in
a patient with phantom limb pain. Anaesthesia 51(1): 69--70
Unruh AM (1996) Review article : gender variations in clinical pain experience. Pain 65: 123-167
Urban L, Thompson SWN (1994) Modulation of spinal excitability: co-operation between
neurokinin and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Trends in Neurosciences 17: 432-438
Urban MO, Gebhart GF (1997) Characterization of biphasic modulation of spinal nociceptive
transmission by neurotensin in the rat rostral ventromedial medulla. J Neurophysiol 78(3):
1550--1562
Urban MO, Jiang MC, Gebhart GF (1996) Participation of central descending nociceptive
facilitatory systems in secondary hyperalgesia produced by mustard oil. Brain Res 737(1-2): 83--91
Urban MO, Smith DJ (1993) Role of neurotensin in the nucleus raphe magnus in opioidinduced antinociception from the periaqueductal gray. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265: 580-586
Urquart J (1982) Rate-controlled dosage. Drugs 23: 207--226
Urquart ML, Klapp K, White PF (1988) Patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of
intravenous versus subcutaneous hydromorphone. Anesthesiology 69: 428--432
Urthaler F, Isobe JH, Gilmour KE et al. (1973) Morphine and autonomic control of the sinus
node. Chest 64: 203--212
Urthaler F, Isobe JH, James TN (1975) Direct and vagally mediated chronotropic effects of
morphine studied by selective perfusion of the sinus node of awake dogs. Chest 68: 222-228
Usubiaga JE (1975) Neurological complications following epidural analgesia. Int Anaesth
Clin 13: 19--50
Vadas EB, Hosein EA (1978) Alteration of the erythrocyte ultrastructure and blood viscosity
by morphine. Can J Physiol Pharm 56: 245--251
Vaeroy H, Helle R, Forre O et al. (1988) Elevated CSF levels of substance P and high
incidence of Raynauds phenomenon in patients with fibromyalgia: new features for
diagnosis. Pain 32: 21--26
Vainio A, Ollila J, Matikainen E et al. (1995) Driving ability in cancer patients receiving
long-term morphin analgesia. Lancet 346: 667--670
Vale S (1998) Subarachnoid haemorrahge associated with Ginkgo biloba. Research Letter.
Lancet 352(9121): 36
Vale-Martínez A, Martí-Nicolovius M, Guillazo-Blanch G et al. (1997) Effects of habenular
lesions upon two-way active avoidance conditioning in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 68(1):
68--74
Vallance BA, Blennerhassett PA, Collins SM (1997) Increased intestinal muscle contractility
and worm expulsion in nematode-infected mice. Am J Physiol 272(2 Pt 1): G321--327
Vallbo AB, Olausson H, Wessberg J (1999) Unmyelinated afferents constitute a second
system coding tactile stimuli of the human hairy skin. J Neurophysiol 81(6): 2753--2763
Vallerand WP, Vallerand AH, Heft M (1994) The effects of postoperative preparatory
information on the clinical course following third molar extraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg
51(11): 1165--1170
Valverde O, Maldonado R, Fournie-Zaluski MC et al. (1994) Cholecystokinin B antagonists
strongly potentiate antinociception mediated by endogenous enkephalins. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 270(1): 77--88
Van Bockstaele EJ (2000) Multiple substrates for serotonergic modulation of rat locus
coeruleus neurons and relationships with kainate receptors. Brain Res Bull 51(5): 433--442
Van de Loo FA, Arntz AO, van Enckevort FH et al. (1998) Reduced cartilage proteoglycan
loss during zymosan-induced gonarthritis in NOS-2 deficient mice and in anti-interleukin1-treated wild-type mice with unabated joint inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 41(4): 634-646
Van Dercar DH, Martinez AP, De Lisser EA (1991) Sleep apnea syndromes: a potential
contraindication for patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 74: 623--624
Van Hoogdalen EJ, De Boer AG, Breimer DD (1991) Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug
administration. Part I. General considerations and clinical applications of centrally acting
drugs. Clin Pharmacokin 21: 11--26
van Pelt JP, de Jong EM, van Erp PE et al. (1997) The regulation of CD11b integrin levels on
human blood leukocytes and leukotriene B4-stimulated skin by a specific leukotriene B4
receptor antagonist (LY293111). Biochem Pharmacol 53(7): 1005--1012
van Praag H, Frenk H (1991) The development of stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) in
the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 64 (1--2): 71--76
Van Rooy F, Creve U, Verlinden M et al. (1988) Effect of cisapride on post-cholecystectomy
upper gastrointestinal transit time. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Tox 26: 254--268
Van Schaeybroeck P, Van Calenbergh F, Van De Werf F et al. (1998) Spontaneous spinal
epidural hematoma associated with thrombolysis and anticoagulation therapy: report of
three cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 100(4): 283--287
Van-Andel J, Lavies NG (1991) Meningitis following spinal anaesthesia. Correspondence.
Anaesthesia 46(5): 427
Vane J (1994) Towards a better aspirin. Nature 367: 215--216
Vane JR (1971) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action of aspirin-like
drugs. Nature New Biol 231: 232--235
Vane JR, Botting RM, eds. (1992) Aspirin and other salicylates. Chapman & Hall Medical
Vanegas H, Tortorici V, Eblen-Zajjur A (1997) PAG-microinjected dipyrone (metamizol)
inhibits responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to natural noxious stimulation in rats.Brain
Res 759(1): 171--174
Vargish T, Beamer KC (1989) Delta and Mu receptor agonists correlate with greater
depression of cardiac function than morphine sulfate in perfused rat hearts. Circ Shock 3:
245--251
Vargish T, Beamer KC, Daly T et al. (1987) Myocardial opiate receptor actitivity is
stereospecific, independent of muscarinic receptor antagonism, and may play a role in
depressing cardiac function. Surgery 102: 171--177
Varnell RJ, Freeman JY, Maitchouk D et al. (1997) Detection of substance P in human tears
by laser desorption mass spectrometry and immunoassay. Curr Eye Res 9: 960--963
Vasko JS, Henney RP, Brawley RK et al. (1966) Effects of morphine on ventricular function
and myocardial force. Am J Physiol 210: 329--334
Vasko JS, Henney RP, Oldham HN et al. (1966) Mechanisms of action of morphine in the
treatment of experimental pulmonary edema. Am J Cardiol 18: 876--883
Vassalle M (1961) Role of catecholamine release in morphine hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol
200: 530--534
Vater M, Smith G, Aherne G et al. (1983) Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of slowrelease oral morphine in balanced anesthesia: Studies in children. Drug Metab Rev 14:
887--891
Vaughan CW, Bandler R, Christie MJ (1996) Differential responses of lateral and
ventrolateral rat periaqueductal grey neurones to noradrenaline in vitro. J Physiol (Lond)
490 ( Pt 2): 373--381
Vaughan CW, Christie MJ (1997) Presynaptic inhibitory action of opioids on synaptic
transmission in the rat periaqueductal grey in vitro. J Physiol (Lond) 498(Pt 2): 463--472
Vaughan CW, Ingram SL, Christie MJ (1997) Actions of the ORL1 receptor ligand nociceptin
on membrane properties of rat periaqueductal gray neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 17(3): 996-1003
Vaughan CW, Ingram SL, Connor MA (1997) How opioids inhibit GABA-mediated
neurotransmission. Nature 390(6660): 611--614
Vaughn LK, Kluger MJ (1977) Fever and survival in bacterially infected rabbits. Fed Proc 36:
A511
Vaughn LK, Veale WL, Cooper KE (1980) Antipyresis: its effects on mortality rate of
bacterially infected rabbits. Brain Res Bull 5: 69--73
Vaughn LK, Wire WS, Davis P et al. (1990) Differentiation between rat brain and mouse vas
deferens delta opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 177(1--2): 99--101
Vaught J, Rothman RB, Westfall TC (1982) Mu and delta receptors: their role in analgesia
and in the differential effects of opioid peptides on analgesia. Life Sci 30: 1443--1455
Vaupel DB (1983) Naltrexone fails to antagonize the sigma effects fo PCP and SKF 10,047 in
the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 92: 269--274
Vaupel DB, Lange WR, London ED (1993) Effects of verapamil on morphine-induced
euphoria, analgesia and respiratory depression in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267(3):
1386--1394
Vecht CJ, Van De Brand HJ, Wajer OJM (1989) Post axillary dissection pain in breast cancer
due to a lesion of the intercostobrachial nerve. Pain 38: 171--176
Vécsei L, Widerlöv E (1990) Preclinical and clinical studies with somatostatin related to the
central nervous system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14(4): 473--502
Vedder H, Affolter HU, Otten U (1993) Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates tachykinin gene
expression and biosynthesis in rat sensory neurons during early postnatal development.
Neuropeptides 24: 351--357
Vedrenne JB, Estève M, Guillaume A (1991) Prévention par la naloxone des effects
secondaires de l’analgésie péridurale par morphine pour douleur cancéreuse. Ann F Anesth
Réanim 10: 98--103
Ventafredda V, Spoldi E, Caraceni A et al. (1986) The importance of continuous
subcutaneous morphine administration for cancer pain control. Pain Clinic 1: 47--55
Ventafridda V, Bonezzi C, Caraceni A et al. (1987) Antidepressant for cancer pain and other
painful syndromes with deafferentation component comparison with amitriptyline and
trazodone. Ital J Neurol Sci 8(6): 579--587
Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, De Conno F et al. (1987) Antidepressants increase
bioavailability of morphine in cancer patients. Correspondence. Lancet 1: 1204
Ventrafridda V, Bianchi M, Ripamonti C et al. (1990) Studies on the effects of antidepressant
drugs on the antinociceptive action of morphine and on plasma morphine in rat and man.
Pain 43: 155--162
Venturini CM, Isakson P, Needleman P (1998) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced
renal failure: a brief review of the role of cyclo-oxygenase isoforms. Curr Opin Nephrol
Hypertens 7(1):79--82
Verbeeck RK (1990) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1: 44--66
Vereby K, Volavka J, Mule SJ et al. (1976) Naltrexone: disposition, metabolism, and effects
after acute and chronic dosing. Clin Pharm Ther 20: 315--328
Verge VM, Gratto KA, Karchewski, LA (1996) Neurotrophins and nerve injury in the adult.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351: 423--430
Verge VM, Xu Z, Xu XJ et al. (1992) Marked increase in nitric oxide synthase mRNA in rat
dorsal root ganglia after peripheral axotomy: in situ hybridization and functional studies.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11617--11621
Verge VMK, Xu XJ, Langel Ü et al. (1993) Evidence for an endogenous inhibitory control on
autotomy, a behavioral sign of neuropathic pain, by galanin in the rat after sciatic nerve
section: demonstrated by chronic intrathecal infusion of M-35, a newly developed high
affinity galanin receptor antagonist. Neurosci Lett 149: 193--197
Verma A, Hirsch DJ, Glatt CE (1993) Carbon monoxide: a putative neural messenger Science
259(5093): 381--384
Verne GN, Eaker EY, Davis RH et al. (1997) Colchicine is an effective treatment for patients
with chronic constipation: an open-label trial. Dig Dis Sci 42(9): 1959--1963
Vertommen JD, Vandermeulen E, Van Aken H et al. (1991) The effects of the addition of
sufentanil to 0.125% bupivacaine on the quality of analgesia during labor and on the
incidence of instrumental deliveries. Anesthesiology 74: 809--814
Vestergaard K, Andersen G, Jensen TS (1996) Treatment of central post-strope pain with a
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Eur J Neurol 3(S5): 169
Vettor R, Martini C, Macor C et al. (1989) Beta-endorphin in relation to obesity. J Endocrinol
Invest 12 (S4): 81--86
Vettor R, Martini C, Manno M et al. (1985) Effects of naloxone-induced opiate receptor
blockade on insulin secretion in obesity. Horm Metab Res 17: 374--375
Veves A, Manes C, Murray HJ et al. (1993) Painful neuropathy and foot ulceration in diabetic
patients. Diabetes Care 8: 1187--1189
Vidgren P, Vidgren M, Paronen P (1991) Nasal distribution of radioactive drug administered
using two dosage forms Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet Spec 3: 426--432
Viel EJ, Eledjam JJ, De la Coussaye JE et al. (1989) Brachial plexus block with opioids for
postoperative pain relief: Comparison between buprenorphine and morphine. Reg Anesth
14: 274--278
Vigano T, Habib A, Hernandez A et al. (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 and synthesis of PGE2 in
human bronchial smooth-muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(3): 864--868
Vigorito C, Giordano A, Cirillo R et al. (1997) Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of peptide
leukotriene C4 and D4 in man. Int J Clin Lab Res 27(3): 178--184
Vincent B, Jiracek J, Noble F et al. (1997) Effect of a novel selective and potent phosphinic
peptide inhibitor of endopeptidase 3.4.24.16 on neurotensin-induced analgesia and
neuronal inactivation. Br J Pharmacol 121(4): 705--710
Vincent JP (1995) Neurotensin receptors: binding properties, transduction pathways, and
structure. Cell Mol Neurobiol 5: 501--512
Vismara LA, Leaman DM, Zelis R (1976) The effects of morphine on venous tone in patients
with acute pulmonary edema. Circulation 54: 335--337
Vissink A, Schaub RM, van Rijn LJ et al. (1987) The efficacy of mucin-containing artificial
saliva in alleviating symptoms of xerostomia. Gerodontoloy 6: 95--101
Vittimberga FJ jr, Foley DP, Meyers WC et al. (1998) Laparoscopic surgery and the systemic
immune response. Ann Surg 227(3): 326--334
Vizzard MA, Erdman SL, de Groat WC (1995) Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide
synthase (NOS) in visceral neurons after nerve injury. J Neurosci 15: 4033--4045
Vladimirov M, Thalhammer JG, Hunt N et al. (1997) Neurophysiologic actions and
neurological consequences of veratridine on the rat sciatic nerve. Anesthesiology 86(4):
945--956
Vogt BA, Derbyshire S, Jones AK (1996) Pain processing in four regions of human cingulate
cortex localized with co-registered PET and MR imaging. Eur J Neurosci 7: 1461--1473
Volmink J, Lancaster T, Gray S et al. (1996) Treatments for postherpetic neuralgia--a
systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Fam Pract 13(1): 84--91
Volterra A, Restani P, Brunello N et al. (1986) Interaction of β-casomorphins with multiple
opioid receptors: in vitro and in vivo studies in the newborn rat brain. Dev Brain 30: 25-30
von Essen EJ, Bovill JG, Ploeger EJ et al. (1988) Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for
control of intractable cancer pain: a case report. Acta Anaesth Belg 39: 109--112
Von Euler US, Gaddum JH (1931) An unidentified depression substance in certain tissue
extracts. J Physiol 72: 74
von Kügelgen I, Allgaier C, Schobert A et al.(1994) Co-release of noradrenaline and ATP
from cultured sympathetic neurons. Neuroscience 61: 199--202
von Kügelgen I, Starke K (1991) Noradrenaline-ATP co-transmission in the sympathetic
nervous system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12: 319--324
Vree TB, Verwey-Van Wissen CPWGM (1992) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of codeine
in humans. Biopharm Drug Disp 13: 445--460
Vyas SP, Singh R, Asati RK (1995) Liposomally encapsulated diclofenac for sonophoresis
induced systemic delivery. J Microencapsul 2: 149--154
Wada T, Naito T, Griffiths RC et al. (1997) Systemic autoimmune nephritogenic components
induce CSF-1 and TNF-alpha in MRL kidneys. Kidney Int 52(4): 934--941
Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I et al. (1993) A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire
(FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain
52(2): 157--168
Wagemans MFM, Bakker EN, Zuurmond WWA et al. (1994) High dose morphine solutions
intrathecally decreases the pH of cerebrospina fluid. Anesthesiology 81(3A): A932
Wagner EJ, Ronnekleiv OK, Grandy DK et al. (1998) The peptide orphanin FQ inhibits betaendorphin neurons and neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by
activating an inwardly-rectifying K+ conductance. Neuroendocrinology 67(2): 73--82
Wagner GA (1922) Zur Behandlung des Ileus mit Lumbalanästhesie. Arch Gynäk 177: 336
Wagner JG (1974) A safe method for rapidly achieving plasma concentration plateaus. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 16(4): 691--700
Wagner U, Fehmann HC, Bredenbröker D et al. (1995) Galanin and somatostatin inhibition of
substance P-induced airway mucus secretion in the rat. Neuropeptides 1: 59--64
Wahba WM, Don HF, Craig DB (1975) Post-operative epidural analgesia: Effects on lung
volumes. Can Anaesth Soc J 22: 519--527
Waisman M, Roffman M, Bursztein S (1995) Intraosseous regional anesthesia as an
alternative to intravenous regional anesthesia. J Trauma 39(6): 1153--1156
Wajima Z, Nakajima Y, Kim C et al. (1995) I.v. compared with brachial plexus infusion of
butorphanol for postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth 74: 392--395
Wakisaka S, Kajander KC, Bennett GJ (1991) Increased neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like
immunoreactivity in rat sensory neurons following peripheral axotomy. Neurosci Lett 124:
200--203
Walbergh EJ, Will RJ, Eckhert J (1991) Plasma concentrations of midazolam in cbildren
following intranasal administration. Anesthesiology 74: 233--235
Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F et al. (1997) A proton-gated cation channel
involved in acid-sensing. Nature 386(6621): 173--177
Waldmeier PC (1987) Zur Pharmakologie der Antidepressiva beim chronischen Schmerz. In:
Psychopharmaka bei chronischen Schmerzen, Workshop 1987; Ciba-Geigy, Geigy Pharma
(Basel)
Waldvogel HH (1983) L'Anesthésie obstétricale à la Clinique de Montchoisi Lausanne 19721982. Rév Méd Suisse Romande 103: 841--849
Waldvogel HH (1983) Transdermales Scopolamin gegen postoperatives Erbrechen: Eine neue
Prämedikationsformel? Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 18: 258--260
Waldvogel HH (1995) Antiemetische Therapie. Nausea und Emesis. Thieme. Stuttgart
Waldvogel HH, Fasano M (1983) Extradural administration of lofentanyl for balanced
postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesist (S)32: 256--257
Waldvogel HH, Wilder-Smith OHG (1997) Kontrolle der postoperativen Symptome Nausea,
Würgen und Erbrechen. Abstract FSS 6.2 Der Schmerz 11(S1): 54--55
Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Jansen KL et al. (1990) GABA, GABA receptors and
benzodiazepine receptors in the human spinal cord: an autoradiographic and
immunohistochemical study at the light and electron microscopic levels. Neuroscience
39(2): 361--385
Walker JM, Bowen WD, Goldstein SR et al. (1992) Autoradiographic distribution of [3H](+)pentazocine and [3H]1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) binding sites in guinea pig brain: a
comparative study. Brain Res 58: 33--38
Walker JM, Bowen WD, Walker FO et al. (1990) Sigma receptors: biology and function.
Pharmacol Rev 42: 355--402
Walker JM, Matsumoto RR, Bowen WD et al. (1988) Evidence for a role of haloperidolsensitive sigma 'opiate' receptors in the motor effects of antipsychotic drug. Neurol 38:
961--965
Walker K, Perkins M, Dray A (1995) Kinins and kinin receptors in the nervous system.
Neurochem Int 1: 1--16
Wall PD (1974) Physiological mechanisms involved in the production and relief of pain. In:
Recent Advances on Pain (Bonica JJ, Procacci P, Pagni A, eds.), Charles C Thomas,
Springfield pp 36--63
Wall PD (1988) The prevention of post-operative pain. Pain 33: 289--290
Wall PD, Devor M (1983) Sensory afferent impulses originate from dorsal root ganglia as
well as from the periphery in normal and nerve injured rats. Pain 17: 321--340
Wall PD, Gutnick M (1974) Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: the physiology and
pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma. Exp Neurol 43(3): 580-- 593
Wall PD, Gutnick M (1974) Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma.
Nature 248(451): 740--743
Wall PD, Melzack R (1994) Textbook of pain. 3rd ed., Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp
1524
Wall PD, Waxman S, Basbaum AI (1974) Ongoing activity in peripheral nerve: injury
discharge. Exp Neurol 45: 576--589
Wall PD, Woolf CJ (1984) Muscle but not cutaneous C-afferent input produces prolonged
increases in the excitability of the flexion reflex in the rat. J Physiol 356: 443--458
Wall SJ, Yasuda RP, Li M et al. (1991) Development of an antiserum against m3-muscarinic
receptors: distribution of m3-receptors in rat tissues and clonal cell lines. Mol Pharmacol
40: 738--789
Wallace JL, Granger DN (1996) The cellular and molecular basis of gastric mucosal defense.
FASEB J 7: 731--840
Wallace MS, Yanez AM, Ho RJH et al. (1994) Antinociception and side effects of liposomeencapsulated alfentanil after spinal delivery in rats. Anesth Analg 79: 778--786
Wallenstein MC (1979) Biphasic effects of morphine on cardiovascular system of the cat. Eur
J Pharmacol 59: 253--260
Wallhäusser-Franke E (1997) Salicylate evokes c-fos expression in the brain stem:
implications for tinnitus. Neuroreport 8(3): 725--728
Wallin BA, Grier CE, Fox MJ et al. (1990) Prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers with
cimetidine: results of a double-blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology 98(S): 146
Wallin BG, Elam M (1992) Microneurography and autonomic dysfunction. In: Clinical
autonomic disorders: Evaluation and Management (Low P, ed.), Little Brown, Boston, pp
243--252
Wallner BP, Mattaliano RJ, Hession C et al. (1986) Cloning and expression of human
lipocortin, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Nature
320: 77--81
Walmrath D, Schneider T, Pilch F et al. (1993) Aerosolised prostacyclin in adult respiratory
distress syndrome. Lancet 342: 961--962
Wals TD (1984) Opiates and respiratory function in advanced cancer. Cancer Res 89: 115-117
Walsh D (1993) Dyspnoea in advanced cancer. Commentary. Lancet 342: 450--451
Walsh GS, Kawaja MD (1998) Sympathetic axons surround nerve growth factorimmunoreactive trigeminal neurons: observations in mice overexpressing nerve growth
factor. J Neurobiol 34(4): 347--360
Walsh SW, Wang Y (1993) Secretion of lipid peroxides by the human placenta. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 169: 1462--1426
Walsh TD (1983) Antidepressants in chronic pain. Clin Neuropharmacol 6(4): 271--295
Walsh TD (1984) Oral morphine in chronic cancer pain. Pain 18(1): 1--11
Walsh TD, Saunders CM (1984) The treatment of pain in advanced cancer. Rec Results
Cancer Res 89: 201--211
Walter DO, ed. (1972) Digital processing of bioelectrical phenomena. Handbook of
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 4B, Elsevier (Amsterdam)
Walts LF, Kaufman RD, Moreland JR et al. (1985) Total hip arthroplasty. An investigation of
factors related to postoperative urinary retention. Clin Ortho Rel Res 194: 280--282
Wamsley JK, Zarbin MA, Kuhar MJ (1984) Distribution of muscarinic cholinergic high and
low affinity against binding sites: a ligh microscope autoradiographic study. Brain Res
Bull 12: 233--243
Wang JB, Johnson PS, Persico AM et al. (1994) Human mu opiate receptor. cDNA and
genomic clones, pharmacologic characterization and chromosomal assignment. FEBS Lett
338(2): 217--222
Wang JK, Nauss LE, Thomas JE (1979) Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man.
Anesthesiology 50: 149--151
Wang JM-L, Creel DJ, Wong KC (1989) Transurethral resection of the prostate: serum
glycine levels and ocular evoked potentials. Anesthesiology 70: 36--41
Wang L, Stanisz AM, Wershil BK et al. (1995) Substance P induces ion secretion in mouse
small intestine through effects on enteric nerves and mast cells. Am J Physiol 269(1Pt1):
G85--92
Wang M, Wisniewski A, Pavord I et al. (1996) Comparison of three inhaled non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs on the airway response to sodium metabisulphite and adenosine
5'-monophosphate challenge in asthma. Thorax 51(8): 799--804
Wang ZL, Kulkarni RN, Wang RM et al. (1997) Possible evidence for endogenous production
of a novel galanin-like peptide. J Clin Invest 100(1): 189--196
Ward CF (1993) Substance abuse: now, and for some time to come. Editorial. Anesthesiology
77: 619--622
Ward CF, Ward GC, Saidman LJ (1983) Drug abuse in anesthesia training programs: A
survey. 1970 through 1980. JAMA 250: 922--925
Ward JW, McGrath RL, Weil JV (1972) Effects of morphine on the peripheral vascular
response to sympathetic stimulation. Am J Cardiol 29: 656--666
Ward N, Whitney C, Avery D et al. (1991) The analgesic effects of caffeine in headache Pain
44(2): 151--155
Ward SE, Gordon D (1994) Application of the American Pain Society quality assurance
standards. Pain 56(3): 299--306
Ward SJ, Loprect D, James D et al. (1986) Effects of mu and delta selective opioid agonists in
the guinea pig ileum preparation: differentiation into peptide and non peptide classes using
β-FNA. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283: 625--636
Ward SJ, Takemori AE (1983) Relative involvement of receptor subtypes in opioid-induced
inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224: 359--363
Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jorum E (1997) Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist,
suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man:
a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain 72(1--2): 99--106
Warner LE, Garcia CA, Lupski JR (1999) Hereditary peripheral neuropathies: clinical forms,
genetics, and molecular mechanisms. Annu Rev Med 50: 263--275
Warner MA (1998) Perioperative neuropathies. Mayo Clin Proc 73(6): 567--574
Warner MA, Warner DO, Matsumoto JY et al. (1999) Ulnar neuropathy in surgical patients.
Anesthesiology 90(1): 54--59
Warnock FF, Lander J (1998) Pain progression, intensity and outcomes following
tonsillectomy. Pain 75(1): 37--45
Wartan SW, Hamann W, Wedley JR et al. (1997) Phantom pain and sensation among British
veteran amputees. Br J Anaesth 78(6): 652--659
Warwick JP, Kearns CF, Scott WE (1997) The effect of subhypnotic doses of propofol on the
incidence of pruritus after intrathecal morphine for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 52(3):
270--275
Watcha MF, White PF (1992) Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 77: 162-184
Watcha MF, White PF (1997) Economics of anesthetic practice. Anesthesiology 86(5): 1170-1192
Watkins LR, Kinscheck IB, Mayer DJ (1984) Potentiation of opiate analgesia and apparent
reversal of morphine tolerance by proglumide. Science 224: 395--396
Watkins LR, Kinscheck IB, Mayer DJ (1985) Potentiation of morphine analgesia by the
cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide. Brain Res 327: 169--180
Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE (1995) Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory
cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states. Pain 63: 289-302
Watkins LR, Martin D, Ulrich P (1997) Evidence for the involvement of spinal cord glia in
subcutaneous formalin induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 71(3): 225--235
Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Grisel JE et al. (1992) Parallel activation of multiple spinal opiate
systems appears to mediate 'non-opiate' stress-induced analgesia. Brain Res 594: 99--108
Watling KJ (1992) Non peptide antagonists herald new area in tachykinin research. Trends
Pharmacol Sci 13: 266--269
Watson CP, Evans RJ (1985) A comparative trial of amitriptyline and zimelidine in postherpetic neuralgia. Pain 23(4): 387--394
Watson CP, Evans RJ, Reed K et al. (1982) Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic
neuralgia. Neurology 32: 671--673
Watson CPN (1994) Antidepressant drugs as adjuvant analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manag 9:
392--405
Watson CPN, Evans FJ, Reed K et al. (1982) Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic
neuralgia. Neurology 32: 671--673
Watson J, Moore A, McQuay H et al. (1984) Plasma morphine concentrations and analgesic
effects of lumbar extradural morphine and heroin. Anesth Analg 63: 629--634
Watson SJ, Khachaturian H, Akil H et al. (1982) Comparison of the distribution of dynorphin
system and enkephalin system in the brain. Science 218: 1134--1136
Way EL, Kemp JW, Grasetti DR (1960) The pharmacologic effects of heroin in relationship
to its rate of biotransformation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 129: 144--154
Weathley RG, Madej TH, Jackson IJB et al. (1991). The first year´s experience of an acute
pain service. British Journal of Anaesth 67: 353--359
Webb MD, Wilson C (1996) The use of intraosseous anesthesia in a patient with myositis
ossificans progressiva. Spec Care Dentist 1: 29--32
Weber E, Sonders M, Quarum M et al. (1986) 1,3-di(2-[5-3 H]tolyl)guanidine: a selective
ligand that labels σ receptors for psychotomimetic opiates and antipsychotic drugs. Proc
Nat Ac Sci (USA) 83: 8784--8788
Webster EL, Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP (1997) The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in
neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Mol Psychiatry 5: 368--372
Webster EL, Lewis DB, Torpy DJ et al. (1996) In vivo and in vitro characterization of
antalarmin, a nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor antagonist:
suppression of pituitary ACTH release and peripheral inflammation. Endocrinology
137(12): 5747--5750
Webster EL, Torpy DJ, Elenkov IJ et al. (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone and
inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 840: 21--32
Wee M (1995) Meningitis after combined spinal-extradural anaesthesia in obstetrics.
Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 74(3): 351
Wei F, Dubner R, Ren K (1999) Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus raphe
magnus in the brain stem exert opposite effects on behavioral hyperalgesia and spinal Fos
protein expression after peripheral inflammation. Pain 80: 127--141
Weigent DA, Blalock JE (1995) Associations between the neuroendocrine and immune
systems. J Leukoc Biol 58(2): 137--150
Weigent DA, Carr DJ, Blalock JE (1990) Bidirectional communication between the
neuroendocrine and immune systems. Common hormones and hormone receptors. Ann N
Y Acad Sci 579: 17--27
Weihe E, Nohr D, Michel S, Müller S et al. (1991) Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune
connection. Int J Neurosci 59(1--3): 1--23
Weil JV, McCullough RE, Kline JS et al. (1975) Diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia
and hypercapnia after morphine in normal man. N Engl J Med 292: 1103--1106
Weil-Fugazza J, Godefroy F (1991) Further evidence for the involvement of the diencephalodopaminergic system in pain modulation: a neurochemical study on the effect of morphine
in the arthritic rat. Int J Tissue React 13(6): 305--310
Weil-Fugazza J, Godefroy F (1993) Dorsal and ventral dopaminergic innervation of the spinal
cord: functional implications. Brain Res Bull 30(3--4): 319--324
Weinberg DS, Inturrisi CE, Reidenberg B et al. (1988) Sublingual absorption of selected
opioid analgesics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 335--342
Weiner RI, Ganong WF (1978) Role of brain monoamines and histamine in regulation of
anterior pituitary secretion. Physiol Rev 58(4): 905--976
Weinger MB, Segal IS, Maze M (1989) Dexmedetomidine, acting through central ?-2adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat. Anesthesiology 71: 242-249
Weinstabl C, Mayer N, Richling B et al. (1991) Effect of sufentanil on intracranial pressure in
neurosurgical patients. Anaesthesia 46: 837--840
Weinstabl C, Mayer N, Spiess CK (1992) Sufentanil decreases cerebral blood flow velocity in
patients with elevated intracranial pressure. Eur J Anaesth 9: 481--484
Weir MR (1988) Intravascular injuries from intramuscular penicillin. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2:
85--90
Weisenberg M (1987) Psychological intervention for the control of pain. Behav Res Ther 25:
301--312
Weisman SJ, Bernstein B, Schechter NL (1998) Consequences of inadequate analgesia
wuring painful procedures in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152: 147--149
Weiss OF, Sriwatanakul K, Alloza JL et al.(1983) Attitudes of patients, housestaff and nurses
towards postoperative analgesic care. Anesth Analg 62: 70--74
Weisshaar E, Ziethen B, Gollnick H (1997) Can a serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor
antagonist reduce experimentally-induced itch? Inflamm Res 46(10): 412--416
Weissman DE (1988) Glucocorticoid treatment for brain metastases and epidural spinal cord
compression: a review. J Clin Oncol 6: 543--551
Weissman DE, Haddox DJ (1989) Opioid pseudoaddiction - an iatrogenic syndrome. Clinical
note. Pain 36: 363--366
Weissmann G (1993) Prostaglandins as modulators rather than mediators of inflammation. J
Lipid Med 6: 275--286
Weitzell R, Illes P, Starke K (1984) Inhibition via opioid mu- and delta-receptors of vagal
transmission in rabbit isolated heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 328(2): 186-190
Weitzman RE, Fisher DA, Minck S et al. (1977) Beta-endorphin stimulates resecretion of
arginine vasopressin "in vivo". Endocrinology 101: 1643--1645
Welch SP, Thomas C, Patrick GS (1995) Modulation of cannabinoid-induced antinociception
after intracerebroventricular versus intrathecal administration to mice: possible
mechanisms for interaction with morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272(1): 310--321
Wells CJ, Lipton S, Lahnerta J (1984) Respiratory depression after percutaneous cervical
anterolateral cordotomy in patients on slow-released oral morphine. Letter. Lancet
1(8379): 739
Wells D, Davies G, Wagner D (1987) Accidental injection of epidural methohexital.
Anesthesiology 67: 846--848
Welte M, Haimerl E, Groh J et al. (1992) Effect of interpleural morphine on postoperative
pain and pulmonary function after thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 69: 637--639
Welte M, Zwissler B, Habazettl H et al. (1993) PG12 aerosol versus nitric oxide for selective
pulmonary vasodilatation in hypoxic vasoconstriction. Eur Surg Res 25: 329--340
Wenzlaff H, Stein B, Teschemacher H (1998) Diminution of contractile response by kappaopioid receptor agonists in isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes is mediated via a
pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 358(3): 360-366
Werka T (1997) The effects of the medial and cortical amygdala lesions on post-stress
analgesia in rats. Behav Brain Res 86(1): 59--65
Werner C, Hoffman WE, Baughman VL et al. (1991) Effects of sufentanil on cerebral blood
flow, cerebral flow velocity and metabolism in dogs. Anesth Analg 72: 177--181
Werz MA, MacDonald RL (1982) Opiate alkaloids antagonize postsynaptic glycine and
GABA responses: correlation with convulsant action. Brain Res 236: 107--119
Werz MA, MacDonald RL (1983) Opioid peptides with differential affinity of mu and delta
receptors decrease sensory neuron calcium-dependent action potentials. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 227: 394--402
Wesche DL, Frederickson RCA (1981) The role of the pituitary in the diurnal variation in
tolerance to painful stimuli and brain enkephalin levels. Life Sci 29: 2199--2205
Wesselmann U, Lai J (1997) Mechanisms of referred visceral pain: uterine inflammation in
the adult virgin rat results in neurogenic plasma extravasation in the skin. Pain 73(3): 309-317
West JP, Lysle DT, Dykstra LA (1997) Tolerance development to morphine-induced
alterations of immune status. Drug Alcohol Depend 46(3): 147--157
Westerling D, Andersson KE (1984) Rectal administration of morphine hydrogel: Absorption
and bioavailability in women. Anesthesiology 28: 540--543
Wheeler-Aceto H, Porreca F, Cowan A (1990) The rat paw formalin test: comparison of
noxious agents. Pain 40: 229--238
White DG, Story MJ, Barnwell SG (1991) An experimental animal model for studying the
effects of a novel lymphatic drug delivery system for propranolol. Int J Pharm 69: 169-174
White DM (1997) Intrathecal neuropeptide Y exacerbates nerve injury-induced mechanical
hyperalgesia. Brain Res 750(1--2): 141--146
White KP, Harth M (1996) An analytical review of 24 controlled clinical trials for
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Pain 64: 211--219
White PF (1988) Use of patient controlled analgesia for management of acute pain. JAMA
259: 243--247
Whitehead WE, Holtkotter B, Enck P et al. (1990) Tolerance for rectosigmoid distension in
irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 98: 1187--1192
Whitehouse LW, Znamirowska M, Paul CJ (1983) Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum
procumbens): no evidence for anti-inflammatory activity in the treatment of arthritic
disease. Can Med Assoc J 129(3): 249--251
Whitford A, Healy M, Joshi GP et al. (1997) The effect of tourniquet release time on the
analgesic efficacy of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesth Analg
84(4) : 791--793
Whittle BJ (1993) Thirteenth Gaddum Memorial Lecture. Neuronal and endothelium-derived
mediators in the modulation of the gastric microcirculation: integrity in the balance. Br J
Pharmacol 110: 3--17
Whittle BJR (1992) Unwanted effects of aspirin and related agents on the gastrointestinal
tract. In: Aspirin and other Salicylates (Vane JR, Botting RM, eds.), Chapman & Hall, Ch
18, pp 465--509
WHO (1989) WHO expert committee on drug dependence. Genf, WHO Technical Report
Series 775
WHO (1990) Cancer pain relief and palliative care. Report of a WHO expert Committee.
Genf, Technical Report Series 804
WHO (1993) Programme for the control of acute respiratory infections. The management of
fever in young children with acute respiratory infecctions in developing countries.
WHO/ARI 93.30 (Genève)
WHO (1993) Programme for the control of acute respiratory infections. The management of
fever in young children with acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Genève
WHO/ARI/93.30
Widdowson PS, Farnworth MJ, Simpson MG et al. (1996) Influence of age on the passage of
paraquat through the blood-brain barrier in rats: a distribution and pathological
examination. Hum Exp Toxicol 3: 231--236
Wiertelak EP, Roemer B, Maier SF (1997) Comparison of the effects of nucleus tractus
solitarius and ventral medial medulla lesions on illness-induced and subcutaneous
formalin-induced hyperalgesias. Brain Res 748(1--2): 143--150
Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Lindblom U (1985) The effect of systemic tocainide, lidocaine and
bupivaicaine on nociception in the rat. Pain 23: 357--360
Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ, Hughes J et al. (1990) PD134308, a selective antagonist of
cholecystokinin type-B receptor, enhances the analgesic effect of morphine and
synergistically interacts with intrathecal galanin to depress spinal nociceptive reflexes.
Proc Nat Ac Sci 87: 7105--7109
Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ, Langel Ü et al. (1992) Galanin-mediated control of pain:
enhanced role after nerve injury. Proc Nat Ac Sci 89: 3334--3337
Wikler A (1950) Sites and mechanisms of action of morphine and related drugs in the central
nervous system. Pharmacol Rev 2: 435--506
Wilcox GL (1993) Spinal mediators of nociceptive neurotransmission and hyperalgesia:
relationships among synaptic plasticity, analgesic tolerance, and blood flow. J Am Pain
Soc 2: 265--275
Wilder RL (1993) Corticotropin releasing hormone and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis in the regulation of inflammatory arthritis. Agents Actions Suppl 41: 3--9
Wilder-Smith CH, Wilder-Smith OH, Farschtschian M et al. (1998) Preoperative adjuvant
epidural tramadol: the effect of different doses on postoperative analgesia and pain
processing. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42(3): 299--305
Wilder-Smith O, Hoffmann A, Borgeat A et al. (1992) Fentanyl or magnesium analgesic
supplementation of anesthesia: effect on postoperative analgesic requirements.
Anesthesiology V77(3a): A208
Wilder-Smith OHG, Martin NC, Morabia A (1997) Postoperative nausea and vomiting: a
comparative survey of the attitudes, perceptions, and practice of Swiss anesthesiologists
and surgeons. Anesth Analg 84: 826--831
Willard PT, Blair NP (1997) Is wound infiltration with anesthetic effective as pre-emptive
analgesia? A clinical trial in appendectomy patients Can J Surg 40(3): 213--217
Willer JC (1977) Comparative study of perceived pain and nociceptive flexion reflex in man.
Pain 3: 69--80
Willer JC (1985) Studies on pain: effects of morphine on a spinal nociceptive flexion reflex
and related pain sensation in man. Brain Res 331: 105--114
Williams A (1993) More on vaginal inflammation in africa. Correspondence. N Engl J Med
328: 888
Williams AR, Davies C, Raval M et al. (1989) Comparison of starting antiemetic treatment 24
hours before or concurrently with cytotoxic chemotherapy. BMJ 298: 430--431
Williams CL, Rosenfeld GC, Burks TF (1997) Cholecystokinin-induced antinociception is not
blocked by CCK-A or CCK-B receptor antagonists. Peptides 3: 409--414
Williams CS, Smalley W, DuBois RN (1997) Aspirin use and potential mechanisms for
colorectal cancer prevention.J Clin Invest 100: 1--5
Williams FG, Mullet MA, Beitz AJ (1995) Basal release of Met-enkephalin and neurotensin
in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter of the rat: a microdialysis study of
antinociceptive circuits. Brain Res 690(2): 207--216
Williams JT (1997) The painless synergism of aspirin and opium. Nature 390: 557--559
Williams MD, Sulentich SM, Murr PC (1993) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy produces less
postoperative restriction of pulmonary function than open cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc
7(6): 489--492
Williamson KM, Cotton BR, Smith G (1997) Intraperitoneal lignocaine for pain relief after
total abdominal hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 78(6): 675--677
Willingale HL, Gardiner NL, McLymont N et al. (1997) Prostanoids synthetized by cyclooxygenase isoforms in rat spinal cord and their contribution to the development of
neuronal hyperexcitability. Br J Pharmacol 122(8): 1593--1604
Willingdale HL, Gardiner NJ, McLymont N et al. (1997) Prostanoids synthesized by cyclooxygenase isoforms in rat spinal cord and their contribution to the development of
neuronal hyperexcitability. Br J Pharmacol 122: 1593--1604
Willis jr WD (1997) Nociceptive functions of thalamic neurons. In: Thalamus: experimental
and clinical aspects (Steriade M, Jones EG, McCormick DA, eds.), Elsevier Scie (Oxford),
pp 373--424
Willis WD (1982) Control of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Springer
Willis WD (1985a) Pain pathways in the primate. Prog Clin Biol Res 176: 117--133
Willis WD (1985b) The pain system. Karger (Basel, NY)
Wilson DG, Rees H, Roberts MH (1991) The antinociceptive effects of anterior pretectal
stimulation in tests using thermal, mechanical and chemical noxious stimuli. Pain 44(2):
195--200
Wilson MF, Brackett DJ, Archer LT et al. (1982) Survival characteristics during septic shock
in 39 baboons Adv Shock Res 7: 13--23
Wilson RF, Christensen BV, Olivari MT et al. (1991) Evidence for structural sympathetic
reinnervation after orthotopic cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 83: 1210-1220
Wilton NCT, Leigh J, Rosen DR et al. (1988) Intranasal midazolam premedication in preschool children. Anesth Analg 67: S266
Wilton NCT, Leigh J, Rosen DR et al. (1988) Preanesthetic sedation of preschool children
using intranasal midazolam. Anesthesiology 69: 972--975
Wimalawansa SJ (1997) Amylin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, and
adrenomedullin: a peptide superfamily. Crit Rev Neurobiol 11(2--3): 167--239
Winter CA, Gaffney CE, Flataker L (1954) The effect of N-allylnormorphine upon the
antidiuretic action of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 11: 360--364
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW (1962) Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as
an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol 111: 544--552
Winter J, Forbes CA, Sternberg J et al. (1988) Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates adult rat
cultured dorsal root ganglion neuron responses to the excitotoxin capsaicin. Neuron 1: 973-981
Wirtshafter D, Krebs JC (1997) Interactive effects of stimulation of D1 and D2 dopamine
receptors on Fos expression in the lateral habenula. Brain Res 750(1--2): 245--250
Wirz-Justice A (1987) Circadian rhythms in mammalian neurotransmitter receptors. Prog
Neurobiol 29: 219--259
Wisden W, Errington ML, Williams S (1990) Differential expression of immediate early
genes in the hippocampus and spinal cord. Neuron 4: 603--614
Wolf AR, Eyres RL, Laussen PC et al. (1992) Effect of extradural analgesia on stress
response to abdominal surgery in infants. Br J Anaesth 70: 654--660
Wolf AR, Hughes D (1993) Pain relief for infants undergoing abdominal surgery: comparison
of infusions of i.v. morphine and extradural bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 70: 10--16
Wolfe F, Kleinhenksel SM, Spitz PW et al. (1986) A multicenter study of hospitalization in
rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 29: 614--619
Wolfe SA, Kulsakdinum C jr, Battaglia G et al. (1988) Initial identification and
characterization of sigma receptors on human peripheral blood leucocytes. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 247(3): 1114--1119
Wolfhagen FH, Sternieri E, Hop WC et al. (1997) Oral naltrexone treatment for cholestatic
pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 113(4): 1264--1269
Wollerman M, Benyhe S, Simon J (1993) The kappa opioid receptor: evidence for the
different subtypes. Life Sci 52: 599--611
Wolstencroft JH (1980) The role of raphe and medial reticular neurones in control systems
related to nociceptive inputs. In: The Reticular Formation Revisited (Hobson JA, Brazier
MAB, eds.), Raven Press (NY), pp 349--371
Wong CS, Lu CC, Cherng CH et al. (1997) Pre-emptive analgesia with ketamine, morphine
and epidural lidocaine prior to total knee replacement. Can J Anaesth 1997 Jan 44(1): 31-37
Wong CS, Su YF, Chang KJ (1992) Intrathecal pertussis toxin treatment attenuates opioid
antinociception and reduces high-affinity state of opioid receptors. Anesthesiology 77:
691--699
Wong CS, Su YF, Watkins WD et al. (1992) Continuous intrathecal opioid treatment
abolishes the regulatory effects of magnesium and guanine nucleotides on mu opioid
receptor bindung in rat spinal membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262: 317--326
Wong DG, Lamki L, Spence JD et al. (1986) Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
on control of hypertension by µ-blockers and diuretics. Lancet 1: 997--1001
Wong KC (1983) Narcotics are not expected to produce unconsciousness and amnesia.
Anesth Analg 62: 625--626
Wong KC, Martin WE, Hornbein TF et al. (1973) The cardiovascular effects of morphine
sulfate with oxygen and with nitrous oxide in man. Anesthesiology 38: 542--549
Wong SC (1963) Emetic and anti-emetic drugs. In: Physiological Pharmacology (Root WD,
Hafmonn FG, eds), Academic Press (NY), pp 255--328
Wong TM, Lee AY, Tai KK (1990) Effects of drugs interacting with opioid receptors during
normal perfusion or ischemia and reperfusion in the isolated rat heart--an attempt to
identify cardiac opioid receptor subtype(s) involved in arrhythmogenesis. J Mol Cell
Cardiol 10: 1167--1175
Wood AJT, Moir DC, Campbell C (1974) Medicines, evaluation and monitoring. Group:
Central nervous effects of pentazocine. Br Med J 1: 305--307
Wood J (1855) New methods of treating neuralgia by the direct application of opiates to the
painful points. Edinburgh Med Surg J 82: 265--281
Wood M (1990) Opioid Agonists and Antagonists, In: Drugs and Anesthesia (Wood M,
Wood AJJ, eds), 2nd ed., Williams & Wilkins, Ch 7, pp 129--178
Woodhouse A, Mather LE (1998) The effect of duration of dose delivery with patientcontrolled analgesia on the incidence of nausea and vomiting after hysterectomy. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 45(1): 57--62
Woodside BC, Lee BA, Rochford J (1994) Suckling-induced changes in responsivity to the
hypoalgesic effect of morphine. Pain 59: 209--217
Woolf CJ (1983) Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity.
Nature 306(5944): 686--688
Woolf CJ (1989) Recent advances in the pathophysiology of acute pain. Br J Anaesth 63(2):
139--146
Woolf CJ, Allchorne A, Safieh-Garabedian B et al. (1997) Cytokines, nerve growth factor and
inflammatory hyperalgesia: the contribution of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Br J
Pharmacol 121(3): 417--424
Woolf CJ, King AE (1990) Dynamic alterations in the cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields of
dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 8: 2717--2726
Woolf CJ, Safieh Garabedian B, Ma QP et al. (1994) Nerve growth factor contributes to the
generation of inflammatory sensory hypersensitivity. Neuroscience 62: 327--331
Woolf CJ, Shortland P, Coggeshall RE (1992) Peripheral nerve injury triggers central
sprouting of the myelinated afferents. Nature 355: 75--77
Woolf CJ, Thompson SW (1991) The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is
dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment
of post-injury hypersensitivity states. Pain 44(3): 293--299
Woolf CJ, Wall PD (1986) Relative effectiveness of C primary afferent fibers of different
origins in evoking a prolonged facilitation of the flexor reflex in the rat. J Neurosci 5:
1433--1442
Woolf CJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z (1985) The systemic administration of local anaesthetics
produces a selective depression of C-afferent fibre evoked activity in the spinal cord. Pain
23: 361--374
Worsley MH, Macleod AD, Brodie MJ et al. (1990) Inhaled fentanyl as a method of
analgesia. Anaesthesia 45: 449--451
Wörz R (1983) Effects and risks of psychotropic and analgesic combinations. Am J Med 139-140
Wörz R, Baar H, Draf W et al. (1975) Kopfschmerz in Abhängigkeit von AnalgetikaMischpräparaten. MMW 117: 457--462
Wright DE, Snider WD (1995) Neurotrophin receptor mRNA expression defines distinct
populations of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia. J Comp Neurol 351: 329--338
Wright R, Reynolds SL, Nachtsheim B (1994) Compartment syndrome secondary to
prolonged intraosseous infusion. Pediatr Emerg Care 10(3): 157--159
Wu G, Ekedahl R, Hallin RG (1998) Consistency of unitary shapes in dual lead recordings
from myelinated fibres in human peripheral nerves: evidence for extracellular single-unit
recordings in microneurography. Exp Brain Res 120(4): 470--478
Wu XZ, Bell JA, Spivak CE et al. (1991) Electrophysiology and binding studies on intact
NCB-20c cells suggest presence of a low affinity sigma receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
257: 351--359
Wulf H, Neugebauer E (1997). Guidelines for postoperaive pain therapy, Current opinions in
Anaesthesiology (10): 380--385
Wulf H, Neugebauer E, Maier C (1997) Die Behandlung akuter perioperativer und
posttraumatischer Schmerzen. Empfehlungen einer interdisziplinären
Expertenkommission. Thieme Stuttgart, NY
Wunderlich CA, Seguin E (1871) Medical thermometry and human temperature. William
Wood (NY)
Wysenbeek AJ, Schoenfeld N, Leibovici L et al. (1989) Colchicine treatment of abdominal
pains in porphyric patients. Isr J Med Sci 2: 95--97
Wysowski DK, Talarico L, Bacsanyi J et al., FDA (1998) Spinal and epidural hematoma and
low-molecular-weight heparin. New Engl J Med. Correspondence. 338: 1774
Xia Y, Haddad GG (1992) Ontogeny and distribution of GABAA receptors in rat brainstem
and rostral brain regions. Neuroscience 49(4): 973--89
Xie W, Chipman JG, Robertson DL et al. (1991) Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene
encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
88: 2692--2696
Xin L, Geller EB, Liu-Chen LY et al. (1997) Substance P release in the rat periaqueductal
gray and preoptic anterior hypothalamus after noxious cold stimulation: effect of selective
mu and kappa opioid agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(2): 1055--1063
Xu H, Ni Q, Jacobson AE et al. (1991) Preliminary ligand binding data for subtypes of the
delta opioid receptor in rat brain membranes. Life Sci 49: 141--146
Xu IS, Grass S, Xu XJ et al. (1998) On the role of galanin in mediating spinal flexor reflex
excitability in inflammation. Neuroscience 85(3): 827--835
Xu JY, Tseng LF (1993) Increase of nitric oxide by L-Arginine potentiates β-endorphin, but
not µ1, δ or κ or opioid induced antinociception in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 236: 137-142
Xu JY, Tseng LF (1997) [Met]enkephalin in the spinal cord is involved in the antinociception
induced by intracerebroventricularly-administered etorphine in the mouse. Neuroscience
80(2): 579--585
Xu Q, Takahashi M, Kaneto H (1992) Dependency on the brain function of arginine
vasopressin system of the development to and recovery from analgesic tolerance to
morphine. Brain Res 577: 189--193
Xu X, Fukuyama H, Yazawa S et al. (1997) Functional localization of pain perception in the
human brain studied by PET. Neuroreport 8(2): 555--559
Xu XJ, Hao JX, Seiger A et al. (1994) Chronic pain-related behaviors in spinally injured rats:
evidence for functional alterations of the endogenous cholecystokinin and opioid systems.
Pain 56: 271--277
Xu XJ, Puke MJC, Verge VMK et al. (1993) Up-regulation of cholecystokinin in primary
sensory neurons is associated with morphine insensitivity in experimental neuropathic
pain. Neurosci Lett 152: 129--132
Xu XJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hughes J et al. (1992) CI988, a selective antagonist of
cholecystokinin type-B receptor, prevents morphine tolerance in the rat. Br J Pharmacol
195: 591--596
Xu ZQ, Shi TJ, Hökfelt T (1998) Galanin/GMAP- and NPY-like immunoreactivities in locus
coeruleus and noradrenergic nerve terminals in the hippocampal formation and cortex with
notes on the galanin-R1 and -R2 receptors. J Comp Neurol 392(2): 227--251
Yajnik S, Singh GP, Singh G et al. (1992) Phenytoin as a coanalgesic in cancer pain. J Pain
Symptom Manage 7: 209--213
Yaksh TL (1979) Direct evidence that spinal serotonin and noradrenaline terminals mediate
the spinal antinociceptive effects of morphine in the periaquaeductal gray. Brain Res 160:
180--185
Yaksh TL (1981) Spinal opiate analgesia: characteristics and principles of action. Pain 11:
293--346
Yaksh TL (1985) Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal
nociceptive processing. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22: 845--858
Yaksh TL (1988) Substance P release from knee joint afferent terminals: modulation by
opioids. Brain Res 458: 319--324
Yaksh TL (1989) Behavioral and autonomic correlates of the tactile evoked allodynia
produced by spinal glycine inhibition: effects of modulatory receptor systems and
excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain 37: 111--123
Yaksh TL (1994) Spinal somatostatin for patients with cancer: risk-benefit assessment of an
analgesic. Editorial. Anesthesiology 81: 531--533
Yaksh TL, Dirksen R, Harty GJ (1985b) Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally injected
cholinomimetic drugs in the rat and cat. Eur J Pharmacol 117: 81--88
Yaksh TL, Harty GJ (1988) Pharmacology of the allodynia in rats evoked by high dose
intrathecal morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244(2): 501--507
Yaksh TL, Harty GJ, Onofrio BM (1986) High doses of spinal morphine produce a nonopiate
receptor mediated hyperesthesia: Clinical and theoretic implications. Anesthesiology 64:
590--597
Yaksh TL, Jessell TM, Gamse R et al. (1980) Intrathecal morphine inhibits substance P
release from mammalian spinal cord in vivo. Nature 286: 155--156
Yaksh TL, Noueihed R (1985) The physiology and pharmacology of spinal opiates. Annu Rev
Pharmacol Toxicol 25: 433--462
Yaksh TL, Provencher JC, Rathbun M et al. (1999) Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of
epidurally delivered sustained-release encapsulated morphine in dogs. Anesthesiology
90(5): 1402--1412
Yaksh TL, Reddy SVR (1981) Studies on the analgetic effects of intrathecal opiates, αadrenergic agonists and baclofen: their pharmacology in the primate. Anesthesiology 54:
451--467
Yaksh TL, Wilson PR (1979) Spinal serotonin terminal system mediates antinociception. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 208(3): 446--453
Yaksh TS, Yaksh TL (1984) Effects of an intrathecal dopamine agonist, apomorphine, on
thermal and chemical evoked noxious responses in rats. Brain 296: 285--293
Yamamoto T, Nozaki-Taguchi N (1997) Analysis of the roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1
and COX-2 in spinal nociceptive transmission. Proc. 8th World Congr. on Pain. Progr Pain
Res Manag 8: 303--312
Yamamoto T, Nozaki-Taguchi N, Kimura S (1997) Analgesic effect of intrathecally
administered nociceptin, an opioid receptor-like1 receptor agonist, in the rat formalin test.
Neuroscience 81(1): 249--254
Yamamoto T, Shimoyama N, Mizuguchi T (1993) The effect of morphine, MK-801, an
NMDA antagonist, and CP-96,345, an NK1 antagonist, on the hyperesthesia evoked by
carrageenan injection in the rat paw. Anesthesiology 78: 124--133
Yamamoto T, Yaksh TL (1991) Stereospecific effects of a nonpeptidic NK1 selective
antagonist, CP 96-345: antinociception in the absence of motor dysfunction. Life Sci 49:
1955--1963
Yamamoto T, Yaksh TL (1992) Comparison of the antinociceptive effects of pre and post
treatment with intrathecal morphine and MK801, an NMDA antagonist on the formalin test
in the rat. Anesthesiology 77: 757--763
Yan XX, Ribak CE (1997) Prenatal development of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate-diaphorase activity in the human hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 7(2):
215--231
Yang ML, Marsala M, Yaksh TL (1996) Characterization of time course of spinal
aminoacids, citrulline, and PGE2 release after carrageenan/kaolin-induced knee joint
inflammation: a chronic microdialysis study. Pain 67: 345--354
Yang LC, Chen LM, Wang CJ et al. (1998) Postoperative analgesia by intra-articular
neostigmine in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Anesthesiology 88(2): 334--339
Yang SW, Kang YM, Guo YQ et al. (1998) ATP-sensitive potassium channels mediate
norepinephrine- and morphine-induced antinociception at the spinal cord level. Int J
Neurosci 93(3--4): 217--223
Yang SW, Zhang ZH, Chen JY et al. (1994) Morphine and norepinephrine-induced
antinociception at the spinal level is mediated by adenosine. NeuroReport 5: 1441--1444
Yarnitsky D, Barron SA, Bental E (1988) Disappearance of phantom pain after focal brain
infarction. Pain 32(3): 285--257
Yashpal K, Dam TV, Quirion R (1991) Effects of dorsal rhizotomy on neurokinin receptor
sub-types in the rat spinal cord: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res 552: 240-247
Yasphal K, Wright DM, Henry IL (1982) Substance P reduces tail-flick latency: Implications
for chronic pain syndromes. Pain 14: 155--167
Yasuda K, Raynor K, Kong H et al. (1993) Cloning and functioning comparison of λ and δ
opioid receptor from mous brain. Proc Nat Acad Scie (USA) 90: 6736--6740
Yazici O, Ariciohlu F, Gürvit G et al. (1993) Noradrenergic and serotoninergic depression? J
Affective Disorders 27: 123--129
Yeager MP, Colacchio TA, Yu CT et al. (1995) Morphine inhibits spontaneous and cytokineenhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity in volunteers Anesthesiology 83(3): 500--508
Yeager MP, Glass DD, Neff RK et al. (1989) Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high risk
surgical patients. Anesthesiology 66: 162--179
Yee MK, Evans WD, Facey PE et al. (1991) Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in male
volunteers after i.m. ketorolac and morphine. Br J Anaesth 67: 426--431
Yeh SY, Mitchell CL (1972) Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on formation of
morphine glucuronide. Biochem Pharm 21: 571--578
Yeomans ND, Tulassay Z, Juhász L et al. (1998) A comparison of omeprazole with ranitidine
for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. New Engl J Med 338(11):
719--726
Yonehara N, Imai Z, Chen JQ et al. (1992) Influence of opioids on substance P release evoked
by antidromic stimulation of primary afferent fibers in the hind instep of rats. Regul Pept
38: 13--22
Yoshino SI, Koiwa M, Shiga H et al. (1992) Detection of opioid peptides in synovial tissues
of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 4: 660--661
Yost CS (1993) G-Proteins: basic characteristics and clinical potential for the practice of
anesthesia. Anesth Analg 77: 822--834
Young EA, Walker JM, Houghten R et al. (1987) The degradation of dynorphin A in brain
tissue in vivo and in vitro. Peptides 4: 701--70
Young IH, Daviskas E, Keena VA (1989) Effect of low dose nebulised morphine on exercise
endurance in patients with chronic lung disease. Thorax 44: 387(5): 387--390
Young ML, Conahan TJ: Complications of outpatient anesthesia. Sem Anesth 1990; (IX-1):
62--68
Young ML, Smith DA, Greenburg J et al. (1984) Effects of sufentanil on regional cerebral
glucose utilization in rats. Anesthesiology 61: 564--568
Young MR, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Dickinson T (1997) Behavioural and electrophysiological
evidence supporting a role for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the mediation
of nociceptive inputs to the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 777(1--2): 161--169
Young RF, Brechner T (1986) Electrical stimulation of the brain for relief of intractable pain
due to cancer. Cancer 57(6): 1266--1672
Young RF, Clarke BF (1985) Pain relief in diabetic neuropathy: the effectiveness of
imipramine and related drugs. Diabet Med 2(5): 363--366
Young RF, Kroening R, Fulton W et al. (1985) Electrical stimulation of the brain in treatment
of chronic pain. Experience over 5 years. J Neurosurg 62(3): 389--396
Young RF, Tronnier V, Rinaldi PC (1992) Chronic stimulation of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus
region for relief of intractable pain in humans. J Neurosurg 76(6): 979--985
Young RF, Vermeulen SS, Grimm P (1997) Gamma Knife radiosurgery for treatment of
trigeminal neuralgia: idiopathic and tumor related. Neurology 48(3): 608--614
Young WS, Wamsley JK, Zarbin MA et al. (1980) Opioid receptors undergo axonal flow.
Science 210: 76--77
Yuan CS, Foss JF, Osinski J et al. (1997) The safety and efficacy of oral methylnaltrexone in
preventing morphine-induced delay in oral-cecal transit time. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61(4):
467--475
Yudioka H, Bogod DR, Rosen M (1987) Recovery of bowel motility after surgery. Br J
Anaesth 59: 581--584
Yukawa M, Yokota R, Eberhardt RG et al. (1997) Differential desensitization of thromboxane
A2 receptor subtypes. Circ Res 80(4): 551--556
Yung KK (1998) Localization of glutamate receptors in dorsal horn of rat spinal cord.
Neuroreport 9(7): 1639--1644
Yussim E, Schwartz E, Sidi Y et al. (1998) Acute renal failure precipitated by non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 58(2): 142--144
Zadina JE, Hackler L, Ge LJ et al. (1997) A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the
mu-opiate receptor. Nature 386(6624): 499--522
Zadina JE, Kastin AJ (1986) Neonatal peptides affect developing rats: beta-endorphin alters
nociception and opiate receptors, corticotropin-releasing factor alters corticosterone. Brain
Res 394(1): 21--29
Zador G, Nilsson BA (1974) Continuous drip lumbar epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine for
vaginal delivery. II. Influence on labour and foetal acid-base status. Acta Obstet Gynecol
Scand (S)34: 41--49
Zaffaroni A (1971) New approaches to drug administration 31st Int Cong Pharm Scie,
Washington, Abstract, pp 19--20
Zagon IS, Tobias SW, Hytrek SD et al. (1998) Opioid receptor blockade throughout prenatal
life confers long-term insensitivity to morphine and alters mu opioid receptors. Pharmacol
Biochem Behav 59(1): 201--207
Zambraski EJ, Dunn MJ (1994) Renal effects of aspirin. In: Aspirin and other Salicylates
(Vane JR, Botting RM, eds.), Chapman & Hall, Ch 19: 510--530
Zangen A, Herzberg U, Vogel Z et al. (1998) Nociceptive stimulus induces release of
endogenous beta-endorphin in the rat brain. Neuroscience 85(3): 659--662
Zárate E, Sá Rêgo MM, White PF et al. (1999) Comparison of adenosine and remifentanil
infusions as adjuvants to desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 90(4): 956--963
Zaratin P, Angelici O, Clarke GD et al. (2000) NK3 receptor blockade prevents hyperalgesia
and the associated spinal cord substance P release in monoarthritic rats.
Neuropharmacology 39(1): 141--149
Zec N, Filiano JJ, Panigrahy A et al. (1996) Developmental changes in [3H]lysergic acid
diethylamide ([3H]LSD) binding to serotonin receptors in the human brainstem. J
Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55(1): 114--126
Zecevic N, Milosevic A (1997) Initial development of gamma-aminobutyric acid
immunoreactivity in the human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 380(4): 495--506
Zedie N, Amory DW, Wagner BK et al. (1996) Comparison of intranasal midazolam and
sufentanil premedication in pediatric outpatients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59: 341--348
Zelis R, Flaim SF, Eisele JH (1977) Effects of morphine on reflex arteriolar constriction
induced in man by hypercapnia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 172--178
Zelis R, Mansour EJ, Capone RJ (1974) The cardiovascular effects of morphine. The
peripheral capacitance and resistance vessels in human subjects. J Clin Invest 54: 1247-1258
Zeltzer LK, Barr RG, McGrath PA et al. (1992) Pediatric pain: interacting behavioral and
physical factors. Pediatrics 90: 816--821
Zeman S, Lodge D (1991) Pharmacological characterization of non-NMDA subtypes of
glutamate receptor in the neonatal rat hemisected spinal cord in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 106:
367--372
Zembowicz A, Jones SL, Wu KK (1995) Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in human umbilical
vein endothelial cells by lysophosphatidylcholine. J Clin Invest 96:1688--1692
Zemlan FP, Kow LM, Pfaff DW (1983) Spinal serotonin receptor subtypes and nociception. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 226: 477--485
Zemlan FP, Murphy AZ, Behbehani MM (1994) 5-HT1A receptors mediate the effect of the
bulbospinal serotonin system on spinal dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. Pharmacology
48(1): 1--10
Zempsky WT, Anand KJS, Sullivan KM et al. (1998) Lidocaine iontophoresis for topical
anesthesia before intravenous line placement in children. Pediatr 132: 1061--1063
Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M et al. (1989) Retardiertes Morphin zur Langzeittherapie
schwerer Tumorschmerzen. Dtsch Med Wschr 114: 43--47
Zerssen D von (1976). Die Beschwerdeliste. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Zhang J, Ferguson SS, Barak LS et al. (1998) Role for G protein-coupled receptor kinase in
agonist-specific regulation of mu-opioid receptor responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 95(12): 7157--7162
Zhang Q, Schäffer M, Elde R et al. (1998) Effects of neurotoxins and hindpaw inflammation
on opioid receptor immunoreactivities in dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 85(1): 281-291
Zhang RX, Ruda MA, Qiao JT (1998) Pre-emptive intrathecal Mk-801, a non-competitive Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, inhibits the up-regulation of spinal dynorphin
mRNA and hyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic inflammation. Neurosci Lett 241(1): 57-60
Zhang S, Tang JS, Yuan B et al. (1997) Involvement of the frontal ventrolateral orbital cortex
in descending inhibition of nociception mediated by the periaqueductal gray in rats.
Neurosci Lett 224(2): 142--146
Zhang W, Johnson BR, Bjornsson TD (1997) Pharmacologic inhibition of transglutaminaseinduced cross-linking of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide. Life Sci 60(25): 2323--2332
Zhang WY, Po AL (1997) Do codeine and caffeine enhance the analgesic effect of aspirin? A
systematic overview. J Clin Pharm Ther 2: 79--97
Zhang X, Bao L, Shi TJ et al. (1998) Down-regulation of µ-opioid receptors in rat and
monkey dorsal root ganglion neurons and spinal cord after peripheral axotomy.
Neuroscience 82: 223--240
Zhang X, Ju G, Elde R et al. (1993a) Effect of peripheral nerve cut on neuropeptides in dorsal
root ganglia and the spinal cord of monkey with special reference to galanin. J Neurocytol
22: 342--381
Zhang X, Meister B, Elde R et al. (1993b) Large calibre primary afferent neurons projecting
to the gracile nucleus express neuropeptide Y after sciatic nerve lesions: an
immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study in rats. Eur J Neurosci 5: 1510--1519
Zhang X, Shi T, Holmberg K, Landry M et al. (1997c) Expression and regulation of the
neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor in sensory and autonomic ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
94(2): 729--734
Zhang X, Verge V, Wiesenfeld Hallin et al. (1993c) Nitric oxide synthase-like
immunoreactivity in lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of rat and monkey and
effect of peripheral axotomy. J Comp Neurol 335: 563--575
Zhang X, Wiesenfeld Hallin Z, Hökfelt T (1994) Effect of peripheral axotomy on expression
of neuropeptide Y receptor mRNA in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Eur J Neurosci 6: 43-57
Zhang X, Wülfert E, Hanin I (1997) Mivazerol, a new alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, blunts
cardiovascular effects following surgical stress in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 41(6): 694--700
Zhang XF, Hu XT, White FJ (1998) Whole-cell plasticity in cocaine withdrawal: reduced
sodium currents in nucleus accumbens neurons. J Neurosci 18(1): 488--498
Zhang Y, Shaffer A, Portanova J et al. (1997) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 rapidly reverses
inflammatory hyperalgesia and prostaglandin E2 production. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
283(3): 1069--1075
Zhao J, Zhang Y, Xin SM et al. (1998) Attenuation of nociceptin/orphanin FQ-induced
signaling by N-methyl-D-aspartate in neuronal cells. Neuroreport 9(4): 631--636
Zheng F, Lawson SN (1997) Neurokinin A in rat renal afferent neurons and in nerve fibres
within smooth muscle and epithelium of rat and guinea-pig renal pelvis. Neuroscience
76(4): 1245--1255
Zhou XF, Livett BG (1990) Substance P has biphasic effects on catecholamine secretion
evoked by electrical stimulation of perfused rat adrenal glands incvitro. J Auton Nerv Syst
1: 31--39
Zhou XF, Rush RA, McLachlan EM (1996) Differential expression of the p75 nerve growth
factor receptor in glia and neurons of the rat dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve
transection. J Neurosci 16: 2901--2911
Zhuo H, Lewin AC, Phillips ET et al. (1995) Inhibition of axoplasmic transport in the rat
vagus nerve alters the numbers of neuropeptide and tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNAcontaining and immunoreactive visceral afferent neurons of the nodose ganglion.
Neuroscience 66(1): 175--187
Zhuo M, Gebhart GF (1997) Biphasic modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission from the
medullary raphe nuclei in the rat. J Neurophysiol 78(2): 746--758
Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. (1995) Treatment of symptomatic diabetic
peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre
randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 38(12): 1425--1433
Zieglgänsberger W (1997) Schmerzentstehung, -leitung und -verarbeitung. Der Schmerz
11(S1): 38--39
Zieglgänsberger W, Bayerl H (1976) The mechanisms of inhibition of neuronal activity by
opiates in the spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res 115: 111--128
Zimmer A, Zimmer AM, Baffi J et al. (1998) Hypoalgesia in mice with a targeted deletion of
the tachykinin 1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(5): 2630--2635
Zimmermann H, Braun N, Allgaier C et al. (1998) Nukleotide, eine neue Klasse
extrazellulärer Signalstoffe im Nervensystem. Neuroforum 4: 148--158
Zimmermann M (1976) Neurophysiology of nociception. Int Rev Physiol (Poter R, ed),
University Press (Baltimore), pp 179--221
Zimmermann M (1979) Neurophysiology of Nociception, Pain and Pain Therapy. In:
Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, eds.), Raven Press
(NY), Vol 2, pp 13--29
Zimpfer M, Kotai E, Mayer N et al. (1983) Einfluss von Morphin auf die Kreislaufkontrolle
bei akuter progressiver Hämorrhagie. Anaesthesist 32: 259--264
Zinganell K (1992) Vereinbarungen des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Anästhesisten und des
Berufsverbandes der Deutschen Chirurgen zur Organisation der postoperativen
Schmerztherapie Chirurg BDC 31: 232--234
Zlotkin SH, Fettes IM, Stalling VA (1986) The effect of naltrexone, an oral ?-endorphin
antagonist, in children with the Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab 63:
1229--1232
Zola M, McLeod C (1983) Comparative effects and analgesic efficacy of the agonistantagonist opioids. Drug Int Clin Pharm 17(6): 411--417
Zolfaghari ME, Dhepour AR, Mousavi N (1997) Effect of particle shape of acetyl salicylic
acid powders on gastric damages in rats. J Pharm Belg 52(1): 1--6
Zottermann Y (1939) Touch, pain and tickling: an electrophysiological investigation on
cutaneous sensory nerves. J Physiol 95: 1--28
Zucker TP, Flesche CW, Germing U et al. (1998) Patient-controlled versus staff-controlled
analgesia with pethidine after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Pain 75: 305--312
Zufall F, Leinders-Zufall T (1997) Identification of a long-lasting form of odor adaptation that
depends on the carbon Monoxide/cGMP second-messenger system. J Neurosci 17(8):
2703--2712
Züger K, Keller R, Haldemann G (1984) Postoperative Veränderungen der Lungenfunktion in
der Abdominalchirurgie Dissertation Universität Zürich
Zukin SR, Zukin RS (1979) Specific 3H-Phencyclidine binding in rat central nervous system.
Proc Nat Acad Scie (USA) 76: 182--191
Zurick AM, Urzua J, Yared JP et al. (1982) Comparison of hemodynamic and hormonal
effects of large single-dose fentanyl anesthesia and halothane/nitrous oxide anesthesia for
coronary artery surgery. Anesth Analg 61: 521--526
Suche
Hilfe
Inhalt
Beenden
Literatur speziell zu Buch C (Wirkstoffprofile)
Kodein, Codein
Arkinstall W, Sandler A, Goughnour B et al. (1995) Efficacy of controlled-release codeine in
chronic non-malignant pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ain 62(2): 169-178
Caraco Y, Sheller J, Wood AJ (1997) Pharmacogenetic determinants of codeine induction by
rifampin: the impact on codeine's respiratory, psychomotor and miotic effects. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 281(1): 330--336
Freestone C, Eccles R (1997) Assessment of the antitussive efficacy of codeine in cough
associated with common cold. J Pharm Pharmacol 49(10): 1045--1049
Gerostamoulos J, Burke MP, Drummer OH (1996) Involvement of codeine in drug-related
deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 4: 327--335
Kingery WS (1997) A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic
pain and complex regional pain syndromes. Pain 73(2): 123--139
Lafolie P, Beck O, Lin Z et al. (1996) Urine and plasma pharmacokinetics of codeine in
healthy volunteers: implications for drugs-of-abuse testing. J Anal Toxicol 20(7): 541--546
Mikus G, Trausch B, Rodewald C et al. (1997) Effect of codeine on gastrointestinal motility
in relation to CYP2D6 phenotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61(4): 459--466
Moore A, Collins S, Carroll D et al. (1997) Paracetamol with and without codeine in acute
pain: a quantitative systematic review. Pain 70(2-3): 193--201
Pharma-Flash (Dayer P, ed.) (1994) Médicaments de référence. 21(2--5): 68--69
Sindrup SH, Hofmann U, Asmussen J et al. (1996) Impact of quinidine on plasma and
cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of codeine and morphine after codeine intake. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 49(6): 503--509
Srinivasan V, Wielbo D, Simpkins J et al. (1996) Analgesic and immunomodulatory effects of
codeine and codeine 6- glucuronide. Pharm Res 13(2): 296--300
Talbott GA, Lynn AM, Levy FH et al. (1997) Respiratory arrest precipitated by codeine in a
child with chronic renal failure. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 36(3): 171--173
Vree TB, Verwey-van Wissen CP (1992) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of codeine in
humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 6: 445--460
Williams J, Price CJ, Sleet RB et al. (1991) Codeine: developmental toxicity in hamsters and
mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 3: 401--413
Yue QY, Säwe J (1997) Different effects of inhibitors on the O- and N-demethylation of
codeine in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52(1): 41--47
Morphin
Abbott FV, Palmour RM (1988) Morphine-6-glucuronide: analgesic effects and receptor
binding profile in rats. Life Sci 43: 1685--1695
Adler MW, Geller EB (1993) Physiological functions of opioids: temperature regulation. In:
Opioids II (Herz A, ed.), Springer, ch 39: 205--238
Alguacil LF, Alamo C, Santos A et al. (1987) Yohimbine reduces morphine tolerance in
guinea-pig ileum. Life Sci 40: 155--160
Ali NMK (1986) Hyperalgesic response in a patient receiving high concentrations of spinal
morphine. Anesthesiology 65: 449
Allen CR, Murphy MA, Meek WJ (1945) The action of morphine in slowing the heart rate of
unconditioned dog. Anesthesiology 6: 149--153
Ashburn MA, Stephen RL, Ackerman E et al. (1992) Iontophoretic delivery of morphine for
postoperative analgesia. J Pain Symptom Manage 1: 27--33
Suche
Hilfe
Inhalt
Ashby M, Fleming B, Wood M et al. (1997) Plasma morphine and glucuronide (M3G and
M6G) concentrations in hospice inpatients. J Pain Symptom Manage 3: 157--167
Baines M, Oliver DJ, Carter RL (1985) Medical management of intestinal obstruction in
patients with advanced malignant disease: a clinical and pathological study. Lancet 2: 990-993
Balindo F jr, Beckman AL, Adler MW (1980) Actions of iontophoretically applied morphine
on hypothalamic thermosensitive units. Brain Res 196: 199--208
Beasley SW, Tibbals J (1987) Efficacy and safety of continuous morphine infusion for
postoperative analgesia in the paediatric surgical ward. Austr New Zealand J Surg 57: 233-237
Behar M, Oshwenag D, Magora F, Davidson JT (1979) Epidural morphine in treatment of
pain. Lancet I: 527--529
Benyon RC, Robinson C, Church ML (1989) Differential release of histamine and
eicosanoids from human skin mast cells activated by IgE-dependent and nonimmunologic
stimuli. Br J Pharmacol 97: 898--904
Berkowitz BA (1976) The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity:
morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokinet 1: 219--230
Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Yang JC (1975) The dispositions of morphine in surgical patients.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 17: 629--635
Bhat R, Gopal C, Gulati A et al. (1990) Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of morphine in
preterm infants during the first week of life. J Pediatr 117: 477--481
Bickel U, Schumacher OP, Kang YS et al. (1996) Poor permeability of morphine 3glucuronide and morphine 6-glucuronide through the blood-brain barrier in the rat. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 278(1): 107--113
Bigler D, Eriksen J, Broen-Christensen C (1984) Prolonged respiratory depression caused by
slow release morphine. Lancet 1: 1477
Bigler D, Wolff J, Andersen HB et al. (1988) Morphine and Morphine-Glucuronide
Elimination in patients with impaired renal function. 9th WCA, May 22-28, Washington,
A0859
Birt AR, Nickerson M (1959) Generalized flushing of the skin with urticaria pigmentosa.
Arch Dermatol 80: 311--317
Bodenham A, Quinn K, Park GR (1989) Extrahepatic morphin metabolism in man during the
anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 63: 380--384
Bodor CDE (1944) The antidiuretic action of morphine and its mechanism. Pharmacol Exp
Therap 82: 74--85
Boer F, Bovill JG, Burm AGL et al. (1992) Uptake of sufentanil, alfentanil and morphine in
the lungs of patients about to undergo coronary artery surgery. Br J Anaesth 68: 370--375
Boerner U, Abbott S, Roel RL (1975) The metabolism of morphine and heroin in man. Drug
Metab Rev 4: 39--43
Bouhassira D (1992) Effects of systemic morphine on diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: role
of the peraqueductal grey. Eur J Pharmacol 216: 149--156
Bowsher D (1993) Paradoxical pain. When metabolites of morphine are in the wrong ratio.
BMJ 396: 473--474
Bredenfeld E (1916) Z Exp Path Ther 18: 80
Brescia FJ (1987) A study of controlled-release oral morphine (MS contin) in an advanced
cancer hospital. J Pain Sympt Manag 2(4R): 193--198
Brown CE, Roerig SC, Burger VT et al. (1985) Analgesic potencies of morphine 3-and 6sulfates after intracerebroventricular administration in mice; relationship to structural
characteristics defined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. J Pharmacol
Sci 74: 821--824
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M et al. (1988) The use of the SC route for the administration
of narcotics in patients with cancer pain. Cancer 62: 407--411
Brunk SF, Delle M (1974) Morphine metabolism in man. Pharmacol Ther 16: 51--57
Bryant HU, Holaday JW (1993) Opioids in immunologic processes. In: Opioids II (Herz A,
ed.), Ch 45, pp 361--392
Burchell B, Coughtrie WH (1989) UDP-Glucuronosyltransterases. Pharmacol Ther 43: 261-289
Callahan P, Janik J, Grandison L et al. (1988) Morphine does not stimulate prolactin release
during lactation. Brain Res 442: 214--222
Campbell JF, Mason JB, Weiler JM (1983) Continous subcutaneous infusion of morphine for
the pain of terminal malignancy. Ann Intern Med 98: 51--52
Carrupt PA, Testa B, Bechalany A et al. (1991) Morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3glucuronide as molecular chameleons with unexpected lipophilicity. J Med Chem 34:
1272--1275
Casale TB, Bowman S, Kaliner M (1984) Induction of human cutaneous mast cell
degranulation by opiates and endogenous opioid peptides: evidence for opiate and nonopiate receptor participation. J Allerg Clin Immunol 73: 775--781
Catley DM, Thornton C, Jordan C et al. (1985) Pronounced, episodic oxygen desaturation in
the postoperative period: Its association with ventilatory pattern and analgesic regimen.
Anesthesiology 63: 20--28
Chauvin M (1989) Analgésiques centraux .In: Pharmacologie en pratique anesthésique
(Duvaldestin P, éd.), 2nd éd., Masson (Paris), pp 75--105
Chauvin M, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM et al. (1987) Morphine pharmacokinetics in renal
failure. Anesthesiology 66: 327--331
Chay PCW, Duffy BJ, Walker JS (1992) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of
morphine in neonates. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 334--341
Choonara I, Lawrence A, Michalkiewicz A et al. (1992) Morphine metabolism in neonates
and infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 34: 434--437
Christrup LL (1997) Morphine metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(1 Pt 2): 116--122
Chrubasik J, Falke K, Zindler M et al. (1986) Indication for pulmonary metabolism of
morphine? Schmerz Pain Douleur 7: 36--38
Chrubasik J, Wust H, Friedrich G et al. (1988) Absorption and bioavailability of nebulized
morphine. Br J Anaesth 61(2): 228--230
D’Honneur G, Gilton A, Sandouk P et al. (1994) Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
concentrations of morphine and morphine glucuronides after oral morphine.
Anesthesiology 81: 87--93
Dahlstroem BE, Paalzow LK (1978) Pharmacokinetic interpretation of the enterohepatic
recirculation and first-pass elimination of morphine in the rat. J Pharmacokinet
Biopharmacol 6: 505--519
Dahlstrom B, Bolme P, Feychting J (1979) Morphine kinetics in children. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 26: 354--365
De Conno F, Caraceni A, Martini C et al. (1991) Hyperalgesia and myoclonus with intrathecal
infusion of high-dose morphine. Pain 47: 337--339
Dickson RJ, Russel PSB (1982) Continuous subcutaneous analgesics for terminal care at
home. Lancet 1: 165
Don HF, Dieppa RA, Taylor P (1975) Narcotic analgesics in anuric patients. Anesthesiology
42: 745--747
Donovan KL, Janicki PK, Striepe VI et al. (1997) Decreased patient analgesic requirements
after liver transplantation and associated neuropeptide levels. Transplantation 63(10):
1423--1429
Dundee JW, Gray RC, Gupta PK (1974) Doxapram in the treatment of acute drug poisoning.
Anaesthesia 6: 710--714
Dundee JW, Gupta PK, Jones CJ (1973) Modification of the analgesic action of pethidine and
morphine by three opiate antagonists, a respiratory stimulant (doxapram) and an analeptic
(nikethamide); a study using an experimental pain stimulus in man. Br J Pharmacol 48(2):
326P
Duttaroy A, Gregorio G, Shah S et al. (1998) Acute ethanol exposure decreases the analgesic
potency of morphine in mice. Life Sci 62(2): PL35 – 41
Ebertz JM, Hermens JM, McMillan JC et al. (1986) Functional differences between human
cutaneous mast cells and basophils: a comparison of morphine-induced histamine release.
Agents Actions 18: 455--462
Ecoffey C, Attia J, Samii K (1985) Analgesia and side effects following epidural morphine in
children. Anesthesiology 63: A470
Ellis HV, Johnson AR, Moran NC (1970) Selective release of histamine from rat mast cells by
several drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 175: 627--631
Etschenberg E (1973) Anästhesie mit Droperidol und Fentanyl. Edition Cantor, Aulendorf
/Württ., Seite 106
Evans AM, Shanahan K (1995) The disposition of morphine and its metabolites in the in-situ
rat isolated perfused liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 47(4): 333--339
Fahmy JH (1981) Hemodynamics, plasma histamine, and catecholamine concentrations
during an anaphylactoid reaction to morphine. Anesthesiology 55: 329--331
Fasano M, Waldvogel HH (1982) Peridural administration of morphine, with or without
adrenaline for postoperative analgesia . Acta Anaesth Belg 33: 195--202
Finck AD, Berkowitz BA, Hempstead J et al. (1977) Pharmacokinetics of morphine: effects
of hypercarbia on serum and brain morphine concentrations in the dog. Anesthesiology 47:
407--410
Forrest WH jr, Bronn BW jr, Brown CK et al. (1977) N Engl J Med 296: 712
Freund FG, Martin WE, Wong KC et al. (1973) Abdominal-muscle rigidity induced by
morphine and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 38: 358--362
Fromm MF, Eckhardt K, Li S et al. (1997) Loss of analgesic effect of morphine due to
coadministration of rifampin. Pain 72(1-2): 261--277
Gates M, Tschudi G (1956) Synthesis of Morphine. J Am Chem Soc 78: 967 sowie 1952; 74:
1109
Gauss CJ (1906) Arch Gynäk 78: 579
Gauss CJ (1907) Münch M Wschr Januar: 23
Gestin Y, Vainio A, Pégurier AM (1997) Long-term intrathecal infusion of morphine in the
home care of patients with advanced cancer. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(1Pt 1): 12--17
Gilbert PE, Martin WR (1976) The effect of morphine-and nalorphine-like drugs in the nondependent, morphine-dependent and cyclazocine-dependent chronic spinal dog. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 198: 66
Glare PA, Walsh TD (1991) Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine. Ther Drug Monit 1: 1-23
Glavina MJ, Robertshaw R (1988) Myoclonic spasms following intrathecal morphine.
Anaesthesia 43: 389--390
Gong QL, Hedner J, Bjorkman R et al. (1992) Morphine-3-glucuronide may functionally
antagonize morphine-6-glucuronide induced antinociception and ventilatory depression.
Pain 48: 249--255
Gong QL, Hedner T, Hedner J et al. (1991) Antinociceptive and ventilatory effects of
morphine metabolites, morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide. Eur J
Pharmacol 193: 1271--1275
Goucke CR, Hackett LP, Ilett KF (1994) Concentrations of morphine, morphine-6glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide in serum and cerebrospinal fluid following
morphine administration to patients with morphine-resistant pain. Pain 56: 145--149
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Onley MM et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
of twenty-four-hourly Kapanol compared to twelve-hourly MS Contin in the treatment of
severe cancer pain. 69(3): 295--302
Grabinski PY, Kaiko RF, Rogers AG et al. (1983) Plasma levels and analgesia following
deltoid and gluteal injections of methadone and morphine. J Clin Pharmacol 23: 48--55
Greene NM, Hug CC jr (1982) Pharmacokinetics. In: Narcotic analgesics in anesthesiology
(Kitahata LM, Collins JG, eds.), Williams & Wilkins (Baltimore/London), pp 1--42
Grung M, Skurtveit S, Aasmundstad TA et al. (1998) Morphine-6-glucuronide-induced
locomotor stimulation in mice: role of opioid receptors. Pharmacol Toxicol 82(1): 3--10
Gupta PK, Dundee JW (1974) Morphine combined with doxapram or naloxone. A study of
post-operative pain relief. Anaesthesia 1: 33--39
Gupta PK, Dundee JW (1974) The effect of an infusion of doxapram on morphine analgesia.
Anaesthesia 1: 40--43
Haas H (1955) Zentrale Analgetika. Dtsch Apotheker Ztg 48: 1143--1148
Hagen NA, Foley KM, Cerbone DJ et al. (1991) Chronic nausea and morphine-6-glucuronide.
J Pain Sympt Man 6: 125--128
Hand CW, Blunnie EP, Claffey LP et al. (1987) Potential analgesic contribution from
morphine-6-glucuronide in CSF. Lancet ii: 1207--1208
Hanks GW, Twycross RG, Bliss JM (1987) Controlled release morphine tablets: a doubleblind trial in patients with advanced cancer. Anaesthesia 42: 840--844
Hanks GW, Wand PJ (1989) Enterohepatic circulation of opioid drugs: is it clinically relevant
in the treatment of cancer patients? Clin Pharmacokin 17: 65--68
Hanna MH, Peat SJ, Woodham M et al. (1990) Analgesic efficacy and CSF pharmacokinetics
of intrathecal morphine-6-glucuronide: comparison with morphine. Br J Anaesth 64: 547-550
Hasselström J, Säwe J (1993) Morphine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans.
Enterohepatic cycling and relative contribution of metabolites to active opioid
concentrations. Clin Pharmacokinet 4: 344--354
Hasselström J, Säwe J (1993) Morphine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans:
enterohepatic cycling and relative contribution of metabolites to active opioid
concentrations. Clin Pharmacokin 24: 344--354
Herz A, Teschemacher HJ (1971) Activities and sites of antinociceptive action of morphinelike analgesics and kinetics of distribution following intravenous intracerebral and
intraventricular application. Adv Drug Res 6: 79--119
Hewett K, Dickenson AH, McQuay et al. (1993) Lack of effect of morphine-3-glucuronide on
spinal antinociceptive actions of morphine in the rat: an electrophysiological study. Pain
53: 59--63
Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW, Heron CW et al. (1989) M6G and its analgesic action in chronic use.
Clin J Pain 5: 199--201
Hsu HD, Hickey RF, Forbes AR (1979) Morphine decreases peripheral vascular resistance
and increases capacitance in man. Anesthesiology 50: 98--102
Hug CC jr, Aldrete JA, Sampson JF et al. (1979) Morphin anesthesia in patients with liver
failure. Anesthesiology 51(S): 30
Hug CC, Murphy MR, Rigel EP (1981) Pharmacokinetics of morphine injected intravenously
into the anesthetized dog. Anesthesiology 54: 38--47
Hughes J (1975) Isolation of an endogenous compound from the brain with pharmacological
properties similar to morphine. Brain Res 88: 295--308
Iglesias V, Alguacil LF, Alamo C et al. (1992) Effects of Yohimbine on morphine analgesia
and physical dependence in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 211: 35--38
Ilett KF, Tee LBG, Reeves RT et al. (1990) The metabolism of drugs and related xenobiotics
in the gut lumen and wall. Pharmacol Ther 46: 67--93
Iwamoto K, Klaassen CD (1977) First-pass effect of morphine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
200: 236--244
Joel SP, Osborne RJ, Nixon NS et al. (1985) Morphine-6-glucuronide, an important
metabolite. Lancet ii: 1099--1100
Jones VA, Hanks GW (1986) New portable infusion pumps for prolonged subcutaneous
administration of opioid analgesics in patients with advanced cancer. BMJ 292: 1496
Jonsson T, Christensen BH, Jordening H et al. (1988) The bioavailability of rectally
administered morphine. Pharmacol Toxicol 62: 203--205
Kaiko RF (1980) Age and morphine analgesia in cancer patients with postoperative pain. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 28: 823--826
Kaiko RF, Grandy RP, Oshlack G et al. (1989) The United States experience with oral
controlled-release morphine. Cancer 63: 2348
Kalman S, Metcalf K, Eintrei C (1997) Morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, and morphine-3glucuronide in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after epidural administration of morphine.
Reg Anesth 22(2): 131--136
Kart T, Christrup LL, Rasmussen M (1997) Recommended use of morphine in neonates,
infants and children based on a literature review: Part 2--Clinical use. Paediatr Anaesth
7(2): 93--101
Kaufman JJ, Semo NM, Koski WS (1975) Microelectrometric titration measurement of hte
pKa`s and partition and drug distribution coefficients of narcotics and narcotic antagonists
and their pH and temperature dependence. J Med Chem 18: 647--655
Khojasteh A, Evans W, Reynolds RD et al. (1987) Controlled-release oral morphine sulfate in
the treatment of cancer pain with pharmacokinetic correlation. J Clin Oncol 5: 956--961
Kolesnikov Y, Jain S, Wilson R et al. (1997) Blockade of morphine-induced hindlimb
myoclonic seizures in mice by ketamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56(3): 423--425
Koren G, Butt W, Chinyanga H et al. (1985) Post-operative morphine infusion in newborn
infants. J Pediat 107: 963--967
Korinek AM, Languille M, Bonnet F et al. (1985) Effet of postoperative extradural morphine
on ADH secretion. Br J Anaesth 57: 407--411
Kossmann B, Hecht M, Bowdler I et al. (1985) Therapie von Karzinomschmerzen-Vergleich
einer wässrigen Morphinlösung mit MST-Tabletten. Schmerz Pain Douleur 6: 143--151
Kosterlitz HW, Lord JAH (1971) The morphine receptor in the guinea pig ileum. A.
Antagonist of normorphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl and etorphine. B. Methadone. C.
Antagonists with very long duration of action. Com Prob Drug Depend, 33rd Ann Sci
Meeting (Toronto)
Krane et al. (1995) Anesth Analg 80: 7--13
Kupferberg HJ, Way EL (1963) The pharmacologic basis for the increased sensitivity of the
newborn rat to morphine . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 141: 105--112
Lang E, Jedeikin R (1998) Acute respiratory depression as a complication of nebulised
morphine. Can J Anaesth 45(1): 60--62
Lawlor PG, Turner KS, Hanson J et al. (1998) Dose ratio between morphine and methadone
in patients with cancer pain: a retrospective study. Cancer 82(6): 1167--1173
Le Bars D, Willer JC, De Broucker T (1992) Morphine blocks descending pain inhibitory
controls in human. Pain 48: 13--20
Lowenstein E (1971) Morphine 'anesthesia' - a perspective. Anesthesiology 35: 563--565
Lowenstein E, Hollowell P, Levine FH et al. (1969) Cardiovascular responses to large doses
of intravenouse morphine in man. N Engl J Med 281: 1389--1393
Lowenstein E, Whiting RB, Bittar DA et al. (1972) Locally and neurally mediated effects of
morphine on skeletal muscle vascular resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 180: 359--367
Lundeberg S, Beck O, Olsson GL et al. (1996) Rectal administration of morphine in children.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation after a single-dose. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40(4): 445 – 451
Lynn AM, Opheim KE, Tyler TC (1984) Morphine infusion after pediatric cardiac surgery.
Crit Care Med 12: 863--866
Lynn AM, Slattery JT (1987) Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy. Anesthesiology
66: 136--139
Maloney CM, Kesner RK, Klein G et al. (1989) The rectal administration of MS Contin:
clinical implications of use in end stage cancer. Am J Hosp Care July/August: 34--35
Manara AR, Shelly MP, Quinn KG et al.(1989) Pharmacokinetics of morphine following
administration by the buccal route. Br J Anaesth 62: 498--502
Mather LE (1983) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors influencing the choice,
dose and route of administration of opiates for acute pain. In: Opiate analgesie
(Bullingham RES, ed.), Saunders (London), pp 17--40
Mather LE (1995) 1994 John J. Bonica Lecture. The clinical effects of morphine
pharmacology. Reg Anesth 20(4): 263--282
Matsumiya N, Dohi S (1983) Effects of intravenous or subarachnoid morphine on cerebral
and spinal cord hemodynamics and antagonism with naloxone in dogs. Anesthesiology 59:
175--181
Matsuzawa T, Wada Y, Shimoyama M et al. (1994) The effect of different routes of
administration on the metabolism of morphine: the disposition of morphine and its
metabolites after topical application. Biopharm Drug Dispos 15(8): 665--678
Max MB, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF et al. (1985) Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebrospinal
fluid and plasma profiles in patients with chronic cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38(6):
631--641
Mazoit JX, Sandouk P, Roche A (1988) Extrahepatic metabolism of morphine occurs in
humans. Anesthesiology 69: A456
Mazoit JX, Sandouk P, Zetlaoui P et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of unchanged morphine in
normal and cirrhotic subjects. Anesth Analg 66: 293--298
McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Faura C et al. (1990) Oral morphine in cancer pain: influences on
morphine and metabolic concentration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 48: 236--244
Meed SD, Kleinman PM, Kantor TG et al. (1987) Management of cancer pain with oral
controlled-release morphine sulfate. J Clin Pharmacol 27: 155--161
Milne RW, Jensen RH, Larsen C et al. (1997) Comparison of the disposition of hepaticallygenerated morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in isolated perfused liver
from the guinea pig. Pharm Res 14(8): 1014--1018
Miser AW, Chayt KJ, Sandlund JT et al. (1986) Narcotic withdrawal syndrome in young
adults after the therapeutic use of opiates. Am J Dis Child 140: 603--604
Miser AW, Davis DM, Hughes CS et al. (1983) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of
morphine in children with cancer. Am J Dis Child 137: 383--385
Miser AW, Miser JS, Clark BS (1980) Continuous intravenous infusion of morphine sulfate
for control of severe pain in children with terminal malignancy. J Pediat 96: 930--932
Morphin Therapeutische Systeme
Mostert JW, Evers JL, Hobika GH et al. (1971) Cardiorespiratory effects of anaesthesia with
morphine or fentanyl in chronic renal failure and cerebral toxicity after morphine. Br J
Anaesth 43: 1053--1060
Muldoon SM, Donlon MA, Todd R et al. (1984) Plasma histamine and hemodynamic
responses following administration of nalbuphine and morphine. Agents Actions 15: 229-234
Murphy MR, Hug CC (1981) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous morphine in patients
anesthetized with enflurane-nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 54: 187--192
Nahata MC, Miser AW, Miser JS et al. (1984) Analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine
in children with terminal malignancy receiving a continuous subcutaneous infusion of
morphine to control severe pain. Pain 18: 109--114
Nahata MC, Miser AW, Miser JS et al. (1985) Variation in morphine pharmacokinetics in
children with cancer. Rev Pharmacol Ther 8: 182--188
Nelson CJ, Dykstra LA, Lysle DT (1997) Comparison of the time course of morphine's
analgesic and immunologic effects. Anesth Analg 85(3): 620--626
Nelson KA, Glare PA, Walsh D et al. (1997) A prospective, within-patient, crossover study of
continuous intravenous and subcutaneous morphine for chronic cancer pain. J Pain
Symptom Manage 5: 262--267
Nilsson E, Perttunen K, Kalso E (1997) Intrathecal morphine for post-sternotomy pain in
patients with myasthenia gravis: effects on respiratory function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
41(5): 549--556
Nishitateno K, Ngai SH, Finck AD et al. (1979) Pharmacokinetics of morphine:
concentrations in the serum and brain of the dog during hyperventilation. Anesthesiology
50: 520--523
Noseda A, Carpiaux JP, Markstein C et al. (1997) Disabling dyspnoea in patients with
advanced disease: lack of effect of nebulized morphine. Eur Respir J 5: 1079--1083
Oguri K, Yamada-Mori I, Shigezane J et al. (1987) Enhanced binding of morphine and
nalorphine to opioid delta receptor by glucuronite and sulphate conjugations at the 6positions. Life Sci 41: 1457--1464
Osborne RJ, Joel SP, Slevin ML (1986) Morphine intoxication in renal failure; the role of
morphine-6-glucuronide. BJM 232: 1548--1549
Osborne RJ, Joel SP, Trew D et al. (1990) Morphine and metabolite behaviour after different
routes of administration: demonstration of the importance of the active metabolite
morphine-6-glucuronide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47: 12--19
Osborne RJ, Thompson P, Joel S et al. (1992) The analgesic activity of morphine-6glucuronide. BJ Clin Pharm 34: 130--138
Owen JA, Sitar DS, Berger L et al. (1983) Age-related morphine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 34: 364--368
Palm S, Lehzen S, Mignat C et al. (1998) Does prolonged oral treatment with sustainedrelease morphine tablets influence immune function? Anesth Analg 86(1): 166--172
Pannuti F, Rossi AP, Lafelice G et al. (1982) Control of chronic pain in very advanced cancer
patients with morphine hydrochloride administered by oral, rectal and sublingual route.
Clinical report and preliminary results on morphine pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Res
Comm 14: 369--380
Parris WC, Janicki PK, Johnson B jr et al. (1996) Persistent pain associated with long-term
intrathecal morphine administration. South Med J 89(4): 417--419
Pasternak GW, Bodnar RJ, Clark JA et al. (1987) Morphine-6-glucuronide, a potent mu
agonist. Life Sci 41: 2845--2849
Paul D, Standifer KM, Inturrisi CE et al. (1989) Pharmacological characterization of
morphine-6-glucuronide, a very potent morphine metabolite. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:
477--483
Pavlovic ZW, Bodnar RJ (1998) Opioid supraspinal analgesic synergy between the amygdala
and periaqueductal gray in rats. Brain Res 779(1-2): 158--169
Peterson GM, Randall CTC, Paterson J (1990) Plasma levels of morphine glucuronides in the
treatment of cancer pain: relationship to renal function and route of administration. Eur J
Clin Pharmacol 38: 121--124
Philbin DM, Coggins CH (1978) Plasma antidiuretic hormone levels in cardiac surgical
patients during morphine and halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 49: 95--98
Philbin DM, Moss J, Akins CW et al. (1981) The use of H1 and H2 histamine antagonists
with morphine anesthesia: a double blind study. Anesthesiology 55: 292--296
Philbin DM, Wilson NE, Sokoloshi I et al. (1976) Radioimmunoassay of antidiuretic hormone
during morphine anesthesia. Can Anesth Soc J 23: 290--295
Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Stulman J et al. (1991) Plasma morphine and morphine-6glucuronide during chronic morphine therapy for cancer pain: plasma profiles, steady-state
concentrations and the consequences of renal failure. Pain 41: 13--19
Portenoy RK, Khan E, Layman M et al. (1991) Chronic morphine therapy for cancer pain:
plasma and cerebrospinal fluid morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide concentrations.
Neurol 41: 1457--1461
Portenoy RK, Thaler HT, Inturrisi CE et al. (1992) The metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide
contributes to the analgesia produced by morphine infusion in patients with pain and
normal renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 422--431
Potter JM, Reid DB, Shaw RJ et al. (1989) Myoclonus associated with treatment with high
doses of morphine: the role of supplemental drugs. BMJ 299: 150--153
Poulain P, Moran-Ribon A, Hanks GW et al. (1990) CSF concentrations of morphine-6glucuronide after oral administration of morphine. Pain 41: 115--116
Quinn MW, Wild J, Dean HG et al. (1993) Randomised double-blind controlled trial of effect
of morphine on catecholamine concentrations in ventilated pre-term babies. Lancet 342:
324--327
Rigg JRA, Browne RA, Davis C et al. (1978) Variation in the disposition of morphine after
i.m. administration in surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 50: 1125--1130
Rigg JRA, Rondi P (1981) Changes in rib cage and diaphragma contribution to ventilation
after morphine. Anesthesiology 55: 507--514
Ritz R (1990) Schmerzbekämpfung beim Herzinfarkt. Notfallmed 16: 242--244
Roerig DL, Kotrly KJ, Vucins E et al. (1987) First pass uptake of fentanyl, meperidine and
morphine in the human lung. Anesthesiology 67: 466--472
Rosow CE, Moss J, Philbin EM et al. (1982) Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 56: 93--96
Sabatino G, Quartulli L, Di Fabio S et al. (1997) Hemodynamic effects of intravenous
morphine infusion in ventilated preterm babies. Early Hum Dev 47(3): 263--270
Salem A, Hope W (1997) Role of morphine glucuronide metabolites in morphine dependence
in the Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57(4): 801--807
Samuelsson H, Hedner T, Venn R et al. (1991) CSF and plasma concentrations of morphine
and morphine glucuronides in cancer patients receiving epidural morphine. Pain 52: 179-185
Sandouk P, Serrie A, Scherrmann JM et al. (1991) Presence of morphine metabolites in
human cerebrospinal fluid after intracerebroventricular administration of morphine. Eur J
Drug Metab Pharmacokin 3: 166--171
Sartorelli KH, Abajian JC, Kreutz JM et al. (1992) Improved outcome utilizing spinal
anesthesia in high-risk infants. J Pediatric Surg 8: 1022--1025
Säwe J (1986) High-dose morphine and methadone in cancer patients. Clinical
pharmacokinetic considerations of oral treatment. Clin Pharmacokin 11: 87--106
Säwe J, Dahlström B, Paalzow I et al. (1981) Morphine kinetics in cancer patients. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 30: 629--635
Säwe J, Odar-Cederlöf I (1987) Kinetics of morphine in patients with renal failure. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 32: 377--382
Säwe J, Svensson JO, Rane A (1983) Morphine metabolism in cancer patients on increasing
oral doses − no evidence for autoinduction or dose dependence. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:
85--93
Schneider JJ, Ravenscroft PJ, Cavenagh JD et al. (1992) Plasma morphine-3-glucuronide,
morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine concentrations in patients receiving long-term
epidural morphine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 34: 431--433
Sear JW, Hand CW, Moore RA et al. (1989) Studies on morphine disposition: influence of
general anaesthesia on plasma concentrations of morphine and its metabolites. Br J
Anaesth 62: 22--27
Sear JW, Hand CW, Moore RA et al. (1989) Studies on morphine disposition: influence of
renal failure on the kinetics of morphine and its metabolites. Br J Anaesth 62: 28--32
Shimomura K, Kamata O, Ueki S et al. (1971) Analgesic effect of morphine glucuronides.
Tohoku J Exp Med 105: 45--52
Short CE, Greenwald W, Bendick F (1970) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH responses in
arterial blood or dogs given analgesics, neuroleptanalgesic and ataractic agents. J Am Vet
Med Ass 156(10): 1406--1410
Sjögren P, Dragsted L, Christensen CB (1993) Myoclonic spasms during treatment with high
doses of intravenous morphine in renal failure. Acta Anaesth Scand 37: 780--782
Sjogren P, Jensen NH, Jensen TS (1994) Disappearance of morphine-induced hyperalgesia
after discontinuing or substituting morphine with other opioid agonists. Pain 59(2): 313-326
Sjöström S, Tamsen A, Persson MP et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal morphine
and meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 67: 889--895
Smith MT, Watt JA, Crammond T (1990) Morphine-3-glucuronide-a potent antagonist of
morphine analgesia. Life Sci 47: 579--585
Sorge J, Lehmkuhl C, Lohse K et al. (1990) Langzeittherapie von Tumorschmerzen mit
Morphin-retard-Tabletten. Med Klin 9: 523--528
Spector S, Vessel ES (1971) Disposition of morphine in man. Science 174: 421--422
Stanley TH, Gray NH, Bidwai NH et al. (1974) The effects of high dose morphine and
morphine plus nitrous oxide on urinary output in man. Can Anesth Soc J 21: 379--34
Stanley TH, Gray NH, Isren-Amaral JH et al. (1974) Comparison of blood requirements
during morphine and halothane anesthesia for open-heart surgery. Anesthesiology 41: 34-38
Stanley TH, Lathrop GD (1977) Urinary excretion of morphine during and after valvular and
coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology 46: 166--169
Stanski DR, Greenblatt DJ, Lappas DG et al. (1977) Kinetics of high dose intravenous
morphin in cardiac surgery patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19: 725--756
Stanski DR, Greenblatt DJ, Lowenstein EL (1978) Kinetics of intravenous and intramuscular
morphine .Clin Pharmacol Ther 24: 52--59
Stoelting RK, Gibbs PS (1973) Hemodynamic effects of morphine and morphine-nitrous
oxide in valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology 38: 45--52
Svensson JO, Rane A, Säwe J et al. (1982) Determination of morphine, morphine-3glucuronide and (tentatively) morphine-6-glucuronide in plasma and urine using ion-pair
high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatograph 230: 427--432
Tamsen A (1987) Epidural Morphine: A review of current pharmacological and clinical
studies, Astra ALab AB, Pain Control, Trosa Tryckeri (Sweden)
Tempel A (1991) Visualisation of µ opiate receptor downregulation following morphine
treatment in neonatal rat brain. Dev Brain Res 64: 19--26
Teuchmann JK, Kania BF (1977) The effects of etorphine, fentanyl and morphine on
noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations in the striatum of rat. Acta Physiol Pol 28(2):
107--112
Unna K (1943) Antagonist effect of N-Allyl-normorphine upon morphine. J Pharmacol Exper
Therap 79 : 27
Vater M, Smith G, Aherne GW et al. (1984) Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of slowrelease oral morphine sulphate in volunteers. Br J Anaesth 56: 821--827
Venn RF, Michalkiewicz A, Hardy P et al. (1990) Concentrations of morphine, morphine
metabolites and peptides in human CSF and plasma. Pain 5: 188(S)
Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, Caraceni A et al. (1990) The management of inoperable
gastrointestinal obstruction on terminal cancer patients. Tumori 76: 389--393
Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, DeConne F et al. (1987) Antidepressants increase bioavailability
of morphine in cancer patients. Lancet 1: 1204
Ventafridda V, Spoldi E, Caraceni A et al. (1986) The importance of continuous subcutaneous
morphine administration for cancer pain control. Pain Clinic 1: 47--55
Ventafridda V, Tamburine, Caraceni A et al. (1987) A validation study of WHO method for
cancer pain relief. Cancer 5: 850
Von Cube B, Teschemacher HJ, Herz A et al. (1970) Permeation of morphine-like substances
to their site of antinociceptive action in the brain after intravenous and intraventricular
application and dependence on lipid solubility. Arch Pharm 265: 455--502
Von Steinbuchel N (1902) Zentralbl Gynäk 48
Waldmann SD, Eason JR, Rambohul E et al. (1984) Serum morphine levels. A comparison
between continuous subcutaneous infusion and continuous intravenous infusion in
postoperative patients. Anaesthesia 39: 768--771
Wang JH, Takemori AE (1972)Studies on the transport of morphine into the cerebrospinal
fluid of rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 183: 41--48
Wang JK, Nauss LE, Thomas JE (1979) Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man.
Anesthesiology 50: 149--151
Watson NW, Taylor KM, Joel SP (1996) A pharmacokinetic study of sublingual aerosolized
morphine in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 48(12):1256--1259
Weil JV, McCullough RE, Kline JS et al. (1975) Diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia
and hypercapnia after morphine in normal man. N Engl J Med 292: 1103--1106
Werz MA, MacDonal RL (1982) Opiate alkaloids antagonize postsynaptic glycine and GABA
responses: correlation with convulsant action. Brain Res 236: 107--119
Westerling D, Andersson KE (1984) Rectal administration of morphine hydrogel: absorption
and bioavailability in women. Acta Anaesth Scand 28: 540--543
Westerling D, Bengtsson HI, Thysell C et al. (1996) The influence of preanalytical factors on
concentrations of morphine and metabolites in patients receiving morphine. Pharmacol
Toxicol 78(2): 82--85
Westerling D, Hoglund P, Lundin S et al. (1994) Transdermal administration of morphine to
healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 37(6): 571--576
Williams PI, Sarginson RE, Ratcliffe JM (1998) Use of methadone in the morphine-tolerant
burned paediatric patient. Br J Anaesth 80(1): 92--95
Wolf AR, Hughes D (1993) Pain relief for infants undergoing abdominal surgery: a
comparison of infusion of i.v. morphine and extradural bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 70: 10-16
Wolff T, Samuelsson H, Hedner T (1996) Concentrations of morphine and morphine
metabolites in CSF and plasma during continuous subcutaneous morphine administration
in cancer pain patients. Pain 68(2--3): 209--216
Woolf CJ (1981) Intrathecal high dose morphine produces hyperalgesia in the rat. Brain Res
209: 491--495
Wu D, Kang YS, Bickel U et al. (1997) Blood-brain barrier permeability to morphine-6glucuronide is markedly reduced compared with morphine. Drug Metab Dispos 25(6): 768-771
Xu JY, Hill KP, Bidlack JM (1998) The nitric oxide/cyclic GMP system at the supraspinal
site is involved in the development of acute morphine antinociceptive tolerance. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 284(1): 196--201
Yaksh TL, Harty GJ (1987) Pharmacology of the allodynia in rats evoked by high-dose
intrathecal morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244: 501--507
Yamasaki Y, Shimamura O, Kizu A et al. (1982) IgE-mediated 14 C-seotonin release from rat
mast cells modulated by morphine and endorphins. Life Sci 31: 471--478
Yeh SY (1975) Urinary excretion of morphine and ist metabolites in morphine dependent
subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 192: 201--210
Yeh SY, Gorodetzky CW, Krebs HA (1977) Isolation and identification of morphine 3- and
6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6-diglucuronide, morphine 3-ethereal sulfate, normorphine,
and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans. J Pharm Sci 66(9):
1288--1293
Yeh SY, Krebs HA, Gorodetzky CW (1979) Isolation and identification of morphine N-oxyde
alpha-and beta-dihydromorphines, beta-or gamma-isomorphine, and hydroxylated
morphine as morphine metabolites in several mammalian species. J Pharm Sci 68: 133-140
Yeh SY, McQuinn RL, Gorodetzky CW (1977) Biotransformation of morphine to
dihydromorphinone and normorphine in the mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, and
monkey. Drug Metab Dispos 4: 335--342
Yeh SY, Mitchell CL (1972) Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on formation of
morphine glucuronide. Biochem Pharmacol 21: 571--578
Yoshimura H, Ida S, Oguri K et al. (1973) Biochemical basia for analgesic activity of
morphine-6-glucuronide: penetration of morphine-6-glucuronide in the brain of rats.
Biochem Pharmacol 22: 1423--1430
Zelis R, Mansour EJ, Capone RJ et al. (1974) The cardiovascular effects of morphine: the
peripheral capacitance and resistance vessels in human subjects. J Clin Invest 54: 1247-1258
Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M et al. (1989) Retardiertes Morphin zur Langzeittherapie
schwerer Tumorschmerzen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 114: 43--47
Zeppetella G (1997) Nebulized morphine in the palliation of dyspnoea Palliative Medicine 11:
267--272
Opium
Behmard S, Sadeghi A, Mohareri MR (1981) Positive association of opium addiction and
cancer of the bladder. Results of urine cytology in 3,500 opium addicts. Acta Cytol 2: 142-146
Bhatia MT (1988) Oral raw opium for cancer pain relief. 9th WCA, May 22-28, Washington
DC (USA), Abstract A0744
Butel Paul, L’opium – Histoire d’une fascination, Perrin – Paris 1995
Fingerhut A (1990) Homéopathie dans la reprise du transit apres chirurgie abdominale.
Chirurgie 116(4--5): 404--408
Hewer T, Rose E, Ghadirian P et al. (1978) Ingested mutagens from opium and tobacco
pyrolysis products and cancer of the oesophagus. Lancet 2: 494--496
Kalant H (1997) Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use
and relative risks. Addiction 92(3): 267--277
Lim HY, Kwok SF (1981) Differentiation and comparison of raw, prepared and dross opium.
Bull Narc 33(1): 31--41
Malaveille C, Friesen M, Camus AM et al. (1982) Mutagens produced by the pyrolysis of
opium and its alkaloids as possible risk factors in cancer of the bladder and oesophagus.
Carcinogenesis 3(5): 577 – 585
Mathur ML, Chaudhary RC (1996) Increased risk of tuberculosis in opium addicts. Indian J
Med Sci 50(10): 365--367
Muthusamy E (1991) Opium addiction and cauliflower ears: a case report. Singapore Med J
32(1): 90--91
Nencini P (1997) The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the Ancient World.
VIII. Lack of evidence of opium addiction. Subst Use Misuse 32(11): 1581--1586
Seefelder M (1996), Opium – eine Kulturgeschichte, Ecomed (Landsberg)
Ye K, Ke Y, Keshava N et al. (1998) Opium alkaloid noscapine is an antitumor agent that
arrests metaphase and induces apoptosis in dividing cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(4):
1601--1606
Omnopon
Jones SEF, Stokes MA (1992) Papaveretum infusions in children under 6 months of age.
Anaesthesia 46: 688--690
Dextromethorphan
Bem JL, Peck R (1992) Dextromethorphan: an overview of safety issues. Drug Safety 7: 190-199
Carpenter CL, Marks SS, Watson DL et al. (1988) Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan as
calcium channel antagonists. Brain Res 439: 372--375
Choi DW, Peter S, Visekul V (1987) Dextrorphan and levarphenol selectively block Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity on cortical neurons. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 242: 713--720
Ferkany JW, Borosky SH, Clissold DB et al. (1988) Dextromethorphan inhibits NMDAinduced convulsions. Eur J Pharmacol 151: 151--154
Ilkjaer S, Dirks J, Brennum J et al. (1997) Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
antagonist (dextromethorphan) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Br J
Anaesth 79(5): 600--605
Kawamata T, Omote K, Kawamata M et al. (1998) Premedication with oral dextromethorphan
reduces postoperative pain after tonsillectomy Anesth Analg 86(3): 594--597
Nelson KA, Park KM, Robinovitz E et al. (1997) High-dose oral dextromethorphan versus
placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 48(5): 1212
– 1218
Price DD, Mao J, Frenk H et al. (1994) The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
dextromethorphan selectively reduces temporal summation of second pain in man. Pain 59:
165--174
Price DD, Mao J, Lu J et al. (1996) NMDA-Antagonist Dextromethorphan Effects of the
combined oral administration of NSAIDs and dextromethorphan on behavioral symptoms
indicative of arthritic pain in rats. Pain 68(1): 119--127
Pulvirenti L, Balducci C, Koob GF Dextromethorphan reduces intravenous cocaine selfadministration in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 321(3): 279--283
Schmider J, Greenblatt DJ, Fogelman SM et al. (1997) Metabolism of dextromethorphan in
vitro: involvement of cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A3/4, with a possible role of 2E1.
Biopharm Drug Dispos 3: 227--240
Dextrorphan
Chaplan SR, Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1997) Efficacy of spinal NMDA receptor antagonism
in formalin hyperalgesia and nerve injury evoked allodynia in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 280(2): 829--838
Mao J, Price DD, Hayes RL et al. (1993) Intrathecal treatment with dextrorphan or ketamine
potently reduces pain-related behaviors in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy.
Brain Res 605: 164--168
Tal M, Bennett GJ (1993) Dextrorphan relieves neuropathic heat-evoked hyperalgesia in the
rat. Neurosci Lett 151: 107--110
Heroin
Brambilla F, Cazzullo CL, Bellodi L et al. (1979) Prolactin secretion and response to stimuli
in male heroin addicts. Neuropsychobiol 5: 294--300
Brown GP, Yang K, King MA et al. (1997) 3-Methoxynaltrexone, a selective
heroin/morphine-6beta-glucuronide antagonist. FEBS Lett 412(1): 35--38
Cartwright PD, Hesse C, Jackson AO (1993) Myoclonic spasms following intrathecal
diamorphine. J Pain Symptom Manage 7: 492--495
Castellano C (1980) Dose-dependent effects of heroin in memory in two inbred strains of
mice. Psychopharmacol 67: 235--239
Child CT, Kaufman L (1985) Effect of intrathecal diamorphine on the adrenocortical,
hyperglycaemic and cardiovascular responses to major surgery. Br J Anaesth 57: 389--393
Cone EJ, Holicky BA, Grant TM et al. (1993) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
intranasal "snorted" heroin. J Anal Toxicol 6: 327--337
Cone EJ, Jufer R, Darwin WD et al. (1996) Forensic drug testing for opiates. VII. Urinary
excretion profile of intranasal (snorted) heroin. J Anal Toxicol 20(6): 379--392
Diamorphine (1988) Its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical use (Scott BD, ed.), WoodheadFaulkner (Cambridge)
Enever GR, Noble HA, Kolditz D et al. (1991) Epidural infusion of diamorphine with
bupivacaine in labour: a comparison with fentanyl and bupivacaine. Anaesthesia 46: 169-173
Geber WF, Schramm LC (1975) Congenital malformations of the central nervous system
produced by narcotic analgesics in the hamster. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123(7): 705--713
Geschwinde TH (1985) Rauschdrogen, Springer, p 96
Henderson DJ, Jones G (1995): Effect of i.v. diamorphine on the regression of spinal block.
Br J Anaesth 74: 610--611
Holder KJ, Morgan BM (1994) Dysphoria after extradural diamorphine. Correspondence. Br J
Anaesth 72(6): 728
Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW, White ID (1988) Sterile abscess formation by continuous
subcutaneous infusion of diamorphine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296(6636): 1605
Hulse GK, Milne E, English DR et al. (1997) The relationship between maternal use of heroin
and methadone and infant birth weight. Addiction 92(11): 1571--1579
Inturrisi CE (1989) Management of cancer pain. Pharmacology and principles of
management. Cancer 63: 2308--2320
Jayawardena B, Hill DJ (1991) Myoclonic spasms after epidural diamorphine infusion.
Anaesthesia 46(6): 473--474
Jenkins AJ, Keenan RM, Henningfield JE et al. (1994) Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of smoked heroin. J Anal Toxicol 18(6): 317--330
Kaiko RF, Wallenstein SL, Rogers A et al. (1981) Relative analgesic potency of
intramuscular heroin and morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain and chronic
pain due to cancer. NIDA Res Monogr 34: 213--219
Kaiko RF, Wallenstein SL, Rogers AG et al. (1981) Analgesic and mood effects of heroin and
morphine in cancer patients with postoperative pain. N Engl J Med 304(25): 1501--1505
Kestin IG, Madden AP, Mulvein JT et al. (1992) Analgesia for labour and delivery using
incremental diamorphine and bupivacaine via a 32-gauge intrathecal catheter. Br J Anaesth
68: 244--247
Kintz P, Brenneisen R, Bundeli P et al. (1997) Sweat testing for heroin and metabolites in a
heroin maintenance program. Clin Chem 43(5): 736--739
Kriegstein AR, Armitage BA, Kim PY (1997) Heroin inhalation and progressive spongiform
leukoencephalopathy. New Engl J Med 336(8): 589--590
Lowson SM, Alexander JI, Black AM et al. (1994) Epidural diamorphine infusions with and
without 0.167% bupivacaine for post-operative analgesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 5: 345--352
Macrae DJ, Munishankrappa S, Burrow LM et al. (1987) Double-blind comparison of the
efficacy of extradural diamorphine, extradural phenoperidine and i.m. diamorphine
following cesarean section. Br J Anaesth 59: 354--359
Malins AF, Goodman NW, Cooper GM et al. (1984) Ventilatory effects of pre-and
postoperative diamorphine. A comparison of extradural with intramuscular administration.
Anaesthesia 39: 118--125
Marks J (1994) Deaths form methadone and heroin. Lancet 343 (8903): 976
Masters N, Heap G, Wedley J et al. (1988) Inhaled nebulised morphine and diamorphine:
useful in general practice? Pract 232(PI): 910--911
Morrison LM, Payne M, Drummond GB (1991) Comparison of speed of onset of analgesic
effect of diamorphine and morphine. Br J Anaesth 66: 656--659
Pelosi MA, Sama JC, Caterini H et al. (1974) Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome associated
with heroine addiction. Am J Obst Gynecol 118: 966--970
Rossi GC, Brown GP, Leventhal L et al. (1996) Novel receptor mechanisms for heroin and
morphine-6 beta-glucuronide analgesia. Neurosci Lett 216(1): 1--4
Roulson CJ, Bennett J, Shaw M et al. (1993) Effect of extradural diamorphine on analgesia
after caesarean section under subarachnoid block. Br J Anaesth 71: 810--813
Sawynok J (1986) The therapeutic use of heroin: a review of the pharmacological literature.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 64(1): 1--6
Semple D, Aldridge LA, Doyle E (1996) Comparison of i.v. and s.c. diamorphine infusions
for the treatment of acute pain in children. Br J Anaesth 76(2): 310--312
Shaw A, Mobbs PJ, Haines JF et al. (1997) Analgesic effect of intra-articular bupivacaine or
diamorphine after arthroscopic surgery of the knee joint in day-case patients. Eur J
Anaesthesiol 6: 635--641
Skopp G, Ganssmann B, Cone EJ et al. (1997) Plasma concentrations of heroin and morphinerelated metabolites after intranasal and intramuscular administration. J Anal Toxicol
21(2):105--111
Smith DE, Moser C, Wesson DR et al. (1982) A clinical guide to the diagnosis and treatment
of heroin-related sexual dysfunction. J Psychoactive Drugs 14(1--22): 91--99
Tagliaro F, de Battisti Z, Smith FP et al. (1998) Death from heroin overdose: findings from
hair analysis. Lancet 351(9120): 1923--1925
Tress KH, El-Sobky AA (1979) Pupil responses to intravenous heroin (diamorphine) in
dependent and non-dependent humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2: 213--217
Twycross RG (1977) Choice of strong analgesic in terminal cancer: Diamorphine or
morphine? Pain 3: 93--104
Wallenstein SL, Houde RW, Portenoy R et al. (1990) Clinical analgesic assay of repeated and
single doses of heroin and hydromorphone. Pain 41(1): 5--13
Wilson JA, Kendall JM, Cornelius P (1997) Intranasal diamorphine for paediatric analgesia:
assessment of safety and efficacy. J Accid Emerg Med 2: 70--72
Withington DE, Patrick JA, Reynolds F (1993) Histamine release by morphine and
diamorphine in man. Anaesthesia 48(1): 26--29
Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ (1981) Heroin prolongs survival time and retards tumor growth in
mice with neuroblastoma. Brain Res Bull 1: 25--32
Dihydrocodein
Chua TP, Harrington D, Ponikowski P et al. (1997) Effects of dihydrocodeine on
chemosensitivity and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1: 147--152
Davies G, Kingswood C, Street M (1996) Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction.
Clin Pharmacokinet 6: 410--422
Eckenhoff JE, Helrich M, Rolph WD (1957) The effect of dihydrocodeine upon respiration
and circulation in man. Anesthesiology 18: 891--896
Eddy NB (1934) Studies of morphine, codeine and their derivatives.IV: Hydrogenated
codeine isomers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1: 35--44
Fromm MF, Hofmann U, Griese EU et al. (1995) Dihydrocodeine: a new opioid substrate for
the polymorphic CYP2D6 in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 58(4): 374--382
Gravenstein JS, Smith GM, Sphire RD (1956) Dihydrocodeine; further development in
measurement of analgesic power and appraisal of psychologic side effects of analgesic
agents. N Engl J Med 254: 877--885
Johnson MA, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM (1983) Dihydrocodeine for breathlessness in "pink
puffers". BMJ 286: 675--677
Jurna I, Kömen W, Baldauf J et al. (1997) Analgesia by dihydrocodeine is not due to
formation of dihydromorphine: evidence from nociceptive activity in rat thalamus. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 281(3): 1164--1170
Kamei J, Mori T, Kasuya Y (1991) Effects of L-tryptophan on the development of tolerance
to the antitussive effects of dihydrocodeine. Jpn J Pharmacol 55(3): 403--406
Keats AS, Telford J, Kurosu Y (1957) Studies of analgesic drugs: dihydrocodeine. Pharmacol
Exp Ther 120: 354--360
Kirkwood LC, Nation RL, Somogyi AA (1997) Characterization of the human cytochrome
P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44(6):
549--555
Marks P, Ashraf H, Root TR (1978) Drug dependence caused by dihydrocodeine. BMJ
1(6127): 1594
Peat MA, Sengupta A (1977) Toxicological investigations of cases of death involving codeine
and dihydrocodeine. Forensic Sci 9: 21--32
Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ, Tedstone AE (1988) Thermogenic effects of dihydrocodeine in the
rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 66(1): 61--65
Rowell FJ, Seymour RA, Rawlins MD (1983) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral
dihydrocodeine and its acit metabolites. Eur J Pharmacol 25: 419--424
Schwieger G (1992) Gute Erfolge bei "trockener Arthrose". Therapiewoche 1/2: 42--46
Seed JC, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW (1958) A comparison of the analgesic and respiratory
effects of dihydrocodeine and morphine in man. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 116: 293--339
Vaughan DP, Beckett AH (1973) The influence of reducing the C7-C8 double bond of
codeine to give dihydrocodeine on the relative physiological availability of the drugs in
man. J Pharmacol Pharmac S25: 104P--108P
Weiss B (1959) Dihydrocodeine: A pharmacological review. Am J Pharmacy 131: 286--301
Hydrocodon
Beaver WT, McMillan D (1980) Methodological considerations in the evaluation of analgesic
combinations: acetaminophen (paracetamol) and hydrocodone in postpartum pain. Br J
Clin Pharmacol 2(S): 215--223
Fittkau M, Melzer W (1957) Erfahrungsbericht über die Anwendung des Dicodid bei
chronischen Lungenleiden. Therapie Gegenwart 12: 1--4
Honigberg IL, Stewart JT (1980) Radioimmunoassay of hydromorphone and hydrocodone in
human plasma. J Pharmacol Sci 69: 1171--1173
Kaplan HL, Busto UE, Baylon GJ et al. (1997) Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6
metabolism of hydrocodone to hydromorphone does not importantly affect abuse liability.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281(1): 103--108
Reed KL, Smith JR, Lie T et al. (1997) 1. A pilot study comparing ketoprofen and
acetaminophen with hydrocodone for the relief of postoperative periodontal discomfort.
Anesth Prog Spring 44(2): 49--54
Sunshine A, Olson NZ, O'Neill E et al. (1997) Analgesic efficacy of a hydrocodone with
ibuprofen combination compared with ibuprofen alone for the treatment of acute
postoperative pain. J Clin Pharmacol 37(10): 908--915
Turturro MA, Paris PM, Yealy DM et al. (1991) Hydrocodone versus codeine in acute
musculoskeletal pain. Ann Emerg Med 10: 1100--1103
White PF, Joshi GP, Carpenter RL (1997) A comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodoneacetaminophen for analgesia after ambulatory surgery: arthroscopy versus laparoscopic
tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 85(1): 37--43
Hydromorphon
Anonymous. The management of chronic pain in patients with breast cancer. The Steering
Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer.
CMAJ 158 (S3): S71--81
Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Chestnut D (1980) Epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia.
Anesth Analg 59: 473--480
Brose WG, Tanelian DL, Brodsky JB et al. (1991) CSF and blood pharmacokinetics of
hydromorphone and morphine following lumbar epidural administration. Pain 45(1): 11-15
Brose WG, Tanelian DL, Brodsky JB et al. (1991) CSF and blood pharmacokinetics of
hydromorphone and morphine following lumbar epidural administration. Pain 45: 11--17
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M,et al. (1988) Patient-controlled subcutaneous
hydromorphone versus continuous subcutaneous infusion for the treatment of cancer pain.
J Natl Cancer Inst 80: 1152--1154
Chestnut DH, Choi WW, Isbell TJ (1986) Epidural hydromorphone for postcesarean
analgesia. Obstet Gynecol 68: 65--69
Coda B, Tanaka A, Jacobson RC et al. (1997) Hydromorphone analgesia after intravenous
bolus administration. Pain 71(1): 41--48
Cone EJ, Phelps BA, Gorodetzky CW (1977) Urinary excretion of hydromorphone and
metabolites in humans, rats, dogs, guinea pigs, and rabbits. J Pharmacol Sci 66: 1709-1713
Coombs DW, Saunders RL, Fratkin JD et al. (1986) Continuous intrathecal hydromorphone
and clonidine for intractable cancer pain. J Neurosurg 64: 890--894
Dougherty TB, Baysinger CL, Gooding DJ (1986) Epidural hydromorphone for postoperative
analgesia after delivery by Caesarean section. Reg Anesth 11: 118--122
Dunbar PJ, Chapman CR, Buckley FP et al. (1996) Clinical analgesic equivalence for
morphine and hydromorphone with prolonged PCA. Pain 68(2--3): 265--270
Halpern SH, Arellano R, Preston R et al. (1996) Epidural morphine vs hydromorphone in
post-caesarean section patients Can J Anaesth 43(6): 595--598
Henderson SK, Matthew EB, Cohen H et al. (1987) Epidural hydromorphone : a double-blind
comparison with intramuscular hydromorphone for postcesarean section analgesia.
Anesthesiology 66: 825--830
Herz A, Teschemacher HJ (1971) Activities and sites of antinociceptive action of morphinelike analgesics and kinetics of distribution following intravenous, intracerebral, and
intraventricular application. In: Advances in drug research (Harper NJ, Simmonds AB,
eds.) Academic Press (NY), Vol 6, pp 79--119
Hill HF, Coda BA, Tanaka A et al. (1991) Multiple-dose evaluation of intravenous
hydromorphone pharmacokinetics in normal human subjects. Anesth Analg 72(3): 330-336
Honigberg IL, Stewart JT (1980) Radioimmunoassay of hydromorphone and hydrocodone in
human plasma. J Pharm Sci 69: 1171--1173
Houde RW (1986) Clinical analgesic studies of hydromorphone. In: Adv pain res ther, Vol 8:
Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain (Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, eds.),
Raven Press (NY), p 191
Jasani NB, O'Conner RE, Bouzoukis JK (1994) Comparison of hydromorphone and
meperidine for ureteral colic. Acad Emerg Med 6: 539--543
Keeri-Szanto M (1976) The use of hydromorphone in surgical anaesthesia and postoperative
pain relief in comparison to morphine. Can Anaesth Soc J 23: 587--595
Lawlor P, Turner K, Hanson J et al. (1997) Dose ratio between morphine and hydromorphone
in patients with cancer pain: a retrospective study. 72(1-2): 79--85
Lesser GJ, Grossman SA, Leong KW et al. (1996) In vitro and in vivo studies of
subcutaneous hydromorphone implants designed for the treatment of cancer pain. Pain
65(2--3): 265--272
Liu S, Carpenter RL, Mulroy MF et al. (1995) Intravenous versus epidural administration of
hydromorphone. Effects on analgesia and recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Anesthesiology 82(3): 682--628
Mahler DL, Forrest WH (1975) Relative analgesic potencies of morphine and hydromorphone
in postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 42: 602--607
Manfredi PL, Borsook D, Chandler SW et al. (1997) Intravenous methadone for cancer pain
unrelieved by morphine and hydromorphone: clinical observations. Pain 70(1): 99--101
McCaffery M, Beebe A (1989) Pain. Clinical manual for nursing practice. Mosby, Seite 95
Moon RE, Clements FM (1985) Accidental epidural overdose of hydromorphone.
Anesthesiology 63: 238--239
Moulin DE, Kreeft JH, Murray-Parsons N et al. (1991) Comparison of continuous
subcutaneous and intravenous hydromorphone infusions for management of cancer pain.
Lancet 337: 465--468
Parab PV. Ritschel WA, Coyle DE et al. (1988) Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone after
intravenous, peroral and rectal administration to human subjects. Biopharm Drug Disp 9:
187--199
Parker RK, Baron M, Helfer DL (1990) Use of epidural PCA for postoperative pain
management: effect of local anesthetic on the opioid requirement. Anesth Analg 70 (S2):
S297
Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF (1997) Patient-controlled epidural analgesia: interactions
between nalbuphine and hydromorphone. Anesth Analg 84(4): 757--763
Reidenberg MM, Goodman H, Erle H et al. (1988) Hydromorphone levels and pain control in
patients with severe chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 376--382
Ritschel WA, Parab PV, Denson DD et al. (1987) Absolute bioavailability of hydromorphone
after peroral and rectal administration in humans: saliva/plasma ratio and clinical effects. J
Clin Pharmacol 27: 647--653
Roy SD, Flynn GL (1988) Solubility and related physicochemical properties of narcotic
analgesics Pharm Res (9): 580--586
Shulman MS, Wakerlin G, Yamaguchi L et al. (1987) Experience with epidural
hydromorphone for post-thoracotomy pain relief. Anesth Analg 66: 1331--1333
Urquhart ML, Klapp K, White PF (1988) Patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of
intravenous versus subcutaneous hydromorphone. Anesthesiology 69: 428--432
Vallner JJ, Stewart JT, Kotzan JA et al. (1981) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of
hydromorphone following intravenous and oral administration to human subjects. J Clin
Pharmacol 21: 152--156
Welti RS, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC et al. (1984) High-dose hydromorphone (Dilaudi) for
coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth Analg 63: 55--59
Wüst HJ, Bromage PR (1987) Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural hydromorphone.
Anaesthesia 42: 404--406
Xu QA, Trissel LA, Martinez JF (1996) Stability and compatibility of fluorouracil with
morphine sulfate and hydromorphone hydrochloride. Ann Pharmacother 7-8: 756--761
Levorphanol
Choi DW, Peters S, Viseskul V (1987) Dextrorphan and levorphanol selectively block Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity on cortical neurons. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 242(2): 713--720
Dickenson AH, Sullivan AF, Stanfa LC et al. (1991) Dextromethorphan and levorphanol on
dorsal horn nociceptive neurones in the rat. Neuropharmacology 30(12A): 1303--1308
Dixon R, Crews T, Inturrisi C et al. (1983) Levorphanol: pharmacokinetics and steady-state
plasma concentrations in patients with pain. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 41(1):
3--17
Draf Labeling Roche, Version 10/2/1991
Tive L, Ginsberg K, Pick CG et al. (1992) Kappa 3 receptors and levorphanol-induced
analgesia. Neuropharmacology 9: 851--856
Methyldihydromorphinon, Metopon
McLaughlin JP, Nowak D, Sebastian A et al. (1995) Metopon and two unique derivatives:
affinity and selectivity for the multiple opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 294(1): 201--206
McLaughlin JP, Sebastian A, Archer S, Bidlack JM (1997) beta-Chlorocinnamoylamino
derivatives of metopon: long-term mu-opioid receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 320(2-3): 121--129
Sargent LJ, May EL (1970) Agonists--antagonists derived from desomorphine and metopon. J
Med Chem 6: 1061--1063
Nicomorphin
Koopman-Kimenai PM, Vree TB et al. (1994) Rectal administration of nicomorphine in
patients improves biological availability of morphine and its glucuronide conjugates.
Pharm World Sci 16(6): 248--253
Koopman-Kimenai PM, Vree TB, Booij LH et al. (1995) Pharmacokinetics of epidurally
administered nicomorphine with its metabolites and glucuronide conjugates in patients
undergoing pulmonary surgery during combined epidural local anaesthetic block and
general anaesthesia. Biopharm Drug Dispos 16(6): 507--520
Koopman-Kimenai PM, Vree TB, Booij LH et al. (1995) The bioavailability of
intramuscularly administered nicomorphine (Vilan) with its metabolites and their
glucuronide conjugates in surgical patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 33(8): 442--448
Lobbezoov van, RooiJ HH, van Wijngarden I et al. (1982) Opiate receptor binding of
nicomorphine and its hydrolysis products in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 82: 207--211
Maas PPM, Hasenbos M, Van Egmond Jet al. (1988) High thoracic epidural administration of
nicomorphine versus morphine for analgesia after thoracic surgery. In: Proceedings of the
Vilan® workshop (Koopera H,Booy LHDJ, eds.), Graz 1987, pp 55--60
Pinckaers JWM, Nijhuis GMM, Dirksen R (1980) Epidural and spinal nicomorphine: the
incidence of side effects. Proc : Analgesia by peridural and spinal opiates, Congress
Nijmegen Nov 20-21
Rooij HH van, Provano IM, Soudijn W (1984) The combined use of HPLC and
radioimmunoassay for the bioanalysis of nicomorphine and its metabolites. J Pharmacol
Biomed Analysis 2: 391--399
Vree TB, Koopman-Kimenai PM, Termond EFS et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of
intravenously administered nicomorphine and its metabolites in man In: Proceedings of the
nicomorphine workshop (Kopera H, Booy LHDJ, ed. ), Graz, pp 27--32
Vree TB, Koopman-Kimenai PM, Termond EFS et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of
intramuscularly administered nicomorphin and its metabolites in man. In: Proceedings of
the nicomorphine workshop (Kopera H, Booy LHDJ, ed.), Graz 1987, p 33
Woerd AVD, Vos LP , van Stolk MA et al. (1988) Nicomorphine versus morphine in postoperative pain relief. A double-blind clinical study.In: Proceedings of the Vilan®
workshop (Kopera H, Booy KHDJ, eds.), Graz 1987, pp 46--50
Zirm KL, Pongratz A (1959) Zur Wirkung des Pyridin-3-karbonsäurebiesters des Morphins
als Analgetikum. Arzneim Forsch 9: 511--513
Oxycodon
Backlund M, Lindgren L, Kajimoto Y et al. (1997) Comparison of epidural morphine and
oxycodone for pain after abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth 1: 30--35
Beaver WT (1978 s. → Kodein)
Hagen NA, Babul N (1997) Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of a novel controlledrelease oxycodone formulation and controlled-release hydromorphone in the treatment of
cancer pain Cancer 79(7): 1428--1437
Heiskanen T, Kalso E (1997) Controlled-release oxycodone and morphine in cancer related
pain. Pain 73(1): 37--45
Korttila K, Hovorka J (1987) Buprenorphine as premedication and as analgesic during and
after light isoflurane-N2O-O2 anaesthesia. A comparison with oxycodone plus fentanyl.
Acta Anaesth Scand 2: 673--679
Korttila K, Pentti OM, Auvinen J (1980) Comparison of i.m. lysine acetylate and oxycodone
in the treatment of pain after operation. Br J Anaesth 52: 613--617
Mandema JW, Kaiko RF, Oshlack B et al. (1994) Pharmacokinetic model for a new oral
controlled release formulation of oxycodone. Anesthesiology V81(3A): A383
Ross FB, Smith MT (1997) The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to be
kappa-opioid receptor mediated. Pain 73(2): 151--157
Sunshine A, Laska EM, Olson NZ (1986) Analgesic effects of oral oxycodone and codeine in
the treatment of patients with postoperative, postfracture, or somatic pain. In: Advances in
pain research and therapy (Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, eds.), Macmillan (NY), Vol. 8, p 225
Takala A, Kaasalainen V, Seppälä T et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous
and intranasal administration of oxycodone. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41(2): 309--312
Takki S, Tammisto T (1983) A comparison of pethidine, piritramide and oxycodone in
patients with pain following cholecystectomy. Anaesthesist 22: 162--166
Tallgren M, Olkkola KT, Seppälä T et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetics and ventilatory effects of
oxycodone before and after liver transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61(6): 655--661
Tigerstedt I, Turunen M, Tammisto T et al. (1981) The effect of buprenorphine and
oxycodone on the intracholedochal passage pressure. Acta Anaesth Scand 25: 99--102
Watson PN, Babul N (1998) Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain. A randomized trial in
postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 50: 1837--1841
Oxymorphon
Beaver WT, Feise GA (1977) A comparison of the analgesic effect of oxymorphone by rectal
suppository and intramuscular injection in patients with postoperative pain. J Clin
Pharmacol 17(5--6): 276--291
Beaver WT, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW et al. (1977) Comparisons of the analgesic effects of
oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and of intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine in
patients with cancer. J Clin Pharmacol 4: 186--198
Briggs SL, Sawyer DC, Rech RH et al. (1995) Oxymorphone-induced analgesia and colonic
motility measured in colorectal distension. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52(3): 561--563
Cone EJ, Darwin WD, Buchwald WF et al. (1983) Oxymorphone metabolism and urinary
excretion in human, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and dog. Drug Metab Dispos 5: 446--450
Copland VS, Haskins SC, Patz JD (1987) Oxymorphone: cardiovascular, pulmonary, and
behavioral effects in dogs. Am J Vet Res 48(11): 1626--1630
Harrison DM, Sinatra RS (1987) Oxymorphone for use in patient controlled analgesia - the
ideal PCA drug? Anesth Analg 66: S78
Hermans JM, Ebertz JM, Hanifin JM et al. (1985) Comparison of histamine release in human
skin mast cells induced by morphine, fentanyl and oxymorphone. Anesthesiology 62: 124-129
Hussain MA, Aungst BJ (1997) Intranasal absorption of oxymorphone. J Pharm Sci 86(8):
975--976
Moulin DE 1991: s. → Hydromorphon
Patt RB (1988) Delayed postoperative respiratory depression associated with oxymorphone.
Anesth Analg 67: 403--404
Sinatra RS, Harrison DM (1989) A comparison of oxymorphone and fentanyl as narcotic
supplements in general anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1(4): 253--258
Sinatra RS, Lodge K, Sibert K et al. (1989) A comparison of morphine, meperidine, and
oxymorphone as utilized in patient-controlled analgesia following cesarean delivery.
Anesthesiology 70(4): 585--590
Pentamorphon
Afifi MSK, Glass PS, Cohen NA et al. (1990) Depression of ventilatory responses to hypoxia
and hypercapnia after pentamorphone. Anesth Analg 71(4): 377--383
Falinski BA, Sebel PS, Hug CC jr et al. (1992) Pharmacodynamics of pentamorphone during
coronary artery bypass grafting in humans. J Cardiothor Vasc Anesth 6(2): 168--172
Glass PSA, Camporesi EM, Shafron D et al. (1989) Evaluation of pentamorphone in humans:
a new potent opiate. Anesth Analg 68(3): 302--307
Rudo FG, Wynn RL, Ossipov M et al. (1989) Antinociceptive activity of pentamorphone, a
14-beta-aminomorphone derivative, compared to fentanyl and morphine. Anesth Analg
69(4): 450--456
Wong HY, Parker RK, Fragen R et al. (1991) Pentamorphone for management of
postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 72(5): 656--660
Anileridin
Alha A, Karlsson M, Korte T (1975) Fatal combined anileridine-pethidine poisoning. A gas
chromatography, thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry investigation. Z
Rechtsmed 75(4): 293-298
Cavanagh D, LeCart C, Cassady JC et al. (1966) Comparison of anileridine and meperidine as
obstetric analgesia. A double blind study of 471 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 96(2): 213-220
Dykstra LA, Leander JD (1978) Electric shock titration: effects of meperidine, anileridine and
alphaprodine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 4: 387--389
Ecker RI (1980) Contact dermatitis to anileridine. Contact Dermatitis 7: 495
Farncombe M, Chater S (1994) Clinical application of nebulized opioids for treatment of
dyspnoea in patients with malignant disease. Support Care Cancer 3: 184 – 187
Freeman DS, Gjika HB (1982) Radioimmunoassay of N-substituted phenylpiperidine
carboxylic acid esters and dealkylated metabolites. Methods Enzymol 84: 516--525
Freeman DS, Gjika HB, Van Vunakis H (1977) Radioimmunoassay for normeperidine:
studies on the N-dealkylation of meperidine and anileridine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 203(1):
203--212
Leander JD (1978) Comparing the effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl on
schedule-controlled responding by pigeons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 206(3): 624--635
Leander JD (1979) Attenuating the rate-decreasing effects of phenylpiperidine analgesics by
pentobarbital. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 63(1): 81--88
Leander JD (1980) Comparison of morphine, meperidine, anileridine, and alphaprodine on
schedule-controlled responding and analgesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 5: 797--801
Lin SC, Way EL (1965) N-dealkylation of anileridine to normeperidine. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 150(2): 309--315
LoPachin RM, Reigle TG (1978) The effects of several narcotic analgesics on brain levels of
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
207(1): 151--158
Moss JH (1995) Anileridine-induced delirium. J Pain Symptom Manage 4: 318--320
Sinclair JG, Lo GF (1977) The blockade of serotonin uptake into synaptosomes:relationship
to an interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 55(2): 180-187
Tuominen M (1975) Comparison of anileridine and pethidine in preventing pain responses
during nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 64(5): 299--306
Tuominen M (1976) Comparison of anileridine and pethidine in patients with pain following
upper abdominal surgery. Ann Chir Gynaecol 65(3): 207--215
Tuominen M (1976) Comparison of the effect of anileridine and pethidine on the
intracholedochal pressure during constant fluid perfusion. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 20(2):
177--182
Tuominen M, Heinonen J, Heikkilä J (1976) Comparison of haemodynamic effects of
pethidine and anileridine in patients with coronary-artery disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
20(2): 169--176
Van Vunakis H, Freeman DS, Gjika HB (1975) Radioimmunoassay for anileridine,
meperidine and other N-substituted phenylpiperidine carboxylic acid esters. Res Commun
Chem Pathol Pharmacol 2: 379--387
Yrjölä H, Heinonen J, Tuominen M, Heikkilä J (1981) Comparison of haemodynamic effects
of pethidine and anileridine in anaesthetised patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 5: 412--41
Pethidin
Acalovschi I, Ene V, Lörinczi E et al. (1986) Saddle block with pethidine for perineal
operations. Br J Anaesth 58: 1012--1016
Apgar VA, Burns JJ, Brodie BB et al. (1952) The transmission of meperidine across the
human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 64: 1368--1370
Armstrong PJ, Bersten A (1986) Normeperidine toxicity. Anesth Analg 65: 536--538
Austin KL, Stapleton JV, Mather LE (1980) Multiple intramuscular injections-a major source
of variability in analgesic response to meperidine. Pain 8: 47--62
Austin KL, Stapleton JV, Mather LE (1980) Relationship between blood meperidine
concentrations and analgesic response: a preliminary report. Anesthesiology 53: 460--466
Austin KL, Stapleton JV, Mather LE (1981) Pethidine clearance during continuous
intravenous infusions in postoperative patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1: 25--30
Ballas S, Toaff ME, Toaff R (1976) Effects of intravenous meperidine and meperidine with
promethazine on uterine activity and fetal heart reate during labor. Isr J Med Sci 12: 1141-1147
Brownridge P, Frewin DB (1985) A comparative study of techniques of postoperative
analgesia following Cesarean section and lower abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intensive
Care 13: 123--130
Brownridge P, Wrobel J, Watt-Smith J (1983) Respiratory depression following accidental
subarachnoid pethidine. Anaesth Intensive Care 11: 237--240
Burns JJ, Berger BL, Lief PA et al. (1974) The physiological disposition and fate of
meperidine (Demerol) in man and a method for its estimation in plasma. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 16: 667--675
Chan K, Vaughan DP, Mitchard M (1974) Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of
pethidine and metabolites. Symp ass drug metabolism in man - methods and clinical
applications, University of Dundee
Cousins MJ, Mather LE (1984) Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids.
Anesthesiology 61: 276--310
Crawford JS, Rudofsky S (1965) The placental transmission of pethidine. Br J Anaesth 37:
929--933
De Castro J, Meynadier J, Zenz M (1991) Regional opioid analgesia. Kluwer Academic
(Holland)
Deeg MA, Rajamani K (1990) Normeperidine-induced seizures in hereditary coproporphyria.
Southern Med J 83: 1307--1308
Duffy BL, Read MD (1984) Epidural pethidine for relief of episiotomy pain. Anaesth
Intensive 12: 137--139
Dundee JW, Tinckler LF (1952) Pethidine and liver damage. BMJ 2: 703--704
Dunkerley R, Johnson R, Schenker S et al. (1976) Gastric and biliary excretion of meperidine
in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 20: 546--551
Economou G, Ward-McQuaid JN (1971) A cross-over comparison of the effect of morphine,
pethidine, pentazocine on biliary pressure. Gut 12: 218--221
Edwards DJ, Svensson CK, Visco JP et al. (1982) Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine.
Clin Pharmacokinet 7: 421--433
Eisleb O, Schaumann O (1939) Dolantin, ein neuartiges Spasmolytikum und Analgetikum
(Chemisches und Pharmakologisches). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 65: 967--968
Evans-Prosser CD (1968) The use of pethidine and morphine in the presence of monoamine
oxidase inhibitors. Br J Anaesth 40: 279--282
Famewo CE, Naguib M (1985) Spinal anaesthesia with meperidine as the sole agent. Can
Anaesth Soc J 32: 533--537
Fishburne JI (1982) Systemic analgesia during labor. Clin Perinatol 9: 29--53
Flacke JW, van Etten A, Flacke WE (1983) Greatest histamine release from meperidine
among four narcotics: double-blind study in man. Anesthesiology 59: A51
Foldes FF, Tarda TAG (1965) Comparative studies with narcotics and narcotic antagonists in
man. Acta Anaesth Scand 9: 121--138
Foley KM (1993) Opioid analgesics in clinical pain management. In: Opioids II (Herz A, ed.),
Springer, Seite 720
Frank M, McAteer EJ, Cattermole R et al. (1987) Nalbuphine for obstetric analgesia. A
comparison of nalbuphine with pethidine for pain relief in labour when administered by
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Anaesthesia 42: 696--703
Freye E (1974) Cardiovascular effects of high dosages of fentanyl, meperidine and naloxone
in dogs. Anesth Analg 53: 40--47
Geller RJ (1993) Meperidine in patient-controlled analgesia: A near-fatal mishap. Anesth
Analg 76: 655--657
Ghoneim MM, Dhanaraj J, Choi WW (1984) Comparison of four opioid analgesics as
supplements to nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg 63: 405--412
Gilbert G, Dixon AB (1943) Observations on demerol as an obstetric analgesic. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 45: 320--326
Glynn CJ, Mather LE, Cousins MJ et al. (1981) Peridural meperidine in humans: analgetic
response, pharmacokinetics, and transmission into CSF. Anesthesiology 55: 520--526
Goetting MG, Thirman MJ, Arbor A (1985) Neurotoxicity of meperidine. Annals Emergency
Med 14: 1007--1009
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Plummer JL et al. (1987) The influence of drug polarity on the
absorption of opioid drugs into CSF and subsequent cephalad migration following lumbar
epidural administration: application to morphine and pethidine. Pain 31: 297--305
Grosman N (1981) Histamine release from isolated rat mast cells: effect of morphine and
related drugs and their interaction with compound 48/80. Agents Actions 11: 196--203
Hagmeyer KO, Mauro LS, Mauro VF (1993) Meperidine-related seizures associated with
patient-controlled analgesia pumps. Ann Pharmacol 27: 29--31
Hamza J, Benlabed M, Orhant E et al. (1992) Neonatal pattern of breathing during active and
quiet sleep after maternal administration of meperidine. Pediat Res 32: 412--416
Herman RJ, McAllister CB, Branch RA et al. (1985) Effects of age on meperidine disposition.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 37: 19--24
Hochman MS (1983) Meperidine-associated myoclonus and seizures in long-term
haemodialysis patients. Correspondence. Ann Neurol 5: 593
Hogg MIJ, Wiener PC, Rosen M et al. (1977) Urinary excretion and metabolism of pethidine
and norpethidine in the newborn. Br J Anaesth 49: 891--899
Inturrisi CE, Umans JG (1983) Pethidine and its active metabolite, norpethidine. Clin Anaesth
1: 123--138
Inturrisi CE, Umans JG (1986) Meperidine biotransformation and central nervous system
toxicity in animals and humans. In: Opioid analgesics in the management of clinical pain
(Foley KM, Inturrisi CE, eds.), Raven Press, Vol 8, pp 143--154
Jacobsen J, Flach H, Dich-Nielsen JO et al. (1988) Comparative plasma concentration profiles
after i.v., i.m. and rectal administration of pethidine in children. Br J Anaesth 60: 623--626
Jick H (1974) Smoking and clinical drug effect. Med Clin North Am 58: 1143--1149
Johnson MD, Hurley RJ, Gilbertons LI et al. (1990) Continuous microcatheer spinal
anesthesia with subarachnoid meperidine for labor and delivery. Anesth Analg 70: 658-661
Kaiko RF (1980) Age and morphine analgesia in cancer patients with postoperative pain. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 28: 823--826
Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinsky PY et al. (1983) Central nervous system excitatory effects of
meperidine in cancer patients. Ann Neurol 13: 180--185
Klotz U, McHorse TS, Wilkinson GR et al. (1974) The effect of cirrhosis on the disposition
and elimination of meperidine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16: 667--675
Koch G, Wendel H (1968) The effect of pethidine on the postnatal adjustment of respiration
and acid-base balance. Acta Obst Gynecol Scand 47: 27--37
Koska AJ, Kramer WG, Romagnoli A et al. (1981) Pharmacokinetics of high-dose meperidine
in surgical patients. Anesth Analg 60: 8--11
Kosterlitz HW, Wallis DI (1964) The action of morphine-like drugs on impulse transmission
in mammalian nerve fibres. Br J Pharmacol 22: 499--510
Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PA, Philipson EH et al. (1985) Disposition of meperidine and
normeperidine following multiple doses in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151: 406--415
Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Tu AL et al. (1979) Meperidine and normeperidine levels
following meperidine administration during labor. I. Mother. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:
904--908
Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Tu AL et al. (1979) Meperidine and normeperidine levels
following meperidine administration during labor. II, Fetus and neonate. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 133: 909--914
Kuhnert BR, Linn PL, Kennard MJ et al. (1985) Effects of low doses of meperidine on
neonatal behavior. Anesth Analg 64: 335--342
Kyff JV, Rice TL (1990) Meperidine-associated seizures in a child. Clin Pharmacy 9: 337-338
Laborit H, Huguenard P (1954) Pratique de l´hibernothérapie en chirurgie et en médicine.
Masson (Paris)
Levy JH, Rockoff MA (1982) Anaphylaxis to meperidine. Anesth Analg 61: 301--303
3
Leysen JE, Gommeren W, Niemegeers CJE (1983) ( H)-Sufentanil, a superior ligand for myopiate receptors. Binding properties and regional distribution in rat brain and spinal cord.
Eur J Pharmacol 87: 209--225
Leysen JE, Laduron PM, Niemegeers CJE (1978) Receptor binding properties in vitro and in
vivo of new long acting narcotic analgesics. In: Characteristics and functions of opioids
(van Ree L, Terenius R, eds. ), Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 479--482
Loeschcke HH, Swell A, Kough RH et al. (1953) The effect of morphine and meperidine
upon the respiratory response in normal man to low concentrations of CO2 . J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 108: 375--383
Mather LE, Lindop MJ, Tucker FT et al. (1975) Pethidine revisited: plasma concentrations
and effects after intramuscular injection. Br J Anaesth 47: 1269--1275
Mather LE, Meffin PF (1978) Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine. Clin Pharmacokin 3:
352--369
Mather LE, Tucker GT (1976) Systemic availability of orally administered meperidine. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 20: 535--540
Mather LE, Tucker GT, Pflug AE et al. (1975) Meperidine kinetics in man. Intravenous
injection in surgical patients and volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17: 21--30
Mauro VF, Bonfiglio MF, Spunt AL (1986) Meperidine-induced seizure in a patient without
renal dysfunction or sickle-cell anaemia. Clin Pharmacy 5: 837--839
McCaffery M (1984) Problems with meperidine. Am J Nursing 84: 525
McCaffery M (1987) Giving meperidine for pain - should it be so mechanical? Nursing 17:
61--64
Meyer D, Halfin V (1981) Toxicity secondary to meperidine in patients on monoamine
oxidase inhibitors: a case report and critical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1: 319--321
Mircea N, Constaninescu C, Jianu E et al. (1982) L'anesthésie sous-arachnoidienne par la
pethidine. Ann Fr Anesth Réan 1: 167--171
Morgan D, Moore G, Thomas J et al. (1978) Disposition of meperidine in pregnancy. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 23: 288--295
Morrison CE, Dutton D, Howie H et al. (1987) Pethidine compared with meptazinol during
labour. A prospective randomized double-blind study with 1100 patients. Anaesthesia 42:
7--14
Naguib M, Famewo CE, Absood A (1986) Pharmacokinetics of meperidine in spinal
anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 33(2): 162--166
Nation RL (1981) Meperidine binding in maternal and fetal plasma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 29:
472--479
Neal EA, Meffin PJ, Gregory PB et al. (1979) Enhanced bioavailability and decreased
clearance of analgesics in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 77: 96--102
Neff W, Mayer EC, Perales M (1947) Nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia with curare
relaxation. California Med 66: 67--69
Paech MJ, Moore JS, Evans SF (1994) Meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia after
cesarean section. Anesthesiology 80: 1268--1276
Peiker G, Müller B, Ihn W et al. (1980) Ausscheidung von Pethidin durch die Muttermilch.
Zentralbl Gynaecol 102: 537--541
Pond SM, Kretschzmar KM (1981) Effect of phenytoin on meperidine clearance and
normeperidine formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 680--686
Pond SM, Tong T, Benowitz NL et al. (1980) Enhanced bioavailability of pethidine and
pentazocine in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Aust New Zealand J Med 10: 515--519
Pond SM, Tong T, Benowitz NL et al. (1981) Presystemic metabolism of meperidine to
normeperidine in normal and cirrhotic subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 183--188
Portenoy RK (1987) Optimal pain control in elderly cancer patients. Geriatrics 42: 33--44
Prasersawat PO, Herabuyta Y, Chaturachinda K (1986) Obstetric analgesia: comparison
between tramadol, morphine and pethidine. Curr Ther Res 40: 1022--1028
Priano LL, Vatner SF (1981) Generalized cardiovascular and regional hemodynamic effects
of meperidine in conscious dogs: Anaesth Analg 60: 649--654
Pryle BJ, Grech H, Stoddart PA et al. (1992) Toxicity of norpethidine in sickle cell crisis.
BMJ 304: 1478--1479
Ragot P, Tauzin-Fin P, Crozat P et al. (1984) Comparaison de la péthidine et de la prilocaine
en rachianesthésie pour 100 interventions urologiques. Agressologie 25: 29--32
Rees HA, Muir AL, MacDonald HR et al. (1967) Circulatory effects of pethidine in patients
with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 863--866
Rigg JRA, Ilsley AH, Vedig AE (1981) Relationship of ventilatory depression to steady-state
blood pethidine concentrations. Br J Anaesth 53: 613--620
Robinson JO, Rosen M, Evans JM et al. (1980) Selfadministered intravenous and
intramusculura pethidine. A controlled trial in labour. Anaesthesia 35: 763--770
Roerig DL, Kotrly KJ, Vucins E et al. (1987) First uptake of fentanyl, meperidine and
morphine in the human lung. Anesthesiology 67: 466--472
Rosaeg AP, Suderman V, Yarnell RW (1992) Early respiratory depression during caesarean
section following epidural meperidine. Can J Anaesth 39: 71--74
Rutter DV, Skewes DG, Morgan M (1981) Extradural opioids for postoperative analgesia. A
double-blind comparison of pethidine, fentanyl and morphine. Br J Anaesth 55: 915--920
Saissy JM (1984) Experience de la rachianesthésie à la Péthidine dans la chirurgie des fistules
vésico-vaginales de la femme africaine (30 cas). Méd Tropic (Marseille) 44: 61--64
Scott JS (1980) Obstetric analgesia. A consideration of labor pain and a patient-controlled
technique for its relief with meperidine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 106: 959--978
Shnider SM, Moya F (1964) Effects on meperidine on the newborn infant. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 89: 1009--1015
Shuman WR (1944) Demerol (S-140) and scopolamine in labor. A study of 1’000 cases. Am J
Obstet 47: 93--104
Sjoqvist F (1965) Psychotropic drugs. II. Interaction between monoamine oxydase (MAO)
inhibitors and other substances. Proc R Soc Med 58: 967--97
Sjöström S, Hartvig P, Persson P et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine and
meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 67: 877--888
Sjöström S, Hartvig P, Tamsen A (1988)Patient-controlled analgesia with extradural
morphine or pethidine. Br J Anaesth 60: 358--366
Sjöström S, Tamsen A, Persson P et al. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal morphine and
meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 67: 889--895
Stambaugh JE, Wainer IW, Hemphill EM et al. (1977): A potentially toxic drug interaction
between pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone. Lancet, ii (Feb 19): 398--399
Stambaugh JE, Warner IW, Sanstead JK et al (1976) The clinical pharmacology of
meperidine-comparison of routes of administration. J Clin Pharmacol 16: 245
Stone PA, Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA (1993) Norpethidine toxicity and patient controlled
analgesia. Br J Anaesth 71: 738-740
Strauer BE (1972) Contractile responses to morphine, piritramide and fentanyl: a comparative
study on the isolated ventricular myocardium. Anesthesiology 37: 304--310
Striebel HW, Bonillo B, Schwagmeier R et al. (1995) Self-administered intranasal meperidine
for postoperative pain management. Can J Anaesth 42(4): 287--291
Striebel WH, Malewicz J, Hermanns K et al. (1993) Intranasal meperidine titration for
postoperative pain relief. Anesth Analg 76: 1047--1051
Szeto HH, Inturrisi CE, Houde R et al. (1977) Accumulation of normeperidine, an active
metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure or cancer. Ann Int Med 86: 738-741
Szeto HH, Mann I, Bhakthavathsalan A et al. (1978) Meperidine pharmacokinetics in the
maternal-fetal unit . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 206: 448--459
Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Fagerlund C et al. (1982) Patient-controlled analgesic therapy. Part II.
Individual analgesic demand and analgesic plasma concentrations of pethidine in
postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacokinet 7: 164--175
Tang R, Shimomura SK, Rotblatt M (1980) Meperidine-induced seizures in sickle cell
patients. Hosp Formulary 15: 764--772
Tomson G, Garle RIM, Thalme B et al. (1982) Maternal kinetics and transplacental passage
of pethidine during labour. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13: 653--659
Torda TA, Pybus DA (1982) Comparison of four narcotic analgesics for extradural analgesia.
Br J Anaesth 54: 291--295
Umans JG, Inturrisi CE (1982) Antinociceptive activity and toxicity of meperidine and
normeperidine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223: 203--206
Verbeeck RK, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR (1981) Meperidine disposition in man: Influence of
urinary pH and route of administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 619--628
Way EL (1946) Studies on the local anesthetic properties of isonipecaine. J Am Pharmacol
Ass 35: 44-47
Way WL, Costley EC, Way EL (1965) Respiratory sensitivity of the newborn infant to
meperidine and morphine . Clin Pharmacol Ther 6: 454--461
Westring EW (1974) Meperidine versus morphine. JAMA 230: 1512
Wittels B, Scott DT, Sinatra RS (1990) Exogenous opioids in human breast milk and acute
neonatal neurobehaviour. A preliminary study. Anesthesiology 73: 864--869
Zornberg GL, Bodkin JA, Cohen BM (1991) Severe adverse interaction between pethidine
and selegiline. Lancet. Correspondence 337 (Jan 26): 246
Fentanyl
Adams AP, Pybus DA (1978) Delayed respiratory depression after use of fentanyl during
anaesthesia. BMJ 1: 278--279
Adler LJ, Gyulai FE, Diehl DJ et al. (1997) Regional brain activity changes associated with
fentanyl analgesia elucidated by positron emission tomography. Anesth Analg 84(1): 120-126
Andrews CJH, Prys-Roberts C (1982) Fentanyl - a review. In: Opiate analgesia (Bullingham
RES, ed.), Saunders (London), pp 97--122 sowie Clin Anaesthesiol (1983) 1: 97--122
Arndt JO, Mikat M, Parasher C (1984) Fentanyl’s analgesic, respiratory, and cardiovascular
actions in relation to dose and plasma concentration in unanesthetized dogs.
Anesthesiology 61: 355--361
Ashburn MA, Lind GH, Gillie MH et al. (1993) Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC)
for the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 76: 377--381
Ashburn MA, Streisand J, Zhang J et al. (1995) The iontophoresis of fentanyl citrate in
humans. Anesthesiology 82(5): 1146--1153
Askitopoulou H, Whitwam JG, Al-Khudhairi D et al. (1985) Acute tolerance to fentanyl
during anesthesia in dogs. Anesthesiology 63: 255--261
Baron CM, Kowalski SE, Greengrass R et al. (1996) Epinephrine decreases postoperative
requirements for continuous thoracic epidural fentanyl infusions. Anesth Analg 82(4): 760-765
Bazarel MG, Wagner R, Abi-Nader E et al. (1985) Comparison of the effects of 15 and 60
µg/kg fentanyl used for induction of anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease.
Anesth Analg 64: 312--318
Becker LD, Paulson BS, Miller RD et al. (1976) Biphasic respiratory depression after
fentanyl-droperidol or fentanyl alone used to supplement nitrous oxide anaesthesia.
Anesthesiology 44: 291--296
Bennett GM, Stanley TH (1979) Cardiovascular effects of fentanyl during enflurane
anesthesia in man. Anesth Analg 58: 179--182
Bennett GM, Stanley TH (1979) Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of morphine-N2O
and fentanyl-N2O balanced anaesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 51: S102
Bennett KJ, Anderson LK, McMillan JC et al. (1986) Anaphylactic reaction during
anaesthesia associated with positive intradermal skin test to fentanyl. Can Anaesth Soc J
33: 75--78
Bent JM, Paterson JL, Mashiter JL et al. (1984) Effects of high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia on
the established metabolic and endocrine response to surgery. Anaesthesia 39: 19--23
Bentley JB, Borel JD, Nenad RE et al. (1982) Age and fentanyl pharmacokinetics. Anesth
Analg 61: 968--971
Bentley JB, Conaha TJ, Cork RC (1983) Fentanyl sequestration in lungs during
cardiopulmonary by-pass. Clin Pharmacol 34: 703--706
Billmire DA, Neale HW, Gregory RO (1985) Use of iv fentanyl in the outpatient treatment of
pediatric facial trauma. J Trauma 25: 1079--1080
Bircher J, Sharifi S (1991) Drug dosage in patients with liver disease. In: Oxford textbook of
clinical hepatology (McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, eds. ),
Volume 2, Oxford University Press, pp 1388--1400
Bovill JG, Sebel PS (1980) Pharmacokinetics of high-dose fentanyl: a study in patients
undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 52: 795--801
Bower S, Hull JJ (1982) Comparative pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanyl. Fr J
Anaesth 54: 871--877
Bruera E, Pereira J (1997) Acute neuropsychiatric findings in a patient receiving fentanyl for
cancer pain. Pain 69(1-2): 199--201
Carlsson C, Smith DS, Keykhah M et al. (1982) The effects of high-dose fentanyl on cerebral
circulation and metabolism in rats. Anesthesiology 57: 375--380
Cartwright P, Prys-Roberts C, Gill K et al. (1983) Ventilatory depression related to plasma
fentanyl concentrations during and after anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg 62: 966--974
Celleno D, Capogna G, Dardes N et al. (1988) Ventilatory effects of subarachnoid fentanyl.
Reg Anesth Suppl. 13: 29
Claxton AR, McGuire G, Chung F et al. (1997) Evaluation of morphine versus fentanyl for
postoperative analgesia after ambulatory surgical procedures. Anesth Analg 84(3): 509-514
Coda B, Bausch S, Haas M et al. (1997) The hypothesis that antagonism of fentanyl analgesia
by 2-chloroprocaine is mediated by direct action on opioid receptors. Reg Anesth 1: 43--52
Colpaert FC, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PAJ et al. (1980) The effects of prior fentanyl
administration and of pain on fentanyl analgesia: Tolerance to and enhancement of narcotic
analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213: 418--424
Comstock MK, Carter JR, Moyers JR et al. (1981) Rigidity and hypercarbia with high dose
fentanyl induction of anaesthesia. Anesth Analg 60: 362--363
Cooper DW, Lindsay SL, Ryall DM et al. (1997) Does intrathecal fentanyl produce acute
cross-tolerance to i.v. morphine? Br J Anaesth 78(3): 311--313
Corssen G, Domino EF, Sweet RB (1964) Neuroleptanalgesia and anesthesia. Anesth Analg
1: 748--762
Craft JB, Coaldrake LA, Bolan JC et al. (1983) Placental passage and uterine effects of
fentanyl. Anesth Analg 62: 894--898
Daniel M, Weiskopf RB, Noorani M et al. (1998) Fentanyl augments the blockade of the
sympathetic response to incision (MAC-BAR) produced by desflurane and isoflurane:
desflurane and isoflurane MAC-BAR without and with fentanyl. Anesthesiology 88(1): 43-49
DeLange S, Boscoe MJ, Stanley TH (1982) Comparison of sufentanil-O2, fentanyl-O2 for
coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology 56: 112--118
Dsida RM, Wheeler M, Birmingham PK et al. (1998) Premedication of pediatric
tonsillectomy patients with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Anesth Analg 86(1): 66 – 70
Duthie DJR, McLaren AD, Nimmo WS (1986) Pharmacokinetics and fentanyl during
constant rate i.v. infusion for the relief of pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth 58: 950--956
Etschenberg E (1973) Anästhesie mit Droperidol und Fentanyl. Edition Cantor, (Aulendorf i.
Württ.), Seite 106
Flacke JW, Bloor BC, Kripke BJ et al. (1985) Comparison of morphine, meperidine, fentanyl,
and sufentanil in balanced anaesthesia: a double-blind study. Anesth Analg 64: 897--910
Friedlander JD, Fox HE, Cain CF et al. (1997) Fetal bradycardia and uterine hyperactivity
following subarachnoid administration of fentanyl during labor. Reg Anesth 4: 378--381
Fung DL, Eisele JH (1980) Narcotic concentration-respiratory effect curve in man.
Anesthesiology 53: S397
Gardocki JF, Yelnosky J (1964) A study of some of the pharmacologic actions of fentanyl
citrate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 6: 48--62
Gill KJ, Cartwright DP, Scoggins A et al. (1980) Ventilatory depression related to plasma
fentanyl concentrations during and after anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 52: 632P
Gissen AJ, Gugino LD, Datta S et al. (1987) Effects of fentanyl and sufentanil on peripheral
mammlian nerves. Anesth Analg 66: 1272--1276
Goldberg AH, Padget CH (1969) Comparative effects of morphine amd fentanyl on isolated
heart muscle. Anesth Analg 48: 978--982
Goldmann L, Shah MV, Hebden MW (1987) Memory of cardiac anaesthesia. Psychological
sequelae in cardiac patients of intra-operative suggestions and operating conversation.
Anaesthesia 42: 596--603
Goromaru T, Matsuura H, Yoshimura N et al. (1984) Identification and quantitative
determination of metabolites in patients by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Anesthesiology 61: 73--77
Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL et al. (1988) Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic
response relationsship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 67: 329--337
Gracely RH, Dubner R, McGrath PA (1979) Narcotic analgesia: fentanyl reduces the intensity
but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations. Science 203: 1261--1263
Guitton J, Buronfosse T, Désage M et al. (1997) Possible involvement of multiple cytochrome
P450S in fentanyl and sufentanil metabolism as opposed to alfentanil. Biochem Pharmacol
53(11): 1613--1619
Gunaydin B, Babacan A (1998) Cerebral hypoperfusion after cardiac surgery and anesthetic
strategies: a comparative study with high dose fentanyl and barbiturate anesthesia. Ann
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1: 12--17
Haberer JP, Schoeffler P, Couderc E et al. (1982) Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in anaesthetized
patients with cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 54: 1267--1270
Hase I, Oda Y, Tanaka K et al. (1997) I.v. fentanyl decreases the clearance of midazolam. Br
J Anaesth 79(6): 740--743
Hermens JM, Ebertz JM, Hanifin JM et al. (1985) Comparison of histamine release in human
skin mast cells induced by morphine, fentanyl, and oxymorphone. Anesthesiology 62: 124-129
Herz A, Teschemacher HJ (1971) Activities and sites of antinociceptive action of morphinelike analgesics. In: Adv Drug Res (Harper NJ, Simmonds AB, eds.), Academic Press (NY),
pp 79--119
Hess R, Herz A, Friedel K (1971) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in rabbits in view of the
importance for limiting ist effect. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 179: 474--484
Hess R, Stiebler G, Herz A (1972) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in man and the rabbit. Eur J
Clin Pharmacol 4: 137--141
Hilgenberg JC (1981) Intraoperative awareness during high-dose fentanyl oxygen anesthesia.
Anesthesiology 54: 341--343
Holley FO, Van Stennis C (1988) Postoperative analgesia with fentanyl: Pharmacokinetics
and pharmacodynamics of constant-rate i.v. and transdermal delivery. Br J Anaesth 60:
608--613
Hudson RJ, Thomson IR, Cannon JE et al. (1986) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients
undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 64: 334--338
Hug CC, McClain (1980) Ventilatory depression by fentanyl in anesthetized patients.
Anesthesiology 53: 556
Hug CC jr, Murphy MR (1979) Fentanyl disposition in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and ist
relationship to ventilatory depression in the dog. Anesthesiology 50: 342--349
Hug CC jr, Murphy MR (1981) Tissue redistribution of fentanyl and termination of effect in
rats. Anesthesiology 55: 369--375
Hynyen MJ, Turunen MT, Korttila KT (1986) Effects of alfentanil and fentanyl on common
bile duct pressure. Anesth Analg 65: 370--372
Irazuzta JE, Ahmed U, Gancayco A et al. (1996) Intratracheal administration of fentanyl:
pharmacokinetics and local tissue effects. Intensive Care Med 2: 129--133
Jones RM, Detmer M, Hill AB et al. (1981) Incidence of choledochoduodenal sphincter
spasm during fentanyl-supplemented anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60: 638--640
Kaufman RD, Agleh KA, Belville JW (1979) Relative potencies and duration of action with
respect to respiratory depression of intravenous meperidine, fentanyl and alphaprodine in
man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 208: 73--79
Kay B, Rolly G (1977) Duration of action of analgesic supplement to anesthesia. Acta
Anaesth Belg 28: 25--32
Kissin I, Fournier SE, Smith LR et al. (1984) Additive negative inotropic effect of a
combination of diazepam and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63: 97--100
Ko SH, Kim DC, Han YJ et al. (1998) Small-dose fentanyl: optimal time of injection for
blunting the circulatory responses to tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 86(3): 658--661
Koehntop DE, Rodman JH (1997) Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing renal
transplantation. Pharmacotherapy 4: 746--752
Kohno K, Takaki M, Ishioka K et al. (1997) Effects of intracoronary fentanyl on left
ventricular mechanoenergetics in the excised cross-circulated canine heart. Anesthesiology
86(6): 1350--1358
Kugler J, Grote B, Laube M et al. (1977) Die hypnotische Wirkung von Fentanyl und
Sufentanil. Anaesthesist 26: 343--348
Larsen R, Sonntag H, Schenk HD et al. (1980) Die Wirkungen von Sufentanil und Fentanyl
auf Hämodynamik, Coronardurchblutung und myocardialen Metabolismus des Menschen.
Anaesthesist 29: 277--279
Lauven PM, Stoeckel H, Schüttler J et al. (1981) Prevention of fentanyl rebound by
administration of cimetidine. Anaesthesist 30: 467--471
Lehmann KA (1984) Fentanyl: Kinetik und Dynamik. Perimed-Verlag (Erlangen)
Lenz KL, Dunlap DS (1998) Continuous fentanyl infusion: use in severe cancer pain. Ann
Pharmacother 32(3): 316--319
Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL (1998) Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine
and fentanyl on hospital wards: prospective experience with 1,030 surgical patients.
Anesthesiology 88(3): 688--695
Liu WS, Bidwai AV, Stanley TH et al. (1965) Cardiovascular dynamics after large doses of
fentanyl and fentanyl plus N2O in the dog. Anesth Analg 55: 168--172
Lui PW (1997) Involvement of spinal adenosine A1 and A2 receptors in fentanyl-induced
muscular rigidity in the rat. Neurosci Lett 224(3): 189--192
Lunn SK, Stanley TH, Eisele J et al. (1979) High dose fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery
surgery: plasma fentanyl concentrations and influence of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular
responses. Anesth Analg 58: 390--395
Mark JB, Greenberg LM (1983) Intraoperative awareness and hypertensive crisis during highdose-diazepamoxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 62: 698--700
Mather LE (1983) Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives. Clin
Pharmacokin 8: 422--446
Maunuksela EL, Rajantie J, Silmes MA (1986) Flunitrazepam-fentanyl-induced sedation and
analgesia for bone marrow aspiration and needle biopsy in children. Acta Anaesth Scand
30: 409--411
McClain DA, Hug CC (1980) Intravenous fentanyl kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 106-114
McGilliard KL, Takemori AE (1978) Antagonism by naloxone of narcotic-induced
respiratory depression and analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 207: 494--503
McQuay HJ, Moore RA, Paterson GMC et al. (1979) Plasma fentanyl concentrations and
clinical observations during and after operation. Br J Anaesth 51: 741
Mercadante S, Caligara M, Sapio M et al. (1997) Subcutaneous fentanyl infusion in a patient
with bowel obstruction and renal failure. J Pain Symptom Manage 13(4): 241--244
Meuldermans W, Lavrijsen K, Haykants J (1993) Le métabolisme des analgésies
morphinomimétiques, phénopéridine, fentanyl, sufentanil et alfentanil. In: Les
Morphiniques (Chauvin M). Collection Anesthésie et réanimation d’aujourd’hui (Viars P,
dir.), Arnette (Paris), pp 85--96
Michiels M, Hendricks R, Heykants J (1977) A sensitive radioimmunoassay for fentanyl. Eur
J Clin Pharmacol 12: 153--158
Miser AW, Dothage JA, Miser JS (1989) Continuous intravenous fentanyl for pain control in
children and young adults with cancer, in Press: zit. in: Miser AW et al. (1989)
Transdermal fentanyl for pain control in patients with cancer. Pain 37: 15--21
Moss J, Rosow CE (1983) Histamine release by narcotics and muscle relaxants in humans.
Anesthesiology 59: 330--339
Mummaneni N, Rao TLK, Montoya A (1980) Awareness and recall with high-dose fentanyloxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 59: 948--949
Murkin JM, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC et al. (1984) Absence of seizures during induction of
anesthesia with high dose fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63: 489--494
Murphy MR, Hug CC (1982) The anesthetic potency of fentanyl in terms of its reduction of
enflurane MAC. Anesthesiology 57: 485--488
Murphy MR, Hug CC, McClain DD (1983) Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of fentanyl.
Anesthesiology 59: 537--540
3
Murphy MR, Olson WA, Hug CC (1979) Pharmacokinetics of H-fentanyl in the dog
anesthetized with enflurane. Anesthesiology 50: 13--19
Nimmo WS, Todd JG (1985) Fentanyl by constant rate iv infusion for postoperative
analgesia. Br J Anaesth 58: 250--254
Novack GD, Bullock JL, Eisele JH (1978) Fentanyl: Cumulative effects and development of
short-term tolerance. Neuropharmacol 17: 77--82
Plezia PM, Kramer TH, Linford J et al. (1989) Transdermal fentanyl: Pharmacokinetics and
preliminary clinical evaluation. Pharmacotherapy 9(1): 2--9
Prakash O. Verdouw PD, de Jong JW et al. (1980) Haemodynamic and biochemical variables
after induction of anaesthesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Can
Anaesth Soc J 27: 671--680
Radnay PA, Brodman E, Mankikar D et al. (1980) The effect of equi-analgesic doses of
fentanyl, morphine, meperidine, and pentazocine on common bile duct pressure.
Anaesthesist 29: 26--29
Rao TLK, Mummaneni N, El-Etr AA (1982) Convulsions: an unusual response to intravenous
fentanyl administration. Anesth Analg 61: 1020--1021
Reilly CS, Wood ANJ, Wood M (1985) Variability of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in man.
Computer predicted plasma concentrations for three intravenous dosage regimens.
Anaesthesia 40: 837--843
Reves JG, Kissin I, Fournier SE et al. (1984) Additive negative inotropic effect of a
combination of diazepam and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63: 97--100
Roerig DL, Kotrly KJ, Vucins EJ et al. (1987) First pass uptake of fentanyl, meperidine, and
morphine in the human lung. Anesthesiology 67: 466--472
Romagnoli A (1973) Duration of action of fentanyl. Anesthesiology 39: 568--569
Ros SP (1987) Outpatient pediatric analgesia-a tale of two regimens. Ped Emerg Care 3: 228-230
Rosow CE, Moss J, Philbin DM et al. (1982) Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl
anesthesia. Anesthesiology 56: 93--96
Rowbotham DJ, Wyld R, Peacock JE et al. (1989) Transdermal fentanyl for the relief of pain
after upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 63: 56--59
Safwat AM, Daniel D (1983) Grand mal seizures after fentanyl administration.
Anesthesiology 59: 78
Santeiro ML, Christie J, Stromquist C et al. (1997) Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion
fentanyl in newborns. J Perinatol 2: 135--139
Scott JC, Cooke JE, Stanski DR (1991) Elektroencephalographic quantitation of opioid effect:
comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and sufentanil. Anesthesiology 74: 34--42
Scott JC, Ponganis KV, Stanski DR (1985) EEG quantification of narcotic effects: the
comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 62: 234--241
Scott JC, Stanksi DR (1987) Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirement with age. A
simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
240: 159--166
Sebel PC, Bovill, Wauquier A et al. (1981) The effect of high-dose fentanyl on the
electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 55: 203--211
Sebel PS (1981) Anaesthesia in Cardiac Surgery. Academic Thesis, University of Amsterdam
1981
Sebel PS, Glass PSA, Fletcher JE et al. (1992) Reduction of MAC of desflurane with fentanyl.
Anesthesiology 76: 52--59
Shafer A, White PF, Schüttler J et al. (1983) Use of a fentanyl infusion in the intensive care
unit: Tolerance to its anesthetic effects? Anesthesiology 59: 245--248
Smith NT, Dec-Silver H, Stanford IJ et al. (1984) EEGs during high-dose fentanyl-,
sufentanil-, or morphine-oxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 63: 386--393
Stahl KD, van Bever W, Janssen P et al. (1977) Receptor affinity and pharmacological
potency of a series of narcotic analgesics, anti-diarrheal and neuroleptic drugs. Eur J
Pharmacol 46: 199--205
Stanley TH (1983) High-dose fentanyl. Mount Sinai J Med 50: 308--311
Stoeckel H, Hengstmann JH, Schüttler J (1979) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl as a possible
explanation for recurrence of respiratory depression. Br J Anaesth 51: 741--745
Strauer B (1972) Contractile responses to morphine, piritramide, meperidine and fentanyl: A
comparative study of effects on the isolated ventricular myocardium. Anesthesiology 37:
304--310
Streisand JB, Varvel JR, Stanski RD et al. (1991) Absorption and bioavailability of oral
transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Anesthesiology 75: 223--229
Striebel WH, Pommerening J, Rieger A (1993) Intranasal fentanyl titration for postoperative
pain management in an unselected population. Anaesthesia 48: 753--757
Tabatabai M, Kitahata LM, Collins JG (1989) Disruption of the rhythmicity activity of the
medullary inspiratory neurons and phrenic nerve by fentanyl and reversal with nalbuphine.
Anesthesiology 70: 489--495
Taeger K, Wenninger E, Schmelzer F et al. (1988) Pulmonary kinetics of fentanyl and
alfentanil in surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 61: 425--434
Tammisoto T, Takki S, Toikka P (1970) A comparison of the circulatory effects in man of the
analgesics fentanyl, pentazocine and pethidine. Br J Anaesth 42: 317--324
Thomson IR, Putnins CL, Friesen RM (1986) Hyperdynamic cardiovascular responses to
anesthetic induction with high-dose fentanyl. Anesth Analg 65: 91--95
Thorpe DH (1984) Opiate structure and activity: a guide to understanding the receptor.
Anesth Analg 63: 143--151
Toda N, Hatano Y (1977) Alpha adrenergic blocking action of fentanyl on the isolated aorta
of the rabbit. Anesthesiology 46: 411--416
Vanbever R, LeBoulengé E, Préat V (1996) Transdermal delivery of fentanyl by
electroporation. I. Influence of electrical factors. Pharm Res 4: 559--565
Vernheit J, Renov AM, Orgogozo J et al. (1978) Effect of diazepam-fentanyl mixture on
cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Br J Anaesth 50: 165--169
Vettermann J, Thomas H, Lischke V et al. (1996) Wiederholter Zusatz von Fentanyl zur
peripartalen Bupivacain-Periduralanalgesie. Klinische Wirkung und FentanylPlasmaspiegel. Anaesthesist 45(5): 428--436
Viscomi CM, Bailey PL (1997) Opioid-induced rigidity after intravenous fentanyl. Obstet
Gynecol 89(5 Pt 2): 822--824
Walz R, Lübbe N, Walz K et al. (1997) Untersuchungen zur Verlängerung einer
fentanylinduzierten Vigilanzminderung durch Clonidin. Anaesthesiol Reanim 22(2): 42-45
Wassef MR (1997) Phantom pain with probable reflex sympathetic dystrophy: efficacy of
fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion. Reg Anesth 3: 287--290
Welchew FA (1983) The optimum concentration for epidural fentanyl. A randomized doubleblind comparison with and without 1: 200’000 adrenalin. Anesthesia 38: 1051--1041
Williams KS, Susla G, Temeck BK et al. (1998) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl during
hyperthermic, isolated lung perfusion. South Med J 91(3): 261--265
Wood M (1990) Opioid agonists and antagonists. In: Drugs and Anesthesia (Wood M, Wood
AJJ, eds.), William &Wilkins, 2nd ed., Seite 143
Xu QA, Trissel LA, Martinez JF (1997) Rapid loss of fentanyl citrate admixed with
fluorouracil in polyvinyl chloride containers. Ann Pharmacother 3: 297--302
Fentanyl Therapeutisches System
Caplan RA, Ready LB, Oden RV et al. (1989) Transdermal fentanyl for postoperative pain
management. JAMA 261(7): 1036--1039
Duthie DJR, Rowbotham DJ, Wyld R et al. (1988) Plasma fentanyl concentrations during
transdermal delivery of fentanyl to surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 60: 614--618
Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL et al. (1989) The transdermal administration of
fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic
effects. Pain 37: 193--202
Holley FO, van Stennis C (1988) Postoperative analgesia with fentanyl: Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of constand-rate IV and transdermal delivery. Br J Anaesth 60: 608-613
Larijani GE. Bell SD, Goldberg ME et la. (1988) Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl following
transdermal application. Ann Meet ASA (San Francisco Oct 8-12), A363
Latasch L, Lüders S (1989) Transdermal fentanyl against postoperative pain. Acta Anaesth
Belg 40(2): 113--119
McLeskey CH (1990) Fentanyl TTS for postoperative analgesia. Eur J Pain 11: 92--98
Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE (1975) Drug permeation through human skin:
Theory and in vitro experimental measurements. Am Inst Chem Engineering J 21: 985-996
Miser AW, Narang PK, Dothage JA et al. (1989) Transdermal fentanyl for pain control in
patients with cancer. Pain 37: 15--21
Nimmo WS, Duthie DJR (1986) Plasma fentanyl concentrations after transdermal or iv
infusion of fentanyl. Anesthesiology 65: 559A
Plezia PM, Kramer TH, Linford J et al. (1989) Transdermal fentanyl: Pharmacokinetics and
preliminary clinical evaluation. Pharmacotherapy 9(1): 2--9
Plezia PM, Linford J, Kramer TH et al. (1986) Transdermal therapeutic system (fentanyl) for
postoperative pain: an efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic trial. Anesthesiology 65:
210A
Plezia PM, Linford J, Kramer Th et al. (1988) Transdermally administered fentanyl for
postoperative pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology
69(3A): A364
Reinhart D, Klein K, Cole T et al. (1992) Combination transdermal fentanyl and ketorolac for
postoperative analgesia: a double-blind, randomized study. Anesthesiology 77 (3A): A 889
Rowbotham DJ, Wyld R, Peacock JE et al. (1989) Transdermal fentanyl for the relief of pain
after upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 63: 56--59
Sebel PS, Barrett CW, Kirk CJC et al. (1987) Transdermal absorption fo fentanyl and
sufentanil in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32: 529--531
Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Hwang SS et al. (1989) Absorpion characteristics of transdermally
administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology 70: 928--934
Wester RC, Maibach HI (1983) Cutaneous pharmacokinetics: 10 steps to percutaneous
absorption. Drug Metab Rev 14: 169--205
Lofentanyl
Bilsback A, Rolly G (1983) A double blind epidural administration of lofentanil,
buprenorphine or saline for postoperative pain. 4th Int Cong Belg Soc Anesth Resuscit
(Louvain-en-Woluwe-Brussels), Acta Anaesth Belg 34: S88
3
Ilien B, Gommeren W, Leysen JE et al. (1982) Solubilized opiate receptors labelled with Hlofentanyl. Arch Int Pharamacodyn 258: 313--316
Leysen JE, Laduron PM, Niemegeers CJE (1978) Receptor binding properties in vitro and in
vivo of new long acting narcotic analgesics. In: Characteristics and function of opioids
(van Ree, Terenius, eds.), Elsevier (Amsterdam), pp 479--482
McLeskey CH (1987) In Anesthesiology Audio Digest 29: 4 (Feb 16)
Meert TF, Lu HR, von Craenndonck H et al. (1988) Comparison between epidural fentanyl,
sufentanil, carfentanil, lofentanil and alfentanil in the rat: analgesia and other in vivo
effects. Eur J Anaesth 5: 313--321
Waldvogel HH, Fasano M (1983) Extradural administration of lofentanyl for balanced
postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesist, Suppl. ZAK 1983, 32S: V17.6
Mirfentanyl
Lemmens HJ, Egan TD, Fiset P et al. (1995) Pharmacokinetic/dynamic assessment in drug
development: application to the investigational opioid mirfentanil. Anesth Analg 80: 1206
- 1211
Remifentanil
Arrendale RF, Bolons JK, Sinhababu AK et al. (1991) Determination of GI87084, an ultrahort acting opioid, and its major metaboliet GI90291, in whole human blood by capillary
GC/MS/SIM and GC/NCI-MS/SIM. Am Chem Soc 201: 1--2
Egan TD, Lemmens HJM, Fiset P et al. (1992) The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
of GI 87084B. Anesthesiology 77 (S3A): A369
Egan TD, Lemmens HM, Fiset P et al. (1992) Pharmacokinetic-dynamic fingerprinting in the
early development of GI87084B. Clin Pharmacol Ther 53(2): PIII-10, p 209
Egan TD, Lemmens HJM, Fiset P et al. (1993) The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting
opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers. Anesthesiology 79: 881-892
Feldman PL, James MK, Brackeen MF et al. (1991) Design synthesis and pharmacological
evaluation of ultrashort-to long-acting analgetics. J Med Chem 34: 2202--2208
Hermann DJ, Marton JP, Donn KH et al. (1991) Pharmacokinetic comparison of GI87084B, a
novel ultra-short acting opioid, and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 75: A379
Hoffman WE, Cunningham F, James MK et al. (1993) Effects of remifentanil, a new shortacting opioid, on cerebral blood flow, brain electrical activity, and intracranial pressure in
dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 79: 107--113
James MK, Feldman PL, Schuster Sv et al. (1991) Opioid receptor activity of a novel ultrashort acting analgesic, GI 87084B, in isolated tissues. FASEB J 5(5), A1223, A4948;
ebenfalls in: J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 259(2): 712--718
James MK, Voung A, Grizzle MK (1992) Hemodynamic effects of GI 87084B, an ultra-short
acting µ-opioid analgesic, in anesthetized dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263: 84--91
James MK, Vuong A, Grizzle MK et al. (1992) Hemodynamic effects of GI 87084B an ultrashort acting mu-opioid analgesic in anesthetized dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263(1): 84-91
Marton JP, Hardman HD, Kamiyama Y et al. (1991) Analgesic efficacy of single escalating
doses of GI87048B administered intravenously to healthy adult male volunteers.
Anesthesiology 75: A378
Rosow C (1993) Remifentanil: a unique opioid analgesic. Editorial views. Anesthesiology 79:
875--876
Salmenpera M, Wilson D, Szlam MMS et al. (1992) Anesthetic potency of the opioid
GI87084B, in dogs. Anesthesiology 77 (S3A): A368
Schuster SV, Bilotta JM, Lutz MK (1991) Analgesic activity of the ultra-short acting opioid,
remifentanil. Abstr. FASEB H 5(4): A860
Vuong A, James MK, Shaffer JE (1991) Hemodynamic effects of GI 87084B, a novel ultrashort acting mu-opioid antagonist in anaesthetised dogs. FASEB H 5(4), A2847
Westmoreland C, Sebel PS, Hug CC et al. (1992) Pharmacokinetics and histamine release
following GI87084B, a new ultra-short acting opioid. Anesthesiology 77: A395
Westmoreland CL, Hoke JF, Sebel PS et al. (1993) Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil
(GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient
surgery. Anesthesiology 79: 893--903
Sufentanil
Althaus JS, Miller ED, Moscicki JC et al. (1985) Analgetic contribution of sufentanil during
halothane anesthesia: a mechanism involving serotonin. Anesth Analg 64: 857--863
Altom RL, Wright TE (1990) Possible potentiation of trigeminal-vagal response by sufentanil.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48(7): 770
Archer S (1993) Chemistry of nonpeptide opioids. In: Opioids I (Herz A), Springer, Seite 264
Bailey JM, Schwieger IM, Hug CC jr (1993) Evaluation of sufentanil anesthesia obtained by a
computer-controlled infusion for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 76(2): 247--252
Bailey PL, Streisand JB, East KA et al. (1990) Differences in magnitude and duration of
opioid-induced respiratory depression and analgesia with fentanyl and sufentanil. Anesth
Analg 70(1): 8--15
Benlabed M, Ecoffey C, Levron JC et al. (1987) Analgesia and ventilatory response to CO2
following epidural sufentanil in children. Anesthesiology 67(6): 948--951
Benson KT, Tomlinson DL, Goto H et al. (1988)Cardiovascular effects of lorazepam during
sufentanil anesthesia. Anesth Analg 67(10): 996--998
Berberich JJ, Fabian JA (1987) A retrospective analysis of fentanyl and sufentanil for cardiac
transplantation. J Cardiothorac Anesth 3: 200--204
Berthelsen P, Eriksen J, Ahn NC et al. (1980) Peripheral circulation during sufentanyl and
morphine anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 3: 241--244
Biddle C (1993) Risk of ischemia in patients receiving desflurane versus sufentanil: sample
size and clinical significance. Correspondence. Anesthesiology 78(2): 396--398
Blackburn C (1987) Respiratory arrest after epidural sufentanil. Correspondence. Anaesthesia
42(6): 665--666
Bloomfield E, Hilberman M, Brown P et al. (1988) Postoperative nausea and vomiting. A
comparison of sufentanil, nitrous oxide, and isoflurane. Cleve Clin J Med 55(6): 549--552
Boersma FP, Meert TF, Ten Kate A et al. (1990) Cancer pain control by epidural sufentanil.
Eur J Pain 11: 76--80
Boulton AJ, Wilson N, Turnbull KW et al. (1986) Haemodynamic and plasma vasopressin
responses during high-dose fentanyl or sufentanil anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 33(4):
475--483
Bovill JG (1988) The opioids in intravenous anaesthesia. In: Intravenous anaesthesia (Dundee
JW, Wyant GM, eds.), Churchill Livingstone, 2nd ed., p 224
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Blackburn CL et al. (1984) The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in
surgical patients. Anesthesiology 61: 502--506
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Fiolet JWT et al. (1983) The influence of sufentanil on endocrine and
metabolic responses to cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 62: 391--397
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Wauquier A et al. (1982) Electroencephalographic effects of sufentanil
anaesthesia in man. Br J Anaesth 54: 45--52
Bowdle TA (1987) Myoclonus following sufentanil without EEG seizure activity.
Anesthesiology 67(4): 593--595
Bowdle TA, Ward RJ (1989) Induction of anesthesia with small doses of sufentanil or
fentanyl: dose versus EEG response, speed of onset, and thiopental requirement.
Anesthesiology 70(1): 26--30
Brian JE jr, Seifen AB (1987) Tonic-clonic activity after sufentanil. Correspondence. Anesth
Analg 66(5): 481
Brunner MD, Braithwaite P, Jhaveri R et al. (1994) MAC reduction of isoflurane by
sufentanil. Br J Anaesth 72: 42--46
Campbell DC, Camann WR, Datta S (1995) The addition of bupivacaine to intrathecal
sufentanil for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg 81(2): 305--309
Capogna G, Celleno D, Tomassetti M (1989) Maternal analgesia and neonatal effects of
epidural sufentanil for cesarean section. Reg Anesth 6: 282--287
Chang HM, Berde CB, Holz GG 4th et al. (1989) Sufentanil, morphine, met-enkephalin, and
kappa-agonist (U-50,488H) inhibit substance P release from primary sensory neurons: a
model for presynaptic spinal opioid actions. Anesthesiology 70(4): 672--677
Chang J, Fish KJ (1985) Acute respiratory arrest and rigidity after anesthesia with sufentanil:
A case report. Anesthesiology 63: 710--711
Chauvin M, Ferrier C, Haberer JP et al. (1989) Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in patients with
cirrhosis. Anesth Analg 68: 1--4
Cheng EX, Koebert RF, Hopwood M (1987) Continuous epidural sufentanil infusion for
postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 67(S): A233
Cohen SE, Tan S, White PF (1988) Sufentanil analgesia following cesarean section: epidural
versus intravenous administration. Anesthesiology 68: 129--134
Colpaert FC, Leysen JE, Michiels M et al. (1986) Epidural and intravenous sufentanil in the
rat: analgesia, opiate receptor binding, and drug concentrations in plasma and brain.
Anesthesiology 65(1): 41--49
Colpaert FC, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PA et al. (1978) Narcotic cueing properties of
intraventricularly administered sufentanil, fentanyl, morphine and met-enkephalin. Eur J
Pharmacol 47(1): 115--1159
Cork RC, Kihlstrom JF, Schacter DL (1992) Absence of explicit or implicit memory in
patients anesthetized with sufentanil/nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 76(6): 892--898
Courtney MA, Bader AM, Hartwell B et al. (1992) Perioperative analgesia with subarachnoid
sufentanil administration. Reg Anesth 17: 274--278
Crosby ET, Miller DR, Hamilton PP et al. (1990) A randomized double-blind comparison of
fentanyl- and sufentanil-oxygen anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac
Anesth: 2 168--176
Davis PJ, Cook DR, Stiller RL et al. (1987) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of
high-dose sufentanil in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 66:
203--208
Davis PJ, Stiller RL, Cook DR et al. (1988) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in adolescent
patients with chronic renal failure. Anesth Analg 67: 268--271
de Castro J, Van de Water A, Wouters et al. (1979) Comparative study of cardiovascular,
neurological and metabolic side effects of 8 narcotics in dogs. Pethidine, piritramide,
morphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl, R 39 209, sufentanil, R 34 995. III. Comparative study
of the acute metabolic toxicity of the narcotics used in high and massive doses in curarised
and mechanically ventilated dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1: 71--90
de Castro J, Van de Water A, Wouters L et al. (1979) Comparative study of cardiovascular,
neurological and metabolic side effects of 8 narcotics in dogs. Pethidine, piritramide,
morphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl, R 39 209, sufentanil, R 34 995. I. Comparative study
on the acute toxicity and hemodynamic effects of the narcotics in high and massive doses
in curarised and mechanically ventilated dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1: 5--54
de Castro J, Van de Water A, Wouters L et al. (1979) Comparative study of cardiovascular,
neurological and metabolic side effects of 8 narcotics in dogs. Pethidine, piritramide,
morphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl, R 39 209, sufentanil, R 34 995. II. Comparative study
on the epileptoid activity of the narcotics used in high and massive doses in curarised and
mechanically ventilated dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1: 55--69
de Castro J, van de Water A, Wouters L et al. (1979) Comparative study of cardiovascular,
neurological and metabolic side effects of eight narcotics in dogs. Acta Anaesth Belg 30:
5--99
De Lange S, Boscoe MJ, Stanley TH et al. (1982) Antidiuretic and growth hormone responses
during coronary artery surgery with sufentanil-oxygen and alfentanil-oxygen anesthesia in
man. Anesth Analg 61: 434--438
De Lange S, Boscoe MJ, Stanley TH et al. (1982) Comparison of sufentanil-O2 and fentanylO2 for coronary surgery. Anesthesiology 56: 112--118
De Lange S, Stanley TH, Boscoe MJ et al. (1983) Catecholamine and cortisol responses to
sufentanil-O2 and alfentanil-O2 anaesthesia during coronary artery surgery. Can Anaesth
Soc J 30: 248--254
de Leon-Casasola OA, Lema MJ (1992) Epidural sufentanil for acute pain control in a patient
with extreme opioid dependency. Anesthesiology 76(5): 853--856
de Leon-Casasola OA, Lema MJ (1994) Epidural bupivacaine/sufentanil therapy for
postoperative pain control in patients tolerant to opioid and unresponsive to epidural
bupivacaine/morphine. Anesthesiology 80(2): 303--309
Desborough JP, Hall GM, Hart GR et al. (1990) Hormonal responses to cardiac surgery:
effects of sufentanil, somatostatin and ganglion block. Br J Anaesth 64(6): 688--695
Dierssen M, Flórez J, Hurlé MA (1990) Calcium channel modulation by dihydropyridines
modifies sufentanil-induced antinociception in acute and tolerant conditions. Naunyn
Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 342(5): 559--565
Donadoni R (1987) Epidural sufentanil for pain relief after orthopedic surgery. In: The Pain
Clinic II (Scherpereel P, Meynadier J, Bond S , eds.), VNU Sci Press (Holland), pp 295-296
Donadoni R, Capiau P (1987) Cardiac arrest after spinal sufentanil: case report. Acta
Anaesthesiol Belg 38(2): 175--177
Donadoni R, Gasparini R, van Peer A et al. (1988) Pharmacokinetics of continuous sufentanil
administration for spinal fusion surgery. 9th WCA, May 22-28 (Washington, USA),
AO843
Donadoni R, Rolly G, Noorduin H: et al. (1985) Epidural sufentanil for postoperative pain
relief. Anaesthesia 40: 634--638
Donadoni R, Vermeulen H, Noorduin H et al. (1987) Intrathecal sufentanil as a supplement to
subarachnoid anaesthesia with lignocaine. Br J Anaesth 59: 1523--1527
Dottrens M, Rifat K, Morel DR (1992) Comparison of extradural administration of sufentanil,
morphine and sufentanil-morphine combination after caesarean section.cBr J Anaesth
69(1): 9--11
Dubois-Primo J, Dewachter B, Massaut J (1979) Analgesic anesthesia with fentanyl (F) and
sufentanil (SF) in coronary surgery. A double blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 30(2):
113--126
Duckett JE, McDonell T, Zebrowski M et al. (1987) Lumbar versus thoracic continuous
sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 66: S45
Estafanous FG, Williams G, Sethna D et al. (1986) Effects of preoperative calcium channel
blockers, beta blockers and pancuronium or vecuronium on hemodynamics of inductions
of anesthesia in patients with coronary disease receiving sufentanil. Anesthesiology 65: 3-10
Ferslew KE, Hagardorn AN, McCormick WF (1989) Postmortem determination of the
biological distribution of sufentanil and midazolam after an acute intoxication. J Forensic
Sci 34(1): 249--257
Flacke JW, Bloor BC, Kripke BJ et al. (1985) Comparison of morphine, meperidine, fentanyl,
and sufentanil in balanced anesthesia: a double-blind study. Anesth Analg 64(9): 897--910
Flacke JW, Flacke WE, Bloor BC et al. (1987) Histamine release by four narcotics: a double
blind study in humans. Anaesth Analg 66: 723--730
Flezzani P, Alvis MJ, Jacobs JR et al. (1987) Sufentanil disposition during cardiopulmonary
bypass. Can J Anaesth 34(6): 566--569
Geller E, Chrubasik J, Graf R et al. (1993) A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural
sufentanil versus intravenous sufentanil or epidural fentanyl analgesia after major
abdominalcsurgery.cAnesth Analg 76(6): 1243--1250
Glenski JA, Friesen RH, Lane GA et al. (1988) Low-dose sufentanil as a supplement to
halothane/N2O anaesthesia in infants and children. Can J Anaesth 35(4): 379--384
Gordon AR, O'Connor JP, Ralley FE et al. (1990) Midazolam-ketamine vs sufentanil for rapid
sequence induction of anaesthesia for CABG surgery. Can J Anaesth 37(4): Pt 2 S43
Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL et al. (1988) Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic
response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 67: 329--337
Greeley WJ, de Bruijn NP (1988) Changes in sufentanil pharmacokinetics within the neonatal
period. Anesth Analg 67: 86--90
Greeley WJ, de Bruijn NP, Davis DP (1987) Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in pediatric
cardiovascular patients. Anesth Analg 66(11): 1067--1072
Guay J, Gaudreault P, Tang A et al. (1992) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in normal children.
Can J Anaesth 39: 14--20
Gutzke GE, Shah KB, Glisson SN et al. (1989) Cardiac transplantation: a prospective
comparison of ketamine and sufentanil for anesthetic induction. J Cardiothorac Anesth 4:
389--395
Haak-van der Lely F, van Kleef JW et al. (1994) An intra-operative comparison of lumbar
with thoracic epidural sufentanil for thoracotomy. Anaesthesia 49(2): 119--121
Hall RI, Murphy JT, Moffitt EA et al. (1991) A comparison of the myocardial metabolic and
haemodynamic changes produced by propofol-sufentanil and enflurane-sufentanil
anaesthesia for patients having coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Can J Anaesth 38(8):
996--1004
Hall RI, Poole L, Murphy JT, Moffitt EA (1990) A randomized study of changes in serum
cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, and cortisol during cardiac surgery in
patients anaesthetised with propofol-sufentanil vs enflurane-sufentanil. Cardiac
Anaesthesia Research Group. Can J Anaesth 37(4): Pt 2 S76
Halliburton JR (1988) The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil: a
comparative review. AANA J 56(3): 229--233
Hansdottir V, Hedner T, Woestenborghs R et al. (1991) The CSF and plasma
pharmacokinetics of sufentanil after intrathecal administration. Anesthesiology 74(2): 264-269
Hasenbos MA, Eckhaus MN, Slappendel R et al. (1989) Continuous high thoracic epidural
administration of bupivacaine with sufentanil or nicomorphine for postoperative pain relief
after thoracic surgery. Reg Anesth 5: 212--218
Hasenbos MA, Gielen MJ, Bos J et al. (1988) High thoracic epidural sufentanil for postthoracotomy pain: influence of epinephrine as an adjuvant--a double blind study.
Anesthesiology 69(6): 1017--1022
Hatton MN, Williams D, Weis FR (1987) A randomized double-blind pilot study to compare
conscious sedation produced by diazepam against sufentanil. Anesth Prog 34(4): 137--141
Haynes G, Brahen NH, Hill HF (1993) Plasma sufentanil concentration after intranasal
administration to pediatric outpatients. Correspondence. Can J Anaesth 40(3): 286
Hecker BR, Lake CL, DiFazio CA et al. (1983) The decrease of the minimum alveolar
anesthetic concentration produced by sufentanil in rats. Anesth Analg 62: 987--990
Helmers JH, Van Leeuwen L, Zuurmond W (1989) Sufentanil-Dosierungsstudie bei
allgemeinen chirurgischen Eingriffen. Anaesthesist 38(8): 397--400
Henderson JM, Brodsky DA, Fisher DM et al. (1988) Preinduction of anesthesia in pediatric
patients with nasally administered sufentanil. Anesthesiology 68(5): 671--675
Henderson JM, Fisher DM (1990) Intranasal sufentanil. Correspondence. Can J Anaesth
37(3): 387
Hickey PR, Hansen DD (1984) Fentanyl- and sufentanil-oxygen-pancuronium anesthesia for
cardiac surgery in infants. Anesth Analg 63(2): 117--124
Howie MB, McSweeney TD, Lingam RP et al. (1985) A comparison of fentanyl-O2 and
sufentanil-O2 for cardiac anesthesia. Anesth Analg 64(9): 877--887
Jain U, Body SC, Bellows W et al. (1996) Multicenter study of target-controlled infusion of
propofol-sufentanil or sufentanil-midazolam for coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group. Anesthesiology
85(3): 522--535
Janicki PK, James MFM, Erskine WAR (1992) Propofol inhibits enzymatic degradation of
alfentanil and sufentanil by isolated liver microsomes in vitro. Br J Anaesth 68: 311--312
Janik R, Dick W (1989) Sufentanil: Einfluss auf kardiozirkulatorische Parameter und
Intubationsbedingungen bei Gabe von Pancuronium oder Vecuronium. Anaesthesist
38(12): 673--680
Jansen GF, Kedaria M, Zuurmond WW (1990) Total intravenous anesthesia during
intracranial surgery. Continuous propofol infusion in combination with either fentanyl or
sufentanil. Can J Anaesth 37(4): Pt 2 S128
Jayaram A, Carp H (1993) Progesterone-mediated potentiation of spinal sufentanil in rats.
Anesth Analg 76: 745--750
Karl HW, Keifer AT, Rosenberger JL et al. (1992) Comparison of the safety and efficacy of
intranasal midazolam or sufentanil for preinduction of anesthesia in pediatric patients.
Anesthesiology 76: 209--215
Keykhah MM, Smith DS, Carlsson C et al. (1985) Influence of sufentanil on cerebral
metabolism and circulation in the rat. Anesthesiology 63(3): 274--277
Kietzmann D, Larsen R, Rathgeber J et al. (1991) Comparison of sufentanil-nitrous oxide
anaesthesia with fentanyl-nitrous oxide anaesthesia in geriatric patients undergoing major
abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 67(3): 269--276
Klepper ID, Sherill DL, Boetger CL et al. (1987) Analgesic and respiratory effects of
extradural sufentanil in volunteers and the influence of adrenaline as an adjuvant. Br J
Anaesth 59: 1147--1156
Kofke WA, Tempelhoff R (1993) Increased intracranial pressure in head trauma patients
given fentanyl or sufentanil. Correspondence. Anesthesiology 78(3): 620--621
Kröll W, List WF (1992) Eignet sich Sufentanil für die Langzeitsedierung kritisch Kranker?
Anaesthesist 41(5): 271--275
Kugler J, Grote B, Laub M et al. (1977) Die hypnotische Wirkung von Fentanyl und
Sufentanil. - Ein elektroencephalographischer Vergleich. Anaesthesist 7: 343--348
Larsen R, Sonntag H, Schenk HD et al. (1980) Die Wirkungen von Sufentanil und Fentanyl
auf Hämodynamik, Coronardurchblutung und myocardialen Metabolismus des Menschen.
Anaesthesist 5: 277--279
Lehmann KA, Gerhard A, Horrichs-Haermeyer G et al. (1991) Postoperative patientcontrolled analgesia with sufentanil: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective
concentrations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35(3): 221--226
Leicht CH, Kelleher A, Robinson DE et al. (1990) Prolongation of postoperative epidural
sufentanil analgesia with epinephrine. Anesth Analg 70: 323--325
Leysen JE, Gommeren W, Niemegeers CJ (1983) [3H]Sufentanil, a superior ligand for muopiate receptors: binding properties and regional distribution in rat brain and spinal cord.
Eur J Pharmacol 87(2--3): 209--225
Litak CW, Ralley FE, Wynands JE et al. (1987) Hemodynamic variables and the incidence of
prebypass ischemia during sufentanil/O2/pancuronium anesthesia in patients undergoing
coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1: 10--18
Luger TJ, Putensen C, Baum M et al. (1990) Entwöhnung eines Asthmatikers mit Biphasic
Positive Airway Pressure (BIPAP) unter kontinuierlicher Sufentanil Gabe. Anaesthesist
39(10): 557--560
Madej TH, Strunin L (1987) Comparison of epidural fentanyl with sufentanil. Analgesia and
side effects after a single bolus dose during elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 42(11):
1156--1159
Malinovsky JM, Lepage JY, Cozian A et al. (1996) Transient muscular spasm after a large
dose of intrathecal sufentanil. Anesthesiology 84(6): 1513--1515
Martin J, Williams D, Weis FR jr (1987) Comparison of three anesthetic techniques on emetic
symptoms using sufentanil for outpatient surgery. AANA J 55(3): 245--249
Mathews HM, Furness G, Carson IW et al. (1988) 99. Comparison of sufentanil-oxygen and
fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. Br J Anaesth 60(5): 530-535
Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Young WL et al. (1986) Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in the elderly.
Anesth Analg 65(S): S94
Mayer N, Weinstabl C, Podreka I et al. (1990) Sufentanil does not increase cerebral blood
flow in healthy human volunteers. Anesthesiology 73(2): 240--243
Meert TF, Noorduin H, Van Craenendonck H et al. (1989) Effects of adrenaline, an alpha 2adrenoceptor agonist, the volume of injection, and the global pain state of the animal on
the activity of epidural sufentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 40(4): 247--261
Meistelman C, Benhamou D, Barre J et al. (1990) Effects of age on plasma protein binding of
sufentanil. Anesthesiology 72(3): 470--473
Meuldermans W, Woestenborghs R, Noorduin H et al. (1986) Protein binding of the
analgesics alfentanil and sufentanil in maternal and neonatal plasma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
30(2): 217--219
Meuldermans WEG, Hurkmans RMA, Heykants JJP (1982) Plasma protein binding and
distribution of fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil and lofentanil in blood. Arch Int
Pharmacodyn Ther 257: 4--19
Möllmann M, van Anken H, van Hemelrijck J et al. (1990) Sufentanil for postoperative
analgesia. Eur J Pain 11: 72--75
Monk JP, Beresford R, Ward A (1988) Sufentanil. A review of its pharmacological properties
and therapeutic use. Drugs 36(3): 286--313
Murkin JM, Farrar JK et al. (1990) Cerebral oxygen consumption during sufentanil
anesthesia: measurement by N2O uptake vs 133xenon clearance. Can J Anaesth 37(4): Pt 2
S32
Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Van Bever WF et al. (1976) Sufentanil, a very potent and
extremely safe intravenous morphine-like compound in mice, rats and dogs.
Arzneimittelforschung 26(8): 1551--1556
O'Connor M, Sear JW (1988) Sufentanil to supplement nitrous oxide in oxygen during
balanced anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 43(9): 749--752
O'Keefe RJ, Domalik-Wawrzynski L, Guerrero JL et al.(1987) Local and neurally mediated
effects of sufentanil on canine skeletal muscle vascular resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther
242(2): 699--706
Okutani R, Philbin DM, Rosow CE et al. (1988) Effect of hypothermic hemodilutional
cardiopulmonary bypass on plasma sufentanil and catecholamine concentrations in
humans. Anesth Analg 67(7): 667--670
Pace NA, Walker MB (1992) Sufentanil and intracranial pressure. Correspondence.
Anaesthesia 47(6): 543--544
Patt R, Jain S (1990) Epidural sufentanil for cancer pain. Am J Nurs 90(5): 122
Perreault L, Vézina D, Roberts K et al. (1990) Low-dose sufentanil in major surgery. Can J
Anaesth 37(6): 629--635
Philbin DM, Rosow CE (1991) Fentanyl and sufentanil anesthesia revisited. Correspondence.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 6: 651--652
Phillips G (1988)Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in labor: the effect of adding
sufentanil to 0.125% bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 67(5): 462--465
Phillips GH (1987) Epidural sufentanil/bupivacaine combinations for analgesia during labor:
effect of varying sufentanil doses. Anesthesiology 67: 835--838
Phitayakorn P, Melnick BM, Vicinie AF (1987) Comparison of continuous sufentanil and
fentanyl infusions for outpatient anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 34: 242--245
Piafsky KM, Borga O (1977) Plasma protein binding of basic drugs. II. Importance of alpha1acid glycoprotein for interindividuel variation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 545--549
Plourde G, Boylan JF (1991) The auditory steady state response during sufentanil anaesthesia.
Br J Anaesth 66(6): 683--691
Puig MM, Brous P, Canter M et al. (1989) Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in neurosurgical
patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 5: 229--234
Raza SM, Masters RW, Vasireddy AR et al. (1988) Haemodynamic stability with midazolamsufentanil analgesia in cardiac surgical patients. Can J Anaesth 35(5): 518--525
Reddy P, Liu WS, Port D et al. (1980) Comparison of haemodynamic effects of anaesthetic
doses of alphaprodine and sulfentanil in the dog. Can Anaesth Soc J 4: 345--350
Reynvoet M, Dionys J, Vermaut G et al. (1990) Surgical analgesia for knee arthroscopy with
epidural lignocaine and sufentanil--effect of varying sufentanil doses. Acta Anaesthesiol
Belg 41(4): 319--325
Robinson D (1988) Respiratory arrest after recovery from anaesthesia supplemented with
sufentanil. Correspondence. Can J Anaesth 35(1): 101--102
Rolly G, Kay B, Cockx F (1979) A double blind comparison of high doses fentanyl and
sufentanil in men. Influence on cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic parameters. Acta
Anaesthesiol Belg 4: 247--254
Rosen MA, Dailey PA, Hughes SC et al. (1988) Epidural sufentanil for postoperative
analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 68(3): 448--454
Rosman EJ, Capan LM, Turndorf H (1987) Another case of probable seizure after sufentanil.
Correspondence. Anesth Analg 66(9): 922
Rosow CE (1984) Sufentanil citrate: a new opioid analgesic for use in anesthesia.
Pharmacotherapy 4: 11--19
Rosow CE, Philbin DM, Keegan CR et al. (1984) Hemodynamics and histamine release
during induction with sufentanil or fentanyl. Anesthesiology 60: 489--491
Rosseel PM, van den Broek WG, Boer EC et al. (1988) Epidural sufentanil for intra- and
postoperative analgesia in thoracic surgery: a comparative study with intravenous
sufentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 32(3): 193--198
Samuelson PN, Reves JG, Kirklin JK et al. (1986) Comparison of sufentanil and enfluranenitrous oxide anesthesia for myocardial revascularization. Anesth Analg 65(3): 217--226
Sanford TJ jr, Smith NT, Dec-Silver H et al. (1986) A comparison of morphine, fentanyl, and
sufentanil anesthesia for cardiac surgery: induction, emergence, and extubation. Anesth
Analg 65(3): 259--266
Satterlee GB, Skora IA (1991) Criteria for use of fentanyl citrate, sufentanil citrate, and
alfentanil hydrochloride. Clin Pharm 8: 635--637
Schedewie H, Lee L, Gold R (1988) Sufentanil, metabolic clearance and excretion in humans.
9th WCA, May 22-28, Washington (USA), AO841
Schmeling WT, Kampine JP, Warltier DC (1989) Negative chronotropic actions of sufentanil
and vecuronium in chronically instrumented dogs pretreated with propranolol and/or
diltiazem. Anesth Analg 69(1): 4--14
Schulz R, Wüster M, Krenss H et al. (1980) Selective development of tolerance without
dependence in multiple opiate receptors of mouse vas deferens. Nature 285(5762): 242-243
Sebel PS, Bovill JG (1982) Cardiovascular effects of sufentanil anesthesia. Anesth Analg 61:
115--119
Sherman EP, Lebowitz PW, Street WC (1987) Bradycardia following sufentanilsuccinylcholine. Correspondence. Anesthesiology 66(1): 106
Shupak RC, Harp JR (1985) Comparison between high-dose sufentanil-oxygen and high-dose
fentanyl-oxygen for neuroanaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1985 Apr 57(4) : 375--381
Slade JM, Read MS, Klepper ID et al. (1994) Extradural sufentanil by patient-controlled
analgesia or nurse-administered compared with optimal morphine in a high dependency
unit: effects on oxygenation and pain relief after abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 73(5):
634--638
Smith NT, Dec-Silver H, Sanford TJ jr et al. (1984) EEGs during high-dose fentanyl,
sufentanil-, or morphine-oxygen anesthesia. Anesth Analg 63(4):386--393
Sosnowski M, Yaksh TL (1990) Differential cross-tolerance between intrathecal morphine
and sufentanil in the rat. Anesthesiology 73(6): 1141--1147
Spiess BD, Sathoff RH, el-Ganzouri AR et al. (1986) High-dose sufentanil: four cases of
sudden hypotension on induction. Anesth Analg 65(6): 703--705
Stahl KD, VanBever W, Janssen AP et al. (1977) Receptor affinity and pharmocological
potency of a series of narcotic analgesic, anti-diarrheal and neuroleptic drugs. Eur J
Pharmacol 46: 199--205
Stanley TH (1988) New routes of administration and new delivery systems of anesthetics.
Editorial. Anesthesiology 68: 665--667
Stanley TH (1992) The history and development of the fentanyl series.vJ Pain Symptom
Manage 3(S): S3--7
Stanley TH, de Lange S (1988) Comparison of sufentanil-oxygen and fentanyl-oxygen
anesthesia for mitral and aortic valvular surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1: 6--11
Starr NJ, Kraenzler EJ, Wong D, et al. (1991) Comparison of cardiovascular effects of
pipecuronium versus vecuronium in patients receiving sufentanil anesthesia for myocardial
revascularization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2: 116--119
Starr NJ, Sethna DH, Estafanous FG (1986) Bradycardia and asystole following the rapid
administration of sufentanil with vecuronium. Anesthesiology 64(4): 521--523
Stephan H, Sonntag H, Lange H et al. (1989) Die Wirkungen von Sufentanil in hohen Dosen
auf die Hämodynamik und die elektroenzephalographische Aktivität von Koronarkranken.
Anaesthesist 38(10): 510--518
Thomson IR, MacAdams CL, Hudson RJ et al. (1992) Drug interactions with sufentanil.
Hemodynamic effects of premedication and muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 76(6): 922-929
Traast HS, Kalkman CJ (1995) Electroencephalographic characteristics of emergence from
propofol/sufentanil total intravenous anesthesia. Anesth Analg 81(2): 366--371
Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, el-Ganzouri AR et al. (1990) Sufentanil-midazolam anesthesia for
coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 3: 308--333
Van Cauteren DVM, Awouters F, Heykants J : Expert report. Janssen Res Prod Info Service.
Serial Nr. R33800
Van der Auwera D, Verborgh C, Camu F (1987) Analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of
epidural sufentanil and morphine in humans. Anesth Analg 66(10): 999--1003
Van Steenberge A, Debroux HC, Noorduin H (1987)Extradural bupivacaine with sufentanil
for vaginal delivery. A double-blind trial. Br J Anaesth 59(12): 1518--1522
Vandermeersch E (1992) Epidural patient controlled analgesia with bupivacaine and
sufentanil.cActa Anaesthesiol Belg 43(1): 71--74
Ved SA, Dubois M, Carron H, Lea D (1989) Sufentanil and alfentanil pattern of consumption
during patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison with morphine. Clin J Pain 5(1): S63--70
Verborgh C (1987) Epidural sufentanil administration for pain relief after abdominal surgery.
In: The pain clinic II (Scherpereel P, Meynadier J, Bond S, eds.), p 297
Verborgh C, van der Auwera D, van Droogenbroek E et al. (1988) Epidural sufentanil for
postsurgical pain relief: Effects of adrenaline. Eur J Anaesth 5: 183--191
Vercauteren M, Boeckx E, Noorduin H (1988) Respiratory arrest after sufentanil.
Correspondence. Anaesthesia 43(1): 69--70
Vercauteren M, Lauwers E, Meert T et al. (1990) Comparison of epidural sufentanil plus
clonidine with sufentanil alone for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 45(7): 531--534
Vercauteren M, Moens F, Hanegreefs G (1987) Modification of analgesic quality and side
effects of epidural sufentanil. In: The pain clinic II (Scherpereel P, Meynadier J, Bond S,
eds.), pp 299-301
Videcoq M, Desmonts JM, Depoix-Joseph JP et al. (1988) Effets hémodynamiques du
fentanyl et du sufentanil associés au flunitrazépam lors de la chirurgie coronarienne. Ann
Fr Anesth Reanim 7(6): 471--478
Waldmann CS, Wark KJ, Sebel PS et al. (1986)Hemodynamic effects of atracurium,
vecuronium and pancuronium during sufentanil anesthesia for coronary artery bypass. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 5: 351--356
Ward DS, Nitti GJ (1988) The effects of sufentanil on the hemodynamic and respiratory
response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 6: 579--586
Wedell D, Hersh EV (1991) A review of the opioid analgesics fentanyl, alfentanil, and
sufentanil. Compendium 3: 184-187
Weinstabl C, Spiss CK (1993) Fentanyl and sufentanil increase intracranial pressure in head
trauma patients. Correspondence. Anesthesiology 78(3): 622--623
West JM, Estrada S, Heerdt M (1987) 262. Sudden hypotension associated with midazolam
and sufentanil. Correspondence. Anesth Analg 66(7): 693--694
Whiting WC, Sandler AN, Lau LC et al. (1988) Analgesic and respiratory effects of epidural
sufentanil in patients following thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 69: 36--43
Wiggum DC, Cork RC, Weldon ST et al. (1985) Postoperative respiratory depression and
elevated sufentanil levels in a patient with chronic renal failure. Anesthesiology 63: 708-710
Williams D, Weis FR jr, Adragna MG et al. (1987) Sufentanil as a component of outpatient
anesthesia.cAANA J 55(1): 45--48
Wolff AP, Hasenbos MA, Liem TH, Gielen MJ (1992) Accidental overdose of epidural
bupivacaine and sufentanil. Reg Anesth 4: 237-238
Young ML, Smith DS, Greenberg J et al. (1984) Effects of sufentanil on regional cerebral
glucose utilization in rats. Anesthesiology 61(5): 564--568
Zsigmond EK, Raza SM, Vasireddy AR et al. (1990) Protection from stress of tracheal
intubation with midazolam-sufentanil analgesia Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1 : 2--6
Zuurmond WW, van Leeuwen L (1987) Recovery from sufentanil anaesthesia for outpatient
arthroscopy: a comparison with isoflurane. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2: 154--156
Trefentanil
Cambareri JJ, Afifi MS, Glass PS et al. (1993) A-3665, a new short-acting opioid: a
comparison with alfentanil. Anesth Analg 1993 Apr 76(4): 812--816
Lemmens HJ, Dyck JB, Shafer SL et al. (1994) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling
in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 56(3): 261--271
Loperamid
Bochicchio D, Ambrosi B, Faglia G (1988) Loperamide, an opiate analog, differently
modifies the adrenocorticotropin responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone and lysine
vasopressin in patients with Addison's disease. Neuroendocrinology 48(6): 611--614
Church J, Fletcher EJ, Abdel-Hamid K et al. (1994) Loperamide blocks high-voltageactivated calcium channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked responses in rat and mouse
cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 45(4): 747--757
DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Burgos LC, Cassel JA et al. (1999) Loperamide (ADL 2-1294), an
opioid antihyperalgesic agent with peripheral selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289(1):
494--502
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM et al. (1978) Loperamide: A review of its
pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in diarrhoea. Drugs 15: 33--52
Dextromoramid
Black WP (1966) Dangers of dextromoramide in obstetrical analgesia. Practitioner 197: 348-353
Cahal DA (1958) Analgesic activity of (+)-1-(3-methyl-4-morpholino-2:2-diphenylbutyryl)
pyrollidine (R.875) in student volunteers. Br J Pharmacol 13: 30--34
Calesnick B (1959) An evaluation of two new analgesics (dextromoramide and
racemoramide) in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic pain. J Chron Dis 10(1):
58--66
Clarke AD (1972) A comparison of the potency and side effects of piritramide,
dextromoramide and morphine. Double blind trial of 83 cases. In: Postoperative
Schmerzbekämpfung. Bericht über das V Int Bremer NLA Symposion 1971 (Henschel
WF, ed.), Schattauer, Seiten 69--73
Jäättelä A, Nikki P. Takki S et al. (1971) Effects of dextromoramide, fentanyl and morphine
on the plasma catecholamine levels. Ann Clin Res 3: 107--111
Janssen PA (1956) A new series of potent analgesics. J Am Chem Soc 78: 3862
Janssen PAJ, Jageneau AH (1957) A new series of potent analgesics. Dextro 2:2.diphenyl-3methyl-4-morpholino-butyrylpyrrolidine and related amides. I. Chemical structure and
pharmacological activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 9: 381--400
Jones TE, Morris RG, Saccoia NC et al. (1996) Dextromoramide pharmacokinetics following
sublingual administration. Palliat Med 4: 313--317
Lancon JP, Pechinot A, Athis PD et al. (1989) Pharmacocinétique du dextromoramide chez
l'opéré. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 8(5): 488-492
Laubie M, Schmitt H, Canellas J et al. (1974) Centrally mediated bradycardie and
hypotension induced by narcotic analgesics: dextromoramide and fentanyl. Eur J
Pharmacol 28: 66--75
Newgreen DB (1980) Dextromoramide: Review and case report. Austr J Pharmacol 61: 641-644
Romieu M, Orsetti A, Jaffiol C et al. (1975) Comparaison de la réponse endocrinienne sous
deux modes d'anesthésie: neuroleptanalgésie de typ chloroprothixene-dextromoramide et
anesthésie veineuse de type alfadione-fentanyl. Ann Anesth Fr 16: 711--730
Dipipanon
Faull C, McKechnie E, Riley J et al. (1994) Experience with dipipanone elixir in the
management of cancer related pain--case study. Palliat Med 8(1): 63--65
Paterson S (1992) Pharmacokinetics of dipipanone after a single oral dose. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 33(4): 449--450
Methadon: Dextromethadon
Methadon: Levomethadon
Beeby D, Macintosh KC, Bailey M et al. (1984) Postoperative analgesia for cesarean section
using epidural methadone. Anaesthesia 39: 61--63
Berkowitz BA (1976) The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity:
morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokin 1: 219--230
Bruera E, Fainsinger R, Moore M et al. (1991) Local toxicity with subcutaneous methadone.
Experience of two centers. Pain 45: 141--145
de Klerk G, Mattie H, Spierdijk J (1981) Comparative study on the circulatory and respiratory
effects of buprenorphine and methadone. Acta Anaesth Belg 32: 131--139
Dole VP, Nyswamder M (1965) A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction.
JAMA 193: 80--84
Eimerl D, Magora F, Shir Y et al. (1986) Patient-controlled analgesia with epidural
methadone by means of an external infusion pump. Schmerz Pain Douleur 7: 156--160
Evron S, Samueloff A, Simon A et al. (1985) Urinary function during epidural analgesia with
methadone and morphine in postcesarean section patients. Pain 23: 135--144
Foley KM, Inturrisi CE (1987) Analgesic drug therapy in cancer pain: principles and practice.
Med Clin North Am 71: 207--232
Frenk H, Watkins LR, Mayer DJ (1984) Differential behavioural effects induced by
intrathecal microinjection of opiates: comparison of convulsive and cataleptic effects
produced by morphine, methadone, and D-Ala-Methionine-enkephalinamide. Brain Res
299: 31--42
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Cousins MJ (1986) A comparative study of the efficacy and
pharmacokinetics of oral methadone and morphine in the treatment of severe pain with
cancer. Pain 25: 297--312
Gourlay GK, Willis RJ, Lamberty J (1986) A double-blind comparison of the efficacy of
methadone and morphine in postoperative pain control. Anesthesiology 64: 322--327
Gourlay GK, Willis RJ, Wilson PR (1984) Postoperative pain control with methadone:
influence of supplementery methadone doses and blood concentration-response
relationship. Anesthesiology 61: 19--26
Gourlay GK, Wilson PR, Glynn CJ (1982) Methadone produces prolonged postoperative
analgesia. BMJ 284: 630--631
Gourlay GK, Wilson PR, Glynn CJ (1982) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of
methadone during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 57: 458--467
Grochow L, Sheidler V, Grossman S et al. (1989) Does intravenouse methadone provide
longer lasting analgesia than intravenous morphine? A randomized, double-blind study.
Pain 38: 151--157
Jage J (1989) Die Methadonintoxikation-Symptome, Diagnose, Therapie. Notfallmedizin 15:
128--140
Jage J (1989) Methadon-Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik eines Opiates. Anaesthesist
34: 159--166
Kreek MJ (1979) Methadone in treatment: physiological and pharmacological issues. In:
Handbook on Drug Abuse (Dupont RI, Goldstein A, O'Donnell J, eds. ), US Government
Printing Office (Washington), pp 57--86
Leander JD, McCleary PE (1982) Opioid and nonopioid behavioral effects of methadone
isomers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 220: 592--596
Lehmann KA, Abu-Shibika M, Horrichs-Haermeyer G (1989) Postoperative Schmerztherapie
mit l-Methadon und Metamizol. Eine randomisierte Untersuchung im Rahmen der
intravenösen On-demand Analgesie. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 25: 152--159
Lynn RK, Olsen GD, Leger R et al. (1976) The secretion of methadone and its major
metabolite in the gastric juice of humans. Drug Met Dis 4: 504
Mercadante S, Sapio M, Serretta R et al. (1996) Patient-controlled analgesia with oral
methadone in cancer pain: preliminary report. Ann Oncol 7(6): 613--617
Novick DM, Kreek MJ, Fanizza AM et al. (1981) Methadone disposition in patients with
chronic liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30: 353--362
Roze C, Chariot J, delaTour J et al. (1978) Methadone blockade of 2-deoxyglucose-induced
pancreatic secretion in the rat. Gastroeneterology 74: 215--220
Säwe J (1986) High-dose morphine and methadone in cancer patients. Clinical
pharmacokinetic consideration of oral treatment. Clin Pharmacokin 11: 87--106
Stanley TH, Berman L, Greene O et al. (1980) Hemodynamic effects of intravenous
methadone anaesthesia in dogs. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 52--57
Thompson WK, Walton RP (1966) Elevation of plasma histamine levels in the dog following
administration of muscle relaxants, opiates and macomolecular polymers. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 143: 131--136
Wangler MA, Rosenblatt RM (1983) Methadone titration to avoid excessive respiratory
depression. Anesthesiology 59: 363--364
Piritramid
Bundesanzeiger (1992) Nr. 147 vom 08.08.: VI 1/187-188
de Castro J, van den Water A, Wouters L et al. (1979) Comparative study of cardiovascular,
neurological and metabolic side effects of eight narcotics in dogs. Acta Anaesth Belg 30:
5--99
Fechner R, Racenberg E, Castor G (1985) Klinische Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von
Morphin, Pentazocin, Pethidin, Piritramid und Tramadol auf die Atmung. Anästh
Intensivmed 26: 126--131
Gibb DB, Pikler N (1973) Piritramide – A new long-acting analgesic. Anaesth Intensive Care
1: 308--314
Heitmann HB, Drechsel U, Herpfer G et al. (1970) Die Wirkung von Piritramid auf die
Regulation der Atmung und die orthostatische Stabilität des Kreislaufs. Anaesthesist 4:
152--155
Jorgensen M, Dryberg V, Johansen SH (1965) The effect of piritramide (R3365) on the
respiratory response to CO2 inhalation. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 22: 152--158
Karliczek GF, Brenken U, Agnew M (1980) Narkoseeinleitung mit Etomidate and Piritramid
bei Patienten mit Koronarsklerose oder Klappenfehlern. Anaesthesist 29: 1--11
Kay B (1971) A clinical investigation of piritramide in the treatment of postoperative pain. Br
J Anaesth 43: 1167--1171
Kietzmann D, Briede I, Bouillon T et al. (1996) Pharmacokinetics of piritramide after an
intravenous bolus in surgical patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40: 898--903
Lehmann KA, Tenbuhs, Hoeckle W (1986) Patient-controlled analgesia with piritramid for
the treatment of postoperative pain. Acta Anaesth Belg 37: 247--257
Patschke D, Eberlein HJ, Hess W et al. (1977) Hämodynamik, Koronardurchblutung und
myocardialer Sauerstoffverbrauch unter hohen Morphin-, Pethidin-, Fentanyl-und
Piritramiddosen. Anaesthesist 26: 239--248
Saarne A (1969) Clinical evaluation of the new analgesic piritramide. Acta Anaesth Scand 13:
11--19
Schäffer J, Piepenbrock S, Niekrens E et al. (1988) Nalbuphin im Vergleich mit Piritramid
und Placebo zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie nach Intubationsnarkosen mit Halothan.
Anaesthesist 37: 238--245
Seitz W, Hempelmann C, Schleussner E et al. (1981) Vergleichende klinische
Untersuchungen von Herz-Kreislauf-Effekten zwischen Piritramid (Dipidolor) und
Fentanyl. Anaesthesist 30: 179--184
Siegismund K, Beutner M, Fiedler C (1982) Postoperative Analgesie durch peridurale
Piritramidapplikation. Zentralbl Gynaecol 104: 615--622
Takkin S, Tammisto T (1973) A comparison of pethidine, piritramide and oxycodone in
patients with pain following cholecystectomy. Anaesthesia 22: 162--166
Dextropropoxyphen
Bellville JW, Seed JC (1968) A comparison of the respiratory depressant effects of
dextropropoxyphene and codeine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 9: 428--434
Giacomini KM, Giacomini JC, Gibson TP et al. (1980) Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene
plasma concentrations after oral propoxyphene in cirrhotic patients with and without
surgically constructed portocaval shunt. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 414--417
Gibson TP, Giacomini KM, Briggs WA et al. (1980) Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene
plasma concentrations in the anephric patient. Clin Pharmacol Ther 27: 665--670
Gram LF, Schou J, Way WL et al. (1979) d-Propoxyphene kinetics after single oral and
intravenous doses in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 473--482
Inturrisi CE, Colburn WN, Verebey K et al. (1982) Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene
kinetics after single and repeated doses of propoxyphen. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31: 157--167
Rote Liste 1994: Seite 46
Wade AG, Ward PJ (1982) A double-blind comparison of meptazinol versus Distalgesic in
acute or chronic pain presenting to the general practitioner. J Intern Med Res 10: 104
Tilidin
Antes G (1986) Bergrettung ohne Schmerzen. Orale Analgesie mit Valoron-N-Tropfen ist
meist ausreichend. Ärzt Prax 47: 1631--1632
Bernatzky G, Jurna I (1986) Intrathecal injection of codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine, tramadol
and nefopam depresses the tail-flick response in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 120: 75--80
Brinkhoff H (1981) Die Behandlung von allgemeiner starker Schmerzaffektionen mit
Valoron N bzw. Valoron bei ambulanten Patienten. Therapiewocje 31: 5511--5515
Brinkhoff H, Peters-Haertel W (1978) Orale Prämedikation mit Valoron und Valoron N bei
fiberendoskopischen Untersuchungen im Gastrointestinaltrakt. Therapiewoche 28: 3719-3725
Bromm B, Meier W, Scharein E (1983) Antagonism between tilidine and naloxone on
cerebral potentials and pain rating in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 87: 431--439
Bromm H, Herrmann WM, Scharein E (1990) Zwei effektive Analgetika im
Wirkungsvergleich. Experimentelle Studie: Tramadol versus Tilidin/Naloxon. Fortschritte
Med 17: 385--389
Dubinsky C, Crew MC, Melgar MD et al. (1975) Correlation of analgesia with levels of
tilidine and a biologically active metabolite in rat plasma and brain. Biochem Pharmacol
24: 277--281
Fritz KW, Seitz W, Zinck B et al. (1985) Die Beeinflussung der Hämodynamik bei
polytraumatisierten Patienten durch Tilidin. Schmerz Pain Douleur 6: 152--155
Geisler LS, Kollmeier J, Rohner HG (1978) Untersuchungen zur Frage der Beeinflussung der
Atemfunktion beim Menschen durch Valoron N (Tilidin + Naloxon) im
Doppelblindversuch gegen Valoron und Placebo. Therapiewoche 28: 6068--6074
Groh R, Schindera A, Werringloer M (1971) Klinische Erfahrungen mit dem neuen
Analgetikum Tilidin-HCl. Med Klin 66: 1241--1245
Hankemeier U, Herberhold D (1986) Erste Erfahrungen mit der peroralen Gabe von
Dikaliumchlorazepat und Tilidin-Naloxon zur extrakorporalen Stosswellenlithitrypsie.
Anaesthesist 35: 757--759
Heinzow B, Lüllmann H (1979) Pharmakokinetische Grundlage eines möglichen Missbrauchs
von Valoron N. Dtsch Ärzteblatt 15: 1003--1006
Herrmann M, Steinbrecher W, Heldt W (1970) Zur Pharmakologie eines neuen stark
wirksamen Analgetikums. Arzneimittel-Forschung 20: 977--983
Kläy K, Gassmann AE (1978) Vergleichende Doppelblind-Studie über analgetische
Wirksamkeit, Verträglichkeit und respiratorische Nebenwirkungen von Tilidin und
Pentazocin in der postoperativen Phase. Schweiz Rundschacu Med (Praxis) 67: 398--406
R
Krell R, Hanke M (1979) Klinische Prüfung der analgetischen Wirksamkeit von Valoron N
R
im Vergleich zu Valoron bei Tumorschmerzen. Krankenhausarzt 52: 760--764
Lehmann KA (1990) Abschnitt: 4.17 Tilidin: 80--82. In: Opioide und Antagonisten (Lehmann
KA, ed.), Springer
Moore MR, McColl KEL: Porphyrias, Drug Lists, Glasgow, Porphyria Research Unit,
University of Glasgow 1987
Saarnivaara L. Metsä-Ketelä T, Männistö P et al. (1980) Pain relief and sputum
prostaglandins in adults treated with pethidine, tilidine and indomethacin after
tonsillectomy. A double-blind study. Acta Anaesth Scand 24: 79--85
Schauwecker HH (1979) Analgetische Wirkung und Verträglichkeit von Valoron N in der
postoperativen Phase nach unfallchirurgischen Eingriffen. Krankenhausarzt 52: 899--902
Strauer BE (1975) Die Wirkung von Tilidin auf die linksventrikuläre Dynamik des
menschlichen Herzens. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 14: 760--763
Tammisto T, Takki S, Aromaa U et al. (1974) Comparison of pethidine and tilidine in man.
Acta Anaesth Scand S54: 1--23
Tammisto T, Tigerstedt I (1975) The interaction of tilidine and pethidine in postoperative
pain. Acta Anaesth Scand 19: 296--302
Tomek H (1972) Valoron, ein neues Analgetikum zur Behandlung postoperativer
Schmerzzustände. Therapie Gegenwart 111: 1139--1146
Vollmer KO (1988) Pharmakokinetische Aspekte des Valoron N Prinzips. Ausgewogene
Pharmakokinetik von Nortilidin und Naloxon. Fortschr. Med 106: 593--596
Vollmer KO, Thomann P, Hengy H (1989) Pharmacokinetics of tilidine and metabolites in
man. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 39(II): 1283--1288
Tramadol
Alon E, Schulthess G, Axausen C et al. (1981) Doppelblindvergleichsstudie über die Wirkung
von Tramadol und Buprenorphin auf die postoperativen Schmerzen. Anaesthesist 30: 623-626
Arend I, von Arnim B, Nijssen J et al. (1978) Tramadol und Pentazocin im klinischen
Doppelblind-Crossover-Vergleich. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(1a): 199--208
Barth H, Giertz H, Schmal A et al. (1987) Anaphylactoid reactions and histamine release do
not occur after application of the opioid tramadol. Agents Actions 20(3/4): 310--313
Chrubasik J, Warth L, Wüst H et al. (1988) Untersuchungen zur analgetischen Wirksamkeit
peridural applizierten Tramadols bei der Behandlung von Schmerzen nach
abdominalchirurgischen Eingriffen. Schmerz Pain Douleur 9: 12--18
Cossmann M, Wilsmann KM (1987) Wirkung und Begleitwirkungen von Tramadol. Offene
Phase IV-Prüfung mit 7198 Patienten. Therapiewoche 37: 3475--3485
Driessen B, Reimann W (1989) Effects of tramadol on noradrenaline release from rat brain
cortex slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 33: R339
Erlacin S, Frankus E, Lintz W (1980) Metabolism of tramadol in man and animals. Naunyn
Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 313: R51
Fassolt A (1980) Tramal (Tramadol) zur Schmerztherapie in der postoperativen Frühphase.
Schweiz Rundschau Med Prax 69: 1495--1500
Fassolt A (1981) Zur Supression von postoperativen Wundschmerzen mit Tramal (Tramadol)
100 mg i.m. Schweiz Rundschau Med Praxis 70: 435--440
Fechner R, Racenberg E, Castor G (1985) Klinische Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von
Morphin, Pentazocin, Pethidin, Piritramid und Tramadol auf die Atmung. Anästh
Intensivmed 26: 126--132
Flohé L, Arend I, Cogal A et al. (1978) Klinische Prüfung der Abhängigkeitsentwicklung
nach Langzeitapplikation von Tramadol. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(1a): 213-217
Frankus E, Friderichs E, Kim SM et al. (1978) Über die Isomerentrennung,
Strukturaufklärung und pharmakologische Charakterisierung von 1-(m-Methoxyphenyl)-2(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(I): 114-121
Frankus E, Friderichs E, Wilsmann K (1980) Phenylsubstituted aminomethylcyclohexanole
derivatives with potential analgesic action. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
313(S): R28
Friderichs E, Felgenhauer F, Jongschaap P et al. (1978) Pharmakologische Untersuchungen
zur Analgesie, Abhängigkeits- und Toleranzenticklung von Tramadol, einem stark
wirkenden Analgetikum. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(I): 122--134
Friderichs E, Müller G, Wilsmann K (1980) Pharmacological characterisiation of tramadol - a
new synthetic opioid analgesic. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 313 (S): R29
Grünenthal GmbH (1978) Tramal. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28: 97--218
Grünenthal GmbH (1979) Pharmakologie des zentralwirksamen Analgetikums Tramadol ;
Forschungsbericht Dok.-Nr. Ph/198
Grünenthal GmbH. Tramal. Tramadol-HCl. Analgetikum. Wissenschaftliche Monographie.
Hackl W, Fitzal S, Lackner F et al. (1986) Vergleich von Fentanyl und Tramadol zur
Schmerzbehandlung mittels On-Demand-Analgesie-Computer in der frühen postoperativen
Phase. Anaesthesist 35: 665--671
Heid K (1984) Erfahrungsbericht über 1.100 Narkosen mit Tramadol. Anaesthesist 33: 518-519
Hennies HH, Friderichs E, Schneider J (1988) Receptor binding, analgesic and antitussive
potency of tramadol and other selected opioids: Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 38: 877-880
Hennies HH, Friderichs E, Wilsmann K et al. (1982) Effects of the opioid analgesic tramadol
on inactivation of norepinephrine and serotonin. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 1654--1655
Houmes R-JM, Voets MA, Verkaaik A et al. (1992) Efficacy and safety of tramadol versus
morphine for moderate and severe postoperative pain with special regard to respiratory
depression. Anesth Analg 74: 510--514
Jellinek H, Haumer H, Grubhofer G et al. (1990) Tramadol zur postoperativen
Schmerztherapie. Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie versus kontinuierliche Infusion.
Anaesthesist 39: 513--520
Karsch KR, Wiegand V, Blanke H et al. (1979) Wirkung eines neuen Analgetikums
(Tramadol) auf die Hämodynamik bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit. Zeitschr
Kardiol 68: 599--603
Kayser Besson JM, Guilbaud G (1992) Evidence for a nonadrenergic component in the
antinociceptive effect of the analgesic agent tramadol in an animal model of clinical pain,
the arthritic rat. Eur J Pharmacol 224: 83--88
Klose R, Ehrhart A, Jung R (1982) Der Einfluß von Buprenorphin und Tramadol auf die CO2
Antwort in der unmittelbar postoperativen Phase nach Allgemeinanästhesie. Anästh
Intensivth Notfallmed 17: 29--34
Lehmann KA, Brand-Stavroulaki A, Dworzak H (1986) The influence of demand-and loading
dose on the efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol. A
randomized double-blind study. Schmerz Pain Douleur 7: 146--152
Lehmann KA, Horrichs G, Hoeckle W (1985) Zur Bedeutung von Tramadol als
intraoperatives Analgetikum. Eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie im Vergleich zu
Placebo. Anaesthesist 34: 11--19
Lehmann KA, Jung C, Hoeckle W (1985) Tramadol und Pethidin zur postoperativen
Schmerztherapie: Eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie unter den Bedingungen der
intravenösen On-demand-Analgesie. Schmerz-Pain-Douleur 6: 88--100
Lehmann KA, Kratzenberg U, Schröder-Bark B et al. (1990) Postoperative patient-controlled
analgesia with tramadol: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. Clin J
Pain 6: 212--220
Lintz W (1980) Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in man and animals. Naunyn Schmiedebergs
Arch Pharmacol 313(S): R53
Lintz W, Barth H, Osterloh G et al. (1986) Bioavailability of enteral tramadol formulations.
1st comm.: capsules. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 36: 1278--1283
Lintz W, Erlacin S, Frankus E et al. (1981) Metabolismus von Tramadol bei Mensch und Tier.
Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 31: 1932--1943
Löscher H, Schmitt EW, eds. (1981) Tramal in der Anästhesie. Selbstverlag Grünenthal
GmbH (Stolberg)
Müller B, Wilsmann K (1984) Cardiac and hemodynamic effects of the centrally acting
analgesics tramadol and pentazocine in anaesthetized rabbits and isolated guinea pig arteria
and papillary muscles. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 34: 430--433
Murano T, Yamamoto H, Endo N et al. (1978) Studies of dependence on tramadol in rats.
Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(I): 152-158
Osterloh G, Frideriches E, Felgenhauer F et al. (1978) Allgemeine pharmakologische
Untersuchungen mit Tramadol, einem stark wirkenden Analgetikum. Arzneimittel
Forschung Drug Res 28(I): 135--151
Oviasu VO, Oli JM, Onyemelukwe GC (1984) A multicentre clinical trial with the analgesic
tramadol hydrochloride (Tramal). Curr Ther Res 36: 29--32
Palme G, Munck A (1981) Prämedikation mit Tramal bei der Laparoskopie. Med Welt 32:
28--30
Paravicini D, Schöngast C, Lawin P (1981) Tramadol in der postoperativen Phase. Anästh
Intensivther Notfallmed 16: 191--196
Paravicini D, Schöngast C, Lawin P (1981) Untersuchungen über die analgetische Qualität
und Nebenwirkungen des neuen Opioids Tramadol bei Patienten in der postoperativen
Phase. Therapiewoche 31: 2948--2952
Paravicini D, Trauner K (1983) Tramadol-Infusionsanästhesie mit differenten
Lachgaskonzentrationen. Anaesthesist 32(S): 141
Paravicini D, Zander J, Hansen J (1992) Wirkung von Tramadol auf Hämodynamik und
Blutgase in der frühen postoperativen Phase. Anaesthesist 31: 611--614
Parth P, Morawetz RF, Weber W (1983) Experimentell induzierter Schmerz zur Messung der
analgetischen Potenz von Pethidin und Tramadol. Anaesthesist 32(S): 207--208
Preston KL, Jasinski RD, Testa M (1991) Abuse potential and pharmacological comparison of
tramadol and morphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 27: 7--17
Primus G, Pummer K, Vucsina F et al. (1989) Tramadol versus Metamizol zur
Schmerzausschaltung bei Ureterkolik. Urologie 28: 103--105
Raffa RB, Vaught JL, Shank RP et al. (1993) Tramadol, a centrally-acting analgesic: the
contribution of its enantiomers to antinociception and lowered side effects in mice. 7th
World Congr on Pain IASP 27. 8. 1993; A 1378: 521
Rettig G, Kropp J (1980) Analgetische Wirkung von Tramadol beim akuten Myokardinfarkt.
Therapiewoche 30: 5561--5566
Richter W, Arnim von B, Giertz H (1981) Tramadol-Kapseln in der klinischen
Doppelblindprüfung. 1. Mitteilung: Vergleich mit Pentazocin und Placebo. Münch Med
Wochenschr 123: 517--520
Richter W, Flohe L, Giertz H (1980) Clinical evaluation of dependence-liability of tramadol.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 313(S): R62
Riedel F, Stockhausen HBV(1984) Severe cerebral depression after intoxication with
tramadol in a 6-month-old infant. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26: 631--632
Rost A, Schenck EG (1978) Beeinflussung der Schmerzschwelle an der Zahnpulpa durch
Tramadol. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(1a): 181--183
Schenck EG, Arend I (1978) Das Analgetikum Tramadol in der offenen klinischen Prüfung.
Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(1): 209--212
Schenck EG, Arend I (1978) Klinische Prüfung von Tramadol nach dem PaarlingskartenSystem. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(I): 196--199
Schütz H (1979) Zum Nachweis des neuen Analgetikums Tramadol (Tramal). J Clin Chem
Clin Biochem 17: 85--88
Seitz W, Kirchner E, Schaps D et al. (1982) Endokrine Reaktionsmuster im Verlauf der
einphasigen Tramadol-N2O-Kombinationsnarkose. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 17:
325--331
Staritz M, Poralla T, Manns M et al. (1986) Effect of modern drugs (tramadol, pentazocine,
and buprenorphine) on the bile duct sphincter in man. Gut 27: 567--569
Stoffregen J (1980) Kombinationsnarkose mit Tramadol-Infusion. Anaesth Intensivmed 21:
267--270
Stoffregen J (1983) Kombinationsnarkose mit kontrollierter 0,2%-Tramadol-Infusion.
Anaesthesist 32(S): 140--141
Sunshine A, Olson NE, Zidhelboim I et al. (1992) Analgesic oral efficacy of tramadol
hydrochloride in postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 740--746
Vaught JL, Codd EE, Conelly CD et al. (1991) Tramadol: An atypical opioid analgesic:
Unexpected non-opioid component. Faseb J 5: 4
Vickers MD, O'Flaherty D, Szekely SM et al. (1992) Tramadol: pain relief by an opioid
without depression of respiration. Anaesthesia 47: 291--296
Vogel W, Burchardi I, Sihler K et al. (1978) Über die Wirkung von Tramadol auf Atmung
und Kreislauf. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28(I): 183--186
Yanagita T (1978) Drug dependence potential of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2(dimethalaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol hydrochloride (tramadol) tested in monkeys.
Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 28: 158--163
Buprenorphin
Barrett DA, Simpson J, Rutter N et al. (1993) The pharmacokinetics and physiological effects
of buprenorphine infusion in premature neonates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 36(3): 215--219
Basdevant C, Spérandio M, Gauthé-Feissel M et al. (1994) Evaluation du risque de
désaturation en oxygene apres administration de buprénorphine ou de morphine en période
postopératoire immédiate. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 13(3): 285--288
Bhounsule SA, D'Sa S, Fernandes N (1996) Gastrointestinal actions of buprenorphine: are
different receptors involved? Eur J Pharmacol 316(2-3): 253--256
Boas RA, Villiger JW (1985) Clinical actions of and buprenorphine. The significance of
receptor binding. Br J Anaesth 57 : 192--196
Bodkin JA, Zornberg GL, Lukas SE (1995) Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression.
J Clin Psychopharmacol 1: 49--57
Boysen K, Hertel S, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B et al. (1988) Buprenorphine antagonism of
ventilatory depression following fentanyl anesthesia. Acta Anaesth Scand 32: 490--492
Bradley JP (1984) A comparison of morphine and buprenorphine for analgesia after
abdominal surgery. Anesth Intensive Care 12: 303--310
Brewster D, Humphrey MJ, McLeavy MA (1981) Biliary excretion, metabolism and
enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine. Xenobiotica 11(3): 189--196
Budd K (1981) High dose buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 36: 900-903
Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Dwyer D et al. (1981) Sublingual buprenorphine used
postoperatively: clinical observations and preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 12: 117--122
Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Moore A et al. (1980) Buprenorphine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 28: 667 --672
Carl P, Crawford ME, Madsen NBB et al. (1987) Pain relief after major abdominal surgery. A
double-blind controlled comparison of sublingual buprenorphine, intramuscular
buprenorphine und intramuscular meperidine. Anesth Analg 66: 142 --154
Carl P, Crawford ME, Ravlo O et al. (1986) Long term treatment with epidural opioids.
Anaesthesia 41: 32 --38
Coltart DJ, Malcolm AD (1979) Pharmacologicyl and clinical importance of narcotic
antagonists and mixed agonists-use in cardiology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7: 309
Cuer JC, Dapoigny M, Ajmi S (1989) Effects of buprenorphine on motor activity of the
spincter Oddi in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 203--204
Dum JE, Herz A (1981) In vivo receptor binding of the opiate partial agonist, buprenorphine,
correlated with its agonistic and antagonistic effects. Br J Pharmacol 74: 627--633
Eissenberg T, Johnson RE, Bigelow GE (1997) Controlled opioid withdrawal evaluation
during 72 h dose omission in buprenorphine-maintained patients. Drug Alcohol Depend
45(1-2): 81--91
Ellmauer S, Dick W, Otto S, Müller H (1994) Verschiedene Opioide beim kardiovaskulären
Risikopatienten. Vergleichende Untersuchung zu zentralen und peripheren
hämodynamischen Nebenwirkungen. Anaesthesist 43(11): 743 - 74-9
Eriksen J, Jensen NH, Kamp-Jensen M (1989) The systemic availability of buprenorphine
administered by nasal spray. J Pharm Pharmacol 41(11): 803--805
Eustache ML, Oksenhendler G, Winckler C (1988) Analgésie péridurale après chirurgie
thoracique. Morphine versus buprénorphine. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 7: 464--470
Gal TJ (1989) Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 45: 66--71
Gibbs JM, Johnson HD, Davis FM (1982) Patient administration of I.V. buprenorphine for
postoperative pain relief using the "Cardiff" demand analgesia apparatus. Br J Anaesth
54(3): 279--284
Gould DB Buprenorphine causes pulmonary edema just like all other mu-opioid narcotics.
Upper airway obstruction, negative alveolar pressure. Correspondence. Chest 107(5):
1478--1479
Gourarier L, Lowenstein W, Gisselbrecht M et al. (1996) Syndrome de manque chez deux
toxicomanes apres injection intraveineuse de buprénorphine? Presse Med 25(27): 1239-1240
Gralow I, von Hornstein WF, Schleyer E (1995) Pharmakokinetik des Buprenorphins bei
subkutaner Applikation. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 7: 412--416
Green DW, O'Connor L, Hanna M (1993) Efficacy of postoperative pain treatment regimens
using both buprenorphine and papaveretum sequentially after abdominal hysterectomy. Br
J Anaesth 70: 626--630
Green DW, Sinclair JR, Mikhael MS (1985) Buprenorphine versus morphine. A comparison
of intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 40: 371--375
Guirimand F, Chauvin M, Willer JC et al. (1995) Buprenorphine blocks diffuse noxious
inhibitory controls in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 294(2-3): 651--659
Gundersen RY, Andersen R, Narverud G (1986) Postoperative pain relief with high-dose
epidural buprenorphine: A double blind study. Acta Anaesth Scand 30: 664--667
Hall TJ, Jagher B, Schaeublin M (1996) The analgesic drug buprenorphine inhibits
osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro, but is proinflammatory in rat adjuvant arthritis.
Inflamm Res 45(6): 299--302
Hayes MJ, Fraser AR, Hampton JR (1979) Randomized trial comparing buprenorphine and
diamorphine for chest pain in suspected myocardial infarction. BMJ ii: 300--302
Hirschauer C, Guillemot F, Héraud M et al. (1989) La buprénorphine est-elle hépatotoxique?
Gastro-Enterol Clin Bio 13: 636
Jaffe JH, Martin WR (1990) Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: The pharmacological basis
of therapeutics (Goodman Gilman A, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds.), 8th ed.,
Pergamon, Ch 21, p 513
Jasinski DT, Pevnick JS, Griffiths JD (1978) Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the
analgesic buprenorphine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 501--516
Kamei J, Sodeyama M, Tsuda M (1997) Antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine in mu1opioid receptor deficient CXBK mice. Life Sci 60(22 PL): 333--337
Kay B (1979) A double blind comparison of morphine and buprenorphine in the prevention of
pain after operation. Br J Anaesth 50: 605--609
Kay B (1980) A double-blind comparison between fentanyl and buprenorphine in analgesicsupplemented anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 52: 453--457
Khan FA, Kamal RS (1989) Effect of buprenorphine on the cardiovascular response to
tracheal intubation. Anesthesia 44: 394--397
Knape JTA (1986) Early respiratory depression resistant to naloxone following epidural
buprenorphine. Anesthesiology 44: 382--384
Lacoste L, Thomas D, Kraimps JL et al. (1997) Postthyroidectomy analgesia: morphine,
buprenorphine, or bupivacaine? J Clin Anesth 3: 189--193
Lanz E, Simko G, Theiss D, Glocke MH (1984) Epidural buprenorphine. A double blind
study of postoperative analgesia and side effects. Anesth Analg 63: 593--598
Leander JD (1987) Buprenorphine has potent kappa opioid receptor antagonist activity.
Neuropharmacology 26(9): 1445--1447
Lewis JW, Rance MJ (1979) Opioids and the management of pain. Pharmaceut J 222: 61--64
McEvilly M, O'Carroll C (1989) Hallucinations after epidural buprenorphine. BMJ 298: 928-929
Mello NK, Mendelson JH (1985) Behavior pharmacology of buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol
Depend 14: 283--303
Mendelson J, Upton RA, Everhart ET et al. (1997) Bioavailability of sublingual
buprenorphine. J Clin Pharmacol 37(1): 31--37
Miwa Y, Yonemura E, Fukushima K (1996) Epidural administered buprenorphine in the
perioperative period. Can J Anaesth 43(9): 907--913
Moa G, Zetterström H (1990) Sublingual buprenorphine as postoperative analgesic: a doubleblind comparison with pethidine. Acta Anaesth Scand 34: 68--71
Nigam AK, Srivastava RP, Saxena S (1994) Naloxone-induced withdrawal in patients with
buprenorphine dependence. Addiction 89(3): 317--320
O'Connor PG, Carroll KM, Shi JM et al. (1997) Three methods of opioid detoxification in a
primary care setting. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 127(7): 526--530
Ohtani M, Kotaki H, Nishitateno K (1997) Kinetics of respiratory depression in rats induced
by buprenorphine and its metabolite, norbuprenorphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281(1):
428--433
Ohtani M, Kotaki H, Sawada Y et al. (1995) Comparative analysis of buprenorphine- and
norbuprenorphine-induced analgesic effects based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic
modeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272(2): 505--510
Olkkola KT, Leijala MA, Maunuksela EL (1995) Paediatric ventilatory effects of morphine
and buprenorphine revisited. Paediatr Anaesth 5(5): 303--305
Paraskevaides MEG (1988) Near fatal auditory hallucinations after buprenorphine. BJM 296:
214
Pathre AV, Johari V, Ray A et al. (1994) Generalised seizure following sublingual
buprenorphine. J Assoc Physicians India 42(4): 327--328
Pedersen JE, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Schmidt JF et al. (1986) Peroperative buprenorphine:
do high dosages shorten analgesia postoperatively? Acta Anaesth Scand 30: 660--663
Pharma-Flash (1994) Médicaments de référence (Dayer P, ed.) 21 (2--5): 53
Pick CG, Peter Y, Schreiber S (1997) Pharmacological characterization of buprenorphine, a
mixed agonist-antagonist with kappa 3 analgesia. Brain Res 744(1): 41--46
Rance MJ (1979) Animal and molecular pharmacology of mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic
drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7(S): S281--S286
Rosen MI, Wallace EA, McMahon TJ (1994) Buprenorphine: duration of blockade of effects
of intramuscular hydromorphone. Drug Alcohol Depend 35(2): 141--149
Schottenfeld RS, Pakes JR, Oliveto A (1997) Buprenorphine vs methadone maintenance
treatment for concurrent opioid dependence and cocaine abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(8):
713--720
Sganzerla P, Cipolla C, Della Bella P et al. (1987) Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of
buprenorphine in acute infarction of the heart. Jp Heart 78(1): 63--70
Slattery PJ, Harmer M, Rosen M et al. (1982) Respiratory depression with buprenorphine:
onset time and reversal. In: Proc Eur Acad Anaesth 1982 (Prys-Roberts C, Vickers MD,
eds.), Springer, pp 6 and 68
Strain EC, Preston KL, Liebson IA (1992) Acute effects of buprenorphine, hydromorphone
and naloxone in methadone-maintained volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261(3): 985-993
Strain EC, Walsh SL, Preston KL (1997) The effects of buprenorphine in buprenorphinemaintained volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 129(4): 329--338
Sublingual buprenorphine (1982) Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin 20: 74--76
Suppan P (1985) La buprénorphine en anesthésie. Méd Hygiène 43(1631): 3368--3378
Thammakumpee G, Sumpatanukule P (1994) Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema induced by
sublingual buprenorphine. Chest 106(1): 306--308
Thörn SE, Rawal N, Wennhager M (1988) Postoperative sublingual buprenorphine causes
prolonged respiratory depression. 9th WCA 1988, May 22-28 (Washington, DC) A0032
van den Berg AA, Honjol NM, Prabhu NV (1994) Analgesics and ENT surgery. A clinical
comparison of the intraoperative, recovery and postoperative effects of buprenorphine,
diclofenac, fentanyl, morphine, nalbuphine, pethidine and placebo given intravenously
with induction of anaesthesia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 38(6): 533--543
Villiger JW, Taylor KM (1981) Buprenorphine: Characteristics of binding sites in the rat
central nervous system. Life Sci 29: 2699--2708
Walsh SL, Preston KL, Bigelow GE (1995) Acute administration of buprenorphine in
humans: partial agonist and blockade effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274(1): 361--372
Watson PJA, McQuay HJ, Bullingham RES et al. (1982) Single dose comparison of
buprenorphine 0.3 mg and 0.6 mg intravenous given after operation: Clinical effects and
plasma concentrations. Br J Anaesth 54: 37--43
Wolff J, Carl P, Crawford ME (1986) Epidural buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia: a
controlled comparison with epidural morphine. Anaesthesia 46: 77--79
Wood M, Wood AJJ (1990) Drug and Anesthesia: Buprenorphin, Williams & Wilkins
(Baltimore), 2nd ed., Section 2, Chapter 7: 166.
Zanette G, Manani G, Giusti F et al. (1996) Respiratory depression following administration
of low dose buprenorphine as postoperative analgesic after fentanyl balanced anaesthesia.
Paediatr Anaesth 6(5): 419--422
Dezocin
Camu F, Gepts E (1979) Analgesic properties of dezocine for relief of postoperative pain.
Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 30S: 183--191
Cohen RI, Edwards WT, Kezer EA (1993) Serial intravenous doses of dezocine, morphine,
and nalbuphine in the management of postoperative pain for outpatients. Anesth Analg
77(3): 533--539
Ding Y, White PF (1992) Comparative effects of ketorolac, dezocine, and fentanyl as
adjuvants during outpatient anesthesia. Anesth Analg 75(4): 566--571
Gal TJ, DiFazio CA (1984) Ventilatory and analgesic effects of dezocine in humans.
Anesthesiology 61: 716--722
Galloway FM, Varma S (1986) Double-blind comparison of intravenous dose of dezocine,
butorphanol, and placebo for relief of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 65: 283--287
Hall RI, Murphy MR, Szlam F et al. (1987) Dezocine.MAC reduction and evidence for
myocardial depression in the presence of enflurane. Anesth Analg 66: 1169--1174
Jasinski DR, Preston KL (1985) Assessment of dezocine for morphine-like subjective effects
and miosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 38(5): 544--548
Locniskar A, Greenblatt DJ, Zinny MA (1986) Pharmacokinetics of dezocine, a new
analgesic: effect of dose and route of administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 30(1): 121--123
O'Brien JJ, Benfield P (1989) Dezocine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 38(2): 226--248
Pandit SK, Pandit UA (1985) Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of dezocine and
morphine for postoperative pain relief. Can Anaesth Soc J 32: 583--591
Petro DJ (1983) Dezocine. In: Opiate analgesia (Bullingham RES, ed.), Saunders (London),
pp 159--163
Romagnoli A, Keats AS (1984) Ceiling respiratory depression by dezocine. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 35(3): 367--373
Rowlingson JC, Moscicki JC, DiFazio CA (1983) Anesthetic potency of dezocine and its
interaction with morphine in rats. Anesth Analg 62: 899--902
Slavic-Svircev V, Heidrich G, Rusy B (1987) Comparison of intravenously administered
dezocine and morphine for postoperative pain. Clin J Pain 2: 239--244
Strain EC, Preston KL, Liebson IA (1996) Opioid antagonist effects of dezocine in opioiddependent humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 60(2): 206 – 217
Meptazinol
Bill DJ, Hartley JE, Stephens RJ et al. (1983) The antinociceptive activity of meptazinol
depends on both opiate and cholinergic mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 79: 191--199
Birnie GG, Thompson GG, Murray T et al. (1987) Enhanced oral bioavailability of
meptazinol in cirrhosis. Gut 28: 248--254
Boldt J. Kling D, von Bormann B et al. (1987) Meptazinol, ein neuartiges Analgetikum.
Hämodynamische und respiratorische Effekte. Anaesthesist 36: 622--628
Bottoncetti A, Galli A (1987) Prevention of physostigmine-induced lethality by the opioid
analgesic meptazinol in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 91: 299--306
Budd K, Brown PM, Robson PJ (1983) The treatment of chronic pain by the use of
meptazinol administered into the epidural space. Postgr Med J 59: 68--71
Camu F, Rucquoi M (1983) Cardiac and circulatory effects of high-dose meptazinol in
anesthetized patients. Postgr Med J 59: 60--63
Chance E, Paciorekt PM, Todd MH et al. (1985) Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of
meptazinol and naloxone following haemorrhagic shock in rats and cats. Br J Pharmacol
86: 43--53
Church JJ (1983) Continuous infusion of meptazinol and pethidine in the relief of postoperative pain. Postgr Med J 59(Suppl. 1): 41--46
Cohen DG, Major E, Jothilingham S et al. (1983) Meptazinol in the treatment of severe postoperative pain: a comparison with morphine. Postgr Med J 59(Suppl. 1): 35--40
De Boer FE, Shortland D, Simpson RL et al. (1987) A comparison of the effects of maternally
administered meptazinol and pethidine on neonatal acid-base status. Br J Obstet Gynaecol
94: 256--262
Ennis C, Stephens RJ (1984) A comparison of the effects of meptazinol and morphine on the
release of acetylcholine from slices of mouse cerebral cortex. Neuropharmacol 23: 1431-1433
Ennis C, Wyllie MG (1984) Evidence for functionally distinct µ receptors modulating
acetylcholine release. Neuropeptides 5: 109--112
Evans M, Robson PJ, Chadd MA et al. (1983) Administration of meptazinol to opiatedependent patients. Postgr Med J 59(Suppl. 1): 78--84
Frager RAS, Moores MA, Parry P et al. (1989) Analgesia-induced respiratory depression:
Comparison of meptazinol and morphine on the postoperative ward. Br J Anaesth 63: 260-265
Franklin RA (1988) The clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the analgesic
meptazinol. Xenobio 18(1): 105--112
Franklin RA, Aldridge A, White C de B (1976) Studies on the metabolism of meptazinol, a
new analgesic drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol 3: 497--502
Franklin RA, Frost T, Robson PJ et al. (1981) Preliminary studies of the disposition of
meptazinol in the neonate. Br J Pharmacol 12: 88--90
Fricke U (1989) Meptazinol - ein neues zentral angreifendes Analgetikum. Dtsch Apoth Ztg
129(11): 516--521
Galli A (1985) Inhibition of cholinesterase by the opioid analgesic meptazinol. Biochem
Pharmacol 34: 1579--1581
Goode PG, White AC (1971) Some properties of WY22811, a new analgesic compound. Br J
Pharmacol 43: 462P
Green D (1983) Current concepts concerning the mode of action of meptazinol as an
analgesic. Postgr Med J 59: 9--12
Hanretty K, Whittle M, McGowan L (1985) A study of the effects of meptazinol on fetal heart
rate patterns. Pharmather 4(5): 319--321
Henry JA (1985) Oral meptazinol - United Kingdom experience. Postgr Med J 61(S): 29--34
Hetherington MS, Hughes IE, Lees A (1987) An investigation of the mechanism involved in
the cholinergic action of meptazinol. J Pharm Pharmacol 39: 185--189
Holmes B, Ward A (1985) Meptazinol -a review of its pharmacodynamic and
pharmakokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 30: 285--312
Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW (1991) Opioid agonist-antagonist drugs in acute and chronic pain
states. Review article. Drugs 41(3): 326--344
Houde RW, Larouche Korn SJ (1985) Parenteral meptazinol: a US clinical trial. Postgr Med J
61(Suppl. 2): 17--22
Jackson MBA, Robson PJ (1980) Preliminary experience of the use of meptazinol as an
obstetric analgesic. Br J Obst Gynaecol 87: 296--301
Jackson MBA, Robson PJ (1983) Preliminary clinical and pharmacokinetic experience in the
newborn when meptazinol is compared with pethidine as an obstetric analgesic. Postgr
Med J 59(Suppl. 1): 47--51
Johnson RE, Jasinski DR (1987) Human pharmacology and abuse potential of meptazinol.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 41(4): 426--433
Jones JG (1983) The respiratory effects of meptazinol. Postgr Med J 59(S): 72--77
Jordan C, Lehane JR, Robson PJ et al. (1979) A comparison of the respiratory effects of
meptazinol, pentazocine and morphine. Br J Anaesth 51: 497--502
Kay B (1985) Parenteral meptazinol - international clinical experience. Postgr Med J 61(S):
23--26
Kay B (1986) Reduktion der Kreislaufreaktion auf Trachealintubation - die Wirkung von
Meptazinol. Anaesthesist 35: 500--503
Keen MR, Owen A, Hill RC (1985) Comparison of the effects of intramuscular meptazinol,
methadone and placebo in opiate addicts. Postgr Med J 61(S): 27--28
Koch G, Wendel H (1968) The effect of pethidine on the postnatal adjustment of respiration
and acid-base balance. Acta Obst Gynecol Scand 47: 27--37
Morrison CE, Dutton D, Howie H et al. (1987) Pethidine compared with meptazinol during
labour. Anaesthesia 42: 7--14
Murray GR, Evans D, Lind T et al. (1989) The disposition of meptazinol after single and
multiple intravenous administration to pregnang and non-pregnant women. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 36: 273--277
Nicholas ADG (1983) Routine use of meptazinol in labour. Postgr Med J 59(Suppl. 1): 52--53
Nicholas ADG, Robson PJ (1982) Double-blind comparison of meptazinol and pethidine in
labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 89: 318--322
Norbury HM, Franklin RA, Graham DF (1983) Pharmacokinetics of the new analgesic,
meptazinol, after oral and intravenous administration tp volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
25: 77--80
Norbury HM, Franklin RA, Graham DF et al. (1984) Pharmacokinetics of Meptazinol after
single and multiple oral administration to elderly patients. Eur J Pharmacol 27: 223--226
Osler M (1978) A double-blind study comparing meptazinol and pethidine for pain relief in
labour. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 26: 15--18
Pasternak GW, Adler BA, Rodriquez J (1985) Characterization of the opioid receptor binding
and animal pharmacology of meptazinol. Postgr Med J 61(S2): 5--12
Paymaster NJ (1983) Intramuscular meptazinol analgesia after surgery: a study of the doseresponse effect and a controlled comparison with pentazocine and pethidine. Postgr Med J
59(Suppl. 1): 25--31
Price RKJ, Latham AN (1982) Double-blind comparison of meptazinol (200 mg) and
dextropropoxyphen/paracetamol in a multi-centre, general practice. Curr Med Res Op 8:
54
Price RKJ, Latham AN (1982) Meptazinol: A side-effect profile compared to placebo in
general practice. J Int Med Res 10: 219
Ridley SA, Matthews NC, Dixon J (1986) Meptazinol versus pethidine for postoperative pain
relief in children. Anaesthesia 41: 263--267
Robson PJ (1983) Clinical review of parenteral meptazinol. Postgr Med J 59(S): 85--92
Rosseel MT, Bogaert MG, Belpaire FM et al. (1975) Meptazinol (Wy 22811), a new
analgesic: preliminary pharmacokinetic data. Curr Med Res Opin 3(4): 181--186
Sheikh A, Tunstall ME (1986) Comparative study of meptazinol and pethidine for the relief of
pain in labour. Br J Obst Gyn 93: 264--269
Slattery PJ, Harmer M, Rosen M et al. (1981) Comparison of meptazinol and pethidine given
i.v. on demand in the management of post-operative pain. Br J Anaesth 53: 927--931
Spiegel K, Pasternak GW: Meptazinol (1984) A novel µ-1 selective opioid analgesic. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 228(2): 414--419
Stacher G, Steinringer H, Winklehner S et al. (1983) Effects of graded oral doses of
meptazinol and pentazocine in comparison with placebo on experimentally induced pain in
healthy humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16: 149
Stephen RJ, Waterfall JF, Franklin RA (1978) A review of the biological properties and
metabolic disposition of the new analgesic agent, meptazinol. Gen Pharmacol 9: 73--78
Sunshine A, Richman H, Cordone R et al. (!986) Double-blind comparison of parenteral
meptazinol and morphine in postoperative pain. NIDA Res Monograph 76: 168--174
Tedeschi G, Smith AT, Richena A (1984) Effect of meptazinol and ethanol on human
psychomotor performance and mood ratings. Hum Toxicol 3: 327--343
Teklus B, Habte-Michael A, Warrell DA et al. (1983) Meptazinol diminishes the JarischHerxheimer reaction fo relapsing fever. Lancet 16(8329): 835--839
Turner P (1985) Clinical pharmacology of meptazinol. Postgr Med J 61(S2): 13--16
Verborgh C, Van der Auwera D, Camu F (1987) Meptazinol for postoperative pain relief in
man. Comparison of extradural and i.m. administration. Br J Anaesth 59: 1134--1139
Verschraegen R, Rossell MT, Bogaert M et al. (1976) New anaesthetic agents. Meptazinol:
i.m. use in post-operative pain. Acta Anaesth Belg 27: S123--S133
Warrington SJ, Barclay SP, Brown Z et al. (1983) Reversibility of the analgesic effect of
meptazinol in volunteers. Postgr Med J 59(S1): 13--18
Wheble AM, Dawes GS, Gillmer MDG (1988) A double blind quantitative study of the
effects of meptazinol and pethidine on the fetal heart rate in labour. J Obstet Gynaecol 8:
248--252
Nalbuphin
Alon E, Krayer S, Hossli G (1984) Analgesie und Nebenwirkungen von Nalbuphin (Nubain)
im Vergleich zu Morphin nach Hysterektomie. Anaesthesist 33: 360--362
Andree R (1980) Sudden death following naloxone administration. Anesth Analg 59: 782-784
Arguelles JE, Franatovic Y, Romo-Salas F et al. (1979) Intrabiliary pressure changes
produced by narcotic drugs and inhalation anesthetics in guinea pigs. Anesth Analg 58:
120--123
Arndt JO, Freye E (1979) Perfusion of naloxone through the fourth cerebral ventricle reverses
the circulatory and hypnotic effects of halothane in dogs. Anesthesiology 51: 58--63
Azar I, Turndorf H (1979) Severe Hypertension and multiple atrial premature contractions
following naloxone administration. Anesth Analg 58: 524--525
Bahar M, Rosen M, Vickers MD (1985) Self-administered nalbuphine, morphine and
pethidine. Comparison, by intravenous route, following cholecystectomy. Anaesthesia 40:
529--532
Bailey PL, Clark NJ, Pace N et al. (1987) Antagonism of postoperative opioid-induced
respiratory depression: nalbuphine versus naloxone. Anesth Analg 66: 1109--1114
Beaver WT, Feise GA, Robb D (1981) Analgesic effect of intramuscular and oral nalbuphine
in postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 29: 174--180
Beaver WT, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW et al. (1966) A comparison of the analgesia effects
of pentazocine and morphine in patients with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 7: 740--751
Beckett AH, Taylor JF, Kourounakis P (1970) The absorption, distribution and excretion of
pentazocine in man after oral and intravenous administration. J Pharm Pharmacol 22: 123-128
Bellville JW (1964) Pentazocine versus morphine. JAMA 189: 332
Berkowitz BA (1976) Research review. The relationship of pharmacokinetics to
pharmacological activity: morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokin 1: 219-230
Berkowitz BA, Asling JH, Shnider SM et al. (1969) Relationship of pentazocine plasma
levels to pharmacologic activity in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10: 320--328
Bertalmio AJ (1993) Opioid agonists and their behavioral effects. In: Opioids II (Herz A, ed.),
Springer, p 462
Bikhazi GB (1978) Comparison of morphine and nalbuphine in postoperative pediatric
patients. Anesthesiol Rev 5: 34--36
Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS (1973) Pentazocine: a review of its pharmacological
properties, therapeutic efficacy, and dependence liability. Drugs 5: 6--91
Carr DJJ, Mayo S, Woolley TW et al. (1992) Immunoregulatory properties of (+)-pentazocine
and sigma ligands. Immunology 77(4): 527--531
Chestnutt WN, Clarke RSJ, Dundee JW (1987) Comparison of nalbuphine, pethidine or
placebo as premedication for minor gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 59: 576--580
Cohen MR, Cohen RM, Pickar D et al. (1983) High-dose naloxone infusions in normales.
Dosedependent behavioral, hormonal, and physiological responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry
40: 613--619
Dadabhoy ZP, Tapia DP, Zsigmond EK (1985) Transplacental transfer of nalbuphine in
patients undergoing cesarean section. Anesthesiology 64: 205
Davies GG, From R (1988) A blinded study using nalbuphine for prevention of pruritus
induced by epidural fentanyl. Anesthesiology 69: 763--765
3
DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Fleissner LC et al. (1992) Characteriziation of the binding of [ H](+)pentazocine to σ recognition sites in guinea pig brain. Eur J Pharmacol 227: 371--378
DiFazio CA, Moscicki JC, Magruder MR (1981) Anesthetic potency of nalbuphine and
interaction with morphine in rats. Anesth Analg 60 : 629--633
Dixon R, Howes J, Gentile J et al. (1986) Nalmefene: Intravenous safety and kinetics of a new
opioid antagonist. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39: 49--53
Dudziak R (1984) Nalbuphin. Ein neues Therapiekonzept in der postoperativen Phase.
Perimed (Erlangen)
Duggan J, Isaacson IJ (1992) Nalmefene for reversal of respiratory depression after
intrathecal morphine. Emory J Med 6: 117--123
Dyrberg V, Henningsen P, Johansen SH (1967) The respiratory effects of Pentazocine. Acta
Anaesth Scand 11: 77--84
Ehrnebo M, Boreus L, Lonroth U (1977) Bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of oral
pentazocine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 22: 888--892
Engineer S, Jennett S (1972) Respiratory Depression following single and repeated doses of
Pentazocine and Pethidine. Br J Anaesth 8: 795--802
Errick JK,Heel RC (1983) Nalbuphine: a preliminary review of its pharmacological properties
and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 26: 191--211
Faden AI (1984) Opiate antagonists and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. I. Potential role of
shock. JAMA 252: 1177--1180
Faden AI, Holaday JW (1979) Opiate antagonists: a role in the treatment of hypovolemic
shock. Science 205: 317--318
Faden AI, Jacobs TP, Holaday JW (1981) Opiate antagonist improves neurologic recovery
after spinal injury. Science 211: 493--494
Flacke JW, Flacke WE, Williams GD (1978) Acute pulmonary edema following naloxone
reversal of high dose morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 47: 376--378
Fortalgesic. Pentazocine. Analgésique majeur. Wissenschaftliche Brochure. Winthrop.
Frank M, McAteer EJ, Cattermole R et al. (1987) Nalbuphine for obstetric analgesia. A
comparison of nalbuphine with pethidine for pain relief in labour when administered by
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Anaesthesia 42: 696--703
Freye E, Azevedo L, Hartung E (1985) Reversal of fentanyl related respiratory depression
with nalbuphine.Effects on the CO2-response curve in man. Acta Anaesth Belg 36: 365-374
Freye E, Ciaramelli F, Fournell A (1986) Nalbuphine versus pentazocine in postoperative
pain after orthopaedic surgery-a double-blind study. Schmerz Pain Douleur 7: 101--105
Freye E, Helle G (1988) Der Agonist-Antagonist Nalbuphin verlängert die gastro-coekale
Transitzeit und induziert kurzfristig Schmerzen nach Neuroleptanalgesie mit Fentanyl.
Eine Vergleichsuntersuchung zu Plazebo. Anaesthesist 37: 400--445
Friese K, Brockerhoff P, Rathgen GH et al. (1988) Medikamentöse geburtshilfliche Analgesie
durch Pentazocin im Vergleich mit einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe. Z Geburtshilfe
Perinat 192: 234--236
Gal TJ, DiFazio CA (1986) Prolonged antagonism of opioid action with intravenous
nalmefene in man. Anesthesiology 64: 175--180
Gal TJ, DiFazio CA, Dixon R (1986) Prolonged blockade of opioid effect with oral
nalmefene. Clin Pharmacol Ther 40: 537--542
Gal TJ, DiFazio CA, Moscicki J (1982) Analgesic and respiratory depressant activity of
nalbuphine: a comparison with morphine. Anesthesiology 57: 367--374
Garfield JM, Garfield FB, Philips BK et al. (1987) A comparison of clinical and physiological
effects of fentanyl and nalbuphine in ambulatory gynecologic patients. Anesth Analg 66:
1303--1307
Greenbaum RA, Kaye G, Mason PD (1987) Experience with nalbuphine, a new opioid
analgesic, in acute myocardial infarction. J Roy Soc Med 80: 418--421
Greenstein AJ, Kaynan A, Singer A et al. (1972) A comparative study of pentazocine and
meperidine on the biliary passage pressure. Am J Gastroenterol 58: 417
Groeger JS, Carlson GC, Howland WS (1983) Naloxone in septic shock. Critical Care Med
11: 650--654
Harris LS, Pierson AK (1964) Some narcotic antagonists in the benzomorphan series. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 143(2): 141--148
Heintz-Bamberg D, Müller H, Dick W et al. (1987) Vergleichende klinische Untersuchungen
zum Verhalten hämodynamischer Parameter bei Kombinationsnarkosen mit Nalbuphin
(Nubain-R) und Fentanyl. Anaesthesist 36: 217--222
Heisterkamp DV, Cohen PJ (1974) The use of naloxone to antagonize large doses of opiates
administered during nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg 53: 12--18
Hoffman JC, DiFazio CA (1970) The analgesic-sparing effect of pentazocine, meperidine,
and morphine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 186: 261--268
Huber JC, Kubista E, Reinold E (1982) Pentazocin als geburtshilfliches Analgetikum.
Geburtshilfe Frauenheilk 42: 16--19
Jaffe RS, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC jr et al. (1988) Nalbuphine antagonism of-induced
ventilatory depression: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 68: 254--260
Jewitt DE, Maurer GJ, Hubner PJB (1970) Increased pulmonary arterial pressures after
pentazocine in myocardial infarction. BMJ 1: 795--796
Julien RM (1982) Effects of nalbuphine on normal and oxymorphone depressed ventilatory
responses to carbon dioxide challenge. Anesthesiology 57: 3
Kalia PK, Madan R, Saksema R et al. (1983) Epidural pentazocine for postoperative pain
relief. Anesth Analg 62: 949--950
Kay B (1986) Ein kontrollierter Doppelblindversuch über die Einsatzmöglichkeit von
Nalbuphin in der Anaesthesie bei grösseren operativen Eingriffen im oberen Abdomen.
Anaesthesist 35: 613--615
Kay B, Healy TEJ, Bolder PM (1985) Blocking the circulatory responses to tracheal
intubation. A comparison of fentanyl and nalbuphine. Anaesthesia 40: 960--963
Kay B, Krishnan A (1986) On-demand nalbuphine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth
Belg 37: 33--37
Klepper ID, Rosen M, Vickers MD et al. (1986) Respiratory function following nalbuphine
and morphine in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth 58: 625--629
Kobal G, Hummel C, Nuernberg B et al. (1990) Effects of pentazocine and acetylsalicylic
acid on pain-rating, pain-related evoked potentials and vigilance in relationship to
pharmacokinetic parameters. Agents Actions 29(3-4): 342--359
Kompatibilitätstabelle für Injektionslösung. Firma Sanofi-Winthrop.
Koniezko KM, Jones JG, Barrowcliffe MP et al. (1988) Antagonisms of morphine-induced
respiratory depression with nalmefene. Br J Anaesth 61: 318--323
Kraynack BJ, Gintautas JG (1982) Naloxone: Analeptic action unrelated to opiate receptor
antagonism? Anesthesiology 56: 251--253
Krishnan A, Tolhurst CL, Kay B (1985) Controlled comparison of nalbuphine and morphine
for post-tonsillectomy pain. Anaesthesia 12: 1178--1181
Kudo T, Kudo M, Kimura F et al. (1992) Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and pentazocine
during total intravenous anesthesia with droperidol, pentazocine and ketamine. Jp J Anesth
41(11): 1172--1176
Lai S, Savidge RS, Chabra GP (1969) Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of morphine and
pentazocine in myocardial infarction.Lancet 1: 379--381
Lake CL, Duckworth EN, DiFazio CA et al. (1984) Cardiorespiratory effects of nalbuphine
and morphine premedication in adult cardiac surgical patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 28:
305--309
Lake CL, Duckwortz EN, DiFazio CA et al. (1982) Cardiovasvular effects of nalbuphine in
patients with coronary or valvular heart disease. Anesthesiology 57: 498--503
Latasch L, Probst S, Dudziak R (1984) Reversal by nalbuphine of respiratory depression
caused by fentanyl. Anesth Analg 63: 814--816
Lee G, DeMaria A, Amsterdam EA et al. (1976) Comparative effects of morphine,
meperidine and pentazocine on cardiocirculatory dynamics in patients with acute
myocardial infarction. Am J Med 60: 949--955
Lee G, Low RI, Amsterdam EA et al. (1981) Hemodynamic effects of morphine and
nalbuphine in acute myocardial infarction . Clin Pharmacol Ther 29: 576--581
Lehmann KA, Tenbuhs B (1986) Patient-controlled analgesia with nalbuphine, a new narcotic
agonist-antagonist for the treatment of postoperative pain. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31: 267-276
Longnecker D, Grazis P, Egger G (1973) Naloxone for antagonism of morphine induced
respiratory depression. Anesth Analg 52: 447--452
Mannelli M, Maggi M, DeFeo ML et al. (1983) Naloxone administration release
catecholamines. N Engl J Med 308: 654--655
McCammon RL, Stoelting RK, Madura JA (1984) Effects of butorphanol, nalbuphine, and
fentanyl on intrabilary tract dynamics. Anesth Analg 63: 139--142
Michaelis LL, Hickey PR, Clark TA et al. (1974) Ventricular irritability associated with the
use of naloxone. Ann Thor Surg 18: 608--614
Miller RR (1980) Evaluation of nalbuphine hydrochloride. Am J Hospital Pharm 37: 942--949
Moldenhauer CC, Roach GW, Finlayson DC et al. (1985) Nalbuphine antagonism of
ventilatory depression following high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 62: 647-650
Murphy MR, Hug CC jr (1982) The enflurane sparing effect of morphine, butorphanol and
nalbuphine. Anesthesiology 57: 489--492
Nalmefen
Barsan WG, Seger D, Danzl DF et al. (1989) Duration of antagonistic effects of nalmefene
and naloxone in opiate-induced sedation for emergency department procedures. Am J
Emerg Med 2: 155--161
Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL et al. (1999) Oral nalmefene therapy reduces scratching
activity due to the pruritus of cholestasis: a controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 41(3 Pt
1): 431--434
Bergasa NV, Schmitt JM, Talbot TL et al. (1998) Open-label trial of oral nalmefene therapy
for the pruritus of cholestasis. Hepatology 3: 679--684
Dixon R, Gentile J, Hsu HB et al. (1987) Nalmefene: safety and kinetics after single and
multiple oral doses of a new opioid antagonist. J Clin Pharmacol 3: 233--239
Frye RF, Matzke GR, Schade R et al. (1997) Effects of liver disease on the disposition of the
opioid antagonist nalmefene. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61(1): 15--23
Kaplan JL, Marx JA (1993) Effectiveness and safety of intravenous nalmefene for emergency
department patients with suspected narcotic overdose: a pilot study. Ann Emerg Med 2:
187--190
Kaplan JL, Marx JA, Calabro JJ et al. (1999) Double-blind, randomized study of nalmefene
and naloxone in emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose. Ann
Emerg Med 34(1): 42--50
Matzke GR, Frye RF, Alexander AC et al. (1996) The effect of renal insufficiency and
hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of nalmefene. J Clin Pharmacol 36(2): 144--151
Moore LR, Bikhazi GB, Tuttle RR et al. (1990) Antagonism of fentanyl-induced respiratory
depression with nalmefene. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1: 29--35
Wang DS, Sternbach G, Varon J (1998) Nalmefene: a long-acting opioid antagonist. Clinical
applications in emergency medicine. J Emerg Med 3: 471--475
Naloxon
Neal EA, Meffin PJ, Gregory PB (1979) Enhanced bioavailability and decreaed clearance of
analgesics in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroent 77: 96--102
Neal EA, Meffin PJ, Gregory PB et al. (1978) Enhanced bioavailability and decreased
clearance of analgesics in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterol 77: 96--102
Netri G, Coco C , Aronne O et al. (1983) Premedication for colonoscopy. Randomized double
blind study of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide, pentazocine + atropine and a placebo. Acta Med
Rom 21: 32--36
Ngai SH, Berkowitz BA, Yang HC et al. (1976) Pharmacikinetics of naloxone in rats and
man. Basis for its potency and short duration of action. Anesthesiology 44: 398--401
Pachter IJ, Matossian Z (1968) 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone. Br Patent 1 119 270, 10 July:
Chem Abst 69: 87282
Paddock R, Beer EG, Bellville JW et al. (1969) Analgesic and side effects of pentazocine and
morphine in a large population of postoperative patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10: 355-365
Patch GG, Morton KA, Arias JM et al. (1991) Naloxone reverses pattern of obstruction of the
distal common bile duct induced by analgesic narcotics in hepatobiliary imaging. J Nuclear
Med 32: 1270--1272
Penning JP, Samson B, Baxter AD (1988) Reversal of epidural morphine-induced respiratory
depression and pruritus with nalbuphine. Can J Anaesth 35: 599--605
Pentazocin
Pinnock CA, Bell A, Smith G (1985) A comparison of nalbuphine and morphine as
premedication agents for minor gynecological surgery. Anaesthesia 40: 1078--1081
Pond SM, Tong T, Benowitz NL et al. (1980) Enhanced bioavailability of pethidine and
pentazocine in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Aust New Zealand J Med 10: 515--519
Pugh CC, Drummond GB (1987) A dose-response study with nalbuphine hydrochloride for
pain in patients after upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 59: 1356--1363
Pugh CC, Drummond GB, Elton RA et al. (1987) Constant i.v. infusion of nalbuphine or
buprenorphine for pain after abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 59: 1364--1374
Purdell-Lewis J (1980) Studies of supplemented anaesthesia: Effect of naloxone on
circulation and respiration. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 323--329
Radnay PA, Brodman E, Mankikar D et al. (1980) The effect of equi-analgesic dosis of
fentanyl, morphine, meperidine and pentazocine on common bile duct pressure.
Anaesthesist 29: 26--29
Ramsay JG, Higgs BD, Wynands JE et al. (1985) Early extubation after high-dose fentanyl
anaesthesia for aortocoronary bypass surgery: reversal of respiratory depression with lowdose nalbuphine. Can Anaesth Soc J 32: 597--606
Rawal N, Schott U, Dahllstrom B et al. (1986) Influence of naloxone infusion on analgesia
and respiratory depression following epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 64: 194--201
Rechenberg von H, Koch M, Konder H et al. (1986) Hämodynamische Einflüsse von
Nalbuphin bei Patienten mit akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz. Anaesthesist 35: 103--107
Rita L, Seleny F, Goodarzi M (1980) Comparison of the calming and sedative effects of
nalbuphine and pentazocine for paediatric premedication. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 546--549
Romagnoli A, Keats AS (1980) Ceiling effect for respiratory depression vor nalbuphine. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 27: 478--485
Roth A, Keren G, Gluck A et al. (1988) Comparison of nalbuphine hydrochloride versus
morphine sulfate for acute myocardial infarction with elevated pulmonary artery wedge
pressure. Am J Cardiol 62: 551--555
Schaer H, Baasch K, Achtari R (1986) Nalbuphin nach Enfluran oder Fentanyl-Wirkungen
auf Kreislauf und Atmung. Anaesthesist 35: 478--484
Schaer H, Baasch K, Achtari R (1987) Nalbuphin nach Fentanyl. Postoperative Analgesie.
Anaesthesist 36: 166--171
Schäffer J, Piepenbrock S, Kretz FJ et al. (1986) Nalbuphin und Tramadol zur postoperativen
Schmerzbekämpfung bei Kindern. Anaesthesist 35: 408--413
Schäffer J, Piepenbrock S, Niekrens E et al. (1988) Nalbuphin im Vergleich mit Piritramid
und Plazebo zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie nach Intubationsnarkosen mit Halothan.
Anaesthesist 37: 238--245
Schmidt WK, Tam W, Shotzberger GS et al. (1985) Nalbuphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 14:
339--362
Schmucker P, van Ackern K, Franke N et al. (1980) Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of
pentazocine. Studies on surgical cardiac patients. Anaesthesist 29: 475--480
Sear JW, Keegan M, Kay B (1987) Disposition of nalbuphine in patients undergoing general
anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 59: 572--575
Sha M, Rosen M, Vickers MD (1984) Effect of premedication with diazepam, morphine or
nalbuphine on gastrointestinal motility after surgery. Br J Anaesth 56: 1235--1238
Shapiro BS, Cohen DE (1989) Management of pain caused by pancreatitis. Letter to the
Editor. J Pediat 114(3): 506--507
Siewert VM (1986) Untersuchungen zur chemisch-physikalischen Kompatibilität von FortralInjektionslösung (Pentazocin) mit unterschiedlichen Mischlösungen. Pharmazeut Z 51/52
(131): 3231--3234
Stambaugh JE (1982) Evalutation of nalbuphine: efficacy and safety in the management of
chronic pain associated with advanced malignancy. Curr Ther Res 31: 393--400
Staritz M, Poralla T, Manns M et al. (1986) Effect of modern drugs (tramadol, pentazocine,
and buprenorphine) on the bile duct sphincter in man. Gut 27: 567--569
Tabatabai M, Collins JG, Kitahata LM (1983) Disruption of the activity of medullary
inspiratory neurons by high-dose fentanyl and reversal with nalbuphine. Anesthesiology
59: A485
Tammisto T, Tigerstedt I (1977) Comparison of the analgesic effects of intravenous
nalbuphine and pentazocine in patients with postoperative pain. Acta Anaesth Scand 21:
390--394
Tanaka GY (1974) Hypertensive reaction to naloxone. JAMA 228: 25--26
Trinkl W, Becher S (1987) Prämedikation vor Gastroskopien. Fortschr Med 513/61 516/64.
Sonderdruck 1992
Walker JM, Bowen WD, Goldstein SR et al. (1992) Autoradiographic distribution of [3H](+)pentazocine and [3H]1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) binding sites in guinea pig brain: a
comparative study. Brain Res 581: 33--38
Wallenstein SL, Rogers AG, Kaiko RF et al. (1986) Nalbuphine: clinical analgesic studies.
Adv Pain Res Ther 8: 247--252
Wandless JG (1987) A comparison of nalbuphine with morphine for post-orchidopexy pain.
Eur J Anaesth 4: 127--132
Yukioka H, Bogod DG, Rosen M (1987) Recovery of bowel motility after surgery. Detection
of time to first flatus from carbon dioxide concentration and patient estimate after
nalbuphine and placebo. Br J Anaesth 59: 581--584
Yukioka H, Rosen M, Evans KT et al. (1987) Gastric emptying and small bowel transit times
in volunteers after intravenous morphine and nalbuphine. Anaesthesia 42: 704--710
Zsigmond EK, Durrani Z, Barabas E et al. (1987) Endocrine and hemodynamic effects of
antagonism of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression by nalbuphine. Anesth Analg 66:
421--426
Zsigmond EK, Winnie AP, Raza SMA et al. (1987) Nalbuphine as an analgesic component in
balanced anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 66: 1155--1164
Naltrexon
Chiang CN, Hollister LE, Kishimoto A et al. (1984) Kinetics of a naltrexone sustained-release
preparation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 36: 704--708
Crabtree BL (1984) Review of naltrexone, along acting opiate antagonist. Clin Pharmacol 3:
273--280
Freye E, Hartung E, Kaliebe S (1983) Prevention of late-induced respiratory depression after
the injection of opiate with antagonists naltrexone and S-20682: comparison with
naloxone. Br J Anaesth 55: 71--77
Gritz ER, Shiffman SM, Jarvik ME et al. (1976) Naltrexone: physiological and psychological
effects of single doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19: 773--776
Silverstein JH, Silva DA, Iberti TJ (1993) Opioid addiction in anesthesiology. Review article.
Anesthesiology 79: 354--375
Yuan CS, Foss JF, Moss J (1995) Effects of methylnaltrexone on morphine-induced inhibition
of contraction in isolated guinea-pig ileum and human intestine. Eur J Pharmacol 276(1-2): 107--111
Flupirtin
Bebenburg von W, Thiele K, Engel J et al. (1981) Synthese und Molekülstruktur des
konstitutionell neuartigen Analgetikums Flupirtin. Ch Z 105: 77--81
Brandl E, Tykal M, Lobisch M et al. (1989) Flupirtin versus Indometacin bei Behandlung der
Dysmenorrhoe. Jatros Gyn 5: 25--32
Bromm B, Ganzel R, Herrmann WM et al. (1986) Pentazocine and flupirtine effects on
spontaneous and evoked EEG activity. Neuropsych 16: 152--156
Bromm B, Ganzel R, Herrmann WM (1987) The analgesic efficacy of flupirtine in
comparison to pentazocine and placebo assessed by EEG and subjective pain ratings.
Postgrad Med J 63 (S3): 109--112
Carlsson KH, Jurna I (1987) Depression by flupirtine, a novel analgesic agent, of motor and
sensory responses of the nociceptive system in the rat spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol 143:
89--99
Darius H, Schrör K (1985) The action of flupirtine on prostaglandine formation and platelet
aggregation in vitro. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 35: 55--59
Dimpfel W, Spüler M, Nickel B (1988) Dose and time dependent action of morphin, tramadol
and flupirtine as studied by radioelectroencephalography in the freely behaving rat.
Neuropsychobiol 20: 164--168
Galasko CSB, Courtenay PM, Jane M et al. (1985) Trial of oral flupirtine maleate in the
treatment of pain after orthopedic surgery. Curr Med Res Opin 9: 594--601
Herrmann WM, Hiersemenzel R, Aigner M et al. (1993) Die Langzeitverträglichkeit von
Flupirtin. Fortschr Med 15: 266--270
Hlavica P, Niebch G (1985) Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik und Biotransformation des
Analgetikum Flupirtin beim Menschen. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 35: 67--74
Jakovleg V, Sofia RD, Achterrath-Tuckermann U et al. (1985) Untersuchungen zur
pharmakologischen Wirkung von Flupirtin, einem strukturell neuartigen Analgetikum.
Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 35: 30--43
Jakovlev V, Achterrath-Tuckermann U, von Schlichtegroll A et al. (1985) Allgemeine
pharmakologische Untersuchungen mit dem Analgetikum Flupirtin. Arzneimittel
Forschung Drug Res 35: 44--55
Kobal G, Hummel T (1988) Effects of flupirtine on the pain-related evoked potential and the
spontaneous EEG . Agents Actions 23(1--2): 117--119
Kubicki S, Röhmel J (1979) A multicentered, double-blind controlled phase III comparison
trial of flupirtine versus pentazocine in out-patient practice for the proof of efficacy and
tolerance for patients with injuries, acid burns or other acute pain states. Forschungsbericht
AG 018 011 030, Arzneimittelforschung GmbH (Berlin)
Lobisch M, Schaffler K, Wauschkuhn H et al. (1996) Klinische Pilotstudie zur myogenen
Wirkung von Flupirtin im Vergleich zu Tetrazepam und Plazebo, Arzneimittelforschung
46: 293--298
Million R, Finlay BR, Whittington JR (1984)Clinical trial of flupirtine maleate in patients
with migraine. Curr Res Med Opin 9: 204--212
Moore RA, Bullingham RES, Simpson S et al. (1983) Comparison of flupirtine maleate and
dihydrocodeine in patients following surgery. Br J Anaesth 55: 429--432
Nickel B, Aledter A (1987) Comparative physical dependence studies in rates with flupirtine
and opiate receptor stimulating analgesics. Postgr Med J 63 (S3): 30--43
Nickel B, Engel J, Szelenyi I (1988) Possible involvement of noradrenergic descending painmodulating pathway in the mode of antinociceptive action of flupirtine, a novel non-opioid
analgesic. Agents Actions 23 : 112
Nickel B (1987) The antinociceptive activity of flupirtine, a structurally new analgesic. Postgr
Med J 63 (S3): 19--28
Nickel B, Herz A, Tibes U (1985) Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus des
Analgetikums Flupirtin. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug Res 35 (II), 9: 1402--1409
Nickel B, Jakovlev V, Szelenyi I (1990) Einfluss von Flupirtin, verschiedener Analgetika und
Muskelrelaxantien auf den Skelettmuskeltonus wacher Ratte. Arzneimittel Forschung Drug
Res 40(II), 8: 909--911
Obermeier K, Niebch G, Thiemer K (1985) Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik und
Biotransformation des Analgetikums Flupirtin bei Ratte und Hund. Arzneimittel Forschung
Drug Res 35: 60--67
Postgraduate Medical Journal (1987) Flupirtine - a centrally acting analgesic. Clinical and
experimental aspects. Meeting Monte Carlo 1986 (Turner P, Engel J, Weber JCP, eds.) ,
Vol 63 (S3)
Powell-Jackson P, Williams R (1985) Use of flupirtine maleate as an analgesic in patients
with liver disease. Br J Clin Pract 39: 63--66
Scheef W (1987) Analgesic efficacy and safety of oral flupirtine in the treatment of cancer
pain. Postgrad Med J S 3(63): 67--70
Schwarz M, Schmitt T, Pergande G et al. (1995) N-methyl-D-aspartate and alpha2-adrenergic
mechanisms are involved in the depressant action of flupirtine on spinal reflexes in rats.
Eur J Pharamcol 276: 247--255
Szelenyi I, Nickel B, Borbe HO et al. (1989) Mode of antinociceptive action of flupirtine in
the rat. Br J Pharmacol 97: 835--842
Timmann D, Plummer C, Schwarz M et al. (1995) Influence of flupirtine on human lower
limb reflexes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 97: 184--188
Vaupel DB, Nickel B, Bechelter K (1989) Flupirtine antinociception in the dog is primarily
mediated by non-opioid mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 162: 447--456
von Bebenburg W, Thiele K, Engel J et al. (1981) Synthese und Molekülstruktur des
konstitutionell neuartigen Analgetikums Flupirtin. Chem Ztg 105: 217--219
Williams R, Powell-Jackson P (1985) Pharmacokinetic study of flupirtine maleate in patients
with liver disease. Br J Clin Pract 39: 63--66
Wörz R (1991) Flupirtin bei chronischen myofaszialen Schmerzzuständen. Fortschr Med 109:
158--160
Wörz R, Lobisch M, Schwittmann B et al. (1995) Wirksamkeit von Flupirtin beim
chronischen Spannungskopfschmerz. Fortschr Med 113: 463--468
Wörz R, Bolten W, Heller B et al. (1996) Flupirtin im Vergleich zu Chlormezanon und
Plazebo bei chronischen muskuloskelettalen Rückenschmerzen. Fortschr Med 114: 500-504
Nefopam
Bassett JR, Cairncross KD, Hacket NB et al.(1969) Studies on the peripheral pharmacology of
fenaxosine, a potential antidepressant drug. Br J Pharmacol 37: 69--78
Beaver WT, Feise GA (1977) A comparison of the analgesic effect of intramuscular nefopam
and morphine in patients with postoperative pain. J Clin Pharmacol 17: 579--591
Berge OG, Fasmer OB, Hole K et al. (1986) Analgesic effects of nefopam at spinal and
supraspinal sites. BJ Pharmacol 89(S): 639p
Bernatzky G, Jurna I (1986) Intrathecal injection of codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine, tramadol
and nefopam depresses the tail-flick response in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 120: 75--80
Bhatt AM, Pleuvry BJ, Maddison SE (1981) Respiratory and metabolic effects of oral
nefopam in human volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 11: 209--211
Campos VM, Solis EL (1980) The analgesic and hypothermic effects of nefopam, morphine,
aspirin, diphenhydramine, and placebo. J Clin Pharmacol 20: 42--49
Case MT, Smith K, Nelson RA (1976) Chronic oral toxicity studies of nefopam hydrochloride
in rats and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 36: 301--306
Case MT, Smith KJ, Nelson RA (1975) Reproductive, acute and subacute toxicity studies
with nefopam in laboratory animals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 33: 46--51
Collins RJ, Weeks JR, Cooper MM et al. (1984) Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using
IV self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacol 82: 6--13
Davies DE, Dewland PM, Donnell D et al. (1986) A study of nefopam kinetics after single
and multiple oral doses in young and elderly volunteers. Proc Br Pharmacol Soc, P153
Esposito E, Romandini S, Merlo-Pich E et al. (1986) Evidence of the involvement of
dopamine in the analgesic effect of nefopam. Eur J Pharmacol 128: 157--164
Fasmer OB, Berge OG, Jorgensen HA et al. (1987) Antinociceptive effects of ±-, (+)-and (-)
nefopam in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 39: 508--511
Fasmer OB, Hole K, Hunskaar S (1986) Involvement of central serotoninergic pathways in
nefopam-induced antinociception. Br J Pharm 89(S): 68p
Gerbershaben HU, Cronheim GE (eds.) (1978): Nefopam, ein potentes Analgetikum. Fischer
(Stuttgart, NY)
Griffiths A, Jones D, Mercer A et al. (1986) The effects of nefopam alone and in combination
with ethanol on human performance, ventilatory response to hypercapnia and mood. Br J
Pharmacol 89(S): 707
Hagemann K, Platte G, Meyer J (1978) Hämodynamische Wirkung von Nefopam. Dtsch Med
Wochenschr 25: 1040--1043
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Pakes GE et al. (1980) Nefopam: a review of its pharmacological
properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 19: 249--267
Hunskaar S, Fasmer OB, Broch OJ et al. (1987) Involvement of central serotoninergic
pathways in nefopam-induced antinociception. Eur J Pharm 138: 77--82
Jasinski DR, Preston KL (1987) A comparative assay of nefopam, morphine and damphetamine. Psychopharmacol 91: 273--278
Klohs MW, Draper MD, Petracek KH et al. (1972) Benzoxazocines: a new chemical class of
centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. Arzneimittel Forschung 22: 132--133
Klotz AL (1974) Long term safety of nefopam hydrochloride (Acupan), a new analgesic
formulation. Curr Ther Res 16: 602--608
Klüfers P, Petersen von A, Röder E (1986) Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen bei
Nefopamhydrochlorid. Arch Pharmacol 319: 583--590
Ladewig D (1979) Analgetikum bei Medikamentenabhängigkeit. Läßt sich klinisch für
Nefopam ein Abhängigkeitspotential eruieren? Ärztl Praxis 31: 1659--1660
Lasseter KC, Cohen A, Black EL (1976) Nefopam HCl interaction study with eight other
drugs. J Intern Med Res 4: 195--201
Liu DTY, Savage JM, Donnell D (1987) Nefopam excretion in human milk. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 23: 99--101
Menon OS, Marikar YMF et al. (1989) A double-blind trial comparing nefopam
hydrochloride with pentazocine in postoperative pain. Curr Ther Res 45(1): 70
Pandit PN, Pandit MS et al (1989) Double-blind clinical trial of nefopam in comparison with
pentazocine in surgical patients. Br J Clin Pract 43 (6)
Pierce MF, Schroeder LA (1981) Spinal and supraspinal sites for morphine and nefopam
analgesia in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 74: 135--140
Piercy DM, Cumming JA, Dawling S et al. (1981) Death due to overdose of nefopam. BMJ
283: 1508--1509
Rosa G, Pinto G, Orsi P et al. (1995) Control of post anaesthetic shivering with nefopam
hydrochloride in mildly hypothermic patients after neurosurgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
39(1): 90--95
Rosland JH, Hole K (1990) The effect of nefopam and its enantiomers on the uptake of 5hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine in crude rat brain synaptosomal
preparations. J Pharm Pharmacol 42: 437--438
Sunshine A, Laska E (1975) Nefopam and morphine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 18: 530-534
Tobin WE, Gold RH (1972) Nefopam hydrochloride: a novel muscle relaxant. J Clin
Pharmacol 12: 230--238
Suche
Hilfe
Inhalt
Beenden
Literatur speziell zu Buch E (Wirkstoffprofile)
Salizylsäure
Beynen AC, Buechler KF, van der Molen AJ et al. (1982) Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by
salicylate. Toxicology 24(1): 33--43
Durnas C, Cusack BJ (1992) Salicylate intoxication in the elderly. Recognition and
recommendations on how to prevent it. Drugs Aging 1: 20--34
Furst DE, Tozer TN, Melmon KL (1979) Salicylate clearance, the resultant of protein binding
and metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 380--389
Morra P, Bartle WR, Walker SE et al. (1996) Serum concentrations of salicylic acid following
topically applied salicylate derivatives. Ann Pharmacother 9: 935--940
Owen SG, Roberts MS, Friesen WT et al. (1989) Salicylate pharmacokinetics in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 28: 449--461
Reed JR, Palmisano PA (1975) Central nervous system salicylate. Clin Toxicol 8(6): 623-631
Aceclofenac
Bort R, Ponsoda X, Carrasco E (1996) Metabolism of aceclofenac in humans. Drug Metab
Dispos 8: 834--841
Bort R, Ponsoda X, Carrasco E et al. (1996) Comparative metabolism of the nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drug, aceclofenac, in the rat, monkey, and human. Drug Metab Dispos 9:
969--975
Gómez Rodríguez N, Moratiel Valdés D, Formigo Rodríguez E (1993) Vasculitis por
hipersensibilidad y aceclofenaco. Med Clin (Barc) 101(6): 239
Grau M, Guasch J, Montero JL (1991) Pharmacology of the potent new non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent aceclofenac. Arzneimittelforschung 41(12): 1265--1276
Hernández Beriain J, Segura García C (1995) Hepatitis por aceclofenaco. Rev Esp Enferm
Dig 87(7): 550--551
Movilia PG (1989) Evaluation of the analgesic activity and tolerability of aceclofenac in the
treatment of post-episiotomy pain. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1989 15(1): 47--51
Pallarés Querol M (1994) Aceclofenaco y confusión mental. Aten Primaria 13(6): 331--332
Yscla A (1988) Aceclofenac and paracetamol in episiotomal pain. Drugs Exp Clin Res 14(7):
491--494
Cholin Magnesium Trisalizylat
Binus MA, Lyon JA, Nicholas JL (1982) Comparable serum salicylate concentrations from
choline magnesium trisalicylate, aspirin and buffered aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Rheumatol 25: 464--466
Blechman WJ, Lechner BL (1979) Clinical comparative evaluation of choline magnesium
trisalicylate and acetylsalicylic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Rehab 18: 119--124
Cersosimo RJ, Matthews SJ (1987) Hepatotoxicity associated with choline magnesium
trisalicylate: case report and review of salicylate-induced hepatotoxicity. Drug Intell Clin
Pharm 7--8: 621--625
Chudwin DS, Strub M, Golden HE et al. (1986) Sensitivity to non-acetylated salicylates in a
patient with asthma, nasal polyps, and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Allergy 57(2): 133--134
Johnson JR, Miller AJ (1994) The efficacy of choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT) in the
management of metastatic bone pain: a pilot study. Palliat Med 8(2): 129--135
Nadkarni MM, Peller CA, Retig J (1992) Eosinophilic hepatitis after ingestion of choline
magnesium trisalicylate. Am J Gastroenterol 87(1): 151--153
Suche
Hilfe
Inhalt
Szczeklik A, Nizankowska E, Dworksi R (1990) Choline magnesium trisalicylate in patients
with aspirin-induced asthma. Eur Respir J 5: 535--539
Diflunisal
Adelman HM, Wallach PM, Flannery MT (1991) Inability to interpret toxic salicylate levels
in patients taking aspirin and diflunisal. J Rheumatol 4: 522--523
Admani AK, Khaleque DM (1979) Gastrointestinal haemorrhage associated with diflunisal.
Correspondence Lancet 1(8128): 1247
Arias J, Fernández-Rivas M, Moral A et al. (1995) Selective adverse reactions to diflunisal.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 74(2): 160--162
Chan LK, Winearls CG, Oliver DO et al. (1980) Acute interstitial nephritis and erythroderma
associated with diflunisal. Br Med J 280(6207): 84--85
Cook DJ, Achong MR, Murphy FR (1988) Three cases of diflunisal hypersensitivity. Can
Med Assoc J 138(11): 1029--1030
Court H, Volans GN (1984) Poisoning after overdose with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 3(1): 1--21
Davies RO (1983) Review of the animal and clinical pharmacology of diflunisal.
Pharmacotherapy 3: 9S--22S
De Schepper PJ, Tjandramaga TB, Verbesselt R et al. (1981) Gastrointestinaler Blutverlust
nach Diflunisal? Med Welt 32(45): 1717--1719
Dickinson RG, Verbeeck RK, King AR et al. (1991) Diflunisal and its conjugates in patients
with renal failure. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5: 546--550
Diflunisal (1979) New Perspectives in Analgesia (Huskisson E, Caldwell A, eds.), Int Congr
Symp Series 6 (London), Royal Soc Med, Academic Press (NY)
Diflunisal (1981) A Compendium, Biomedical Inf Corp Publication
Dionisio P, Bergia R, Caramello E et al. (1986) Insufficienza renale acuta da diflunisal.
Descrizione di un caso. Minerva Med 77(36): 1611--1613
Dubois A, Malbos S, Chevreau P et al. (1982) Erytheme polymorphe et syndrome de StevensJohnson apres traitement par diflunisal. Nouv Presse Med 11(8): 606--607
Erikson LO, Wahlin-Boll E, Odar-Cederlöf I et al. (1989) Influence of renal failure,
rheumatoid arthritis and old age on the pharmacokinetics of diflunisal. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 36(2): 165--174
Firmendokumentation Merck Sharp & Dohme Forschungslaboratorien, Rahway, NJ, USA
Forbes JA, Calderazzo JP, Fowser MW (1982) A 12-hour evaluation of the analgesic efficacy
of diflunisal, aspirin, and placebo in postoperative dental pain. J Clin Pharmacol 22: 89
Geoffroy P, Carteret E, Salagnac V et al. (1987) Hépatite au diflunisal (Dolobis). A propos
d'un cas. Therapie 42(2): 253
Hannah J et al. (1977) Discovery of diflunisal. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4: S7--S13
Herman RJ, Loewen GR, Antosh DM et al. (1994) Analysis of polymorphic variation in drug
metabolism: III. Glucuronidation and sulfation of diflunisal in man. Clin Invest Med 4:
297--307
Hunter JA, Dorward AJ, Knill-Jones R et al. (1978) Diflunisal and Stevens-Johnson
syndrome. Letter. Br Med J 2(6144): 1088
Krige JE, Spence RA, Potter PC et al. (1985) Necrotising fasciitis after diflunisal for minor
injury. Correspondence. Lancet 2(8469--8470): 1432--1433
Lapeer GL (1987) Myofascial headache. Exacerbation of symptoms due to diflunisal and
ranitidine therapy. A case report. J Can Dent Assoc 53(8): 635--636
Macdonald JI, Dickinson RG, Reid RS et al. (1991) Identification of a hydroxy metabolite of
diflunisal in rat and human urine. Xenobiotica 11: 1521 – 1533 (Nebeneliminationsweg:
Hydroxylierung)
Macdonald JI, Herman RJ, Verbeeck RK (1990) Sex-difference and the effects of smoking
and oral contraceptive steroids on the kinetics of diflunisal. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 38(2):
175--179
Macdonald JI, Wallace SM, Mahachai V et al. (1992) Both phenolic and acyl glucuronidation
pathways of diflunisal are impaired in liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42(5): 471-474
Macdonald JL, Wallace SM, Herman RJ et al. (1995) Effect of probenicid on the formation
and elimination kinetics of the sulphate and glucuronide conjugates of diflunisal. Eur J
Clin Pharmacol 47(6): 519--523
McLean CA, Begley CG, Harris RA (1986) Diflunisal-induced neutropenia. Aust N Z J Med
6: 811--82
Nuernberg B, Koehler G, Brune K (1991) Pharmacokinetics of diflunisal in patients. Clin
Pharmacokinet 1: 81--89
Poe TE, Limpert GH, Winker GJ (1989) Anaphylactoid reaction to diflunisal. J Fam Pract 1:
104--105
Roetzheim RG, Herold AH, Van Durme DJ (1991) Nonpigmenting fixed drug eruption
caused by diflunisal. J Am Acad Dermatol 6 Pt 1: 1021--102
Shen TY (1981) Chemical and pharmacologic properties of diflunisal. In: Proc Int Symp
Diflunisal (Beaver WT, ed.), NW, Biomed Inf Corp Publication
Street ML, Winkelmann RK (1989) Lichenoid photoreactive epidermal necrosis with
diflunisal. J Am Acad Dermatol 5(Pt1): 850--851
Tempero KF, Cirillo VJ, Steelman SL (1977) Diflunisal. A review of pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic properties, drug interactions, and special tolerability studies in humans.
Br J Pharmacacol 4: 31S--36S
van Hecken AM, Tjandramaga TB, Verbesselt R et al. (1985) 1. The influence of diflunisal on
the pharmacokinetics of oxazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 3: 225--234
van Loenhout JW, van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW et al. (1981) Persistent hypouricemic effect
of longterm diflunisal administration. J Rheumatol 4: 639--642
Verbeeck R, Tjandramaga TB, Mullie A et al. (1979) Effect of aluminum hydroxide on
diflunisal absorption. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5: 519--522
Warren JS (1978) Diflunisal-induced cholestatic jaundice. Br Med J 2(61139): 736 – 73
Wharton JG, Oliver DO, Dunnill MS (1982) Acute renal failure associated with diflunisal.
Postgrad Med J 58(676): 104--105
Ethenzamid
Naito M, Ito A, Watanabe H et al. (1986) Carcinogenicity of o-ethoxybenzamide in
(C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 76(1): 115 – 158
Fosfosal
Caballería Rovira E (1993) Hepatitis tóxica por fosfosal. Rev Clin Esp 192(3): 148
Delgadillo Duarte J, Videla Ces S, Navas Ramírez J et al. (1994) Responsabilidad de fosfosal
en un caso de hepatitis. Rev Clin Esp 194(3): 203--204
Mesalazin
Collier PM, Neill SM, Copeman PW (1992) Topical 5-aminosalicylic acid: a treatment for
aphthous ulcers. Br J Dermatol 126(2): 185--188
Cooper JAD, White DA, Matthay RA (1986) Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Am Rev
Respir Dis 133: 488--505
Daneshmend TK (1991) Mesalazine-associated thrombocytopenia. Lancet. Letter to the
Editor. 337: 1297
Erdkamp F, Houben M, Ackerman E (1992) Pancreatitis induced by mesalamine. Neth J Med
41(1--2): 71--73
Isaacs KL, Murphy D (1990) Pancreatitis after rectal administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
J Clin Gastroenterol 12: 198--199
Jenss H, Becker EW, Weber P (1990) Pericardial effusion during treatment with 5aminosalicylic acid in a patient with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 85: 332--333
Kristensen KS, Hoegholm A, Bohr L et al. (1990) Fatal myocarditis associated with
mesalazine. Lancet. Lancet 335: 605
Marteau P, Nelet F, Le Lu M et al. (1996) Adverse events in patients treated with 5aminosalicyclic acid: 1993--1994 pharmacovigilance report for Pentasa in France. Aliment
Pharmacol Ther 6: 949--956
Mehta RP (1990) Acute interstitional nephritis due to 5-aminosalicylic acid. Can Med Ass J
143: 1031--1032
Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM (1987) Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy
for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. New Engl J Med 317: 1557--1562
Methylsalizylat
Chan TY (1996) Medicated oils and severe salicylate poisoning: quantifying the risk based on
methyl salicylate content and bottle size. Vet Hum Toxicol 38(2): 133--134
Chan TY (1996) The risk of severe salicylate poisoning following the ingestion of topical
medicaments or aspirin. Postgrad Med J 72(844): 109--112
Chow WH, Cheung KL, Hing LM et al. (1989) Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by
topical methylsalicylate ointment. J Roy Soc Med 82: 501--502
Danon A, Ben-Shimon S, Ben-Zevi Z (1986) Effect of exercise and heat exposure on
percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate. Eur J Clin Pharm 31: 49--52
Heng MC (1987) Local necrosis and interstitial nephritis due to topical methyl salicylate and
menthol. Cutis 39(5): 442--444
Morra P, Bartle WR, Walker SE et al. (1996) Serum concentrations of salicylic acid following
topically applied salicylate derivatives. Ann Pharmacother 9: 935-- 940
Pratzel HG, Schubert E, Muhanna N (1990) Pharmakokinetische Untersuchung zur
perkutanen Aufnahme von Salicylsäure aus Bädern mit Salicylsäuremethylester und
Salicylsäure. Z Rheumatol 49(4): 185--191
Roberts MS, Favretto WA, Meyer A et al. (1982) Topical bioavailability of methylsalicylate.
Austr New Zealand J Med 12: 303--305
Yano T, Kanetake T, Saita M et al. (1991) Effects of l-menthol and dl-camphor on the
penetration and hydrolysis of methyl salicylate in hairless mouse skin. J Pharmacobiodyn
12: 663--669
Nabumeton
Barnett J, Chow J, Ives D et al. (1994) Purification, characterization and selective inhibition
of human prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 expressed in the baculovirus system.
Biochimia Biophysica Acta 1209: 130--139
Brier ME, Sloan RS, Aronoff GR (1995) Population pharmacokinetics of the active
metabolite of nabumetone in renal dysfunction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 57(6): 622--627
Jeremy JY, Thompson CS, Mikhailidis DP (1990) Effect of the antiinflammatory prodrug,
nabumetone and its principal active metabolite on rat gastric mucosal, aortic and platelet
eicosanoid synthesis, in vitro and ex vivo. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 41(3):
195--199
Laneuville O, Breuer DK, deWitt DL et al. (1994) Differential inhibition of human
prostaglandin endoperoxde H synthases-1 and –2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics 271(2): 927--934
Lister BJ, Poland M, DeLapp RE (1993) Efficacy of nabumetone versus diclofenac, naproxen,
ibuprofen, and piroxicam in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 95(2A): 2S-9S
Meade EA, Smith WL, deWitt DL (1993) Differential inhibition of prostaglandin
endoperoxide synthase (Cyclooxygenase) isoenzymes by aspirin and other non-steroidal
antiinflammatory drugs. J Biol Chem 268(9): 6610-- 6614
Melarange R, Gentry C, O'Connell C (1992) Anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal effects of
nabumetone or its active metabolite, 6MNA (6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid):
comparison with indomethacin. Agents Actions Spec No: C82-- 83
Melarange R, Spangler R, Hoult JR (1996) The in vitro effects of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic
acid, the active metabolite of nabumetone, on rat gastric mucosal eicosanoid synthesis and
metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 55(3): 195--200
Salsalat
Anonymous (1989) Does the acetyl group of aspirin contribute to the antiinflammatory
efficacy of salicylic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? The Multicenter
Salsalate/Aspirin Comparison Study Group. J Rheumatol 3: 321--327
Atkinson MH, Ménard HA, Kalish GH (1995) Assessment of salsalate, a nonacetylated
salicylate, in the treatment of patients with arthritis. Clin Ther 5: 827--837
Bianchi Porro G, Petrillo M, Ardizzone S (1989) Salsalate in the treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis: a double-blind clinical and gastroscopic trial versus piroxicam. II. Endoscopic
evaluation. J Int Med Res 4: 320--323
Bombardier C, Peloso PM, Goldsmith CH (1995) Salsalate, a nonacetylated salicylate, is as
efficacious as diclofenac in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Salsalate-Diclofenac Study
Group. J Rheumatol 4: 617--624
Cryer B, Goldschmiedt M, Redfern JS et al. (1990) Comparison of salsalate and aspirin on
mucosal injury and gastroduodenal mucosal prostaglandins. Gastroenterology 99(6): 1616-1621
Dromgoole SH, Cassell S, Furst DE et al. (1983) Availability of salicylate from salsalate and
aspirin.Clin Pharmacol Ther 34(4): 539--545
Dromgoole SH, Furst DE, Paulus HE (1984) Metabolism of salsalate in normal subjects. J
Pharm Sci 73(11): 1657--1659
Harrison LI, Funk ML, Re ON et al. (1981) Absorption, biotransformation and
pharmacokinetics of salicylsalicylic acid in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 21: 401--404
Latham BB, Horst E, Nankin H et al. (1993) Case report: abnormal thyroid function tests in a
patient and two normal volunteers treated with salsalate. Am J Med Sci 305(2): 111--113
Lisse JR, Lavery JP, Goeken NE (1993) Salsalate-induced pancytopenia in a patient with
systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Allergy 70(3): 206--209
McPherson TC (1984) Salsalate for arthritis: a clinical evaluation. Clin Ther 6(4): 388--403
Montrone F, Caruso I, Cazzola M (1989) Salsalate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a
double-blind clinical and gastroscopic trial versus piroxicam. I. Clinical trial. J Int Med
Res 4: 316--319
Nordquist P (1976) Disalicylsäure. Akta Goront 6: 31--36
Regalado RG (1978) The use of salsalate for control of long-term musculo-skeletal pain: an
open, non comparative assessment. Curr Med Res Opin 5: 454--460
Seymour RA, Rawlins MD, Clothier A (1984) The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of sodium
salizylate in post-operative dental pain. Br J Clin Pharmacol 17: 161--163
Singleton PT (1980) Salsalate: its role in the management of rheumatic disease. Clin Ther 3:
80--102
Sweeney JD, Hoernig LA (1991) Hemostatic effects of salsalate in normal subjects and
patients with hemophilia A. Thromb Res 61(1): 23--27
Williams ME, Weinblatt M, Rosa RM et al. (1986) Salsalate kinetics in patients with chronic
renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39: 420--424
Acetylsalizylsäure, Aspirin
Amrein PC, Ellman L, Harris WH (1981) Aspirin-induced prolongation of bleeding time and
perioperative blood loss. JAMA 245(18): 1825--1828
Antognini JF (1993) Intrathecal acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin are not analgesic for a
supramaximal stimulus. Anesth Analg 76: 1079--1082
Benigni A, Gregorini G, Frusca T et al. (1989) Effect of low-dose aspirin on fetal and
maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for pregnancy-induced
hypertension. New Engl J Med 321: 357--362
Botey J, Navarro C, Marín A et al. (1988) Aspirin-induced asthma in children. Allergol
Immunopathol (Madr) 3: 145--149
Burch JW, Baenziger NL, Stanford N et al. (1978) Sensitivity of fatty acid cyclooxygenase
from human aorta to acetylation by aspirin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75(10): 5181--5184
Burch JW, Stanford N, Majerus PW (1978) Inhibition of platelet prostaglandin synthetase by
oral aspirin. J Clin Invest 61: 314--319
Cancer Pain Relief. WHO, Genf 1986
Castano E, Dalmau M, Martí M et al. (1997) Inhibition of DNA synthesis by aspirin in Swiss
3T3 fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280(1): 366--372
Catania A, Arnold J, Macaluso A et al. (1991) Inhibition of acute inflammation in the
periphery by central actions of salicylates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8544--8547
Cerletti C, Gambino MC, Garattini S et al. (1986) Biochemical selectivity of oral versus
intravenous aspirin in rats: inhibition by oral aspirin of cyclooxygenase activity in platelets
and presystemic but not systemic vessels. J Clin Invest 78: 323--326
Clarke RJ, Mayo G, Price P et al. (1991) Suppression of Thromboxane A2 but not of systemic
prostacyclin by controlled-release aspirin. New Engl J Med 325: 1137--1141
Clissold SP (1986) Aspirin and related derivatives of salicylic acid. Drugs 32(S4): 8--26
Cohen MM, Clark L, Armstrong L et al. (1985) Reduction of aspirin-induced fecal blood loss
with low-dose misoprostol tablets in man. Digestive Dis Sci 30: 605--611
Cowburn AS, Sladek K, Soja J et ald. (1998) Overexpression of leukotriene C4 synthase in
bronchial biopsies from patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma. J Clin Invest 101(4): 834-846
Deykin D, Janson P, McMahon L (1982) Ethanol potentiation of aspirin-induced prolongation
of the bleeding time. New Engl J Med 306: 852--854
Ferreri NR, Howland WC, Stevenson DD et al. (1988) Release of leukotrienes,
prostaglandins, and histamine into nasal secretions of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics during
reaction to aspirin. Am Rev Respir Dis 137(4): 847--854
Fisher M (1986) Aspirin, anticoagulants, and hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic infarction:
hypothesis and implications Bull Clin Neurosci 51: 68--72
Flower RJ, Vane JR (1972) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the
antipyretic activity of paracetamol (4 acetamidophenol). Nature 240: 410--411
Fries JF, Ramey DR, Singh G et al. (1993) A reevaluation of aspirin therapy in rheumatoid
arthritis. Arch Intern Med 153(21): 2465--2471
Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T (1991) Starting aspirin therapy after operation. Effects on
early graft patency. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group Circulation
84(2): 520--526
Goodman SG, Langer A, Durica SS et al. (1994) Safety and anticoagulation effect of a lowdose combination of warfarin and aspirin in clinically stable coronary artery disease.
(Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction (CARS) Pilot Study Group) Am J Cardiol 74(7): 657-661
Groppetti A, Braga PC, Biella G et al. (1988) Effect of aspirin on serotonin and metenkephalin in brain: correlation with the antinociceptive activity of the drug.
Neuropharmacol 27: 499--505
Guilbaud G, Iggo A (1985) The effect of lysine acetylsalicylate on joint capsule
mechanoreceptors in rats with polyarthritis. Exp Brain Res 61: 164--168
Hafner J, de Moerloose P, Bounameaux H (1996) Oral anticoagulation alone or in
combination with aspirin: risks and benefits. Vasa 25(1): 1--12
Harter HR, Burch JW, Majerus PW et al. (1979) Prevention of thrombosis in patients on
hemodialysis by low-dose aspirin. N Engl J Med 301(11): 577--579
Heppelmann B, Pfeffer A, Schaible HG et al. (1986) Effects of acetylsalicylic acid and
indomethacin on single groups III and IV sensory units from acutely inflamed joints. Pain
3: 337--351
Hood K, Gleeson D, Ruppin DC (1988) Prevention of gallstone recurrence by non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 2(8622): 1223--1235
Hopper S, Pierce M (1998) Aspirin after myocardial infarction: the importance of over-thecounter use. Fam Pract S1: S10--13
Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Schroeder DR et al. (1995) Preoperative antiplatelet therapy does
not increase the risk of spinal hematoma associated with regional anesthesia Anesth Analg
80(2): 303--309
Hunskaar S, Fasmer OB, Hole K (1985) Acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and morphine
inhibit behavioral responses to intrathecally administered substance P or capsaicin. Life Sci
37(19): 1835--1841
Jones RM, Cashman JN, Foster JMG et al. (1985) Comparison of infusions of morphine and
lysine acetyl salicylate for the relief of pain following thoracic surgery. Br J Anaesth 57:
259--263
Kanada SA, Kolling WM, Hindin BI (1978) Aspirin hepatotoxicity. Am J Hosp Pharm 35(3):
330--336
Karsh J (1990) Adverse reactions and interactions with aspirin. Considerations in the
treatment of the elderly patient. Drug Saf 5: 317--327
King RB (1993) Topical aspirin in chloroform and the relief of pain due to herpes zoster and
postherpetic neuralgia. Arch Neurol 50(10): 1046--1053
Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Leon LR et al. (1995) Cytokines and fever. Neuroimmunomodulation
4: 216--2123
Kurowski M, Brune K (1992): Other unwanted side effects and drug interactions with aspirin
and other salicylates. 22.4 Liver toxicity. In: Salicylates and other salicylates (Vane JR,
Botting RM, eds.), Chapman & Hall, Ch 22: 583--584
Kyrle PA, Westwick J, Scully MF et al. (1987) Investigation of the interaction of blood
platelets with the coagulation system at the site of plug formation in vivo in man-effect of
low dose aspirin. Thromb Haemost 57: 62--65
Lawrence C, Sakuntabhai A, Tiling-Grosse S (1994) Effect of aspirin and nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drug therapy on bleeding complications in dermatologic surgical patients
J Am Acad Dermatol 6: 988--992
Lee SP, Carey MC, La Mont (1981) Aspirin prevention of gallstone formation in prairie dogs.
Science 211: 1429--1430
Locke GE, Giorgio EJ, Biggers SL et al. (1976) Acute spinal epidural hematoma secondary to
aspirin induced prolonged bleeding. Surg Neurol 5: 293--296
Luheshi G, Rothwell N (1996) Cytokines and fever. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 109(4): 301-307
MacDonald R (1991) Aspirin and extradural blocks. Br J Anaesth 66: 1--3
Martin C, Varner MW, Branch DW et al. (1996) Dose-related effects of low dose aspirin on
hemostasis parameters and prostacyclin/thromboxane ratios in late pregnancy.
Prostaglandins 51(5): 321--330
McAteer E, Dundee JW (1981) Injectable aspirin as a postoperative analgesic. Br J Anaesth
53: 1069--1971
Millar FA, Mackenzie A, Hutchison G et al. (1996) Hemostasis-altering drugs and central
neural block. A survey of anesthetic practice in Scotland and the United Kingdom. Reg
Anesth 6: 529--533
Milton AS (1992) Antipyretic actions of aspirin. In: Aspirin and other salicylates (Vane JR,
Botting RM, eds.), Chapman & Hall (London), Ch 9: 213--244
Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C et al. (1993) Selectivity of nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(24): 11693--11697
Morris HG, Sherman NA, McQuain C et al. (1985) Effects of salsalate (nonacetylated
salicylate) and aspirin on serum prostaglandins in humans. Ther Drug Monitor 7: 435--438
Ogino S, Harada T, Okawachi I et al. (1986) Aspirin-induced asthma and nasal polyps. Acta
Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 430: 21--27
O'Laughlin JC, Hoftiezer JW, Mahoney JP et al. (1981) Does aspirin prolong bleeding from
gastric biopsies in man? Gastrointest Endosc 1: 1--5
O'Leary DP, LaMorte WW, Scott TE (1991) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis fails to
prevent gallbladder mucin hypersecretion in the cholesterol-fed prairie dog
Gastroenterology 101(3): 812--820
O'Sullivan G (1990) Regional anesthesia and aspirin. Letter. Anesthesiology 73(2): 359--360
Pedersen AK, Fitzgerald GA (1984) Dose-related kinetics of aspirin. Presystemic acetylation
of platelet cyclo-oxygenase. New Engs J Med 311: 1206--121
Power I (1993) Aspirin-induced asthma. Editorial. Br J Anaesth 71: 619--621
Pryle BJ, Carter JA, Cadoux-Hudson T (1996) Delayed paraplegia following spinal
anaesthesia. Spinal subdural haematoma following dural puncture with a 25 G pencil point
needle at T12-L1 in a patient taking aspirin. Anaesthesia 51(3): 263--265
Reilly IA, FitzGerald GA (1988) Aspirin in cardiovascular disease. Drugs 35(2): 154--176
Reimann IW, Golbs E, Fischer C et al. (1985) Influence of intravenous acetylsalicylic acid
and sodium salicylate on human renal function and lithium clearance. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 29: 435--441
Rhodes M, Lennard JWJ, Dowling RH et al. (1991) Inhibition of gallbladder mucus synthesis
in cholecystectomy patients using preoperative aspirin. Gastroenterology 100 : A337
Roine R, Gentry RT, Hernandez-Munoz R et al. (1990) Aspirin increases blood alcohol
concentrations in humans after ingestion of ethanol. JAMA 264: 2406--2408
Rooney TW, Furst DE, Koehnke R (1993) Aspirin is not associated with more toxicity than
other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with
methotrexate. J Rheumatol 8: 1297--1302
Ross-Lee LM, Eadie MJ, Heazlewood V et al. (1983) Aspirin pharmacokinetics in migraine.
The effect of metoclopramide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24(6): 777--785
Rumack CM, Guggenheim MA, Rumack BH et al. (1981) Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage
and maternal use of aspirin. Obstet Gynecol 58(S): S52--S56
Sauer W, Schwagmeier R, Nolte H (1992) Dauermedikation mit Acetylsalicylsäure. Ein
problem für die Regionalanästhesie? Anaesthesist 41(8): 489--493
Scher KS (1996) Unplanned reoperation for bleeding. Am Surg 62(1) 52--55
Schiff E, Peleg E, Goldenberg M et al. (1989) The use of aspirin to prevent pregnancy
induced hypertension and lower the ratio of thromboxyne A2 to prostacyclin in relatively
high risk pregnancies. New Eng J Med 321: 351--356
Seideman P, Müller-Suur R (1993) Renal effects of aspirin and low dose methotrexate in
rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 52(8): 613--615
Shyu KW, Lin MT (1985) Hypothalamic monoaminergic mechanisms of aspirin-induced
analgesia in monkeys. J Neural Transm 62(3--4): 285--293
Shyu KW, Lin MT, Wu TC (1984) Central serotoninergic neurons: their possible role in the
development of dental pain and aspirin-induced analgesia in monkeys. Exp Neurol 84:
179--187
Shyu KW, Lin MT, Wu TC (1984) Possible role of central serotoninergic neurons in the
development of dental pain and aspirin-induced analgesia in the monkey. Exp Neurol
84(1): 179--187
Sibai BM, Caritis SN, Thom E et al. (1995) Low-dose aspirin in nulliparous women: safety of
continuous epidural block and correlation between bleeding time and maternal-neonatal
bleeding complications. National Institute of Child Health and Human Developmental
Maternal-Fetal Medicine Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172(5): 1553--1557
Slapke J, Jäger L (1977) Prostaglandine und Asthma bronchiale. Allerg Immunol (Leipz)
23(4): 244--254
Slattery J, Warlow CP, Shorrock CJ et al. (1995) Risks of gastrointestinal bleeding during
secondary prevention of vascular events with aspirin--analysis of gastrointestinal bleeding
during the UK-TIA trial. Gut 37(4): 509--511
Stanley ED, Jackson GG, Panusarn C et al. (1975) Increased virus shedding with aspirin
treatment of rhinovirus infection. JAMA 231: 1248--1251
Steen KH, Reeh PW, Kreysel HW (1995) Topical acetylsalicylic, salicylic acid and
indomethacin suppress pain from experimental tissue acidosis in human skin. Pain 62(3):
339--347
Szczeklik (1992) Aspirin-induced asthma. In: Aspirin and other salicylates (Vane JR, Botting
RM, eds.), Chapman & Hall; Ch 21: 548--575
Taiwo YO, Levine JD (1986) Indomethacin blocks central nociceptive effects of PGF2 alpha.
Brain Res 373(1--2): 81--84
Taiwo YO, Levine JD (1988) Prostaglandins inhibit endogenous pain control mechanisms by
blocking transmission at spinal noradrenergic synapses. J Neurosci 4: 1346--1349
Uzan S, Beaufils M, Breart G et al. (1991) Prevention of fetal growth retardation with lowdose aspirin: findings of the EPREDA trial Lancet 337(8755): 1427--1431
Vane R, Botting RM, eds. (1992) Aspirin and other Salicylates, Chapman & Hall.
Walsh SW (1985) Pre-eclampsia: An imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane
production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152: 335--340
Walsh SW, Wang Y, Kay HH et al. (1992) Low-dose aspirin inhibits lipid peroxides and
thromboxane but not prostacyclin in pregnant women Am J Obstet Gynecol 167(4 Pt 1):
926--930
Walter E, Staiger C (1980) Sulphinpyrazone, aspirin, and uric acid [letter] Lancet 1(8178):
1131
Wehmeier A, Kliche KO (1992) Fieber: Ausdruck der zytokinvermittelten Abwehrreaktion.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr 117(28--29): 1105--1109
Werner W, Schubert J Präoperative ASS-Therapie--eine Kontraindikation zur
Nierentransplantation? Zentralbl Chir 122(5): 374--377
Yaksh TL (1982) Central and peripheral mechanisms for the analgesic action of
acetylsalicylic acid. In: acetylsalicylic acid: new uses for an old drug (Barett HJM, Hirsh J,
Mustard JF, eds.), Raven Press (NY), pp 137--151
Yosipovitch G, Ademola J, Lui P et al. (1997) Topically applied aspirin rapidly decreases
histamine-induced itch. Acta Derm Venereol 77(1): 46--48
Zambraski EJ, Dunn MJ (1992) Renal effects of aspirin. In: Aspirin and other salicylates
(Vane JR, Botting RM, eds): Chapman & Hall, 1992; ch 19: 510--530
Zhu JP, Davidsen MB, Meyhoff HH (1995) Aspirin, a silent risk factor in urology. Scand J
Urol Nephrol 4: 369--74
Etofenamat
Degenhardt A, Zick C, Hausen BM (1988) Allergische Kontaktdermatitis auf Etofenamat. Z
Hautkr 63(6): 475--478
Dell HD, Beckermann B, Fiedler J et al. (1990) Renale Elimination und Metabolismus von
Etofenamat bei Probanden nach intramuskulärer Applikation verschiedener Dosen.
Arzneimittelforschung 40(3): 311--316
Dell HD, Doersing M, Fischer W et al. (1981) Zum Metabolismus von Etofenamat.
Identifizierung und Analytik der Metaboliten, deren pharmakologische Eigenschaften
sowie Speziesabhängigkeit des Etofenamat-Metabolismus. Arzneimittelforschung 31(1): 9-116
Hergueta JP, Ortiz FJ, Iglesias L (1990) Allergic contact dermatitis from etofenamate: report
of 9 cases. Contact Dermatitis 31(1): 60--62
Lentjes EG, van Ginneken CA (1987) Pharmacokinetics of flufenamic acid in man. Int J Clin
Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 4: 185--187
Spallek W (1990) Allergisches Kontaktekzem auf Etofenamat und Latschenkiefernöl.
Sportverletz Sportschaden 2: 96--8
Floctafenin
Vanhille P, Lemaitre V, Fleury D et al. (1984) Granulomatous interstitial nephritis after
floctafenin.Correspondence Clin Nephrol 4: 213
Jonkhoff AR, Stricker BH (1990) Anafylactische reacties na gebruik van floctafenine. Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd 134(17): 863--865
Moesch C, Rince M, Raby C et al. (1987) Identification d'un métabolite de la floctafénine
dans un calcul urinaire. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 45(5): 546--550
Flufenaminsäure
Bahmer FA, Loth H, Wild T (1990) Penetration and enrichment of flufenamic acid in calf
skin from patients with stasis dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 70(5): 445--448
Gögelein H, Dahlem D, Englert HC et al. (1990) Flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid and
niflumic acid inhibit single nonselective cation channels in the rat exocrine pancreas.
FEBS Lett 268(1): 79--82
Kagan G, Huddlestone L, Wolstencroft P (1981) Flufenamic acid and placebo compared in
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Int Med Res 9(4): 253--256
Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E, Vapaatalo H (1994) Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs on polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions in vitro: focus on fenamates. Naunyn
Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 350(6): 685--691
Lentjes EG, van Ginneken CA (1987) Pharmacokinetics of flufenamic acid in man. Int J Clin
Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 25(4): 185--187
Mathies H, Eichhorn M (1967) Beurteilung der therapeutischen Wirkung der Flufenaminsäure
bei Patienten mit chronischer Polyarthritis im Doppelbindversuch. Med Monatsschr 11:
510--516
Nowack H, Eckenberger HP (1986) Nachweis von kutan applizierter Flufenaminsäure im
Innenraum des Kniegelenkes. Arzneimittelforschung 36(10): 1550--1552
Ottolia M, Toro L (1994) Potentiation of large conductance KCa channels by niflumic,
flufenamic, and mefenamic acids. Biophys J 67(6): 2272--2279
Poronnik P, Ward MC, Cook DI (1992) Intracellular Ca2+ release by flufenamic acid and
other blockers of the non-selective cation channel. FEBS Lett 296(3): 245--248
Seligra A, Inglés F (1990) A comparative study of naproxen gel and flufenamic acid gel in the
treatment of soft tissue injuries. Curr Med Res Opin 12(4): 249 – 254
Glafenin
Andrieu J, Audebrand C, Chassaigne M et al. (1976) Anémie hémolytique et insuffisance
rénale imputables à la glafénine. Nouv Presse Méd 5: 2394--2395
Barral C, Faivre M (1975) Accidents anaphylactiques imputés a la glafénine. Cinq cas Nouv
Presse Med 4(39): 2797--2798
Bosset JF, Perriguey G, Rozenbaum G et al. (1979) Thrombopénie aiguë récidivante après
prise de glafénine. Une observation. Nouv Presse Méd 8(19):1606
Cheymol G, Biour M, Bruneel M et al. (1985) Bilan d'une enquête nationale prospective sur
les effets indésirables de la glafénine, de l'antrafénine et de la floctafénine. Thérapie 40:
45--50
Chivrac D, Marti R, Fournier A et al. (1974) Hémolyse immuno-allergique compliquée
d'insuffisance rénale aiguë après ingestion de glafénine. Nouv Presse Méd 3(41--43): 2578
Daudon M, Protat MF, Reveillaud RJ (1983) Toxicité rénale de la glafénine chez l'homme:
calculs rénaux et insuffisance rénale aigue. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 41(2): 105--111
Davido A, Hallali P, Boutchnei T (1989) Les chocs a la glafénine. A propos de sept accidents.
Rev Med Interne 10(2): 113--117
Faveret C, Metzger F, Desjeux H (1975) A propos de 2 cas de choc après absorption de
glafénine. Rev Fr Allergol 15: 239
Gaultier M, Bismuth C, Efthymiou ML et al. (1972) Néphropathie tubulo-interstitielle aigue
au cours d'une intoxication par la glafénine. Eur J Toxicol Hyg Environ 5: 310--315
Maesen F, Mol MJ et al. (1976) Glafenine en nefrotoxiciteit Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 120(30):
1300--1303
Michaud JL, Doublet L (1976) Choc induit par la glafénine. Six nouveaux cas. Nouv Presse
Méd 5(11): 716
Proesmans W, Sina JK, Debucquoy P et al. (1981) Recurrent acute renal failure due to
nonaccidental poisoning with glafenin in a child. Clin Nephrol 4: 207--210
Renier JC, Boasson M, Pitois M et al. (1975) Insuffisance rénale aiguë récidivante après
ingestion de glafénine à dose thérapeutique. Nouv Presse Méd 4: 670--671
Réveillaud RJ, Daudon M, Protat MF et al. (1980) Calculs pyéliques d'acide glafénique chez
deux patientes traitées de facon prolongée par des analgésiques. Nephrologie 1(1): 3--8
Roux M, Dupuy F, Jouglard J (1978) Manifestations allergiques à la floctafénine et à la
glafénine. Conc Méd 100: 81
Rozen J, Homberg JC, Offenstadt G et al. (1978) Insuffisance rénale aiguë à la glafénine.
Mise en évidence d'anticorps par test de Coombs en présence de médicaments. Nouv
Presse Méd 7: 3255--3256
Sentilhes C (1978) Etats de choc induits par la glafénine et ses dérivés. Rev Odontostomatol
(Paris) 3: 225--226
Stork J (1976) Glafenine en nefrotoxiciteit Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 120(8): 338--340
Meclofenaminsäure
Ambrus JL, Halpern J, Baerwald H et al. (1985) Cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase
inhibitors may substitute for steroid treatment in brain oedema. Letter. Lancet2(8447):
148--149
Bellamy N, Kean WF, Buchanan WW (1992) Double blind randomized controlled trial of
sodium meclofenamate (Meclomen) and diclofenac sodium (Voltaren): post validation
reapplication of the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index. J Rheumatol 1: 153--159
Bucci MN, Black KL, Hoff JT (1990) Arachidonic acid metabolite production following focal
cerebral ischemia: time course and effect of meclofenamate. Surg Neurol 1990 Jan 33(1):
12--14
Conroy MC, Randinitis EJ, Turner JL (1991) Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and
therapeutic use of meclofenamate sodium. Clin J Pain 7(1): S44--S48
Eberl R, Dunky A (1983) Meclofenamate sodium in the treatment of acute gout. Results of a
double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung 33(4A): 641--643
Ebner W, Poal Ballarin JM, Boussina I (1983) Meclofenamate sodium in the treatment of
ankylosing spondylitis. Report of a European double-blind controlled multicenter study.
33(4A): 660--663
Fernandez-Rivas M, de la Hoz B, Cuevas M et al. (1993) Hypersensitivity reactions to
anthranilic acid derivatives. Ann Allergy 71(6): 515--518
Fernandez-Rivas M, de la Hoz B, Cuevas M et al. (1993) Hypersensitivity reactions to
anthranilic acid derivatives. Ann Allergy 71(6): 515--518
Gallardo F, Rossi E (1992) Effects of sodium meclofenamate on postoperative pain following
periodontal surgery. J Periodontol 63(3): 166--168
Giglio JA, Laskin DM (1990) Double-blind comparison of meclofenamate sodium plus
codeine, meclofenamate sodium, codeine, and placebo for relief of pain following surgical
removal of third molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48(8): 785--790
Harrington TM, Davis DE (1983) Erythema multiforme induced by meclofenamate sodium
(Meclomen). Letter. J Rheumatol 1: 169--170
Hersh EV, Cooper S, Betts N et al. (1993) Single dose and multidose analgesic study of
ibuprofen and meclofenamate sodium after third molar surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol 76(6): 680--687
Koup JR, Tucker E, Thomas DJ et al. (1990) A single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic and
metabolism study of meclofenamate sodium. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1: 1--15
Mele C, Fontanesi G (1993) Valutazione comparativa sulla remissione del dolore
lombosciatalgico acuto dopo trattamento con acido meclofenamico e naprossene. Clin Ter
142(2): 107--113
Moeller DD (1987) Steatorrhea associated with meclofenamate sodium therapy. Am J
Gastroenterol 82(12): 1320--1321
Mongini F, Bona G, Garnero M (1993) Efficacy of meclofenamate sodium versus placebo in
headache and craniofacial pain. Headache 33(1): 22--28
Pellegrini P (1991) Clinical experiences in the treatment of pain in rheumatology. Clin J Pain
7(S1): S77--S80
Petrick TJ, Black ME (1983) Double-blind multicenter studies with meclofenamate sodium in
the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States and Canada.
Arzneimittelforschung 33(4A): 631--635
Rowe NH, Aseltine LF, Turner JL (1985) Control of pain with meclofenamate sodium
following removal of an impacted molar Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 59(5): 446--448
Santalla Pecina F, Gómez Huelgas R, Sánchez Robles C (1991) Sodium meclofenamateinduced esophageal ulcerations. Letter Am J Gastroenterol 86(6): 786--897
Stadler I, Kapui Z, Ambrus JL (1994) Study of the mechanisms of action of sodium
meclofenamic acid (Meclomen) a "double inhibitor" of the arachidonic acid cascade. J
Med 25(6): 371--382
Vecchiet L, Colozzi A (1991) Effects of meclofenamic acid in the treatment of lesions
deriving from minor traumatology. Clin J Pain 7(S1): S54--S59
Wishner AJ, Milburn PB (1985) Meclofenamate sodium-induced agranulocytosis and
suppression of erythropoiesis . J Am Acad Dermatol 6: 1052--1053
Nifluminsäure
Alessandri JL, Abossolo T, Reynaud I et al. (1994) Anti-inflammatoires non stéroidiens et
grossesse. Etude sur la toxicité rénale et digestive en période périnatale de l'acide
niflumique. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 23(7): 813--818
André JL, Hanesse B, Krier MJ et al. (1995) Insuffisance rénale aigue réversible lors du
traitement d'infections ORL par l'acide niflumique. Arch Pediatr 7: 699--700
Berge Henegouwen GP van, Hartman AP, Werre JM et al. (1974) Icterus door nifluminezuur
(Inflaryl) Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 118(32): 1229--1232
Boboc B, Larrey D, Bernuau J et al. (1987) Hépatite aigue probablement due a l'acide
niflumique. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2: 175--176
Böhmer R, Mahn B (1982) Medikamentös induzierte benigne Osophagusstenose. Med Welt
33(38): 1320--1322
Bonvoisin B, Bouvier M, Meunier PJet al. (1982) Ostéomalacie histologique induite par
l'administration prolongée d'acide niflumique. Correspondence.Nouv Presse Med 11(21):
1636
Chevallier B, Baudet V, Doumaz Y, et al. (1992) Insuffisance rénale néonatale secondaire a la
prise d'acide niflumique pendant la grossesse. Arch Fr Pediatr 49(9): 841
de Cornelissen F, Marty L, Cadene C et al. (1989) Intoxication fluorée secondaire a un
traitement prolongé par l'acide niflumique chez une dialysée. Nephrologie 10(2): 94--95
de Suremain N, Le Roux P, Smith-Xiberras F et al. (1995) Toxidermie médicamenteuse avec
l'acide niflumique. Arch Pediatr 7: 698
Elgart ML (1981) Acanthosis nigricans and nicotinic acid. Correspondence J Am Acad
Dermatol 6: 709--710
Grob JJ, Collet AM, Bonerandi JJ (1989) Dermatomyositis-like syndrome induced by
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Dermatologica 178(1): 58--59
Hummel P, Treves R, Le Goff JJ et al. (1983) A propos d'un cas d'ostéopathie fluorée induite
par l'acide niflumique. Ann Radiol (Paris) 8: 687--690
Kallenberg CG, Roenhorst HW (1979) Agranulocytose door nifluminezuur (Inflaryl). Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd 123(28): 1207--1208
Meunier PJ, Courpron P, Smoller JS et al. (1980) Niflumic acid-induced skeletal fluorosis:
iatrogenic disease or therapeutic perspective for osteoporosis? Clin Orthop 148: 304--309
Prost A, Hamelin JP, Carlier N et al. 1978) Ostéoses fluorées apres traitements tres prolongés
(9 et 10 ans) par l'acide niflumique. Nouv Presse Med 7(3): 754--755
Renner W, Rupek R (1972) Der Einfluss von Nifluminsäure auf gynäkologische
Erkrankungen. Med Welt 23(41): 1434--1435
Texier-Bardon F (1980) A propos de l'ostéose fluorée observée apres traitement prolongé par
l'acide niflumique. Correspondence. Nouv Presse Med 9(22): 1586
Tolfenaminsäure
Autio P, Stubb S (1994) Acta Derm Venereol 74(1) 76. Betr. UAW wirkstoffinduzierte
vesiculobuläre Hauteruptionen
Hansen PE (1994) Tolfenamic acid in acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine: a review.
Pharmacol Toxicol 75 (S2): 81--22
Isomäki H (1994) Tolfenamic acid: clinical experience in rheumatic diseases. Pharmacol
Toxicol 75 (S2): 64--65
Kajander A, Martio J, Mutru O et al. (1976) Prolonged treatment with tolfenamic acid in
inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Scand J Rheumatol 5(3): 158--160
Kjaersgard Rasmussen MJ, Holt Larsen B, Borg L et al. (1994) Tolfenamic acid versus
propranolol in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Acta Neurol Scand 89(6): 446--50
Larsen BH, Christiansen LV, Andersen B (1990) Randomized double-blind comparison of
tolfenamic acid and paracetamol in migraine. Acta Neurol Scand 81(5): 464--467
Lindén IB, Parantainen J, Vapaatalo H (1976) Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by
tolfenamic acid in vitro. Scand J Rheumatol 5(3): 129--132
Mickley H, Amtrup F (1981) Leverpavirkning under tolfenamsyrebehandling. Ugeskr Laeger
143(32): 2036--2037
Nakatsumi Y, Nomura M, Yasui M et al. (1993) Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 10:
1322 – 1326 (betr. UAW wirkstoffinduzierte eosinophile Pneumonitis)
Pedersen SB (1994) Biopharmaceutical aspects of tolfenamic acid. Pharmacol Toxicol 75
(S2): 22--32
Proudman KE, McMillan RM (1991) Are tolfenamic acid and tenidap dual inhibitors of 5lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase? Agents Actions 34(1-2): 121--124
Rejholec V, Vapaatalo H, Tokola O et al. (1980) Tolfenamic acid in ankylosing
spondylarthritis: a double-blind comparison to indomethacin. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 36:
1--7
Sorensen K, Christiansen LV (1977) Long-term therapy with tolfenamic acid pINN. A
clinical and toxicological study with special reference to clinical and chemical laboratory
parameters. Scand J Rheumatol S20: 1--7
Strömberg C, Palva E, Alhava E et al. (1987) Pulmonary infiltrations induced by tolfenamic
acid. Letter. Lancet 2(8560): 685 (betr. UAW Pneumonitis)
Tokola RA, Kangasniemi P, Neuvonen PJ et al. (1984) Tolfenamic acid, metoclopramide,
caffeine and their combinations in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 4: 253-263
Tuuponen T, Ruotsalainen EM, Rusanen E (1988) Tolfenaamihapon aiheuttama
keuhkomuutos. Duodecim 104(10): 773--777 (Engl. Abstrakt: betrifft: UAW fibrosierende
Pneumonitis)
Bromfenac
Boni JP, Cevallos WH, DeCleene S et al. (1997) The influence of bromfenac on the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic responses to glyburide in diabetic subjects.
Pharmacotherapy 4: 783--790
Boni JP, DeCleene SA, Cevallos WH et al. (1997) Effects of age and gender on the
pharmacokinetics of bromfenac in healthy volunteers. Ann Pharmacother 4: 400--405
Boström AA, Forbes JA, Adolfsson C et al. (1994) Evaluation of bromfenac and ibuprofen for
pain after orthopedic surgery. Pharmacotherapy 14(3): 305--313
Carroll D, Frankland T, Nagle C et al. (1993) Oral bromfenac 10 and 25 mg compared with
sublingual buprenorphine 0.2 and 0.4 mg for postoperative pain relief. Br J Anaesth 71:
814--817
Chiang ST, Ermer JC, Osman M et al. (1996) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic
relationships of bromfenac in mice and humans. Pharmacotherapy 6: 1179--1187
Cleene SA (1997) Absolute bioavailability of bromfenac in humans. Ann Pharmacother 4:
395--399
Cohen A (1995) Gastrointestinal blood loss induced by bromfenac sodium, aspirin, and
placebo. Clin Ther 6: 1110--1117
Ermer JC, Boni JP, Cevallos WH et al. (1997) Bromfenac disposition in patients with
impaired kidney function Clin Pharmacol Ther 61(3): 312--318
Forbes JA, Beaver WT, Jones KF et al. (1992) Analgesic efficacy of bromfenac, ibuprofen,
and aspirin in postoperative oral surgery pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51(3): 343--352
Forbes JA, Beaver WT, Jones KF et al. (1992) Analgesic efficacy of bromfenac, ibuprofen,
and aspirin in postoperative oral surgery pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 343--352
Forbes JA, Sandberg RA, Bood-Björklund L (1998) The effect of food on bromfenac,
naproxen sodium, and acetaminophen in postoperative pain after orthopedic surgery.
Pharmacotherapy 3: 492--503
Gumbhir-Shah K, Cevallos WH, DeCleene SA et al. (1997) Absolute bioavailability of
bromfenac in humans. Ann Pharmacother 4: 395--399
Gumbhir-Shah K, Cevallos WH, DeCleene SA et al. (1997) Evaluation of pharmacokinetic
interaction between bromfenac and phenytoin in healthy males. J Clin Pharmacol 37(2):
160--168
Gumbhir-Shah K, Cevallos WH, DeCleene SA et al. 1996) Lack of interaction between
bromfenac and methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 6: 984--989
Johnson GH, Van Wagoner JD, Brown J et al. (1997) Bromfenac sodium,
acetaminophen/oxycodone, ibuprofen, and placebo for relief of postoperative pain. Clin
Ther 3: 507 – 519
McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Frankland T et al. (1990) Bromfenac, acetaminophen, and placebo in
orthopedic postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47(6): 760--766
McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Frankland T et al. (1990) Bromfenac, acetaminophen , and placebo in
ortopedic postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47: 760--766
Mehlisch DR (1998) Double-blind, single-dose comparison of bromfenac sodium, tramadol,
and placebo after oral surgery. J Clin Pharmacol 38(5): 455--462
Mehlisch DR, Fulmer RI (1997) A crossover comparison of bromfenac sodium, naproxen
sodium, and placebo for the relief of pain from primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Women's
Health 6(1): 83--92
Nolan JC, Osman MA, Cheng LK et al. (1990) Bromfenac, a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug: relationship between the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity and
plasma drug levels in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254(1): 104--108
Nolan JC, Wagner LE, Gathright CE et al. (1988) The topical anti-inflammatory and
analgesic properties of bromfenac in rodents. Agents Actions 1--2: 77--85
Sancilio LF, Nolan JC, Wagner LE (1987) The analgesic and antiinflammatory activity and
pharmacologic properties of bromfenac. Arzneimittelforschung 37(5): 513--519
Bufexamac
Collet E, Lacroix M, Boulitrop Morvan C et al. (1993) Dermite de contact grave a la creme
Parfenac. Ann Dermatol Venereol 120(12): 892--893
Frosch PJ, Raulin C (1987) Kontaktallergie auf Bufexamac. Hautarzt 38(6): 331--334
Gebhardt M, Wollina U (1995) Kutane Nebenwirkungen nichtsteroidaler Antiphlogistika
(NSAID). Z Rheumatol 54(6): 405--412
Kränke B, Derhaschnig J, Komericki P et al. (1996) Bufexamac is a frequent contact
sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 34(1): 63--64
Kränke B, Szolar-Platzer C, Komericki P et al. (1997) Epidemiological significance of
bufexamac as a frequent and relevant contact sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 36(4): 212-215
Lachapelle JM (1975) Contact sensitivity to bufexamac. Contact Dermatitis 4: 261
Landrieux C, Esteve E, Serpier H et al. (1996) Dermite de contact grave au bufexamac avec
desquamation en grands lambeaux. Ann Dermatol Venereol 123(3): 198--199
Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1979) Contact allergy to antirheumatic drugs. Contact Dermatitis
3: 197--198
Poli F, Pouget F, Revuz J (1991) Erytheme polymorphe apres application de bufexamac (3
cas). Ann Dermatol Venereol 118(11): 901 – 902
Cinmetacin
Danesi R, Ducci M, Acerbi D et al. (1988) Plasma pharmacokinetics of cinmetacin following
oral administration in healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 38(1): 129--131
Komatsu T, Saito C, Awata H et al. (1973) Anti-inflammatory activities of 1-cinnamoyl-2methyl-5-methoxy-3-indolylacetic acid (cinmetacin). Arzneimittelforschung 12: 1690-1696
Lucietti MV, Banchieri G (1980) Studio clinico sulla efficacia e tollerabilita di un nuovo
antiglogistico non steroideo, la cinmetacina. G Clin Med 61(7): 545 – 552
Diclofenac
Alcalay M, Thomas P, Reboux JF et al. (1979) Myoclonies au cours d’un traitement par le
diclofenac. Sem Hôp Paris 55(13--14): 679--680
Alkhawajah AM, Eifawal M, Mahmoud SF (1993) Fatal anaphylactic reaction to diclofenac.
Forens Sci Int 60: 107--110
Arinoviche B, Arriagada (1990) A double-blind comparative clinical study of tenoxicam
versus diclofenac retard in extra-articular inflammation. Drug Invest 2(S3): 41--42
Attal N, Kayser V, Eschalier A et al. (1988) Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence
for an analgesic effect of a non steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, sodium diclofenac 35:
341--348
Babany G, Pessayre D, Benhamou JP (1983) Hépatite au diclofénac. Gastroenterol Clin Biol
3: 316
Bakshi R, Frenkel G, Dietlein G et al. (1994) A placebo-controlled comparative evaluation of
diclofenac dispersible versus ibuprofen in postoperative pain after third molar surgery. J
Clin Pharmacol 34(3): 225--230
Baumelou E, Guiguet M, Mary JY (1993) Epidemiology of aplastic anemia in France: a casecontrol study. I. Medical history and medication use. The French Cooperative Group for
Epidemiological Study of Aplastic Anemia. Blood 81(6): 1471--1478
Berry H, Bloom B, Mace et al. (1982) Comparison of indoprofen (Flosint) and diclofenac in
rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Trials J 19: 248--257
Björkman R (1995) Central antinociceptive effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and paracetamol. Experimental studies in the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand S103: 1--44
Bontoux D (1990) Lombo-radiculalgies: efficacité, tolérance et bénéfice thérapeutique
comparés de l’étodolac (600 mg/j), du diclofénac (150 mg/j) et du placebo. Rheumatologie
42(7a): 201--206
Bown RL, Martin BK, Geddawi W (1985) Comparison of occult blood loss caused by
pirazolac and diclofenac sodium: a double-blind crossover study. Curr Med Res Opin 9(8):
548--551
Breen EG, McNicholl J, Cosgrove E et al. (1986) Fatal hepatitis associated with diclofenac.
Gut 11: 1390--1393
Bricker SRW, Savage ME, Hanning CD (1987) Perioperative blood loss and and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an investigation using diclofenac in patients undergoing
transurethral resection of prostate. Eur J Anaesthesiol 4: 429--434
Bush DJ, Lyons G, Macdonald R (1992) Diclofenac for analgesia after Caesarean section.
Anaesth 47: 1075--1077
Calabro JJ (1986) Efficacy of diclofenac in ankylosing spondylitis. Amer J Med 80(S4B): 58-63
Calderón de Ayala Fernández J, Montserrat Pajares Fernández M, Martín Arias LH et al.
(1993) Alteraciones neurológicas debidas a diclofenaco. Med Clin (Barc) 101(2): 76--77
Caldwell JR (1985) Diclofenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and
osteoarthritis. Sem Arthrit Rheum 15(S1): 73--79
Caldwell JR (1986) Efficacy and safety of diclofenac sodium in rheumatoid arthritis.
Experience in the United States. Amer J Med 80(S4B): 43--47
Campbell WI, Kendrick R, Patterson C (1990) Intravenous diclofenac sodium. Does its
administration before operation suppress postoperative pain? Anaesthesia 45(9): 763--766
Campbell WI, Watters CH (1989) Venous sequelae following i.v. administration of
diclofenac. Br J Anaesth 62: 545--547
Cardoe N, Fowler PD (1979) Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol®): a double-blind comparative
study with ibuprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In: Diclofenac (Voltarol®) in
the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a conspectus of international experience (Haslock I et
al., eds.) Rheumatol Rehabil 17(S2): 89--99
Ciucci AG (1979) A review of spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions with diclofenac
sodium (Voltarol) Rheumatol Rehabil S2: 116--121
Claeys MA, Camu F, Maes V (1992) Prophylactic diclofenac infusions in major orthopaedic
surgery: effects on analgesia and acute phase proteins. Acta Anaesth Scand 36: 270--275
Codding C, Targoff IN, McCarty GA (1991) Aseptic meningitis in association with
diclofenac treatment in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum
34(10): 1340--1341
Colomina P, Garcia S (1989) Agranulocytosis caused by diclofenac DICP 6: 507
Cuadrado Gómez LM, Palau Beato E et al. (1987) Hemorragia pulmonar debido a la
interacción de acenocumarina y diclofenac sódico. Rev Clin Esp 181(4): 227--228
de Courcy JG, Nicholls BJ (1993) Neurogenic pain associated with diclofenac injection.
Correspondence Anaesthesia 48(5): 455
Deakin M (1988) Small bowel perforation associated with an excessive dose of slow release
diclofenac sodium. BMJ 297(6646): 488--489
Del Bene E et al. (1987) J Intern Med Res 154: 44
Delrio FG, Park Y, Herzlich B et al. (1996) Case report: diclofenac-induced rhabdomyolysis.
Am J Med Sci 312(2): 95--97
DHEP Plasters: a new delivery system for a topical NSAID. In: Drugs under experimental and
clinical research (Lualdi P, Mautone G, eds.). Proc. of the INWIN '93 Symposium. Vol
XIX, N° 3, 1993, Bioscience Ediprint (Genf)
Diebschlag W (1986) Diclofenac bei stumpf-traumatischen Sprunggelenktsschwellungen.
Volumetrische Verlaufsbestimmung im plazebokontrollierten Doppelblindversuch.
Fortschr. Med 104: 437--440.
Dommerby H, Rasmussen OR (1984) Diclofenac (Voltaren). Pain relieving effect after
tonsillectomy. Acta Oto-laryngol 98(1--2): 185--192
Dunk AA, Walt RP, Jenkins WJ et al. (1982) Diclofenac hepatitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
284(6329): 1605--1606
Dux S, Groslop I, Garty M et al. (1983) Anaphylactic shock induced by diclofenac. Br Med J
(Clin Res Ed) 286(6381): 1861
Eustace S, O’Neill T. McHale S et al. (1989) Fatal aplastic anaemia following prolonged
diclofenac use in an elderly patient. Ir J Med Sci 158(8): 217
Famaey JP, Broux G, Cleppe J et al. (1984) Local ionization therapy with diclofenac sodium
(Voltaren®) – a multicentre trial. In: Further experience with Voltaren® (Birdwood et al.,
eds.) Symp at the 5th SEAPAL Congr Rheumatol Bangkok 1984, Hans Huber, Bern, pp
50-- 53
Famaey JP, Ginsberg F (1983) Treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine: a comparison of
flurbiprofen and diclofenac. J Int Med Res 11: 212--217
Farag MM, Mikhail M, Shehata R et al. (1996) Assessment of gentamicin-induced
nephrotoxicity in rats treated with low doses of ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium Clin Sci
(Colch) 91(2): 187--191
Fell D (1993) Editorial II. Postoperative analgesia in children. Br J Anaesth 70(1): 4--5
Fowler PD et al. (1986) Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31: 469 (Kinetik in synoviale Räume)
Gabrielsen TO, Staerfelt F, Thune PO (1981) Drug-induced bullous dermatosis with linear
IgA deposits along the basement membrane. Acta Dermatol Vener (Stockholm) 61(5):
439--441
Gebhardt M, Reuter A, Knopf B (1994) Allergic contact dermatitis from topical diclofenac.
Contact Dermatitis 3: 183--184
George S, Rahi AH (1995) 5. Thrombocytopenia associated with diclofenac therapy . Am J
Health Syst Pharm 52(4): 420--421
Goldsmith DP (1989) Neonatal rheumatic disorders. View of the pediatrician. Rheum Dis
Clin North Am 15(2): 287--305
Gopinath G (1991) Venous sequelae after i.v. Diclofenac. Correspondence. Br J Anaesth 67:
803
Guilbaud G, Benoist JM, Eschalier A et al. (1989) Evidence for central phenomena
participating in the changes of responses of ventrobasal thalamic neurons in arthritic rats.
Brain Res 484(1--2): 383--388
Halter F, Weber B, Huber T et al. (1993) Diaphragm disease of the ascending colon.
Association with sustained-release diclofenac. J Clin Gastroenterol 16(1): 74--80
Heuft HG, Postels H, Hoppe I et al. (1990) Eine tödlich verlaufene immunhämolytische
Anämie nach Applikation von Diclofenac. Beitr Infusionsther 26: 412--414
Hodsman NBA, Burns J, Blyth A et al. (1987) The morphine sparing effect of diclofenac
sodium following abdominal surgery. Anaesth 42: 1005--1008
Hovette P, Touze JE, Debonne JM et al. (1989) Hépatite cholestatique et insuffisance rénale
aigue au cours d'un traitement par diclofénac. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris) 6: 257-258
Huskisson EC, Bryans R (1983) Diclofenac sodium in the treatment of painful stiff shoulder.
Curr Med Res Opin 8: 350--353
Huskisson EC, Scott DL (1991) A clinical comparison of two leading non-steroidal
antiinflammatory drugs. Europ J Rheum 11: 4--7
Karachalios GN, Fotiadou A, Chrisikos N et al. (1992) Treatment of acute migraine attack
with diclofenac sodium: a double-blind study. Headache 32(2): 98--100
Khan MA (1987) A double blind comparison of diclofenac and indomethacin in the treatment
of ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1: 118--123
Khazan U, Toth M, Mutgi A (1990) Diclofenac sodium and bruising. Correspondence. Ann
Intern Med 112(6): 472--473
Kothari HV, Lee WH, Ku EC (1987) An alternate mechanism for regulation of leukotriene
production in leukocytes: studies with an anti-inflammatory drug, sodium diclofenac.
Biochim Biophys Acta 921(3): 502--511
Kral JG (1985) Analgesic effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition by diclofenac sodium.
Semin Arthritis Rheum 2 (S1): 93--96
Kramer MR, Levene C, Hershko C (1986) Severe reversible autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
and thrombocytopenia associated with diclofenac therapy. Scand J Haematol 36(1): 118-120
Kretz-Rommel A, Boelsterli UA (1993) Diclofenac covalent protein binding is dependent on
acyl glucuronide formation and is inversely related to P450-mediated acute cell injury in
cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 120(1): 155--161
Ku EC, Lee W, Kothari HV et al. (1986) Effect of diclofenac sodium on the arachidonic acid
cascade. Am J Med 80(4B): 18--23
Kuehl FA, Egan RW (1978) Prostaglandins and related mediators in pain. In: Diflunisal in
clinical practice; Proc. Symposium 14th. Int Congress Rheumatology, San Francisco
1977), Futura (NY)
Laerum E, Ommmundsen OE, Gronseth JE et al. (1996) Intramuscular diclofenac versus
intravenous indomethacin in the treatment of acute renal colic. Eur Urol 30(3): 358--362
Larsson PA, Angeras U (1987) Diklofenak-injektion gav patient övergaende global
transitorisk amnesi. Lakartidningen 84(20): 1757
Lindgren U, Djups H (1985) Diclofenac for pain after hip surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 56:
28--31
Martini A, Bondiolotti GP, Sacerdote P et al. (1984) Diclofenac increases beta-endorphin
plasma concentrations. J Intern Med Res 12: 92--95
Massiou H, Serrurier D, Lasserre O et al. (1991) Effectiveness of oral diclofenac in the acute
treatment of common migraine attacks: a double-blind study versus placebo. Cephalalgia
2: 59--63
Matthews RW, Scully CM, Levers BG (1984) The efficacy of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol)
with and without paracetamol in the control of post-surgical dental pain. Br Dent J
157(10): 357--359
Mazeika PK, Ford MJ (1989) Chronic active hepatitis associated with diclofenac sodium
therapy. Br J Clin Pract 43(3): 125--126
McLoughlin C, McKinney MS, Fee JPH et al. (1990) Diclofenac for day-care arthroscopy
surgery: comparison with a standard opioid therapy. Br J Anaesth 65: 620--623
Michalevicz R, Seligsohn U (1982) Clinical bleeding due to diclofenac (Voltaren).
Correspondence. Arthritis Rheum 5: 599
Miehlke K (1976) Results of clinical trials with diclofenac in the treatment of rheumatic
diseases. In: Chronic forms of polyarthritis (Wagenhäuser FJ, ed.) Int Symp Torremolinos
1975. Hans Huber, Bern, pp 320--330
Moores MA, Wandless JG, Fell D (1990) Paediatric postoperative analgesia: A comparison of
rectal diclofenac with caudal bupivacaine after inguinal herniotomy. Anaesth 45: 156--158
Morris BA, Remtulla SS (1985) Erythema multiforme major following use of diclofenac. Can
Med Assoc J 133(7): 66
Needs CJ, Brooks PM (1985) Antirheumatic medication during lactation. Br J Rheumatol
24(3): 291--297
Nordbladh I, Ohlander B, Bjorkman R (1991) Analgesia in tonsillectomy: a double-blind
study on pre- and postoperative treatment with diclofenac. Clin Otolaryngol 16: 554--558
O’Brien WM (1986) Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Diclofenac
compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med 80(4B): 70--80
Oates JA, Wood AJJ (1991)Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs-differences and similarities.
New Engl J Med 324(24): 1716--1725
Oka T, Oka K, Hosoi M et al. (1996) Inhibition of peripheral interleukin-1 beta-induced
hyperalgesia by the intracerebroventricular administration of diclofenac and alphamelanocyte-stimulating hormone. Brain Res 736(1--2): 237--242
O'Neill LAJ, Lewis GP (1989) Inhibitory effects of diclofenac and indomethacin on
interleukin-1-induced changes in PGE2 release. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 3707--3711
Ouellette GS, Slitzky BE, Gates JA et al. (1991) Reversible hepatitis associated with
diclofenac. J Clin Gastroenterol 13(2): 205--210
Papworth J, Colville-Nash P, Alam C et al. (1997) The depletion of substance P by diclofenac
in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 325(2-3): R1--R2
Perttunen K, Kalso E, Heinonen J et al. (1992) Iv diclofenac in post-thoracotomy pain. Br J
Anaesth 68: 474--480
Pillans PI, O'Connor N (1995) Tissue necrosis and necrotizing fasciitis after intramuscular
administration of diclofenac. Ann Pharmacother 3: 264--266
Power I, Cumming AD, Pugh GC (1992) Effect of diclofenac on renal function and
prostacyclin generation after surgery. Br J Anaesth 69 (5): 451--456
Price AJ, Obeid D (1989) Spontaneous non-gastrointestinal bleeding associated with
diclofenac. Correspondence. Lancet 2(8678--8679): 1520
Ramakrishna B, Viswanath N (1994) Diclofenac-induced hepatitis: case report and literature
review. Liver 2: 83--84
Reid AL, Henderson R (1994). Diclofenac and dry, irritable eyes. Correspondence. Med J
Aust 160(5): 308
Rhodes M, Conacher I, Morritt G et al. (1992) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for
post-thoracotomy pain. A prospective controlled trial after lateral thoracotomy. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 103: 17--20
Riess W, Schmid K. Botta L et al. (1986) Die perkutane Resorption von Diclofenac.
Arzneimittel Forschung/Drug Res 36 (II)-7: 1092--1096
Risks of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. A first report of their relation to drug use with
special reference to analgesics. The International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia
Study. Anonymous (1986) JAMA 256 (13): 1749--1757
Rorarius MG, Baer GA, Metsä-Ketelä T (1989) Effects of peri-operatively administered
diclofenac and indomethacin on blood loss, bleeding time and plasma prostanoids in man.
Eur J Anaesth 6(5): 335--342
Rorarius MGF, Suominen P, Baer GA et al. (1993) Diclofenac and ketoprofen for pain
treatment after elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 70: 293--297
Rossi E, Ferraccioli GF, Cavalieri F et al. (1985) Diclofenac-associated acute renal failure.
Report of 2 cases . Nephron 40(4): 491--493
Salama A, Kroll H, Wittmann G et al. (1996) Diclofenac-induced immune haemolytic
anaemia: simultaneous occurrence of red blood cell autoantibodies and drug-dependent
antibodies. Br J Haematol 95(4): 640--644
Sánchez Valiente S (1995) Encefalopatía mioclónica originada por el tratamiento con
diclofenac. Rev Neurol 23(124): 1226--1227
Sänger L (1978) Langzeitbehandlung der juvenilen chronischen Arthritis (ju. Rheumatoide
Arthritis) und systemischen juvenilen chronischen Arthritis (Still-Syndrom) mit
Diclofenac. Akt Rheum 3: 5--11
Schapira D, Bassan L, Nahir AM et al. (1986) Diclofenac-induced hepatoxicity. Postgrad
Med J 62(732): 63--65
Schapira D, Linn S, Scharf Y (1991) A placebo-controlled evaluation of Diclofenac
diethylamine salt in the treatment of lateral epidondylitis of the elbow. Curr Ther Res 49:
162--168
Schermer R (1991) Lokaltherapie bei Distorsionen des oberen Sprunggelenks. Eine Placebokontrollierte Doppel-Blind-Studie zur Wirksamkeit von Diclofenac-Diethylammonium in
einem Emulsionsgel. Wehrmedizinische Monatsschrift 35: 415--419
Schiavino D, Papa G, Nucera E et al. (1992) Delayed allergy to diclofenac. Contact
Dermatitis 5: 357--358
Schwartz J, Altshuler E, Madjar J et al. Letter (1988) Acute renal failure associated with
diclofenac treatment in an elderly woman. J Am Geriat Soc 36(5): 482
Scully LJ, Clarke D, Barr RJ (1993) Diclofenac induced hepatitis. 3 cases with features of
autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 38(4): 744--751
Seabra MLV, Tufik S (1993) Sodium diclofenac inhibits hyperthermia induced by
paradoxical sleep deprivation: the possible participation of prostaglandins. Physiol Behav
54: 923--926
Selz F, Cereda JM (1993) Hépatite subfulminante mortelle au diclofénac. Rev Med Suisse
Romande 113(12): 985--987
Sharir M (1997) Exacerbation of asthma by topical diclofenac. Letter. Arch Ophthalmol
115(2): 294--295
Sioufi A (1987) Pharmacocinétique du diclofénac (Voltaren). Concours Méd 109(S): 4202-4206
Sioufi A, Pommier F, Boschet F et al. (1994) Percutaneous absorption of diclofenac in healthy
volunteers after single and repeated topical application of diclofenac Emulgel. Biopharm
Drug Dispos 15(6): 441--449
Stein A, Ben Dov D, Finkel B et al. (1996) Single-dose intramuscular ketorolac versus
diclofenac for pain management in renal colic. Am J Emerg Med 4: 385--387
Stricker BH, van Kasteren BJ (1992) Diclofenac-induced isolated myonecrosis and the
Nicolau syndrome. Correspondence Ann Intern Med 117(12): 1058
Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS et al. (1992) Combination of low-dose epidural morphin and
intramuscular diclofenac sodium in postcesarean analgesia. Anesth Analg 75(1): 64--68
Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS et al. (1993) Effects of epidural morphine and intramuscular
diclofenac combination in postcaesarean analgesia: a dose-range study. Anaesth Analg
76(2): 284--288
Tattersall J, Greenwood R, Farrington K (1992) 3. Membranous nephropathy associated with
diclofenac. Correspondence. Postgrad Med J 68(799): 392--393
Thiagarajan J, Bates S, Hitchcock M et al. (1993) Blood loss following tonsillectomy in
children. A blind comparison of diclofenac and papaveretum. Anaesthesia 48(2): 132--135
Tonussi CR, Ferreira SH (1994) Mechanism of diclofenac analgesia: direct blockade of
inflammatory sensitization. Eur J Pharmacol 251(2--3): 17--179
Vyas SP, Singh R, Asati RK (1995) Liposomally encapsulated diclofenac for sonophoresis
induced systemic delivery. J Microencapsul 2: 149--154
Weisman MH (1986) Double-blind randomized trial of diclofenac sodium versus placebo in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Therap 8: 427--438
Whitcomb DC, Martin SP, Trellis DR et al. (1992) ‚Diaphragmlike‘ stricture and ulcer of the
colon during diclofenac treatment. Arch Intern Med 152 (11): 2341--2343
Wijnands M, van Riel T, van’t Hof M et al. (1991) Longterm treatment with nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective drug survival study. J
Rheumatol 18: 184--187
Wolters J, van Breda Vriesman PJ (1985) Minimal change nephropathy and interstitial
nephritis associated with diclofenac. Neth J Med 28(8): 311--314
Wuolijoki E et al. (1987) Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32: 249
Yinnon AM et al. (1987) Br Med J 295: 556
Zecca L, Ferrario P, Costi P (1991) Determination of diclofenac and its metabolites in plasma
and cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical
detection. J Chromatogr 2: 425--43
Etodolac
Anaya JM, Fabre D, Bressolle F et al. (1994) Effect of etodolac on methotrexate
pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 21(2): 203 – 208
Bacon P (1993) Worldwide experience with etodolac (Lodine) 300 mg b.i.d. in the treatment
of osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 13(2S): 7--12
Bem JL, Breckenridge AM, Mann RD et al. (1988) Review of yellow cards (1986): report of
the Committee on the Safety of Medicines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 26(6): 679--689
Brater DC (1990) Evaluation of etodolac in subjects with renal impairment. Eur J Rheumatol
Inflamm 10(1): 44 – 55
Brater DC, Brown-Cartwright D, Anderson SA et al. (1987) Effect of high-dose etodolac on
renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 42(3): 283--89
Brocks DR, Jamali F (1994) Etodolac clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 4: 259-274
Brocks DR, Jamali F (1991) Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of etodolac in the rat: tissue
distribution, tissue binding, and in vitro metabolism. J Pharm Sci 80(11): 1058--1061
Cramer RL, Aboko-Cole VC, Gualtieri RJ (1994) Agranulocytosis associated with etodolac.
Ann Pharmacother 4: 458--460
Dick WC, Franchimont P, Veys E (1993) Double-blind comparison of etodolac and piroxicam
in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ther 1: 148--159
Ermer JC, Hicks DR, Wheeler SC (1994) Concomitant etodolac affects neither the unbound
clearance nor the pharmacologic effect of warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 55(3): 305--16
Glaser K, Sung ML, O'Neill K et al. (1995) Etodolac selectively inhibits human prostaglandin
G/H synthase 2 (PGHS-2) versus human PGHS-1. Eur J Pharmacol 281(1): 107 – 111
Inoue K, Fujisawa H, Sasaki Y et al. (1991) Pharmacological properties of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent etodolac. Arzneimittelforschung 41(3): 228 – 235
Laine L, Sloane R, Ferretti M et al. (1995) A randomized double-blind comparison of
placebo, etodolac, and naproxen on gastrointestinal injury and prostaglandin production.
Gastrointest Endosc 42(5): 428--433
Lanza FL, Arnold JD (1989) Etodolac, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug:
gastrointestinal microbleeding and endoscopic studies. Clin Rheumatol S1: 5--15
Latrive JP, Combaux D, Crépin P et al. (1992) Hépatite aigue associée a la prise d'étodolac.
Therapie 47(1): 82--83
Lee D, Dvornik D (1985) Etodolac: effect on prostaglandin concentrations in gastric mucosa
of rats. Life Sci 36(12): 1157--1162
Lie JT, Dixit RK (1996) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug induced hypersensitivity
vasculitis clinically mimicking temporal arteritis. J Rheumatol 1: 183--185
Lipscomb GR, Wallis N, Armstrong G et al. (1995) Gastric mucosal adaptation to etodolac
and naproxen. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 4: 379--385
Lonauer G, Tisscher JR, Lim HG (1993) Double-blind comparison of etodolac and diclofenac
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Med Res Opin 13(2): 70--77
Lücker PW, Pawlowski C, Friedrich I et al. (1994) Double-blind, randomised, multi-centre
clinical study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of nimesulide in comparison with
etodalac in patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the knee. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm
14(2): 29--38
Lynch S, Brogden RN (1986) Etodolac: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic activity
and therapeutic use. Drugs 31: 288--300
Mabee CL, Mabee SW, Baker PG et al. (1995) Fulminant hepatic failure associated with
etodolac use. Am J Gastroenterol 90(4): 659--616
Mignot I, Presle N, Lapicque F et al. (1996) Albumin binding sites for etodolac enantiomers.
Chirality 8(3): 271--280
Molina-Martinez IT, Herrero R (1993) Bioavailability and bioequivalence of two
formulations of etodolac (tablets and suppositories). J Pharm Sci 82(2): 211--213
Perpignano G, Bogliolo A, Puccetti L (1994) Double-blind comparison of the efficacy and
safety of etodolac SR 600 mg u.i.d. and of tenoxicam 20 mg u.i.d. in elderly patients with
osteoarthritis of the hip and of the knee. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 14(5-6): 203--216
Porzio F (1993) Meta-analysis of three double-blind comparative trials with sustained-release
etodolac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheumatol Int 13(2S): 19--24
Russell RI (1990) Endoscopic evaluation of etodolac and naproxen, and their relative effects
on gastric and duodenal prostaglandins. Rheumatol Int 10S: 17--21
Schattenkirchner M (1990) An updated safety profile of etodolac in several thousand patients.
Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm 10(1): 56--65
Serni U (1990) Global safety of etodolac: reports from worldwide postmarketing surveillance
studies. Rheumatol Int 10S: 23--27
Spangler RS (1993) Gastrointestinal damage demonstrated with nabumetone or etodolac in
preclinical studies. Am J Med 95(2A): 35S--39S
Todesco S, Del Ross T, Marigliano V (1994) Efficacy and tolerability of etodolac in aged
patients affected by degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) in its active phase. Int J Clin
Pharmacol Res 14(1): 11--26
Willemin B, Blickle JF, Meaume S et al. (1989) Vascularite allergique à l’étodolac. Premier
cas décrit. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 140(6): 529--530
Felbinac
Bolten W, Salzmann G, Goldmann R et al. (1989) Plasma- und Gewebekonzentrationen von
Biphenylessigsäure nach einwöchiger oraler Fenbufenmedikation bzw. topischer
Anwendung von Felbinac-Gel am Kniegelenk. Z Rheumatol 48(6): 317--322
Bolten W, Waldorf-Bolten E, Sarfert D et al. (1990) Pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen
nach zwei- bzw. vierwöchiger Felbinac-Gel-Applikation am Kniegelenk. Z Rheumatol
49(6): 374--377
Hosie G, Bird H (1994) The topical NSAID felbinac versus oral NSAIDS: a critical review.
Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm 14(4): 21--28
Leeb B (1994) Topisches Felbinac in der Therapie von Sportverletzungen. Fortschr Med
112(6): 77--80
Fentiazac
Bunde B, Deckers Y, Dequeker J (1983) Fentiazac in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with
sulindac and long-term tolerance Curr Med Res Opin 8(5): 310--314
Chang J, Carlson RP, Lewis AJ (1984) A comparative study of the antiinflammatory activity
of fentiazac and its major metabolite, p-hydroxy fentiazac. Agents Actions 3 –4: 443--447
Dowell PS, Pierce DM, Franklin RA et al. (1984) The pharmacokinetics of fentiazac and its
metabolite, p-hydroxyfentiazac, after twice-daily oral administration to male volunteers.
Xenobiotica 12: 947--953
Houin G, Lapeyre C, Rochas MA et al. (1993) Pharmacokinetic study of fentiazac and its
main metabolite hydroxyfentiazac in the elderly. Arzneimittelforschung 43(1): 50--53
Glucametacin
Capelli L, Chianese V, La Montagna G et al. (1981) Further studies on glucametacin in
rheumatoid arthritis and in other chronic types of rheumatism. Curr Med Res Opin 7(4):
227--233
Chlud K, Kaik B, Pangerl S (1978) Indometacin-glucosamid in der Behandlung der
chronischen polyarthritis. Arzneimittelforschung 28(7): 1200--1201
Ibba G, Uras R, Perpignano G (1983) Double-blind comparison of glucametacin and
ketoprofen in chronic arthropathies. Curr Med Res Opin 8(5): 321--326
Indometacin
Alpan G, Eyal F, Vinograd I et al. (1985) Localized intestinal perforations after enteral
administration of indomethacin in premature infants. J Ped 106: 277--288
Andrejak M, Fievet P, Hary L et al. (1985) Hyperkaliémie sans insuffisance rénale associé à
la prise d’indométacine. Therapie 40(5): 369--371
Aota S, Nakamura T, Suzuki K et al. (1996) Effects of indomethacin administration on bone
turnover and bone mass in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Calcif Tissue Int 59(5): 385-391
Baber et al. (1978) The interaction between indomethacin and probenecid. A clinical and
pharmacokinetic study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 3: 298--307
Bandstra ES, Montalvo BM, Goldberg RN et al. (1988) Prophylactic indomethacin for
prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. J Ped 82: 533--542
Bannwarth B, Netter P, Lapicque F et al. (1990) Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
concentrations of indomethacin in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 38: 343--346
Berbetto GA, Asef SG, Elias G et al. (1993) Efecto antipirético de la indometacina versus
aspirina en la fiebre de origen tumoral. Medicine (Buenos Aires) 53(1): 35--38
Berg KJ, Talseth T (1985) Acute renal effects of sulindac and indomethacin in chronic renal
failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 37(4): 447 – 452
Beroniade V, Cornielle L, Haraoui B (1979) Indomethacin-induced inhibition of
prostaglanind with hyperkalemia. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 91(3): 499--500
Besinger RE, Niebyl JR, Keyes WG et al. (1991) Randomized comparative trial of
indomethacin and ritodrine for the long-term treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet 164:
981--988
Bessa O jr (1994) Acute psychosis due to indomethacin. Conn Med 58(7): 395--396
Boiskin I, Saven A, Mendez M et al. (1987) Indomethacin and the nephrotic syndrome. Ann
Intern Med 106(5): 776--777
Buritova J, Honoré P, Besson JM (1995) Indomethacin reduces both Krox-24 expression in
the rat lumbar spinal cord and inflammatory signs following intraplantar carrageenan.
Brain Res 674(2): 211--220
Burns CA (1973) Indomethacin induced ocular toxicity. Am J Ophthalmol 76(2): 312--3313
Calin A (1984) Intestinal perforation associated with osmotic slow release indomethacin
capsules. Correspondence. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 288(6412): 240--241
Camba L, Joyner MV (1984) Acute thrombocytopenia following ingestion of indomethacin.
Acta Haematol 71(5): 350--352
Carney MWP (1977) Paranoid psychosis with indomethacin. Br Med J 2(6093): 994--995
Chan TY (1997) Prolongation of prothrombin time with the use of indomethacin and
warfarin. Br J Clin Pract 51(3): 177--178
Chan XM (1987) Fatal renal failure due to indomethacin. Correspondence. Lancet 2(8554):
340
Chapman V, Dickenson AH (1992) The spinal and peripheral roles of bradykinin and
prostaglandins in nociceptive processing in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 219(3): 427--433
Chennavasin P, Seiwell R, Brater DC (1980) Pharmacokinetic-dynamic analysis of the
indomethacin-furosemide interaction in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215(1): 77--81
Chow JW, Chambers TJ (1994) Indomethacin has distinct early and late actions on bone
formation induced by mechanical stimulation. Am J Physiol 267(2 Pt 1): E287 –292
Cinquegrani MP, Liang CS (1986) Indomethacin attenuates the hypotensive action of
hydralazine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39(5): 564--570
Clifuentes RF, Olley PM, Balfe JW et al. (1979) Indomethacin and renal function in
premature infants with persistent patent ductus arteriosus. J Pediat 95(4): 583--587
Clyman RI, Campbell D, Heymann MA et al. (1985) Persistent responsiveness of the neonatal
ductus arteriosus in immature lambs: a possible cause for reopening of patent ductus
arteriosus after indomethacin-induced closure. Circulation 71: 141--145
Coutrot S, Roland D, Barbier J et al. (1978) Acute perforation of colonic diverticula
associated withs short-tem indomethacin Lancet 2(8098): 1055--1056
Crocker S, Paech M (1992) Preoperative rectal indomethacin for analgesia after laparoscopic
sterilisation. Anaesth Intensive Care 3: 337--340
Cronen PW, Nagaraj HS, Janik JS et al. (1982) Effect of indomethacin on mesenteric
circulation in mongrel dogs. J Ped Surg 17: 474--478
Day TK (1983) Intestinal perforation associated with osmotic slow release indomethacin
capsules. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6406): 1671--1672
de Witt W, van Mourik I, Wiesenhaan PF (1988) Prolonged maternal indomethacin therapy
associated with oligohydramnios. Case reports. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95(3): 303--305
Diwan PV, Kulkarni DR (1983) Tolbutamide and indomethacin. Correspondence. Indian J
Physiol Pharmacol 27(1): 71
Djahanguiri B (1969) The production of acute gastric ulceration by indomethacin in the rat
(Scand J Gastroenterol 4(3): 265--267
Düsing R, Nicolas V, Glatte B et al. (1983) Interaction of bemetizide and indomethacin in the
kidney. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4: 377--383
Eade OE, Acheson ED, Cuthbert MF et al. (1975) Peripheral neuropathy and indomethacin.
Br Med J 2(5962): 66-- 67
Easterbrook WM, Baxter DW, Martin JR (1967): Temporal arteritis developing during
indomethacin therapy of polymyalgia rheumatica. Can Med Assoc J 97(6): 296--299
Engel C, Lund B, Kristensen SS et al. (1989) Indomethacin as an analgesic after
hysterectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 33: 498--501
Engervall P, Björkholm M, Grimfors G et al. (1986) Antipyretic effect of indomethacin in
malignant lymphoma. Acta Med Scand 219(5): 501--505
Eronen M, Pesonen E, Kurki T et al. (1991) The effects of indomethacin and a betasympathomimetic agent on the fetal ductus arteriosus during treatment of premature labor:
a randomized double-blind study. Am J Obst Gynecol 164: 141--146
Eronen M. Pesonen E, Kurki et al. 1994) Increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
after antenatal administration of indomethacin to prevent preterm labor. J Pediatr
124(5Pt1): 782--788
Favre L, Glasson P, Vallotton MB (1982) Reversible acute renal failure from combined
triamterene and indomethacin: a study in healthy subject Ann Intern Med 96(3): 317--320
Fenech FF, Bannister WH, Grech JL (1967) Hepatitis with biliverdinaemia in association with
indomethacin therapy. Br Med J 3(558): 155--156
Forman MB, Uderman H, Jackson EK et al. (1985) Effects of indomethacin on systemic and
coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 110: 311-318
Friedman PL, Brown EJ jr, Gunther S et al. (1981) Coronary vasoconstrictor effect of
indomethacin in patients with coronary-artery disease. New Engl J Med 305: 1171--1175
Friedman Z, Whitman V, Maisels MJ et al. (1978) Indomethacin disposition and
indomethacin-induced platelet dysfunction in premature infants. J Clin Pharmacol 18: 272-279
Gamache DA, Ellis EF (1986) Effect of dexamethasone, indomethacin, ibuprofen and
probenecid on carrageenan-induced brain inflammation. J Neurosurg 65(5): 686--692
Gary NE, Dodelson R, Eisinger (1980) Indomethacin –associated acute renal failure. Am J
Med 69(1): 135--136
Gaw AJ; Williams LV; Spraggs CF et al. (1995) Role of pepsin in the development of
indomethacin-induced antral ulceration in the rat. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 9(2):167--172
Gersony WM, Peckham GJ, Ellison RE et al. (1983) Effects of indomethacin in premature
infancts with patent ductus arteriosus: results of a national collaborative study. J Pediat
102(6): 895--906
Gleason CA (1987) Prostaglandins and the developing kidney. Sem Perinat 11: 12--21
Goldenberg RL, Davis RO, Baker RC (1989) Indomethacin-induced oligohydramnios. Am J
Obst Gynecol 160: 1196--1197
Goldszer RC, Coodley EL, Rosner MJ et al. (1981) Hyperkalemia associated with
indomethacin. Arch Intern Med 141(6): 802--804
Griffiths CEM, Leonard JN, Fry L (1986) Dermatitis herpetiformis exacerbated by
indomethacin. Br J Dermatol 112(4): 443---445
Guerra M (1967) Toxicity of indomethacin. Report of a case of acute pancreatitis JAMA
200(6): 552--553
Hamburger J, Potts AJ (1983) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral lichenoid
reactions. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6401): 1258
Harrington CI, Messenger AG (1986) Dermatitis herpetiformis. Corresponcence. Br J
Dermatol 114(2): 265--267
Henkes HE, Lith GH van, Canta LR (1972) Indomethacin retinopathy. Am J Ophthalm 73(6):
846--856
Holmlund D, Sjödin JG (1978) Treatment of ureteral colic with intravenouse indomethacin. J
Urol (Baltimore) 120(6): 676--677
Hunskaar S, Hole K (1987) The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and
non-inflammatory pain. Pain 30(1): 103--114
International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study (First Report of) (1986) JAMA
256: 1749
Jackson B, Lawrence JR (1978) Renal papillary necrosis associated with indomethacin and
phenylbutazone-treated rheumatoid arthritis. Austral New Zealand J Med 8: 165--167
Johnson NM, Black AE, Clarke SW (1977) Indomethacin-induced asthma in aspirin-sensitive
patients. Correspondence. Br J Med 2(6097): 1291
Jönsson PE, Olsson AM, Petersson BA et al. (1987) Intravenous indomethacin and oxyconepapaverine in the treatment of acute renal colic. A double blind study. Br J Urol 59(5):
396--400
Keenan DJ, Cave K, Langdon L et al. (1983) Comparative trial of rectal indomethacin and
cryoanalgesia for control of early postthoracotomy pain. Br Med J 287(6402): 1335--1337
Kelsey WM, Scharyi M (1967) Fatal hepatitis probably due to indomethacin. JAMA 199(8):
586--587
Kirchner KA, Brandon S, Mueller RA et al. (1987) Mechanism of attenuated
hydrochlorothiazide response during indomethacin administration. Kidney Int 5: 1097-1103
Kirshon B (1988) Prolonged maternal indomethacin therapy associated with oligohydramnios.
Case reports. Correspondence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95(9): 956
Kleinknecht C, Broyer M, Gubler MC et al. (1980) Irreversible renal failure after
indomethacin in steroid-resistant nephrosis. Correspondence. New Engl J Med 302(12):
691
Koger EL, Klaassen CH (1973) Asthma bronchiale, een bijweking van indometacine die kan
worden vermeden. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 117(22): 854--855
Kornberg A, Rachmilewitz EA (1982) Aplastic anemia after prolonged ingestion of
indomethacin. Acta Haematol 67(2): 137--138
Krasna IH, Kim H (1992) Indomethacin administration after temporary ischemia causes
bowel necrosis in mice. J Ped Surg 27: 805--807
Kulmacz RJ, Ren Y, Tsai AL et al. (1990) PGH Synthase: interaction with hydroperoxides
and indomethacin. Adv Prost Throm Leuko Res 21: 137--140
Kurki T, Eronen M, Lumme R et al. (1991) A randomized double-dummy comparison
between indomethacin and nylidrin in threatened preterm labor. Obst Gynecol 78: 1093-1097
Lazarova AZ, Tsankov NK, Zlatkov NB (1989) Psoriasis induced by topically applied
indomethacin. Correspondence. S Afr Med 73(3): 196
Lear J, Moore RS (1994) Acute psychiatric disturbance – a side effect of indomethacin
therapy. J Accid Emerg Med 11(3): 210
Levy N, Gaspar E (1975) Rectal bleeding and indomethacin suppositories. Lancet 1(7906):
577
López Navidad A, Cadafalch Arpa J, Vehi Gasol C et al. (1987) Hepatitis aguda por
indometacina. Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig 71(4): 358--359
MacCarthy EP, Stokes GS (1979) Indomethacin-induced inhibition of prostaglandin with
hyperkaliemia. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 91(3): 500
Marks TA, Tracy DE (1995) Prevention of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1
beta) embryolethality with progesterone or indomethacin Am J Reprod Immunol 33(4):
292--300
Matthews JI, Stage D (1974) Letter: Indomethacin, aspirin, and urticaria. Ann Intern Med
80(6): 771
Mattila MA, Ahlström-Bengs E, Pekkola P (1983) Intravenous indomethacin or oxycodone in
prevention of post-operative pain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6398): 1026
McCarthy JT, Torres VE, Romero JC et al. (1982) Acute intrinsic renal failure induced by
indomethacin: role of prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. Mayo Clin Proc 57(5): 289--296
Meier DE, Myers WM, Swenson R et al. (1983) Indomethacin-associated hyperkalemia in the
elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 31(6): 371--373
Ment LR, Oh W, Ehrenkranz RA et al. (1994) Low-dose indomethacin and prevention of
intraventricular hemorrhage: a multicenter randomized trial. Pediatrics 93(4): 543--550
Meyers RL. Alpan G, Lin E et al. (1991) Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin, and
intestinal distension: effects of intestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption. Ped Res 29:
569--574
Miller LG, Rogers JC, Swee DE (1989) Indomethacin-associated sexual dysfunction. J Fam
Pract 29(2): 210--211
Mitchell H, Muirden KD, Kincaid-Smith P et al. (1982) Indomethacin-induced renal papillary
necrosis in juvenile chronic arthritis. Correspondence. Lancet 2(8297): 558--559
Mitnick PD, Greenberg A, De Oreo PB et al. (1980) Effects of two nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, indomethacin and oxaprozin, on the kidney. Clin Pharmacol Ther
28(5): 680--689
Moise KJ jr, Ou C-N, Kirshon B et al. (1990) Placental transfer of indomethacin in the human
pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162: 549--545
Morales WJ, Smith SG, Angel JL et al. (1989) Efficacy and safety of indomethacin versus
ritodrine in the management of preterm labor: a randomized study. Obst Gynecol 74: 567-572
Murphy DF, Medley C (1993) Preoperative indomethacin for pain relief after thoracotomy:
comparison with postoperative indomethacin. Br J Aanesth 70: 298--300
Nielsen CB, Sorensen SS, Pedersen EB (1994) Identical effects of indomethacin on renal
function in healthy uninephrectomized subjects and in healthy control subjects. Clin Sci
(Colch) 86(6): 715--721
Norton ME, Merrill J, Cooper BAB et al. (1993) Neonatal complications after the
administration of indomethacin for preterm labor. New Engl J Med 329: 1602--1607
O´Donnell LJD, Wilson P, Guest P et al. (1992) Indomethacin and postprandial gallbladder
emptying. Lancet 339 (8788): 269--271
O'Sullivan M, Hanly JG, Molloy M (1983) A case of toxic epidermal necrolysis secondary to
indomethacin. Br J Rheumatol 22(1): 47--49
Pacold IH, Wang MH, Lawless CE et al. (1986) Effects of indomethacin on coronary
hemodynamics, myocardial metabolism and anginal threshold in coronary artery disease.
Am J Cardiol 57: 912--915
Palimeris G, Koliopoulos J, Velissaropoulos P (Ocular side effects of indomethacin. (1972)
Ophthalmologika (Basel) 164(5): 339--353
Passmore AP, Copeland S, Johnston GD (1990) The effects of ibuprofen and indomethacin on
renal function in the presence and absence of frusemide in healthy volunteers on a
restricted sodium diet. Br J Clin Pharmacol 29: 311--319
Pavy T, Medley C, Murphy DF (1990) Effect of indomethacin on pain relief after
thoracotomy. Br J Aanesth 65: 624--627
Polachek J, Shwartzman P (1996) Acute bronchial asthma associated with the administration
of ophthalmic indomethacin. Isr J Med 32(11): 1107--1109
Prescott LF, Mattison P, Menzie DG et al. (1990) The comparative effects of paracetamol and
indomethacin on renal function in healthy female volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4: 403 –
412
Pritchard G, Lyons D, Webster J et al. (1996) Indomethacin does not attenuate the
hypotensive effect of trandolapril. J Hum Hypertens 11: 763--767
Queneau P, Barthelemy C, Fulchiron P (1978) Ingestion massive d’indométacine prise unique
(à propos de 2 observations personnelles). Thérapie 33(5): 645--650
Quivy D, Neve J, Fontaine J et al. (1995) Trace elements status and inflammation parameters
during chronic indomethacin treatment in adjuvant arthritic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res
47(1--3): 209--218
Reasbeck PG, Rice ML, Reasbeck JC (1982) Double-blind controlled trial of indomethacin as
an adjunct to narcotic analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Lancet 2: 115--118
Reimann IW, Diener U, Frölich JC (1983) Indomethacin but not aspirin increases plasma
lithium ion levels. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(3): 283--286
Salvetti A, Arzilli F, Pedrinelli R et al. (1982) Interaction between oxprenolol and
indomethacin on blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
22(3): 197--201
Sansom LN; Necciari J; Thiercelin JF (1995) Human pharmacokinetics of tiludronate. Bone
5S: 479S--483S
Santiago SM jr, Klaustermeyeer WB (1976) Acute respiratory failure secondary to
indomethacin in an aspirin-intolerant asthmatic patient. Ann Allergy 37(2): 138--141
Sheehan GJ, Kutzner MR, Chin WD (1989) Acute asthma attack due to ophthalmic
indomethacin. Ann Intern Med 111(4): 337-338
Somogyi A, Muirhead M (1987) Pharmacokinetic interactions of cimetidine 1987. Clin
Pharmacokinet 5: 321--366
Sunshine A, Laska E, Meisner M et al. (1964) Analgesic studies of indomethacin as analyzed
by computer techniques. Clin Pharmacol Ther 699--707
Taivainen T, Hiller A, Rosenberg PH et al. (1989) The effect of continuous intravenous
indomethacin infusion on bleeding time and postoperative pain in patients undergoing
emergency surgery of the lower extremities. Acta Anaesth Scand 33(1): 58--60
Tan SY, Shapiro R, Franco R et al. (1979) Indomethacin-induced prostaglandin inhibition
with hyperkalemia. A reversible cause of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Ann Intern
Med 90(5): 783--785
Tan SY, Shapiro R, Kish MA (1979) Reversible acute renal failure induced by indomethacin.
JAMA 241(25): 2732--2733
Taylor RT, Huskisson EC, Whitehouse GH et al. (1968) Gastric ulceration occurring during
indomethacin therapy. Br Med J 4(633): 734--737
Thadani U, Kellerman D (1983) Interaction of indomethacin and nitroglycerin on
hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. Z Kardiol 72(S3):
35--39
Timperman J (1971) A fatal asthmatic attack following administration of an indomethacin
suppository. J Forens Med 18(1): 30--32
van den Anker JN; Hop WC; Schoemaker RC; van der Heijden BJ et al. (1995) Ceftazidime
pharmacokinetics in preterm infants: effect of postnatal age and postnatal exposure to
indomethacin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 40(5): 439--443
Vanhaesebrouck P, Thiery M, Leroy JG et al. (1988) Oligohydramnios, renal insufficiency,
and ileal perforation in preterm infants after intrauterine exposure to indomethacin. J Ped
113: 738--743
Vanselow NA, Smith JR (1967) Bronchial asthma induced by indomethacin. Ann Intern Med
66(3): 568--572
Veal GJ; Back DJ (1995) Metabolism of Zidovudine. Gen Pharmacol 26(7):1469 – 14 75
Walenga RW, Wall SF, Setty BN et al. (1986) Time-dependent inhibition of platelet
cyclooxygenase by indomethacin is slowly reversible. Prostaglandins 31(4): 625--637
Walshe JJ, Venuto RC (1979) Acute oliguric renal failures induced by indomethacin: possible
mechanism. Arch Intern Med 91(1): 47--49
Warshaw AL, Carey RW, Robinson DR (1981) Control of fever associated with visceral
cancers by indomethacin. Surgery 89(4): 414--416
Wilairatana P, Looareesuwan S (1994) Antipyretic efficacy of indomethacin and
acetaminophen in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ann Trop Parasitol 88(4): 359--363
Witzgall H, Hirsch B, Scherer B et al. (1982) Acute haemodynamic and hormonal effects of
captopril are diminished by indomethacin. Clin Sci 62: 611--615
Wong F, Massie D, Hsu P et al. (1995) The effect of misoprostol on indomethacin-induced J
Hepatol 23(1): 1--7
Wong PTH (1993) Interactions of indomethacin with central GABA systems. Arch Int
Pharmacodyn 324: 5--16
Yamada T, Deitch E, Specian RD et al. (1993) Mechanisms of acute and chronic intestinal
inflammation induced by indomethacin. Inflammation 27(6): 641--662
Yrjölä H, Silvennoinen T, Vilppula T et al. (1988) Intravenous indomethacin for
postoperative pain. A double-blind study of ankle surgery. Acta Orthop Scand 59(1): 43-55
Zimran A, Kramer M, Plaskin M et al. (1985) Incidence of hyperkalaemia induced by
indomethacin in a hospital population. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291 (6488): 107--108
Zuckerman H, Reiss U, Rubinstein I (1974) Inhibition of human premature labor by
indomethacin. Obst Gynecol 44: 787--792
Isoxepac
Gerlis LS, Gumpel JM (1981) Isoxepac in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind comparison
with aspirin. Rheumatol Rehabil 20(1): 50--53
Honig WJ, Pelgrom R, Chadha DR (1982) Analgesic effect of isoxepac on postmeniscectomy
pain: a controlled trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2-3: 82--88
Svendsen LB, Hansen OH, Johansen A (1981) A comparison of the effects of HP 549
(Isoxepac), indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) on gastric mucosa in man.
Scand J Rheumatol 10(3): 186--188
Ketorolac
Aitken HA, Burns JW, McArdle CS et al. (1992) Effects of ketorolac trometamol on renal
function. Br J Anaesth 68: 481--485
Andersson KE, Forman A (1978) Effects of prostaglandins on the smooth muscle of the
urinary tract. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 43: 90--95
Anonymous. Ketorolac and renal failure. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. Med
J Aust (1993) 159(7): 488
Arsac M, Frileux C (1988) Comparative analgesic efficacy and tolerability of ketorolac
tromethamine and glafenine in patients with postoperative pain. Curr Med Res Op 11: 214-220
Bean-Lijewski JD, Hunt RD (1996) Effect of ketorolac on bleeding time and postoperative
pain in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with meperidine. J Clin
Anesth 8(1): 25--30
Brocks DR, Jamali F (1992) Clinical pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine. Clin
Pharmacokin 23: 415--443
Brown CR, Moodie JE, Dickie G et al. (1990) Analgesic efficacy and safety of single-oral and
intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine for postoperative pain. Pharmacotherapy 10: 6 (Pt2)
59S--70S
Buck ML, Norwood VF (1996) Ketorolac-induced acute renal failure in a previously healthy
adolescent. Pediatrics 98(2Pt1): 294--296
Buckley MMT, Brogden RN (1990) Ketorolac: a review of its pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential. Drugs 39(1): 86--109
Burns JW, Aitken HA, Bullingham RES et al. (1991) Double-blind comparison of the
morphine sparing effect of continous and intermittent i.m. administration of ketorolac. Br J
Anaesth 67: 235--238
Calodney A, Schwarzbach J, Lorren T (1994) Characteristics, pathogenesis and management
of myofascial pain syndrome. In: Curr Rev Pain (Prithvi Raj P, ed.), Current Medicine, Ch
11: p 149
Camu F, van Overberge L, Bullingham R et al. (1990) Hemodynamic effects of two
intravenous doses of ketorolac tromethamine compared with morphine. Pharmacotherapy
10(S): 122--126
Chen AH, Bennett CR (1994) Ketorolac-induced bronchospasm in an aspirin-intolerant
patient. Anesth Progr 41(4): 102--107
Concannon MJ, Meng L, Welsh CF et al. (1993) Inhibition of perioperative platelet
aggregation using toradol (ketorolac). Ann Plast Surg 3: 264--266
Connelly NR, Reuben S, Brull SJ (1995) Intravenous regional anesthesia with ketorolaclidocaine for the management of sympathetically-mediated pain. Yale J Biol Med 68(3--4):
95--99
Conrad KA, Fagan TC, Mackie MJ et al. (1988) Effects of ketorolac tromethamine on
hemostasis in volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43: 542--546
Corelli RL, Gericke KR (1993) Renal insufficiency associated with intramuscular
administration of ketorolac tromethamine. Ann Pharmacother 9: 1055--1057
De Conno F, Zecca E, Martini C et al. (1994) Tolerability of ketorolac administered via
continuous subcutaneous infusion for cancer pain: a preliminary report. J Pain Symptom
Manage 2: 119--121
De Lucia JA, White PF (1991) Effect of intraoperative ketorolac on recovery after outpatient
laparoscopy. Anesthesiology 75: A14
Ding Y, White PF (1991) Comparative effects of ketorolac, dezocine and fentanyl as
adjuvants during outpatient anesthesia. Anesth Analg 75: 566--571
Estenne B, Julien M, Charleux H (1988): Comparison of ketorolac, pentazocine, and placebo
in treating postoperative pain. Curr Ther Res 43 (6): 1173--1182
Estes LL, Fuhs DW, Heaton AH et al. (1993) Gastric ulcer perforation associated with the use
of injectable ketorolac. Ann Pharmacother 1: 42--43
Flach AJ, Lavelle CJ, Olander KW et al. (1988) The effect of ketorolac tromethamine solution
0.5% in reducing postoperative inflammation after cataract extraction and intraocular lens
implantation. Ophthalmology 95: 1279--1284
Folsland B, Skulberg A, Halvorsen P et al. (1990) Placebo-controlled comparison of single
intramuscular doses of ketorolac tromethamine and pethidine for postoperative analgesia. J
Intern Med Res 9: 305--314
Fong J, Gora ML (1993) Reversible renal insufficiency following ketorolac therapy.
Correspondence. Ann Pharmacother 4: 510--512
Forbes JA, Kehm CJ, Grodin CD et al. (1990) Evaluation of ketorolac, ibuprofen,
acetaminophen, and an acetaminophen-codeine combination in postoperative oral surgery
pain. Pharmacotherapy 10(6): 94S--105S
Fuller DK, Kalekas PJ (1993) Ketorolac and gastrointestinal ulceration. Correspondence. Ann
Pharmacother 7--8: 978--979
Galasko CSB, Russell S, Lloyd J (1989) Double-blind investigation of multiple oral doses of
ketorolac tromethamine compared with dihydrocodeine and placebo: Curr Ther Res 45:
844--852
Garcha IS, Bostwick J (1991) Postoperative hematomas associated with Toradol.
Correspondence. Plast Reconstr Surg 88(5): 919--920
Gillies GWA, Kenny GNC, Bullingham RES et al. (1987) The morphine sparing effect of
ketorolac tromethamine: a study of a new, parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent
after abdominal surgery. Anaesth 42: 727--731
Goetz CM, Sterchele JA, Harchelroad FP (1992) Anaphylactoid reaction following ketorolac
tromethamine administration. Ann Pharmacother 26(10): 1237--1238
Goldstein LH, Sung YF (1992) A randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the analgesic
efficacy of ketorolac in outpatient surgery. Anesthesiology 77 (3A): A22
Gordon RL (1998) Prolonged central intravenous ketorolac continuous infusion in a cancer
patient with intractable bone pain. Ann Pharmacother 32(2): 193--196
Grass JA, Sakima NT, Valley M et al. (1993) Assessment of ketorolac as an adjuvant to
fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia after radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Anesthesiology 78: 642--648
Green D, Klement P, Liao P et al. (1996) Interaction of low molecular weight heparin with
ketorolac. J Lab Clin Med 127(6): 583--587
Greenberg CP, Levine MI, Brown AR (1992) Ketorolac is an effective analgesic for
outpatient laparoscopy and shoulder arthroscopy. Anesthesiology 77(3A): A21
Haddow GR, Riley E, Isaacs et al. (1993) Ketorolac, nasal polyposis, and bronchial asthma: a
cause for concern. Anesth Analg 76(2): 420--422
Haragsim LL, Dalal R, Bagga H et al. (1994) Ketorolac-induced acute renal failure and
hyperkalemia: report of three cases. Am J Kidney 24(4): 578--580
Judkins JH, Dray TG, Hubbell RN (1996) Intraoperative ketorolac and posttonsillectomy
bleeding. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122(9): 937--940
Kelley M, Bastani B (1995) Ketorolac-induced acute renal failure and hyperkalemia.
Correspondence. Clin Nephrol 44(4): 276--277
Kenny GN(1990) Ketorolac trometamol, a new non opioid analgesic. GJA 65: 445--447
Kenny GN, McArdle CS, Aitken HH (1990) Parenteral ketorolac: opiate-sparing effect and
lack of cardiorespiratory depression in the perioperative patient. Pharmacother 10 (S): 127-131
Langlais F, Bourgin T, Maignan JM et al. (1987) Étude comparative du kétorolac et de la
péthidine dans les douleurs postoperatoires. Ann Fr Anesth Réan 6: 408--412
Liu J, Ding Y, White PF et al. (1993) Effects of ketorolac on postoperative analgesia and
ventilatory function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 76: 1061--1066
Logan BK, Friel PN, Peterson KL et al. (1995) Analysis of ketorolac in postmortem blood. J
Anal Toxicol 19(2): 61--64
Lundell JC, Silverman DG, Brull SJ et al. (1996) Reduction of postburn hyperalgesia after
local injection of ketorolac in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 84(3): 502--509
Maliekal J, Elboim CM (1995) Gastrointestinal complications associated with intramuscular
ketorolac tromethamine therapy in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 7--8: 698--701
Maunuksela E, Kokki H, Bullingham RES (1992) Comparison of intravenous ketorolac with
morphine for postoperative pain in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52: 436--443
McDonald E, Marino C, Schwartz E (1993) Toradol and the risk of gastrointestinal
complications in the elderly. Correspondence. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(1): 90--91
McQuay HJ, Poppleton P, Carroll D et al. (1986) Ketorolac and acetaminophen for
orthopaedic postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39: 38--93
Michel RE, Holt JC, Domer FR (1996) Ketorolac causes the release of methionine-enkephlin
in rats. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 91(2): 249--252
Middleton RK, Lyle JA, Berger DL (1996) Ketorolac continuous infusion: a case report and
review of the literature. J Pain Symptom Manage 12(3): 190--194
Mroszczak E, Combs D, Chaplin M et al. (1996) Chiral kinetics and dynamics of ketorolac. J
Clin Pharmacol 36(6): 521--539
Mroszczak EJ, Lee FW, Combs D et al. (1987) Ketorolac tromethamine absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. Drug
Metab Disp 15(5): 618--625
Munro HM, Riegger LQ, Reynolds PI et al. (1994) Comparison of the analgesic and emetic
properties of ketorolac and morphine for paediatric outpatient strabismus surgery. Br J
Anaesth 72: 624--628
Murray AW, Brockway MS, Kenny GNC (1989) Comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects
of ketorolac and alfentanil during propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 63: 601--603
Myers KG, Trotman IF (1994) Use of ketorolac by continuous subcutaneous infusion for the
control of cancer-related pain. Postgrad Med J 70(823): 359--362
Newton PT, Morley-Forster PK, Cook MJ (1992) Intramuscular ketorolac and rectal
indomethacin are equally efficacious for the relief of minor post-operative pain.
Anesthesiology 77(3A): A14
O’Sullivan GM, Rice ASC, Miller C et al. (19889) Ketorolac transfer (KT) into CSF. Eur J
Clin Pharmacol 36(S): A316
O'Hara DA, Fragen RJ, Kinzer M et al. (1987) Ketorolac tromethamine as compared with
morphine sulfate for treatment of postoperative pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 41: 556--561
Parent M, Patrice M (1994) Weight gain associated with long-term oral ketorolac
tromethamine. Correspondence. Ann Pharmacother 2: 284--285
Parker RK, Holtmann B, Smith I et al. (1994) Use of ketorolac after lower abdominal surgery.
Anesthesiology 80: 6--12
Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF (1991) Effect of ketorolac on the postoperative opioid
requirement and recovery profile. Anesthesiology 75: A758
Patel NY, Landercasper J (1995) Ketorolac-induced postoperative acute renal failure: a case
report. Wis Med J 94(8): 445--447
Pearce CJ, Gonzalez FM, Wallin D (1993) Renal failure and hyperkalemia associated with
ketorolac tromethamine. Arch Intern Med 153(8): 1000--1002
Perazella MA, Buller GK (1993) NSAID nephrotoxicity revisited: acute renal failure due to
parenteral ketorolac. South Med J 86(12): 1421--1424
Pharma-Flash (1994) (Dayer P, ed.) Médicaments de référence; trousse d’urgence du
praticien. 21(2--5): Seite 12
Powell H, Smallman JMB, Morgan M (1990) Comparison of IM ketorolac and morphine in
pain control after laparotomy. Anaesth 45: 538--542
Power I, Noble DW, Douglas E (1990) Comparison of IM ketorolac trometamol and
morphine sulphate for pain relief after cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 65: 448--455
Prescr Intl (1993) Ketorolac tromethamine. Prescr Intl 2(7): 104--106
Quigley EM, Ruh P (1994) Ketorolac-associated upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Correspondence. Am J Gastroenterol 89(2): 287--289
Read JR, Bainton R (1994) Operative haemorrhage in association with ketorolac.
Correspondence. 49(1): 73--74
Reinhart D, Klein K, Cole T et al. (1992) Combination transdermal fentanyl and ketorolac for
postoperative analgesia: a double-blind, randomized study. Anesthesiology 77 (3A): A 889
Reuben SS, Connelly NR (1995) Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee
surgery with intraarticular bupivacaine and ketorolac. Anesth Analg 80(6): 1154--1157
Revell S (1996) Ketorolac-induced renal failure. Correspondence. Wis Med J 95(3): 147
Rice AS, Whitehead EM, O’Sullivan G et al. (1995) Speed of onset of analgesic effect of
intravenous ketorolac compared to morphine and placebo. Eur J Anaesthesiol 12(3): 313-317
Rice ASC, Lloyd J, Bullingham RES et al. (1993) Ketorolac penetration into the
cerebrospinal fluid of humans. J Clin Anaesth 5: 459--462
Ripamonti C, Ticozzi C, Zecca E et al. (1996) Continuous subcutaneous infusion of ketorolac
in cancer neuropathic pain unresponsive to opioid and adjuvant drugs. A case report.
Tumori 82(4): 413--415
Roberts WJ (1986) A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains.
Pain 24: 297--311
Rooks II WH, Tomolonis AJ, Maloney PJ (1982) The analgesia and anti-inflammatory profile
of ±-5-benzoyl-1, 2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2a]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid (RS-37619).
Agents Actions 12: 684--690
Rooks WH, Maloney PJ, Shott LD et al. (1985) The analgesic and anti-inflammatory profile
of ketorolac and its tromethamine salt. Drugs Exp Clin Res 11: 479--492
Rotenberg FA, Giannini VS (1992) Hyperkalemia associated with ketorolac. Ann
Pharmacother 6: 778--789
Saggini R, Zoppi M, Vecchiet F (1996) Comparison of electromotive drug administration
with ketorolac or with placebo in patients with pain from rheumatic disease: a doublemasked study. Clin Ther 18(6): 1169--1174
Schoch PH, Ranno A, North DS (1992) Acute renal failure in elderly woman following
intramuscular ketorolac administration. Ann Pharmacother 10: 1233--1236
Sevarino FB, Ning T, Sinatra RS et al. (1991) The efficacy of ketorolac 15 mg or 30 mg in
combination with morphine PCA in postoperative gynecological surgery patients.
Anesthesiology 75 (3A): A1090
Sevaruno FB, Sinatra RS, Paige D et al. (1992) The efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac in
combination with intravenous PCA morphine for postoperative pain relief. J Clin Anesth 4:
285--288
Shapiro N (1994) Acute angioedema after ketorolac ingestion: report of case. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 52(6): 626--627
Shufflebarger JV, Doyle J, Roth T et al. (1996) The effect of ketorolac on microvascular
thrombosis in an experimental rabbit model. Plast Reconstr Surg 98(1): 140--145
Sitenga GL, Ing EB, van Dellen RG (1996) Asthma caused by topical application of
ketorolac. Ophthalmology 103(6): 890--892
Smallman JMB, Powell H, Ewart MC et al. (1992) Ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in
elderly patients. Anaesth 47: 149--152
Smith I, Shively R, White PF(1992) Effect of bupivacaine and ketorolac on recovery after
outpatient arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 75: 208--212
Smith K, Halliwell RM, Lawrence S et al. (1993) Acute renal failure associated with
intramuscular ketorolac. Anaesth Intensive Care 21(5): 700--702
Spindler JS, Mehlisch D, Brown CR (1990) Intramuscular ketorolac and morphine in the
treatment of moderate to severe pain after major surgery. Pharmacotherapy 10(6): 51S-58S
Spowart K, Greer IA, McLaren M et al. (1988) Haemostatic effects of ketorolac with and
without concomitant heparin in normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 60: 382--386
Stanski DR, Cherry C, Bradley R et al. (1990) Efficacy and Safety of Single Doses of
Intramuscular Ketorolac Tromethamine Compared with Meperidine for Postoperative Pain.
Pharmacotherapy 10(6): 40SS--44SS
Steinberg RB, Tessier EG (1993) Gastrointestinal bleeding after administration of ketorolac.
Correspondence. Anesthesiology 79(5): 1146--1147
Stouten EM, Armbruster S, Houmes RJ et al. (1992) Comparison of ketorolac and morphine
for postoperative pain after major surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 36: 716--721
Strom BL, Berlin JA, Kinman JL et al. (1996) Parenteral ketorolac and risk of gastrointestinal
and operative site bleeding. A postmarketing surveillance study. JAMA 275(5): 376--382
Thwaites BK, Nigus DB, Bouska GW et al. (1996) Intravenous ketorolac tromethamine
worsens platelet function during knee arthroscopy under spinal analgesia. Anesth Analg
82(6): 1176--1181
Toon S, Mullins FG, Bullingham RES et al. (1990) Investigations into the potential effects of
multiple dose ketorolac on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic
warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30: 743--750
Uphouse LA, Welch SP, Ward CR (1993) Antinociceptive activity of intrathecal ketorolac is
blocked by the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine. Eur J Pharmacol
242(1): 53--58
Vanos DN, Ramamurthy S, Hoffman J (1992) Intravenous regional block using ketorolac:
preliminary results in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy Anesth Analg 74(1):
139--141
Vargas R, Maneatis T, Bynum L et al. (1994) Evaluation of the antipyretic effect of ketorolac,
acetaminophen, and placebo in endotoxic-induced fever. J Clin Pharmacol 34(8): 848--853
Watcha MF, Jones MB, Lagueruela RG et al. (1992) Comparison of ketorolac and morphine
as adjuvants during pediatric surgery. Anesthesiology 76: 368--372
Waters J, Hullander M, Kraft A et al. (1992) Post-cesarean pain relief with ketorolac
tromethamine and epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 77(3A): A813
Wheatley RG, Somerville ID, Sapsford DJ et al (1991) Double-blind comparison fo the
morphine sparing effect of continuous and intermittent i.m. administration of ketorolac. Br
J Anaesth 67: 235--238
Wilkinson (1996) Intraarticular ketorolac. Correspondence. Anesth Analg 82(2): 433
Williams EL (1996) Ketorolac appears to decrease polyuria during intracranial surgery. J
Neurosurg Anesthesiolg 1: 35--39
Wong H, Carpenter R, Fragen R et al. (1992) An evaluation of ketorolac as sole analgesic
after outpatient surgery. Anesthesiology 77(3A): A6
Yee JP, Koshiver JE, Allbon C et al. (1986) Comparison of intramuscular ketorolac
tromethamine and morphine sulfate in the treatment of postoperative pain.
Pharmacotherapy 6: 253--261
Zikowsiki D, Hord AH, Haddox DJ et al. (1993) Ketorolac-induced bronchospasm. Anesth
Analg 76: 417--419
Lonazolac
Biehl B (1981) Prophylaxe postoperative Schwellungen mit Irritren. Ergebnisse einer
Doppelblind-Studie. Fortschr Med 99(19): 745--748
Deneke J, Luckow V, Guserle et al. (1998) Transsynovial kinetics of lonazolac and its
hydroxy metabolige in synovitis patients. Int J Pharmacol Ther 36(8): 418--419
Huber R, Zech K, Dittmann EC et al. (1990) Pharmakokinetik des Antirheumatikums
Lonazolac-Ca beim Menschen. Arzneimittelforschung 40(8): 918--925
Lonauer G, Wagner H, Börngen U et al. (1981) Lonazolac-Ca – ein nicht steroidales
Antirheumatikum Klinische Langzeitstudie bei chronischer Polyarthritis. Z Rheumatol
40(4): 161--164
Mayrhofer F, Thumb N (1984) Concentrations of lonazolac in serum and synovial fluid of
patients with inflammatory or degenerate joint disease. In J Clin Pharmacol Res 4(6): 415-417
Rainer G, Krüger U, Klemm K (1981) Synthese und physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften
von Lonazolac-Ca, einem neuen Antiphlogistikum/Antirheumatikum.
Arzneimittelforschung 31(4): 649--655
Siegmeth W, Placheta P (1982) Vergleich mit Lonazolac-Ca mit Naproxen bei vertebragenen
Syndromen und bei Arthrosen der grossen Gelenke: Ergebnisse einer Doppelblindstudie.
Wien Klin Wochenschr 94(6): 145--147
Vetter G, Abele I (1981) Doppelblind-cross-over Studie mit Lonazolac-Ca und Diclofenac-Na
an 30 Patienten mit chronischer Polyarthritis. ZFA (Stuttgart) 57(35--36): 2451--2456
Oxametacin
Dittrich P, Ferber H, Vergin H et al. (1981) Pharmakokinetik von Oxametacin nach
Mehrfachdosierung bei gesunden Probanden. Arzneimittelforschung 31(3): 518--523
Polderman J, Colon M (1980) General practitioners‘ evaluation of side-effects and effficacy
of oxamethacin as compared with indomethacin. J Int Med Res 8(2): 156--162
Vergin H, Ferber H, Brunnder F et al. (1981) Pharmakokinetik und Biotransformation von
Oxametacin bei gesunden Probanden. Arzneimittelforschung 31(3): 513--518
Pirazolac
Carcassi C, La Nasa G, Perpignano G (1990) A 12-week double-blind study of the efficacy,
safety and tolerance of pirazolac b.i.d. compared with indomethacin t.i.d. in patients with
ankylosing spondylitis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 16(1): 29--37
Numo R (1990) Multicentre double-blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerance of
pirazolac compared with sulindac in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs Exp Clin Res
16(1): 17--27
Symmons D, Clark B, Panayi G et al. (1985) Differential dosing study of pirazolac, a new
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Med Res
Opin 9(8): 542--547
Täuber U (1990) The pharmacokinetics of pirazolac in human subjects. Drugs Exp Clin Res
16(1): 7--15
Proglumetacin
Carratelli L Antonini P, Messina E et al. (1985) Proglumetacin in arthritis of the hip and the
knee. Results of a post-marketing surveillance study. Drugs Exp Clin Res 11(4): 307--316
Esprito Santo J, da Silva JP, da Costa JT et al. (1983) Double-blind evaluation of low-dose
proglumetacin versus naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis out-patients. Curr Med Opin 8(7):
524--530
Lorenzi GL, Bertini G, Peveraro A (1983) La proglumetacina per un controllo rapide e sicuro
delle artralgie di interesse ortopedico. Minerva Med 74(26): 1569--1572
Puhl W, Springorum HW (1984) Konservative Therapie der aktivierten Gonarthrose.
Doppelblindstudie mit Proglumetacin und Piroxicam. Fortschr Med 102(23): 653--656
Sulindac
Angeles ML, Reid ME, Yacob UA et al. (1994) Sulindac-induced immune hemolytic anemia.
Transfusion 34(3): 255--258
Girard D, Damon H, Diday M et al. (1994) Anémie hémolytique aigue immunoallergique
induite par le sulindac. Rev Med Interne 3: 217--218
Anderson RJ (1979) Severe reaction associated with sulindac administration. Correspondence.
New Engl J Med 300(13): 735--736
Ballas ZK, Donta ST (1982) Sulindac-induced aseptic meningitis. Arch Intern Med 142(1):
165--166
Bennett L, Schlossman R, Rosenthal J et al. (1980) Aplastic anemia and sulindac.
Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 92(6): 874
Bodin F, Habibi B, Legendre C et al. (1985) L’hépatotoxicité du sulindac. Une nouvelle
observation. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 6--7: 546--547
Brooks PM, Day RO (1991) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs-differences and similarities.
New Engl J Med 324: 1716--1723
Bruce DR, Odom RB (1986) Fixed drug eruption to sulindac. Cutis 38(5): 323--324
Ciabattoni G, Boss AH, Patrignani P (1987) Effects of sulindac on renal and extrarenal
eicosanoid synthesis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 41: 380--383
Ciabattoni G, Cinotti GA, Pierucci A et al. (1984) Effects of sulindac and ibuprofen in
patients with chronic glomerular disease: evidence for the dependence of renal function on
prostacyclin. New Engl J Med 310: 279--283
Cook ME, Wallin JD, Thakur VD et al. (1997) Comparative effects of nabumetone, sulindac,
and ibuprofen on renal function. J Rheumatol 24(6): 1137--1144
Daniele B, Pignata S, D’Agostino L et al. (1988) Sulindac-induced severe hepatitis.
Correspondence. Am J Gastroenterol 83(12): 1429--1431
Davies NM, Watson MS (1997) Clinical pharmacokinetics of sulindac. A dynamic old drug.
Clin Pharmacol 32(6): 437--459
Dhand AK, LaBrecque DR, Metzger J (1981) Sulindac (Clinoril) hepatitis. Gastroenterology
80(3): 585--586
Easton PA, Koval A (1980) Hypertensive reaction with sulindac. Can Med Assoc J 122(11):
1273--1274
Fagan EA, Walford N, Hodgson HJ (1983) Sulindac hepatoxicity. Correspondence. Gut
24(12): 1199
Fein M (1981) Sulindac and pneumonitis. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 95(2): 245
Gallanosa AG, Spyker DA (1985) Sulindac hepatotoxicity: a case report and review Clin
Toxicol 23(2--3):205--238
García Rodríguez LA, Williams R, Derby LE et al. (1994) Acute liver injury associated with
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the role of risk factors. Arch Intern Med 154(3):
311--316
Giardello FM, Spannhake EW, DuBois RN et al. (1998) Prostaglandin levels in human
colorectal mucosa: effects of sulindac in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Dig
Dis Sci 43(2): 311--3316
Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Krush AJ et al. (1993) Treatment of colonic and rectal
adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. New Engl J Med 328: 1313-1316
Giroux Y, Moreau M, Kass TG (1982) Cholestatic jaundice caused by sulindac. Can J Surg
25(3): 334--335
Goldstein J, Laskin DA, Ginsberg GH (1980) Sulindac associated with pancreatitis.
Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 93(1): 151
Han EK, Arber N, Yamamoto H et al. (1998) Effects of sulindac and its metabolites on
growth and apoptosis in human mammary epithelial and breast carcinoma cell lines. Breast
Cancer Res Treat 48(3): 195--203
Henrich WL, Brater DC, Campbell WB (1986) Renal hemodynamic effects of therapeutic
plasma levels of sulindac sulfide during hemorrhage. Kidney Int 29(2): 484--489
Hoffman HS, Rudnicki RD (1988) Lymphadenopathy with sulindac therapy. Correspondence.
Conn Med 52(2): 115--116
Horowitz J, Sukenik S, Altz-Smith M (1988) Recurrent hyperkalemia and acute renal failure
following sulindac therapy. Isr J Med Sci 8: 433--4434
Hovde O (1990) Sulindakindusert toksisk epidermal nekrolyse. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen
110(19): 2537--2538
Johnson AG, Seidemann P, Day RO (1994) NSAID-related adverse drug interaction with
clinical relevance. An update. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32(10): 509--532
Johnson FP jr, Hamilton HE, Liesch MR (1985) Immune hemolytic anemia associated with
sulindac. Arch Intern Med 145(8): 1515--1516
Kammerer J, Sabardeil S, Rumeau JL et al. (1982) Hépatite au Sulindac: une observation avec
revue des trois précédentes. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 8--9: 712--713
Kapoor A, Gopalakrishnan L, Weis S (1983) Reversible gynecomastia associated with
sulindac therapy. Correspondence. JAMA 250(17): 2284--2285
Karachalios GN, Parigorakis JG (1986) Thrombocytopenia with sulindac. Correspondence.
Ann Intern Med 104(1): 128
Kaul A, Reddy JC, Fagman E et al. (1981) Hepatitis associated with use of sulindac in a child.
J Pediatr 99(4): 650--651
Klein SM, Khan MA (1983) Hepatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis and pancreatitis in
association with sulindac therapy. J Rheumatol 10(3): 512--513
Kramer WB, Saade G, Ou CN et al. (1995) Placental transfer of sulindac and its active sulfide
metabolite in humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172(3): 886--890
Kruis R, Barger R (1980) Paranoid psychosis with sulindac. Correspondence. JAMA 243
(14): 1420
Levites R, Hafitz G, Kirubakaran M (1981) Febrile reaction to sulindac. Correspondence.
JAMA 246(3): 213--214
Lilly EL (1981) Pancreatitis after administration of sulindac. Correspondence. JAMA
246(23): 2680
Lomvardias S, Pinn VW, Wadhwa ML et al. (1981) Nephrotic syndrome associated with
sulindac. Correspondence. New Engl J Med 304(7): 424
Mahmoud NN, Boolbol SK, Dannenberg AJ et al. (1998) The sulfide metabolite of sulindac
prevents tumors and restores enterocyte apoptosis in a murine model of familial
adenomatous polyposis. Carcinogenesis 1: 87--91
Malloy MJ, Ravis WR, Pennell AT et al. (1994) Influence of cholestyramine resin
administration on single dose sulindac pharmacokinetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32(6):
286--289
Memon AN (1982) Pancreatitis and sulindac. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 97(1): 139
Miller JL (1980) Marrow aplasia and sulindac. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 92(1): 129
Mintz PD, Anderson G, Clark S (1986) Immune hemolytic anemia associated with sulindac.
Correspondence. Arch Intern Med 146(8): 1639
Mitnick (1983) Sulindac and renal failure. Correspondence. JAMA 250(1): 34
Morris EL, Hochberg MC, Dorsch CA (1981) Agranulocytosis and sulindac. Correspondence.
Arthritis Rheum 5: 752--753
Neufeld MY, Korczyn AD (1986) Encephalopathy associated with sulindac. Hum Toxicol
5(1): 55
Nugent KP, Phillips RKS (1993) Ileorectal anastomoses should be converted into pouches in
middle age patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Presentation: Tripartite
Colorectal Meeting, 1993 (October), Sidney (Australien)
Park GD, Spector R, Headstream T et al. (1982) Serious adverse reactions associated with
sulindac. Arch Intern Med 142(7): 1292--1294
Peek MJ, McCarthy A, Kyle P et al. (1997) Medical amnioreduction with sulindac to reduce
cord complications ini monoamniotic twins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176(2): 334--336
Piazza GA, Alberts DS, Hixson LJ et al. (1997) Sulindac sulfone inhibits azoxymethaneinduced colon carcinogenesis in rats without reducing prostaglandin levels. Cancer Res
57(14): 2909--2915
Quintero E, Gines P, Arroyo V et al. (1986) Sulindac reduces the urinary excretion of
prostaglandins and impairs renal function in cirrhosis with ascites. Nephron 42: 298--303
Roberts DG, Gerber JG, Barnes JS et al. (1985) Sulindac is not renal sparing in man. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 38: 258--265
Rosenbaum JT (1981) Thrombocytopenia associated with sulindac. Correspondence. Arthritis
Rheum 5: 753--754
Sandyk R, Gillman MA (1985) Acute exacerbation of Parkinson’s disease with sulindac. Ann
Neurol 17(1): 104--105
Shojania AM, Rusen SD (1981) Thrombocytopenia and sulindac. Correspondence. Can Med
Ass J 125(12): 1313
Siefkin AD (1980) Sulindac and pancreatitis. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 93(6): 932-933
Smith FE, Lindberg PJ (1980) Life-threatening hypersensitivity to sulindac. JAMA 244(3):
269--270
Sprung DJ (1982) Sulindac causing a hypersensitivity reaction with peripheral and
mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 97(4): 564
Steiness E, Waldorff S (1982) Different interactions of indomethacin and sulindac with
thiazides in hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285(6356): 1702--1703
Thompson HJ, Jiang C, Lu J et al. (1997) Sulfone metabolite of sulindac inhibits mammary
carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 57(2): 267--271
Thornton TL (1980) Delirium associated with sulindac. Correspondence. JAMA 243(16):
1630--1631
Thorson AG, Lynch HT, Smyrk TC (1994) Rectal cancer in FAP patient after sulindac.
Correspondence. Lancet 343: 180
Walker AM (1997) Quantitative studies of the risk of serious hepatic injury in persons using
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum 40(2): 201--208
Whelton A, Bender W, Vaghaiwalla F et al. (1983) Sulindac and renal impairment.
Correspondence. JAMA 249(21): 2892--2893
Whelton A, Stout RL, Spillman PS et al. (1990) Renal effects of ibuprofen, piroxicam and
sulindac in patients with asomptomatic renal failure. Ann Intern Med 112: 568--576
Whittaker SJ, Amar JN, Wanless JR et al. (1982) Sulindac hepatotoxicity. Gut 10: 875--877
Wolfe PB (1979) Sulindac and jaundice. Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 91(4): 656
Wood LJ, Mundo F, Searle J et al. (1985) Sulindac hepatotoxicity: effects of acute and
chronic exposure. Aust N Z J Med 15(4): 397--401
Yoon KH, Ng SC (1998) A case of sulindac-induced enteropathy resulting in jejunal
perforation. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1: 116--119
Tolmetin
Ahmad S (1980) Anaphylaxis from tolmetin. Correspondence. N Engl J Med 303 (24): 1417
Blackshear JL (1982) Drug-induced failure. Correspondence. Mayo Clin Proc 57(10): 670-671
Boiskin I, Saven A, Mendez M et al. (1987) Indomethacin and the nephrotic syndrome.
Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 106(5): 776--777
Bretza JA, Novey HS (1985) Anaphylactoid reactions to tolmetin after interrupted dosage.
West J Med 143(1): 55--59
Brown JR, Weir AB (1978) Drug fever from tolmetin administration. Correspondence. JAMA
239(1): 24
Chatterjee GP (1981) Nephrotic syndrome induced by tolmetin. Correspondence. JAMA
246(14): 1589
Caruso A, Cutuli VM, De Bernardis E et al. (1992) Pharmacological properties and
toxicology of MED-15, a prodrug of tolmetin. Drugs Exp Clin Res 18(11--12):481--485
Cressman WA, Wortham GF, Plostnieks JE (1976) Absorption and excretion of tolmetin in
man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19: 224--233
Dasgupta A, Volk A (1996) Displacement of valproic acid and carbamazepine from protein
bindung in normal and uremic sera by tolmetin, ibuprofen, and naproxen: presence of
inhibitor in uremic serum that blocks valproic acid-naproxen interactions. Ther Drug Monit
3: 284--287
Ehrlich GE (1983) Long-term therapy with tolmetin in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol
7: 287--300
Ehrlich GE, Wortham GF (1975) Pseudoproteinuria in tolmetin-treated patients. Clin
Pharmacol Ther 4: 467--468
Feinfeld DA, Olesnicky L, Pirani CL et al. (1984) Nephrotic syndrome associated with use of
the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Case report and review of literature. Nephron
37(3): 174--179
Furst DE, Dromgoole SH, Desirahu RK et al. (1983) Clinical pharmacology of tolmetin:
comparisons in rheumatoid arthritis patients and normal volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 7:
329--335
Katz SM, Capaldo R, Everts EA et al. (1981) Tolmetin. Association with reversible renal
failure and acute interstitial nephritis. JAMA 246(3): 243--245
Knodel LC, Wachsman BA, Linn WD (1986) Tolmetin-induced pseudoproteinuria.
Correspondence. JAMA 255(3): 324--325
Lanza FL, Aspinall RL, Swabb EA et al. (1987) A double blind placebo controlled
endoscopic comparison of the cytoprotective effects of misoprostol and cimetidine on
tolmetin induced gastric mucosal injury. Gastroenterol 92: (A)1491
Larsen JR, Becher JW (1993) Fatal fulminant autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated
with tolmetin use and gastric carcinoma. Case report and literature review. Drug Saf 2:
169--178
Lockhart JM (1982) Tolmetin-induced thrombocytopenia. Correspondence. Arthritis Rheum
9: 1144--1145
O’Brien (1983) Long-term efficacy and safey of tolmetin sodium in the treatment of geriatric
patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a retrospective study. J Clin
Pharmacol 7: 309--323
McCall CY, Cooper JW (1980) Tolmetin anaphylactoid reaction. JAMA 243(12): 1263
Moore ME, Goldsmith DP (1980) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory intolerance. An
anaphylactic reaction to tolmetin. Arch Intern Med 140(8): 1106--1106
Palop V, Juan-Martínez J, Andreu-Alapont E et al. (1997) Tolmetin-induced esophageal
ulceration. Correspondence. Ann Pharmacother 7--8: 929
Pascoe MD, Gordon GD, Temple-Camp CR (1986) Tolmetin-induced acute renal failure. A
case report. S Afr Med J 70(4): 232--233
Ponte CD, Wisman R (1985) Tolmetin-induced urticaria/angioedema. Correspondence. Drug
Intell Clin Pharm 6: 479--480
Rake GW jr, Jacobs RL (1983) Anaphylactoid reactions to tolmetin und zomepirac. Ann
Allergy 50(5): 323--325
Restivo C, Paulus HE (1978) Anaphylaxis from tolmetin. Correspondence. JAMA 240(3):
246
Rossi AC, Knapp DE (1982) Tolmetin-induced anaphylactoid reactions. Correspondence. N
Engl J Med 307(8): 499-500
Sakai J, Joseph MW (1978) Tolmetin and agranulocytosis. Correspondence. N Engl J Med
298(21): 1203
Sotsky SM, Tossell JW (1984) Tolmetin induction of mania. Psychosomatics 8: 626--628
Squires JE, Mintz PD, Clark S (1985) Tolmetin-induced hemolysis. Transfusion 5: 410--413
Stefanini M, Nassif RI (1982) Acute thrombocytopenic purpura traced to tolmetin-related
antibody. Va Med 109(3): 171--175
Strom BL, Carson JL, Morse ML (1987) The effect of indication on hypersensitivity reactions
associated with zomepirac sodium and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis
Rheum 10: 1142--1148
Strom BL, Carson JL, Schinnar R et al. (1988) The effect of indication on the risk of
hypersensitivity reactions associated with tolmetin sodium vs. other nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs. J Rheumatol 4: 695--699
Tietjen DP (1989) Recurrence and specificity of nephrotic syndrome due to tolmetin. Am J
Med 87(3): 354--355
Van Dijk BA, Rico PB, Hoitsma A et al. (1989) Immune hemolytic anemia associated with
tolmetin and suprofen. Transfusion 7: 638--641
Vogelsang SA, Dennis GJ, Bauer FA (1993) Proteinuria associated with tolmetin treatment in
a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 8: 1181--1182
Wellborne FR, Claypool RG, Copley JB (1983) Nephrotic range pseudoproteinuria in a
tolmetin-treated patient. Correspondence. Clin Nephrol 4: 211--212
Fenbufen
Beucler A, Rezeau H, Castot A et al. (1986) Anémie hémolytique au fenbufene.
Correspondence. Presse Med 15(30): 1426
Burton (1990) Rash and pulmonary eosinophilia associated with fenbufen. BMJ 300 (6717):
82--83
Chuck AJ, Wilcox M, Bossingham DH (1987) Fenbufen-associated pneumonitis.
Correspondence. Br J Rheumatol 6: 475--476
Crosse BA, Stanley PJ (1994) Encephalitis – an adverse reaction to fenbufen. Br J Clin Pract
48(5): 277--278
Edwards IR (1988) Fenbufen: adverse reactions affecting the skin. Correspondence. N Z Med
J 101(852): 550
Jean-Pastor MJ, Jean P, Garbe L et al. (1984) Vascularite grave au cours d’un traitement par
fenbufene. Therapie 39(3): 305--309
Levy M, Rondeau E, Leleu-Nahmias G (1987) Severe nephrotic syndrome with acute renal
failure after fenbufen. Correspondence. Clin Nephrol 2: 103
Martin T, Pasquali JL, Welsch M et al. (1984) Intolérance au fenbufene. Une observation de
toxidermie sévere. Presse Med 13(1): 43--44
Martland T, Stone WD (1988) Haemolytic anaemia associated with fenbufen.
Correspondence. BMJ 297(6653): 921
Michalevicz R, Baron S, Blum I (1987) Fenbufen induced red cell aplasia in rheumatoid
arthritis. J Rheumatol 6: 1174--1176
Muir KW, Holyoake T, Fitzsimons E (1994) Aplastic anaemia associated with fenbufen: a
report of two cases. Br J Rheumatol 33(4): 389--391
Nicolas C, Chouvet B, Cambazard F et al. (1983) Accidents cutanés liés à un nouvel antiinflammatoire: fenbufene. A propos de 3 cas. Ann Dermatol Venereol 100(5): 419--423
Rainsford KD, Ying C, O’Shaughnessy D (1993) Mechanisms of skin rashes from fenbufen.
Agents Actions 39 (Spec N°): C174--176
Roujeau JC, Guillaume JC, Fabre JP (1990) Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome).
Incidence and drug etiology in France, 1981--1985. Arch Dermatol 126(1): 37--42
Sensebe L, Parent D, Dutel JL et al. (1984) Agranulocytose aigue. Rôle du fenbufene?
Correspondence. Presse Med 13(22): 1392
Slovoba AE, Tolman EL, Osterberg AC et al. (1980) The pharmacological properties of
fenbufen. A review. Arzneimittelforschung 30(4A): 716--721
Swinburg CR (1988) Pulmonary infiltration and lymphadenopathy in association with
fenbufen. Hum Toxicol 1: 35--36
Fenoprofen
Artinano M, Etheridge WB, Stroehlein KB et al. (1986) Progression of minimal-change
glomerulopathy to focal glomerulosclerosis with fenoprofen nephropathy. Am J Nephrol
6(5): 353--357
Ashraf M, Pearson RM, Winfield DA (1982) Aplastic anaemia associated with fenoprofen. Br
Med J (Clin Res Ed) 284(6325): 1301--132
Bender WL, Whelton A, Beschorner WE et al. (1984) Nonspecifity of the renal lesion of
fenoprofen nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 42: 253--259
Cahen R, Trolliet P, Francois B et al. (1988) Fenoprofen-induced membranous
glomerulonephritis. Correspondence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3(5): 705--706
Curt GA, Kaldany A, Whitley LK et al. (1980) Reversible rapidly progressive renal failure
with nephrotic syndrome due to fenoprofen calcium. Ann Intern Med 92(1): 72--73
Dhar SK, Yum M (1984) Acute tubular necrosis and minimal-change glomerulopathy
associated with fenoprofen therapy. Indiana Med 77(12): 956--957
Guyon B, Ory JP, Wagschal G et al. (1983) Insuffisance rénale aigue avec syndrome
néphrotique due au fénoprofene. Réflexions à propos d’un cas et revue de la littératur.
Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 72(12): 403--406
Husserl FE, Lange RK, Kantrow CM jr (1979) Renal papillary necrosis and pyelonephritis
accompanying fenoprofen therapy. JAMA 242(17): 1896--1898
Katz ME, Wang P (1980) Fenoprofen-associated thrombocytopenia. Correspondence. Ann
Intern Med 92 (2Pt1): 262
Kolodzik JM, Eilers MA, Angelos MG (1990) nonsteroidal and ant-inflammatory drugs and
coma: a case report of fenoprofen overdose. Ann Emerg Med 4: 378--381
Lofgren RP, Nelson AE, Ehlers SM (1981) Fenoprofen-induced acute interstitial nephritis
presenting with nephrotic syndrome. Minn Med 64(5): 287--290
Mourad G, Mimran A, Baldet P et al. (1982) Insuffisance rénale aigue réversible et syndrome
néphrotique induits par le fénoprofene. Nephrologie 3(2): 65--68
Regester RF (1980) Nephrotic syndrome and renal failure associated with use of nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. J Tenn Med Associ 73(110) 709--711
Reitz CL, Bottomley SS (1984) Pure red cell aplasia associated with fenoprofen. Am J Med
Sci 287(1): 62--63
Ryan JR, Riley WA, Vargas R et al. (1987) Enteric coating of fenoprofen calcium reduces
gastrointestinal microbleeding. Clin Pharmacol Ther 42(1): 28--32
Shipley M, Berry H, Broster G et al. (1983) Controlled trial of homoeopathic treatment of
osteoarthritis. Lancet 1(8316): 97--98
Shirey RS, Morton SJ, Lawton KB et al. (1988) Fenoprofen-induce immune hemolysis.
Difficulties in diagnosis and complications in compatibility testing. Am J Clin Pathol
98(3): 410--414
Sigler JW, Ridolfo AS, Bluhm GB (1976) Comparison of benefit-to-risk factors of aspirin and
fenoprofen: controlled multicentre study in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheuamatol 2: 49--60
Simon SD; Kosmin (1978) Fenoprofen and agranulocytosis. Correspondence. New Engl J
Med 299 (9): 400
Simpson RE 3d, Goldstein DJ, Hjelte GS et al. (1978) Acute thromobocytopenia associated
with fenoprofen. Correspondence. New Engl J Med 298(11): 629--630
Stachura I, Jayakumar S, Bourke E (1983) T and B lymphocyte subsets in fenoprofen
nephropathy. Am J Med 75(1): 9--16
Stotts JS, Fang ML, Dannaker CJ et al. (1988) Fenoprofen-induced toxic epidermal
necrolysis. Correspondence. J Am Acad Dermatol 4(Pt1): 755--757
Thomsen BS, From A, Jacobsen IA et al. (1983) Acute renal failure possibly associated with
fenoprofen therapy. Correspondence. Arthritis Rheum 2: 234--235
Tillman J, Leask JT, Campbell J et al. (1986) Effect of fenoprofen on thyroid function tests.
Clin Chim Acta 161(2): 233--238
Treusch PJ, Woelke BJ, Leichtman D et al. (1979) Agranulocytosis associated with
fenoprofen. Correspondence. JAMA 241(25): 2700--2701
Volland C, Sun H, Benet LZ (1990) Stereoselective analysis of fenoprofen and its
metabolites. J Chromatogr 534: 127--138
Weinberger KA (1979) Fenoprofen and red cell aplasia. Correspondence. J Rheumatol 4: 475
Zech P, Geitner S, Birraux B et al. (1982) Insuffisance rénale aiguée et syndrome néphrotique
secondaires à la prise fénoprofene. Correspondence. Nouv Presse Med 11(29): 227
Flunaxoprofen
Bareggi SR, Pedrazzini S, De Angelis M (1988) Pharmacokinetic study in man with the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug flunoxaprofen. Serum constellation-time profile after oral
or topical preparations. Arzneimittelforschung 38(4): 574--577
Berti F, Galli G, Omini C et al. (1987) Interference of the new antiinflammatory compound
flunaxoprofen with eicosanoid formation in various biological systems.
Arzneimittelforschung 37(1): 27--32
Capone M, Martinelli (1987) Studio clinical a medio e lungo termine sull’uso del nuovo
antiinflammatorio non steroideo flunaxoprofene nell’osteoartrosi. Minerva Med 78(16):
1219--1225
Fioravanti A, Giordano N, Megale F et al. (1989) Efficacia e tolerabilità del flunoxaprofene
nella terapia dell’artrite reumatoide. Studio clinico in cross-over con naproxene. Clin Ter
131(2): 83--91
Trombaccia T, Papalina M, Di Castro A (1987) Studio clinico pilota sull’uso di un nuovo
farmaco antiinflammatorio non steroideo (flunoxaprofene) nella patologia artrosia.
Minerva Med 78(19): 1437--1441
Flurbiprofen
Bjarnason I, Hayllar J (1996) Early pathogenic events in NSAID-induced gastrointestinal
damage. Ital J Gastroenterol Suppl 4: 19--22
Brown BL, Johnson JH, Stiger TR (1986) Flurbiprofen versus naproxen in the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 80(3A): 105--109
Buchanan WW, Kassam YB (1986) European experience with flurbiprofen. A new
analgesic/anti-inflammatory agent. Am J Med 80(3A): 145--152
Davies NM (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen and its enantiomers. Clin
Pharmacokin 2: 100--114
Geisslinger G, Menzel-Soglowek S, Beck WS et al. (1993) R-flurbiprofen: isomeric ballast or
active entity of the racemic compound? Agents Actions S44: 31--36
Geisslinger G, Schaible HG (1996) New insights into the site and mode of antinociceptive
action of flurbiprofeeen enantiomers. J Clin Pharmacol 36(6): 531--520
Kotowski KE, Grayson MF (1982) Side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Correspondence. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285(6338): 377
Lanza FL, Royer GL (1993) NSAID-induced gastric ulceration is dose related by weight: an
endoscopic study with flurbiprofen. Am J Gastroenterol 88(5): 683--686
McCracken JD, Wechter WJ, Liu Y et al. (1996) Antiproliferative effects of the enantiomers
of flurbiprofen. J Clin Pharmacol 36(6): 540--545
Tracy TS, Rosenbluth WB, Wrighton SA et al. (1995) Role of cytochrome P4502C9 and an
allelic variant in the 4‘hydroxylation of (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen. Biochem Pharmacol
49(9): 1269--1275
Van Miert AS, van Duin CT (1977) The antipyretic effect of flurbiprofen. Eur J Pharmacol
44(3): 197--204
Ibuprofen
Bennett RR, Dunkelberg JC, Marks ES (1985) Acute oligurica renal failure due to ibuprofen
overdose. South Med J 78(4): 490--491
Bergner T, Przybilla B (1992) Photosensitization caused by ibuprofen. J Am Acad Dermatol
1: 114--116
Bernstein RF (1980) Ibuprofen-related meningitis in mixed connective tissure disease. Ann
Intern Med 92(2Pt1): 206--207
Blau EB (1987) Ibuprofen and ethanol overdose-induced acute tubular necrosis. Wis Med J
86(9): 23--24
Boneberg EM, Zou MH, Ullrich (1996) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and –2 by R(-) and
S(+)-ibuprofen. J Clin Pharmacol 36(12S): 16S--19S
Bouland DL, Specht NL, Hegstad DR (1986) Ibuprofen adn aseptic meningitis.
Correspondence. Ann Intern Med 104(5): 731
Brandstetter RD, Mar DD (1978) Reversible oliguric renal failure associated with ibuprofen
treatment. Br Med J 2(6146): 1194--1195
Bravo JF, Jacobson MP, Mertens BF (1977) Fatty liver and pleural effusion with ibuprofen
therapy. Ann Intern Med 87(2): 200--201
Brinkmann A, Seeling W, Wolf CF et al. (1998) Ibuprofen does not impair renal function in
patients undergoing intrarenal aortic surgery with epidural anaesthesia. Intensive Care Med
4: 322--338
Cagnoni PJ, Aledort L (1994) Gastrointestinal bleeding in hemophilia as a complication of the
use of the over the counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Correspondence. Am J
Hematol 47(4): 336--37
Casteels-Van Daele M (1972) Gastrointestinal bleeding: a possible association with
ibuprofen. Lancet 1(7758): 1021
Clements D, Williams GT, Rhodes J (1990) Colitis associated with ibuprofen.
Correspondence. BMJ 301(6758): 987
Coceani F, White E, Bodach E et al. (1979) Age-dependent changes in the response of the
lamb ductus arteriosus to oxygen and ibuprofen. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 57: 825--831
Collum LMT, Bowen DI et al. (1971) Ocular side-effects of Ibuprofen. J Ophthalmol 55(7):
472--477
Committee on Safety of Medicines (1975) Curr Prob Ser N° 1(Sept)
Court H, Volans GN (1984) Poisoning after overdose with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs. Adverse Drug React Ac Pois Rev 3(1): 1--21
Dirig DM, Isakson P, Yaksh TL (1998) Effect of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition on induction
and maintenance of carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia in rats. J Pharmacol Exp
Ther 285(3): 1031--1038
Dirig DM, Konin GP, Isakson PC et al. (1997) Effect of spinal cyclooxygenase inhibitors in
rat using the formalin test and in vitro prostaglandin E2 release. Eur J Pharmacol 331(2-3): 155--160
Durback MA, Freeman J, Schumacher VR jr (1988) Recurrent ibuprofen-induced aseptic
meningitis: third episode after only 200 mg of generic ibuprofen. Correspondence.
Arthritis Rheuam 6: 813--815
Elsasser GN, Lopez L, Evans E et al. (1988) Reversible acute renal failure associated with
ibuprofen ingestion and binge drinking. J Fam Pract 2: 221--222
Engbaek J (1977) Gastrointestinal blodning ved behandling med ibuprofen (Brufen): Ugeskr
Laeger 139(7): 401--403
Finch WR, Strottman MP (1979) Acute adverse reactions to ibuprofen in systemic lupus
erythematosus. JAMA 241(24): 2616--2618
Fong HJ, Cohen AH (1982) Ibuprofen-induced acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis.
Am J Nephrol 2(1): 28--31
Fowler CJ, Stenström A, Tiger G (1997) Ibuprofen inhibits the metabolism of the endogenous
cannabimimetic agent anandamide. Pharmacol Toxicol 80(2): 103--107
Geisslinger G, Ferreira SH, Menzel S et al. (1994) Antinociceptive action of R(−)flurbiprofen − a non-cyclooxagenase inhibiting 2-arylpropionic acid − in rats. Life Sci 54:
173--177
Giansiracusa DF, Blumberg S, Kantrowitz FG (1980) Aseptic meningitis associated with
ibuprofen. Correspondence. Arch Intern Med 140(11): 1553
Gilbert GJ, Eichenbaum HW (1989) Ibuprofen-induced meningitis in an elderly patient with
systemic lupus erythematosus. South Med J 82(4): 514--515
Grennan DM, Ferry DG, Ashworth ME et al. (1979) The aspirin-ibuprofen interaction in
rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 8: 497--503
Griffin MR, Piper JM, Daugherty JR et al. (1991) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
and increased risk for peptic ulcer disease in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 114: 257-263
Griffith JD, Smith CH, Smith RC (1982) Paranoid psychosis in a patient receiving ibuprofen,
a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 43(12): 499--500
Grimm AM, Wolf JE (1989) Aseptic meningitis associated with nonprescription ibuprofen
use. Correspondence. DICP 9: 712
Gryfe CI (1976) Letter: Agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia possibly due to ibuprofen. Can
Med Ass J 114(10): 877
Guidry JB, Ogburn CL jr, Griffin FM jr (1979) Fatal autoimmune hemolytic anemia
associated with ibuprofen. JAMA 242(1): 68--69
Halpern SM, Volans GN (1994) Coutaneous toxicity of ibuprofen. Correspondence. Arch
Dermatol 130(2): 259--260
Hanson L (1994) Ibuprofen-induced aseptic meningitis. J Tenn Med Associ 87(2): 58
Herrick RD (1980) Reversible renal failure due to ibuprofen. J Med Associ State Ala 50(2):
20
Hershfield NB (1990) Ibuprofen and severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Correspondence. CMAJ
142(5): 436--437
Holdstock DJ (1972) Gastrointestinal bleeding: a possible association with ibuprofen. Lancet
1(749): 541
Jensen S, Glud TK, Bacher T et al. (1987) Ibuprofen-induced meningitis n a male with
systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Med Scand 221(5): 509--511
Jurna I (1993) Acetylsalicylic acid and related compounds depress nociceptive activitiy in the
thalamus by a central action: indications for the involvement of prostaglandins. In: Progr
pharma cllin pharm (Jurna I, Yaksh TL, eds.): Central mechanisms for analgesia by
acetylsalicylic acid and functionally related compounds, Gustav Fischer, 10: 51--68
Justiniani FR (1986) Over-the-counter ibuprofen and nephrotic syndrome. Ann Intern Med
105(2): 303
Katona BG, Wigley FM, Walters JK et al. (1988) Aseptic meningitis from over-the-counter
ibuprofen. Correspondence. Lancet 1(8575--8576): 59
Khoury MI (1989) Ulcerative proctitis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus after
ibuprofen treatment. J Rheumatol 2: 217--218
Kim J, Gazarian M, Verjee Z et al. (1995) Acute renal insufficiency in ibuprofen overdose.
Pediatr Emerg Care 2: 107--108
Kimberley RP, Sherman RL, Mouradian J et al. (1979) Apparent acute renal failure associated
with therapeutic aspirin and ibuprofen administration. Arthritis Rheu, 3: 281--285
Kindmark CO, Carlsson U, Hedbäck B et al. (1987) Aseptisk meningit efter behandling med
ibuprofen. Lakartidningen 84(36): 2782--2783
Konstan MW, Byard PJ, Hoppel CL et al. (1995) Effect of high-dose ibuprofen in patients
with cystic fibrois. N Engl J Med. 332(13): 848--854
Korsager S (1978) Haemolysis complicating ibuprofen treatment. Br Med J 1(6105): 79
Kuligowski ME, Chang A, Rath R (1991) Multiple fixed drug eruption due to ibuprofen.
Contact Dermatitis 4: 259--260
Lawson JM, Grady MJ (1985) Ibuprofen-induced aseptic meningitis in a previously healthy
patient. West J Med 143(3) 386--387
Lee RP, King EG, Russell AS (1983) Ibuprofen: a severe systemic reaction. Can Med Ass J
129(8): 854--855
Levy NS, Hanscom T (1976) Letter: ibuprofen and visual function. Arch Ophthalmol 94(5):
868--869
Lortholary A, Varache N, Ouachour G et al. (1990) État de mal comitial généralisé après prise
d’ibuprofene (Brufen), rélévateur d’un lupus érythémateux disseminé. Rev Med Interne 3:
243--244
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1
Download