IPS-C-TP-742(1)
FOREWORD
The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect
the views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum
and are intended for use in the oil and gas
production facilities, oil refineries, chemical and
petrochemical plants, gas handling and
processing installations and other such facilities.
IPS is based on internationally acceptable
standards and includes selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are
also supplemented by additional requirements
and/or modifications based on the experience
acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and
the local market availability. The options which
are not specified in the text of the standards are
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can
select his appropriate preferences therein.
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be
sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt
these standards to their requirements. However,
they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS
Standard shall be prepared by the user which
elaborates the particular requirements of the
user. This addendum together with the relevant
IPS shall form the job specification for the
specific project or work.
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately
every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the
latest edition of IPS shall be applicable.
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send
their views and comments, including any
addendum prepared for particular cases to the
following address. These comments and
recommendations will be reviewed by the
relevant technical committee and in case of
approval will be incorporated in the next revision
of the standard.
Standards and Research department
No.19, Street14, North kheradmand
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran .
Postal Code- 1585886851
Tel: 88810459-60 & 66153055
Fax: 88810462
Email: Standards@nioc.org
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬
‫( ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬IPS) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻓﺮاورش ﮔﺎز و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬،‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﻳﺪهﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت‬.‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﺸﻮر و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻻ از ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاردي ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ در اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫ ﻣﻮاردي از ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ در‬.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ آورده ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ در داده ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آورده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ را‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي‬.‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺧﺎص آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ آن ﭘﺮوژه‬،‫اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
.‫و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺧﺎص را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روزآﻣﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردي ﺣﺬف و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﻫﻤﻮاره آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ و‬،‫از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮات و‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺳﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺎص ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ در ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و در‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ در ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﭼﻪ‬،‫ ﺧﺮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺨﺎن زﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﺮان‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
19 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره‬،‫ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ‬
‫اداره ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
1585886851 : ‫ﻛﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ‬
66153055 ‫ و‬88810459 - 60 : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
021-88810462 : ‫دور ﻧﮕﺎر‬
Standards@nioc.org
:‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
: ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
General Definitions:
Throughout this Standard
definitions shall apply.
the
following
Company :
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
Iranian
Gas
Company,
and
National
Petrochemical Company etc.
Purchaser :
Means the “Company" Where this standard is
part of direct purchaser order by the “Company”,
and the “Contractor” where this Standard is a part
of contract documens.
Vendor And Supplier:
Refers to firm or person who will supply and/or
fabricate the equipment or material.
Contractor:
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose
tender has been accepted by the company,
Executor :
Executor is the party which carries out all or part
of construction and/or commissioning for the
project.
Inspector :
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a
person/persons or a body appointed in writing by
the company for the inspection of fabrication and
installation work
Shall:
Is used where a provision is mandatory.
Should
Is used where a provision is advisory only.
Will:
Is normally used in connection with the action
by the “Company” rather than by a contractor,
supplier or vendor.
May:
Is used where a provision is completely
discretionary.
.‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
: ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان‬، ‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن "ﺷﺮﻛﺖ" ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ "ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه و ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي‬
. ‫ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﺻﻨﻌﺖ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ وﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدش‬، ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ وﻳﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺪه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
: ‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺮوژه را اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎزرس‬
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
: ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
. ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
CONSTRUCTION STANDARD
FOR
CORROSION CONSIDERATION
DURING
FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION
FIRST REVISION
MAY 2010
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول‬
1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
All rights are reserved to the owner. Neither whole nor any
part of this document may be disclosed to any third party,
reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in
any form or by any means without the prior written consent of
the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق آن ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ‬.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ آن ﺑﻮده و ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫ ذﺧﻴﺮه‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬، ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﻳﺎ روش دﻳﮕﺮي در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻓﺮاد ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫ﺳﺎزي‬
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
CONTENTS:
Page
No
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
0. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 2
2 ............................................................. ‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
1. SCOPE................................................................ 3
3 ...................................................... ‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
2. REFERENCES .................................................. 3
3 .............................................................‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY......... 7
7 ............................................... ‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
4. UNITS................................................................. 11
11 ........................................................... ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-4
5. FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION ........ 11
11 ......................................... ‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬-5
6. DESIGN.............................................................. 12
12 ............................................................‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬-6
7. MATERIALS..................................................... 15
15 ............................................................... ‫ ﻣﻮاد‬-7
8. FABRICATION................................................. 22
22 ............................................................ ‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬-8
APPENDICES:
:‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A Corrosion of Weldments… 123
123 .............. ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
1
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
0. INTRODUCTION
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
Fabrication is the act of process of fabricating
material in a form usable for installation and
further completion of structures and equipment.
The workmanship and finish of material shall
be first class in every respect and subject to the
closest inspection by the manufacturer’s
inspector, whether or not the Purchaser waives
any part of the inspection. Future stability of
materials from corrosion point of view depends
on the design, choice of material, fabrication,
inspection, installation and final testing’s.
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺼﺐ و ﻛﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎرت و ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ و ﻟﻮ آﻧﻜﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار از‬،‫ﻧﻈﺎرت دﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎزرس ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري آﺗﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪاي ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﺮده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬،‫ﻣﻮاد از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
.‫ ﻧﺼﺐ و آزﻣﻮن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ دارد‬،‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد‬
Choice of material depends on many factors as
corrosion resistance, cost, availability, strength,
appearance and fabricability.
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﭼﻮن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در‬
‫ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﻛﺎر و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي دارد‬
Fabricability includes the ease of forming,
welding, bendings, coating, lining and other
mechanical operations.
‫ ﺧﻢ‬،‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬،‫ روﻛﺶ ﻛﺮدن‬، ‫ﻛﺎري‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
For design and material selection, reference is
made to IPS-E-TP-760 and IPS-E-TP-740.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
.‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-760 ‫ و‬IPS-E-TP-740
2
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
1. SCOPE
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
This Construction Standard covers the
minimum requirements to be considered in
fabrication and installation of vessels,
equipment, structures, piping, tanks, etc.; in
order to minimize corrosion damage during the
service-life of installations and running
conditions.
‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت را در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ﻇﺮوف‬
‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن آﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
.‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮداري‬
:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 1:
‫ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻓﻮق‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬1389 ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
.‫( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬1) ‫ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
.‫( اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0) ‫از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
This bilingual standard is a revised version of
the standard specification by the relevant
technical committee on May 2010, which is
issued as revision (1). Revision (0) of the said
standard specification is withdrawn.
:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 2:
‫ ﻣﺘﻦ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
.‫اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In case of conflict between Farsi and English
languages, English language shall govern.
2. REFERENCES
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
Throughout this Standard the following dated
and undated standards/codes are referred to.
These referenced documents shall, to the extent
specified herein, form a part of this standard.
For dated references, the edition cited applies.
The applicability of changes in dated
references that occur after the cited date shall
be mutually agreed upon by the Company and
the Vendor. For undated references, the latest
edition of the referenced documents (including
any supplements and amendments) applies.
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬.‫و ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬.‫از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ‬،‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در آﻧﻬﺎ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
(‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬API
API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE)
RP5 C1
"Recommended Practice for
Care and Use of Casing and
Tubing”
‫"ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ و‬
"‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري و ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻴﻨﮓ‬
RP5 C1
6A
"Specification for Wellhead and
Christmas Tree Equipment"
‫" ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺳﺮﭼﺎﻫﻲ و درﺧﺖ‬
"‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﻤﺲ‬
6A
6D
"Specification for Pipeline
Valves (Steel Gate, Plug, Ball
and Check Valves)"
‫" ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﭘﻲ و‬،‫ درﭘﻮش‬،‫)دروازهاي ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
"(‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﻄﺮﻓﻪ‬
6D
and
‫"ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬
"‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
Std. 1104
"Controlling Weld Hardness of
‫"ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺟﻮش ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻓﻮﻻد‬
RP 942
Std. 1104 "Welding of Pipelines
Related Facilities"
RP 942
3
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
Carbon
Steel
Refinery
Equipment
Environmental
Cracking”
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﺮك‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASM
ASM
(AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
METALS)
ASM- Volume 13
ASM- Volume 13
"‫"ﻛﺘﺎب راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
"Metal Hand Book-Corrosion”
ASM- Volume 5,
ASM- Volume 5,
‫ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫"ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺳﻄﺢ‬
"‫ﻛﺮدن‬
"Surface cleaning, finishing
and coating,"
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASME
ASME (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS)
B 31.3
" ‫" ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
"Process Piping”
Sec. VIII
Sec. VIII
Sec.
IX
SPPE-1
B 31.3
"Rules
for
Construction
Pressure Vessels"
"‫"ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
"Qualification Standard for
Welding
and
Brazing
Procedures, Welders, Brazers,
Welding
and
Brazing
Operators"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻟﺤﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎران و‬،‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎران‬،‫ﻛﺎري‬
"‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
Sec. IX
"Quality
Assurance
and
Certification of Safety and
Pollution
Prevention,
Equipment Used in Offshore
Oil and Gas Operations"
‫"ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﮔﻮاﻫﻲ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﻮرد‬،‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﮔﺎز و ﻧﻔﺖ در‬
"‫درﻳﺎ‬
SPPE-1
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ آزﻣﻮن و ﻣﻮاد آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASTM
ASTM (AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
TESTING AND MATERIALS)
A106/A106M "Standard Specification for
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe
For
High-Temperature
Service”
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬A106/A106M
‫ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻲ درز ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد در‬
"‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
G 48
"Test Method for Pitting and
Crevice Corrosion Resistance
of Stainless Steels and Related
Alloys by the Use of Ferric
Chloride Solution
‫"روش آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻧﺰن آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
"‫از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻓﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
G 48
D 1141
"Standard
Practice
for
Preparation
of
Substitute
Ocean Water"
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي‬
"‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ آب اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮس‬
D 1141
A53/A53M
"Standard Specification for
Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬A53/A53M
‫ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﮔﺮم و ﺳﻴﺎه ﺷﺪه‬
4
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
Dipped, Zinc Coated, Welded
and Seamless"
A 262
"Standard
Practices
for
Detecting Susceptibility to
Intergranular Corrosion Attack
in Austenitic Stainless Steels"
A 763
"Standard
Practices
for
Detecting Susceptibility to
Intergranular Attack in Ferritic
Stainless Steel"
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻲ‬،‫روﻛﺶ روي‬
"(‫درز‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﻒ و‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ‬
"‫ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﻒ و‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ‬
"‫ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
A 262
A 763
A285/A285M "Pressure
Vessel
Plates,
Carbon Steel, Low and
Intermediate Tensile Strength"
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد‬،‫ "ورﻗﻬﺎي ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬A285/A285M
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و‬،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
"‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
A 380
"Standard
Practice
for
Cleaning
Descaling
and
Passivation of Stainless Steel
Parts
Equipment,
and
Systems"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬
‫و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ زداﻳﻲ و روﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﺎزي‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و‬
"‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
A 380
E 112
"Methods for Determinig the
Average Grain Size"
‫"روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
"‫داﻧﻪ‬
E 112
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬NACE
NACE
(NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
CORROSION ENGINEERS)
MR-01-75/ISO 15156
MR-01-75/ISO 15156
‫"ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و‬
‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ و‬
‫ﮔﺎز در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
"(H2S) ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
"Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries Materials for Use in
H2S Containing Environments
in Oil and Gas Production"
MR-0-103
TM-01-77
MR-0-103
"Materials Resistant to Sulfide
Stress Cracking in Corrosive
Petroleum
Refining
Environments"
‫"ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻮاد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ﺗــﻨﺶ ﺳــﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ در ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ ﻫــﺎي‬
"‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
"Laboratory Testing of Metals
for Resistance to Sulfide Stress
Cracking and Stress Corrosion
Cracking
in
H2S
Environments"
‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي‬
Corrosion Data Survey
‫" آزﻣﻮن ﻓﻠﺰات در‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ و‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
"‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
TM-01-77
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ داده ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
5
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
(‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬IPS
IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)
IPS-E-GN-100 "Engineering Standard for
Units"
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬IPS-E-GN-100
"Construction Standard for
Transportation
Pipelines
(Onshore)”
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي‬IPS-C-PI-140
"(‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل )ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ‬
IPS-C-TP-102 "Construction Standard for
Painting"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي رﻧﮓ‬IPS-C-TP-102
"‫آﻣﻴﺰي‬
IPS-E-TP-100 "Engineering Standard for
Paints"
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ رﻧﮓ‬IPS-E-TP-100
IPS-C-TP-274 "Construction Standard for
Protective Coatings"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺟﺮا ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي‬IPS-C-TP-274
"‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
IPS-E-TP-270 "Engineering Standard for
Protective
Coatings
for
Buried and Submerged Steel
Structures"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي‬IPS-E-TP-270
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
"‫ﻏﻮﻃﻪور و ﻣﺪﻓﻮن‬
IPS-C-TP-352 "Construction Standard for
Linings"
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺟﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬IPS-C-TP-352
IPS-E-TP-350 "Engineering Standard for
Linings"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬IPS-E-TP-350
" ‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬
IPS-C-TP-701 "Construction Standard for
Application of Thermal
Insulation"
-‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺟﺮا ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ‬IPS-C-TP-701
"‫ﻛﺎري ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
IPS-E-TP-700 "Engineering Standard for
Thermal Insulations"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎريﻫﺎي‬IPS-E-TP-700
"‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
IPS-E-TP-740 "Engineering Standard for
Corrosion Consideration in
Material Selection"
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬IPS-E-TP-740
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
"‫ﻣﻮاد‬
IPS-E-TP-760 "Engineering Standard for
Corrosion Consideration in
Design"
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
IPS-C-TP-820 "Construction Standard for
Cathodic Protection"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺟﺮا ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬IPS-C-TP-820
"‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬
IPS-I-TP-820
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬IPS-I-TP-820
"‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬
IPS-C-PI-140
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬IPS-E-TP-760
"‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
"Inspection Standard for
Monitoring
Cathodic
Protection Systems"
6
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
(‫ )ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ISO
ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
FOR STANDARDIZATION)
ISO 10423 "Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries – Drilling and
Christmas Tree Equipment"
– ‫"ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺣﻔﺎري و درﺧﺖ‬
" ‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﻤﺲ‬
ISO 10423
ISO 11960 "Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries – Steel Pipes for Us
as Casing or Tubing for Wells
***Cobranded With API Spec
5CT***"
-‫"ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ– ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬
– ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري و ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻴﻨﮓ ﭼﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
5CT ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦدار ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬
"API ‫از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
ISO 11960
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
Automatic welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر‬
Welding in which the welding variables and
the mean of making the weld are controlled by
machine.
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻛﻪ درآن ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و اﺑﺰار‬
.‫ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Braze welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
The joining of metals using a technique similar
to fusion welding and a filler metal with a
lower melting point than the parent metal but
neither using capillary action as in brazing nor
intentionally melting the parent metal.
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻠﺰات ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ذوﺑﻲ و‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﻧﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ در ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻨﮕﻲ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ذوب ﻛﺮدن ﻋﻤﺪي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
Brazing
(‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ )زرد ﺟﻮش‬
A process of joining metals in which, during or
after heating, molten filler metal is drawn by
capillary action into the space between closed
adjacent surfaces of the parts to be joined. In
general, the melting point of the filler metal is
above 500°C, but always below the melting
temperature of the parent metal.
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي اﺳﺖ از اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻠﺰات ﻛﻪ در آن در ﻃﻮل و ﺑﻌﺪ از‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ذوب ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻨﮕﻲ‬،‫ﺣﺮارت دﻫﻲ‬
ً‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬.‫ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺑﻴﻦ درزﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﻬﻢ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬500 ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻻي‬
.‫وﻟﻲ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب آن ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
Brazing alloy
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Filler metal used in brazing.
.‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
Butt joint
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺐ‬
A connection between the ends or edges of two
parts making an angle to one another of 135° to
180° inclusive in the region of the joint.
‫ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬180 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬135 ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﻢ زاوﻳﻪ‬
Carbon dioxide welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
Metal-arc welding in which a bare wire
electrode is used, the arc and molten pool being
shielded with carbon dioxide gas.
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮس ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ در آن از ﺳﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻟﺨﺖ‬
‫ ﻗﻮس و ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﻣﺬاب ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
7
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
Covered filler rod
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﻮل روﻛﺶ دار‬
A filler rod having a covering of flux.
.‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ روان ﺳﺎز روﻛﺶ دار ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Deposited metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ رﺳﻮب داده ﺷﺪه‬
Filler metal after it becomes part of a weld or
joint.
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ از ﺟﻮش ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Edge preparation
‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﺳﺎزي‬
‫ ﺷﻴﺎر دادن ﻳﺎ ﻛﺞ ﺑﺮي ﻟﺒﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ ﭘﺦ زدن‬،‫ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮدن‬
.‫آﻣﺎدﮔﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
Squaring, grooving, chamfering or beveling an
edge in preparation for welding.
Electro-slag welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺳﺮﺑﺎره اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
A welding process in which consumable
electrodes are fed into a joint containing flux;
the current melts the flux, and the flux in turn
melts the faces of the joint and the electrodes,
allowing the weld metal to form a continuous
cast ingot between the joint faces.
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮف‬
.‫ ﺧﻮراﻧﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺣﺎوي روان ﺳﺎز‬،‫ﺷﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ روان ﺳﺎز را ذوب ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق‬
-‫ﺳﻄﻮح اﺗﺼﺎل و اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎ را ذوب ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺶ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح اﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫ﺷﻮد ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
.‫رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺪام ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آﻳﺪ‬
Electron-beam welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﻮاﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬
Fusion welding in which the joint is made by
fusing the parent metal by the impact of a
focused beam of electrons.
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ذوﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎ ذوب ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮ‬
.‫ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬
Filler metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
Metal or alloy added during welding, braze
welding, brazing or surfacing.
، ‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫ ا ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
Filler rod
‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮل ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
Filler metal in the form of a rod. It may also
take the form of filler wire.
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮل و ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Flux (Welding / Brazing)
(‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬،‫روان ﺳﺎز )ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
A material used to dissolve, prevent, or
facilitate the removal of oxides or other
undesirable surface substances.
‫ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻣﺎدهاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ زداﻳﺶ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬،‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎر‬
It may act to stabilize the arc, shield the molten
pool, and may or may not evolved shielding
gas by decomposition.
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﻣﺬاب‬،‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻗﻮس‬
.‫و ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
Fusion penetration
‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ذوﺑﻲ‬
Depth to which the parent metal has been
fused.
.‫ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ذوب ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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Fusion welding
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ذوﺑﻲ‬
The melting together of filler metal and base
metal, or of base metal only, to produce a weld
without the application of pressure.
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫در اﻳﻦ روش ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ذوب ﺷﺪه و ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون اﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
Fusion zone
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذوب‬
The part of the parent metal which is melted
into the weld metal.
.‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ذوب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
(HAZ) ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬
Heat affected zone (HAZ)
The portion of the base metal which has not
been melted, but whose mechanical properties
or microstructures have been altered by the
heat of welding or cutting.
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ذوب ﻧﺸﺪه ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﺑﺮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﭙﻲ آن‬
.‫دﮔﺮﮔﻮن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Hydrogen controlled electrode
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻛﻢ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
A covered electrode which when used
correctly, produces less than a specified
amount of diffusible hydrogen in the weld
deposit.
،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود روﭘﻮشداري ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬،‫در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش رﺳﻮب داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Manual welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري دﺳﺘﻲ‬
Welding in which the means of making the
weld are held in the hand.
.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺑﺰار ﺟﻮش در دﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Metal-arc welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮس ﻓﻠﺰي‬
Arc welding using a consumable electrode.
.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﺪﻧﻲ‬
Nugget
‫ﮔﺮده‬
The weld metal joining the workpieces in spot,
seam, or projection welds.
،‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي‬،‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻠﺰي ﺟﻮش ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
. ‫درزي ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬
Oxyacetylene welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻛﺴﻲ اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬
Gas welding in which fuel gas is acetylene and
which is burnt in an oxygen atmosphere.
‫ﻮ ﺣﺎوي‬‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﮔﺎز اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﻛﻪ در ﺟ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺳﻮزد‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
Parent metal
(‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ )ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
Metal to be joined, base metal.
.‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺗﺼﺎل داده ﺷﻮد‬
Pressure welding
(‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﺸﺎري )ﭘﺮﺳﻲ‬
A welding process in which a weld is made by
a sufficient pressure to cause plastic flow of the
surfaces, which may or may not be heated.
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ در آن ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻮﻣﺴﺎن ﺳﻄﻮح ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارت داده ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﻮد‬
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Resistance welding
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ‬
Welding in which force is applied to surfaces
in contact and in which the heat for welding is
produced by the passage of electric current
through the electrical resistance at, and
adjacent to, these surfaces.
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﻄﻮح اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ روش ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮر‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺎور اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ در‬
.‫ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Run
‫ﺧﻂ )ﭘﺎس( ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
The metal melted or deposited during one
passage of an electrode, torch or blow-pipe.
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ذوب ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮب داده ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎس‬
.‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ دﻣﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
Semi-automatic welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر‬
Welding in which some of the variables are
automatically controlled, but manual guidance
is necessary.
‫ﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر‬‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴ‬
.‫ وﻟﻲ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ دﺳﺘﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
Soldering
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
A group of joining processes that produces
coalescence of materials by heating them to the
soldering temperature and by using a filler
metal having a liquidus not exceeding 450°C
(840°F) and below the solidus of the base
metals. The filler metal is distributed between
closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint by
capillary action or by wetting the surfaces of
the workpieces.
‫ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻮاد از‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬450 ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داراي ﺧﻂ ذوب ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫( و زﻳﺮ ﺧﻂ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬840° F) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺋﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح‬.‫ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﻬﻢ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪه اﺗﺼﺎل ﭘﺨﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬، ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
Soldering blowpipe
‫ﭼﺮاغ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
A device used to obtain a small, accurately
directed flame for fine work. A portion of
any flame is blown to the desired location by
the blowpipe, which is usually mouth
operated.
‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪاي ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﺷﻌﻠﻪاي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬.‫ﺷﺪه دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎر ﻇﺮﻳﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫از ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺮاغ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
.‫دﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﺮف ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ دﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Spatter
‫ﺟﺮﻗﻪ )ﻗﻄﺮه( ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
Globules of metal expelled during welding
onto the surface of parent metal or of a weld.
‫ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﻪ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ اﻃﺮاف ﭘﺮﺗﺎب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Spelter
‫ﻣﻔﺮغ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ‬
A brazing alloy consisting nominally of 50%
Cu and 50% Zn.
‫ درﺻﺪ‬50 ‫ﻳﻚ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ روي اﺳﺖ‬50 ‫ﻣﺲ و‬
Submerged-arc welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري‬
Metal-arc welding in which a bare wire
electrode is used; the arc is enveloped in flux;
some of which fuses to form a removable
covering of slag on the weld.
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ از اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﺳﻴﻢ ﻟﺨﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از آن‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﻗﻮس در روان ﺳﺎز ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺳﺮﺑﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ روي ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ ذوب ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫زدودﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
TIG-gta-welding
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﮔﺘﺎ‬-‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻴﮓ‬
Tungsten Inert-Gas arc welding using a nonconsumable electrode of pure or activated
tungsten.
‫ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري از اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
.‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﺎل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Thermal cutting
‫ﺑﺮﺷﻜﺎري ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
A group of cutting process that serves or
removes metal by localized melting, burning,
or vaporizing of the work pieces.
،‫ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻜﺎري ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ را ﺑﺎ ذوب ﻛﺮدن‬
.‫ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻛﺎري ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
Weld
‫ﺟﻮش‬
A localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals
produced either by heating the materials to the
welding temperature, with or without the
application of pressure, or by the application of
pressure alone and with or without the use of
filler material.
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت دﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻬﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺪون ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﺸﺎر‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
Welding
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
The making of a weld.
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﻮش‬
Weld metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
All metal melted during the making of a weld
and retained in the weld.
‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﻓﻠﺰ در ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﻮش ذوب ﺷﺪه و در ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
Weld zone
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻮش‬
The zone containing the weld metal and the
heat-affected zone.
.‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت اﺳﺖ‬
‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-4
،(SI) ‫ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬IPS-E-GN-100 ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫در ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
4. UNITS
This Standard is based on International System
of Units (SI) as per IPS-E-GN-100, except
where otherwise specified.
5. FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬-5
Factors affecting corrosion prevention during
the service life of plants and equipment are as
follows:
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬
:‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
- Design.
- Materials.
- Fabrication.
- Handling, storage and erection.
- Installation.
- Inspection.
11
.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
-
.‫ﻣﻮاد‬
-
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
-
.‫ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ و ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
-
.‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬
-
.‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬
-
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
- Operation; which is beyond the scope
of this Standard.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻛﻪ وراي ﺣﺪود اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
6. DESIGN
-
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬-6
6.1 Where corrosion can interfere the true
functional purpose will not be achieved. Thus
the designer is responsible for proper design by
selective employment of qualified precautions
or by optimal adjustment of his functional
design.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬،‫ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺧﺘﻼل اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﺪ‬1-6
6.2 The designer shall not concentrate purely
on the functional aspects of design, to the total
exclusion of other consideration, but he must
be aware that there are many ways in which
corrosion can ruin even the best creation.
‫ ﻃﺮاح ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﭘﺎرهاي از ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬2-6
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺎ‬.‫واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮي واﺟﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ را ﻋﻬﺪهدار ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫در ﻃﺮح‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از‬.‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدي ﻃﺮح ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫راﻫﻬﺎي زﻳﺎدي ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر را‬
‫ آﮔﺎه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
6.3 The design of a structure is frequently as
important as the choice of materials of
construction.
Design
should
consider
mechanical and strength requirements together
with an allowance for corrosion. In all cases
the mechanical design of a component shall be
based on the material of construction. This is
important to recognize, since materials of
construction used for corrosion resistance vary
widely in their mechanical characteristics.
‫ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬،‫ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎزه‬3-6
6.4 There are many design rules which shall be
followed for best corrosion resistance. Design
in a way to lead corrosion out of the system
instead of waiting until the equipment fails in
service. It costs much less to change some lines
on the drawings.
‫ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ و ﻣﻘﺮرات زﻳﺎدي ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺴﺐ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬4-6
This resulted in close communication between
designers and corrosion engineers, and all
major projects included funds for utilization of
corrosion engineers.
‫اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن و‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺗﻤﺎم ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪاي را ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺮهوري از ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ دادهاﻧﺪ‬
For corrosion consideration in design see
IPS-E-TP-760.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-760
6.5 Here are some of the design rules that
should be followed, as listed below. It would
be helpful if the designer had a good
background in corrosion but unfortunately this
is usually not the case.
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ و دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ‬5-6
6.5.1 Weld rather than rivet tanks and other
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬1-5-6
‫ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬،‫ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬،‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻛﺸﻴﺪن‬،‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻨﺤﻮي ﻛﻪ‬.‫رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ رﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻣﺪت ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺧﺮاب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
.‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮي را در ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮاح‬
.‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
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containers. Riveted joints provide sites for
crevice corrosion.
‫ زﻳﺮا اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﭘﺮچ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺮچ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﻴﺎري در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
6.5.2 Design tanks and other containers for
easy draining and easy cleaning. Tank bottoms
shall be sloped toward drain holes so that
liquids cannot collect after the tank is emptied.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is only negligibly
corrosive toward steel. However, if a steel
sulfuric acid tank is incompletely drained and
the remaining liquid is exposed to the air, the
acid tends to absorb moisture, resulting in
dilution, and rapid attack occurs.
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬2-5-6
‫ ﻛﻒﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ داراي‬،‫ﺷﺪن آﺳﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از‬
.‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﻮﻻدي از اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﮕﺮدد و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻫﻮا‬
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺬب رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن آن ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ روي ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
6.5.3 Design systems for the easy replacement
of components that are expected to fail rapidly
in service. Frequently, pumps in chemical
plants are designed so that they can be readily
removed from a piping system.
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬3-5-6
6.5.4 Avoid excessive mechanical stresses and
stress concentrations in components exposed to
corrosive mediums. Mechanical or residual
stresses are one of the requirements for stresscorrosion cracking. This rule should be
followed especially when using materials
susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.
‫ از ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ‬4-5-6
6.5.5 Avoid electrical contact between
dissimilar metals to prevent galvanic corrosion.
If possible, use similar materials throughout the
entire structure, or insulate different materials
from one another.
‫ از اﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻚ‬5-5-6
6.5.6 Avoid sharp bends in piping systems
when high velocities and/or solids in
suspension are involved (erosion corrosion).
‫ ﻣﻮاﻗﻌﻲ‬،‫ از ﺧﻢﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺪ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬6-5-6
6.5.7 Provide thicker structures to take care of
impingement effects.
‫ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺿﺨﻴﻢﺗﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ از آﺛﺎر و‬7-5-6
6.5.8 Make sure materials are properly
selected.
.‫ از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻮاد اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد‬8-5-6
6.5.9 List complete specifications for all
materials of construction and provide
instructions to be sure the specs are followed
all the way through to final inspection. Specify
‫ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ از ﺗﻤﺎم وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد‬9-5-6
،‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻲرود در ﻣﺪت ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺮاب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻏﻠﺐ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎ در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ را از‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺟﺪا ﻛﺮد‬
‫در ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﭘﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫اﺣﺘﺮاز ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬.‫از اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮاد آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت‬.‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﺮاز ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﺎزه از ﻣﻮاد ﻫﻤﮕﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬،‫اﻣﻜﺎن‬
.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻳﺎ وﺟﻮد ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ در ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺖ‬
.(‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد )ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ‬
.‫ﻋﻮارض ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد و دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ‬،‫داﺷﺖ وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻃﻮل ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
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quality control procedures if relevant.
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮدن دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
6.5.10 Be sure all relevant codes and standards
are met.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬10-5-6
6.5.11 Set realistic and scheduled dates for
delivery of equipment.
‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ واﻗﻌﻲ و زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﺪهاي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬11-5-6
6.5.12 Specify procedures for testing and
storage of parts and equipment.
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ و اﻧﺒﺎر ﻛﺮدن‬12-5-6
For example, after hydrostatic test do not let
the equipment sit full or partially full of water
for any extended period of time. This could
result in microbial corrosion, pitting, and stress
corrosion. With regard to storage, spare
stainless steel tubing showed stress-corrosion
cracking when stored near the seacoast.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ از آزﻣﻮن اﻳﺴﺘﺎﺑﻲ اﺟﺎزه ﻧﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از آن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﭘﺮ از آب‬
،‫ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬.‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﺳﻮراخ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻔﺮه و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺿﺪ زﻧﮓ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺳﺎﺣﻞ درﻳﺎ‬
.‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن دادهاﻧﺪ‬،‫ زﻳﺮا از ﺧﻮد‬،‫اﻧﺒﺎر ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
6.5.13 Specify operating and maintenance
procedures (i.e., scheduled shut-downs).
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري و ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ و‬13-5-6
6.5.14 Properly design against excessive
vibration, not only for rotating parts but also,
for example, for heat exchanger tubes.
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ درﺳﺖ و دﻗﻴﻖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ارﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎت ﺑﻴﺶ‬14-5-6
6.5.15 Provide for "blanketing" with dry air or
inert gas if vessels "inhale" moist marine
atmosphere while being emptied.
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺑﺮاي‬15-5-6
6.5.16 Select plant site upwind from other
"polluting" plants or atmosphere if relevant
and/or feasible.
‫ ﻣﻜﺎن‬،‫ در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﻮدن‬16-5-6
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد و ﺑﻪ دور از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺟ‬
.‫آﻟﻮده ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد‬
6.5.17 Avoid hot spots during heat-transfer
operations. Heat exchangers and other heattransfer devices should be designed to ensure
uniform temperature gradients. Uneven
temperature distribution leads to local heating
and high corrosion rates. Further, hot spots
tend to produce stresses that may produce
stress-corrosion cracking failures.
‫ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت از ﻧﻘﺎط داغ‬17-5-6
6.5.18 Design to exclude air. Oxygen reduction
is one of the most common cathodic reactions
during corrosion, and if oxygen is eliminated,
corrosion can often be reduced or prevented. In
‫ اﺣﻴﺎء‬،‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺬف ﻫﻮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬18-5-6
.‫و ﻛﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻒﻫﺎي‬:ً‫ )ﻣﺜﻼ‬.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
.(‫زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺰاي ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫از ﺣﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﻮبﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻮ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب درﻳﺎ را ﺑﻪ‬‫ ﺟ‬،‫ﻇﺮوﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ در ﺣﺎل ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
.‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫داﺧﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﮔﺮادﻳﺎن دﻣﺎي ﻳﻜﺴﺎن‬
‫ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮ دﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬.‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻧﻘﺎط داغ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ و درﺟﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﺗﺮك‬
.‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ واﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻛﺎﺗﺪي در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ و اﮔﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮد اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
14
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
designing chemical plant equipment, particular
attention should be paid to agitators, liquid
inlets, and other points where air entrainment is
a possibility. Exceptions to this rule are activepassive metals and alloys. Titanium and
stainless steels are more resistant to acids
containing dissolved air or other oxidizers.
‫ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬.‫ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ و ورودي‬،‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺰنﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺒﺬول‬،‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ورود ﻫﻮا ﻣﻴﺮود‬
‫ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل‬-‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ و ﻓﻠﺰات ﻓﻌﺎل‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺗﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم و ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي‬.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻫﻮاي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
6.5.19 The most general rule for design is:
avoid heterogeneity. Dissimilar metals, vapor
spaces, uneven heat and stress distributions,
and other differences between points in the
system lead to corrosion damage. Hence, in
design, attempt to make all conditions as
uniform as possible throughout the entire
system.
‫ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ از ﻋﺪم‬19-5-6
‫ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر آﻟﻮد و‬،‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮ و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﻨﺶ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻘﺎط در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻼش ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آوردن ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
.‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎن در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
7. MATERIALS
‫ ﻣﻮاد‬-7
7.1 Selection of materials to resist deterioration
in service is not within the scope of this
Standard.
However,
some
corrosion
consideration which affect the safety of
installations is specified here. Consideration
shall be given to allowances made for
temperature and pressure effects of process
reactions, and for hazards from instability of
contained fluids.
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ زوال و ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ در‬1-7
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد در ﺣﺪود اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺎل ﭘﺎرهاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬
‫ ﺣﺪود ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺮاي اﺛﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر و درﺟﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت واﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻋﺪم ﺛﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎص ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
7.2 For corrosion consideration in material
selection reference is made to IPS-E-TP-740
and information on material performance in
corrosive environments can be found in
publications, such as "The Corrosion Data
Survey" published by the National Association
of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ‬2-7
‫ ارﺟﺎع داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و‬IPS-E-TP-740 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ در‬،‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ درﺑﺎره ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﻣﻮاد در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎراﺗﻲ ﭼﻮن "ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ داده ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ" ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫( ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪه‬NACE) ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
Note (Informative):
:(‫ﻳﺎدآوري )ﺟﻬﺖ اﻃﻼع‬
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻣﻮاد را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‬6D ‫ و‬API 6A
‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬.‫و ﮔﺎز و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ و‬AISI ،ASTM ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺣﺎوي ارﺟﺎﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬API
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل‬،ASME
‫ﺟﻬﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ارﺟﺎﻋﺎت‬
API 6A and 6D present design and material
requirements for oil and gas production and
pipeline equipment. The API standards usually
contain references to ASTM, AISI, ASME, or
other general specifications for acceptable
materials for these products and always include
a reference to NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 &
NACE MR-0-103 when the products are to be
used in H2S service. The engineer must be
aware that in certain cases the NACE standard
may overrule API or other standards and that
under these conditions design considerations
NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 & NACE MR‫ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬0-103
‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬،‫( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ‬H2S) ‫در ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬NACE ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻮارد ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ و ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎﻃﻞ اﻋﻼم‬API ‫اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ آﮔﺎه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ را‬، ‫ﻧﻤﻮده‬
15
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
must be addressed.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ‬
Recent concern about consistency in quality
and product performance prompted API to rewrite API 6A. The new standard was issued in
April 1986 and it requires manufactures of API
equipment to produce and maintain a
documented control system that can be audited.
This control system must also be capable of
providing engineering, manufacturing, and
quality guidelines for the consistent production
of products meeting the requirements of the
revised edition. Before approval, each
manufacturer certified will be audited by an
independent API-approved auditing team.
‫ را‬API ،‫اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﻲ در ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در آورﻳﻞ‬.‫ ﻛﺮد‬API 6A ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ و ﻣﻘﺮر ﻣﻴﺪارد ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬1986
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل را ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﺗﺪاوم‬API
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻮرد رﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ‬،‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬،‫ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‬.‫ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه را ﺑﺮآورده ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻴﻢ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
.‫ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬API
The new document also introduces four
product specification levels, which can be used
to specify the desired quality level. In addition
to the quality levels. API has added various
environmental conditions. These enable the end
user to be very specific in terms of product end
use, the expected quality level, and product
performance.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺪرك ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت را ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ ﻋﻼوه‬.‫ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ را ﺑﺪان اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮده ﻛﻪ‬API ،‫ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ‬
‫ در‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ را ﻗﺎدر ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ دﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
7.3 General Considerations
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬3-7
Following are some general considerations
which shall be evaluated when selecting and
applying materials (see also Paragraph 7.4).
‫در زﻳﺮ ﭘﺎرهاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻛﻠﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬
.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬4-7 ‫)ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
7.3.1 The possibility of exposure of the metals
to fire and the melting point, degradation
temperature, loss of strength at elevated
temperature, and combustibility of the
structural material under such exposure.
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل در ﻣﻌﺮض آﺗﺶ و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﻗﺮار‬1-3-7
7.3.2 The susceptibility to brittle failure or
failure from thermal shock of the structural
material when exposed to fire or to firefighting measures, and possible hazards from
fragmentation of the material in the event of
failure.
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮدي ﻳﺎ‬2-3-7
7.3.3 The ability of thermal insulation to
protect structure such as piping against failure
under fire exposure (e.g.,its stability, fire
resistance, and ability to remain in place during
a fire).
-‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﺎزه‬3-3-7
7.3.4 The susceptibility of the piping material
to crevice corrosion under backing rings, in
threaded joints, in socket welded joints, and in
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﻮاد ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬4-3-7
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
.‫و اﺣﺘﺮاق ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎزهاي ﻫﻨﮕﺎم آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم آﺗﺶ‬،‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎزهاي از ﺷﻮك ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮزي و ﻳﺎ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺎن و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﻪ ﺗﻜﻪ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻮاد در ﺻﻮرت وﻗﻮع اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻨﻲ و ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬،‫آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬
‫ﺳﻮزي و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺟﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﺪن در ﺟﺎي ﺧﻮد در ﻃﻮل آﺗﺶ‬
.(‫ﺳﻮزي‬
‫ در‬،‫ در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت رزوهاي‬،‫ﺷﻴﺎري زﻳﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
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other stagnant, confined areas.
.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮش ﺳﻮﻛﺘﻲ و در ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ و ﻣﺤﺼﻮر‬
7.3.5 The possibility of adverse electrolytic
effects if the metal is subject to contact with a
dissimilar metal.
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬5-3-7
7.3.6 The compatibility of lubricants or
sealants used on threads with the fluid service.
‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري روان ﺳﺎزﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ آبﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ روي رزوهﻫﺎي‬6-3-7
7.3.7 The compatibility of packing, seals, and
O-rings with the fluid service.
‫ ارﻳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ آبﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬7-3-7
7.3.8 The compatibility of materials, such as
cements, solvents, solders, and brazing
materials, with the fluid service.
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﻣﻮاد‬8-3-7
7.3.9 The chilling effect of sudden loss of
pressure on highly volatile fluids as a factor in
determining the lowest expected service
temperature.
‫ اﺛﺮ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺷﺪن ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺸﺎر در‬9-3-7
7.3.10 The possibility of pipe support failure
resulting from exposure to low temperatures
(which may embrittle the supports) or high
temperatures (which may weaken them).
‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻗﺮار‬،‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬10-3-7
7.3.11 The compatibility of materials,
including sealants, gaskets, lubricants, and
insulation, used in strong oxidizer fluid service
(e.g., oxygen or fluorine).
‫ واﺷﺮﻫﺎي آب‬،‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ درزﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﻣﻮاد‬11-3-7
.‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﺛﺮات ﻣﻀﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺳﻴﺎل‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺳﻴﺎل‬
.‫و ﻣﻮاد ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺳﻴﺎل‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﺮار ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
.‫دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺷﻮد( ﻳﺎ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ آﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺮدد( وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ روان ﻛﺎرﻫﺎ و ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬،‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬
.(‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻗﻮي )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮر‬
-
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎص – ﻓﻠﺰات‬4-7
Following are some specific considerations
which shall be evaluated when applying certain
metals in metal structures such as piping.
‫در زﻳﺮ ﭘﺎرهاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﺎص وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬
،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات در ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
7.4.1 Irons-Cast, Malleable, and High Silicon
(14.5%). Their lack of ductility and their
sensitivity to thermal and mechanical shock.
‫ و ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ ﭼﺪن ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار‬1-4-7
7.4.2 Carbon steel, and low and intermediate
alloy steels
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و‬2-4-7
7.4.2.1 The possibility of embrittlement when
handling alkaline or strong caustic fluids.
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬1-2-4-7
7.4.2.2 The possible conversion of carbides to
‫ در ﺻﻮرت‬،‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‬2-2-4-7
graphite
‫ درﺟﻪ‬427 ‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
‫ در‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬800) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
7.4 Specific
Metals
Material
during
long
Considerations
time
exposure
‫ ﻓﻘﺪان ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي آﻧﻬﺎ و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﺸﺎن‬.(‫درﺻﺪ‬14/5)
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
.‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺮدي و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد‬،‫ﺳﻮز آور ﻗﻮي‬
to
temperatures above 427°C (800°F) of carbon
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،‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻦ – ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﺎده‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ – واﻧﺎدﻳﻮم و ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻦ – ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ وﺟﻮد‬
.‫دارد‬
steels, plain nickel steel, carbon-manganese
steel, manganese-vanadium steel, and carbonsilicon steel.
7.4.2.3 The possible conversion of carbides to
graphite during long time exposure to
temperatures above 468°C (875°F) of carbonmolybdenum steel, manganese-molybdenumvanadium steel, and chromium-vanadium steel.
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ در ﺻﻮرت‬3-2-4-7
‫ درﺟﻪ‬468 ‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻤﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ در‬875) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
– ‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬،‫ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬- ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
.‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻮم و ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮوم – واﻧﺎدﻳﻮم وﺟﻮد دارد‬
7.4.2.4 The advantages of silicon-killed carbon
steel (0.1% silicon minimum) for temperatures
above 482°C (900°F).
‫ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬4-2-4-7
7.4.2.5 The possibility of hydrogen damage to
piping material when exposed (under certain
temperature-pressure conditions) to hydrogen
or aqueous acid solutions.
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎدهاي ﻛﻪ‬5-2-4-7
‫ درﺟﻪ‬482 ‫ درﺻﺪ( ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬0/1 ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ‬
.(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬900) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
(‫ دﻣﺎ‬-‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ از آن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫اﮔﺮ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻫﻴﺪروژن و ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي اﺳﻴﺪي آﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
7.4.2.6 The possibility of stress corrosion
cracking when exposed to wet hydrogen sulfide
(a maximum hardness limit is usually
specified; see API RP 942), and the further
possibility of deterioration (sulfidation) in the
presence of hydrogen sulfide at elevated
temperature.
،‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬6-2-4-7
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﺗَﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫)ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد( و اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دﻳﮕﺮ‬API-RP-942 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ )ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن( ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ در‬
.‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Notes:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري ﻫﺎ‬
1) NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 & NACE MR0-103 (2005 revision) and all later revisions
cover the requirements for metallic materials
used in the drilling and completion of oil and
gas wells and the production of oil and gas
that contain hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic;
concentrations as low as 1000 ppm can cause
death. The safe use of H2S is discussed in
NACE TM-01-77.
NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 &
2) In addition to the necessary safety
considerations, oil and gas that contain H2S
can cause materials that are normally
strong and ductile to fail in a sudden and
brittle manner at very low stress levels.
The special metallurgical requirements for
metallic materials in this environment are
discussed in NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156
‫ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎزي ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي‬،‫( ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺿﺮوري‬2
‫( اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬1
‫( و وﻳﺮاﻳﺶﻫﺎي‬2005 ‫ )وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬NACE MR-0-103
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺣﻔﺎري‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪي‬
‫و ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﭼﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﮔﺎز و ﻧﻔﺖ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز ﺣﺎوي‬
‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬.‫( را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬H2S) ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻢ در ﺣﺪ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮگ ﺷﻮد‬1000ppm
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ از ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬NACE TM-01-77
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬
‫ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻗﻮي و ﻧﺮم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬.‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺧﺎص ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠﺰي در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در‬
NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 & ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
18
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
& NACE MR-0-103.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫ ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬NACE MR-0-103
3) In general, all carbon and low-alloy steels
that are properly heat treated to a
maximum hardness of 22 HRC are
acceptable for use in H2S service with two
exceptions: free-machining steels and
steels containing more than 1% Ni.
Laboratory tests have indicated that these
materials can fail at hardnesses below 22
HRC.
‫( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ‬3
‫ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬22 HRC ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ( ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ دو اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري و‬:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ‬1 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ دﭼﺎر ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬22 HRC ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬22 HRC ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ از‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻓﺰاﻳﻨﺪهاي ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻓﻮق ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً آﻧﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺨﺖ در ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي زﻳﺮ ﺣﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺻﺪﻣﺎت‬،‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ‬،‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ )ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد( ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
As their hardnesses exceed 22 HRC,
carbon and low-alloy steels become
progressively more susceptible to failure.
Laboratory tests have indicated almost
instantaneous
failures
at
stresses
considerably below yield for hard
materials: therefore, all carbon and lowalloy steels can be made susceptible to
sulfide stress cracking by improper thermal
treatment and/or by mechanical damage
(cold work) due to handling problems.
NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 &
In addition to carbon and low-alloy steels,
NACE MR-01-75/ISO 15156 & NACE
MR-0-103 discusses stainless and other
high-alloy steels. Some of these steels can
be used at hardnesses above 22 HRC when
additional strength is needed. These
materials shall be selected with care.
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ‬NACE MR-0-103
‫ در ﺑﺎره ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺤﺚ‬،‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد‬22 HRC ‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در ﺑﺎﻻي‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬا اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
7.4.2.7 The importance of limiting maximum
hardness of metals in applications subject to
stress corrosion.
‫ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات در‬7-2-4-7
.‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
7.4.3 High alloy (stainless) steels
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي )زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن( ﭘﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬3-4-7
7.4.3.1 The possibility of stress corrosion
cracking of austenitic stainless steels exposed
to media such as chlorides and other halides
either internally or externally; the latter can
result from improper selection or application of
thermal insulation.
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬1-3-4-7
7.4.3.2 The susceptibility to intergranular
corrosion of austenitic stainless steels after
sufficient exposure to temperatures between
427°C and 871°C (800°F and 1600°F) unless
stabilized or low carbon grades are used.
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬2-3-4-7
‫ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ و ﻫﺎﻟﻮژﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬.‫ وﺟﻮد دارد‬،‫از داﺧﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب وﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ در‬
‫ ﺗﺎ‬800) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬871 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬427 ‫ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬.‫ وﺟﻮد دارد‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬1600
.‫از ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺷﺪه و ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
19
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
7.4.3.3 The susceptibility to inter crystalline
attack of austenitic stainless steels on contact
with zinc or lead above their melting points or
with many lead and zinc compounds at
similarly elevated temperatures.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻮري‬3-3-4-7
‫ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ روي ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮب در‬، ‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت زﻳﺎدي از روي و ﺳﺮب‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻي ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب آﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
7.4.3.4 The brittleness of ferritic stainless steels
at room temperature after service at
temperature above 371°C (700°F).
،‫ ﺗﺮدي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ در دﻣﺎي اﺗﺎق‬4-3-4-7
700) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬371 ‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻛﺎر در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
.(‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
7.4.4 Nickel and nickel base alloys
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬4-4-7
7.4.4.1 The susceptibility to grain boundary
attack of nickel and nickel base alloys not
containing chromium when exposed to small
quantities of sulfur at temperatures above
316°C (600°F).
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮز داﻧﻪاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬1-4-4-7
7.4.4.2 The susceptibility to grain boundary
attack of nickel base alloys containing
chromium at temperatures above 593°C
(1100°F) under reducing conditions and above
760°C (1400°F) under oxidizing conditions.
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮز داﻧﻪاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬2-4-4-7
7.4.4.3 The possibility of stress corrosion
cracking of nickel-copper alloy (70Ni-30Cu) in
hydrofluoric acid vapor if the alloy is highly
stressed or contains residual stresses from
forming or welding.
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬3-4-4-7
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺮوم وﻗﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ‬
600) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬316 ‫از ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
.‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬593 ‫ ﺣﺎوي ﻛﺮوم در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺣﻴﺎء‬1100) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
1400) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬760 ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
.‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫( در ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﻴﺪ‬30 ‫ و ﻣﺲ‬70 ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻣﺲ )ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺣﺎوي ﺗﻨﺶ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
7.4.5 Aluminum and aluminum alloys
‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬5-4-7
7.4.5.1 The compatibility with aluminum of
thread/bevel compounds used in aluminum
threaded joints to prevent seizing and galling.
‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﺨﺼﻮص رزوه‬1-5-4-7
7.4.5.2 The possibility of corrosion from
concrete, mortar, lime, plaster, or other alkaline
materials used in buildings or structures.
‫ ﮔﭻ‬،‫ آﻫﻚ‬،‫ ﻣﻼت‬،‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺑﺘﻦ‬2-5-4-7
7.4.5.3 The susceptibility of Alloy Nos. 5083,
5086, 5154, and 5456 to exfoliation or
intergranular attack; and the upper temperature
limit of 66°C (150°F) shown in Appendix A, to
avoid such deterioration.
،5083 ‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎره‬3-5-4-7
‫ﭘﺦ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬/‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت رزوه‬
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺳﺎﻳﺶ و ﮔﺮﻳﭙﺎژ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
.‫و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬5456 ‫ و‬5154 ،5086
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬66 ‫ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺑﺎﻻي دﻣﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬
،‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬150)
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
7.4.6 Copper and copper alloys
‫ ﻣﺲ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ‬6-4-7
7.4.6.1 The possibility of dezincification of
brass alloys.
.‫ اﻣﻜﺎن زداﻳﺶ روي از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‬1-6-4-7
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
7.4.6.2 The susceptibility to stress-corrosion
cracking of copper-based alloys exposed to
fluids such as ammonia or ammonium
compounds.
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬2-6-4-7
7.4.6.3 The possibility of unstable acetylide
formation when exposed to acetylene.
‫ در ﻣﻌﺮض اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬3-6-4-7
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد اﺳﺘﻠﻴﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﮔﺮدد‬
7.4.7 Titanium and titanium alloys
‫ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم‬7-4-7
‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﺴﺎد ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬600) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬316 ‫ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
The possibility of deterioration of titanium and
its alloys above 316°C (600°F).
7.4.8 Zirconium and zirconium alloys
‫ زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬8-4-7
The possibility of deterioration of zirconium
and zirconium alloys above 316°C (600°F).
‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﺴﺎد زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ وﻗﺘﻲ در‬
600) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬316 ‫ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
7.4.9 Tantalum
‫ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻮم‬9-4-7
‫ درﺟﻪ‬570) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬299 ‫در دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ واﻛﻨﺶ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬،(‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ در دﻣﺎي زﻳﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻨﺜﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺮدي و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬299
‫ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻳﻚ اﺗﻤﻲ ﻧﻮزاد وﻟﻲ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻧﻮزاد ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ‬.‫ وﺟﻮد دارد‬،‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Above 299°C (570°F), the possibility of
reactivity of tantalum with all gases except the
inert gases. Below 299°C the possibility of
embrittlement of tantalum by nascent
(monatomic) hydrogen (but not molecular
hydrogen). Nascent hydrogen is produced by
galvanic action, or as a product of corrosion by
certain chemicals.
7.4.10 Metals with enhanced properties
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه‬10-4-7
The possible loss of strength, in a material
whose properties have been enhanced by heat
treatment, during long continued exposure to
temperatures above its tempering temperature.
‫اﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮاص آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از دﻣﺎي‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ‬
7.4.11 The desirability of specifying some
degree of production impact testing, in addition
to the weld procedure qualification tests, when
using materials with limited low temperature
service experience below the minimum
temperature stated in Appendix A, Table A.1,
B31/3 ASME.
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﻮن ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬11-4-7
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬،‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ زﻳﺮ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻨﺪرج‬،‫ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده‬،‫ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬A.1, ASME B31/3 ‫ ﺟﺪول‬،‫در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ ﺿﺮورت دارد‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬
7.5 Material Considerations Nonmetals
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰ‬5-7
Following are some considerations to be
evaluated when applying nonmetals in
structures such as piping. See also Paragraphs
7.1 and 7.3.
‫ ﭘﺎرهاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻮاد‬،‫در زﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰ در ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮن ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬3-7 ‫ و‬1-7 ‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬.‫آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
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7.5.1 Static charges
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺑﺎر ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬1-5-7
Because of the possibility of producing
hazardous electrostatic charges in nonmetallic
piping and metallic piping lined with
nonmetals, consideration should be given to
grounding the metallic components of such
systems conveying nonconductive fluids.
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﺑﺎر اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ در‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
-‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﺗﺼﺎل زﻣﻴﻦ اﺟﺰاء ﻓﻠﺰي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد دﻗﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﻧﺎرﺳﺎﻧﺎ‬
7.5.2 Thermoplastics
‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬2-5-7
If thermoplastic piping is used above ground
for compressed air or other compressed gases,
special precautions shall be observed. In
determining the needed safeguarding for such
services, the energetics and the specific failure
mechanism need to be evaluated. Encasement
of the plastic piping in shatter-resistant material
may be considered.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻮاي‬،‫اﮔﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ روي زﻣﻴﻦ‬
،‫ﻓﺸﺮده ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎظ ﺿﺮوري‬.‫ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮي ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﮔﺮدد‬
،‫ ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎر ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﭘﺮاﻧﺮژي وﻳﮋه‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮيﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ از‬،‫ روﻛﺶ روي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ دارد‬
-‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻮاد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ و ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد دﻗﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
7.5.3 Borosilicate glass
‫ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻮروﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت‬3-5-7
Take into account its lack of ductility and its
sensitivity to thermal and mechanical shock.
‫ﻓﻘﺪان ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺷﻴﺸﻪ در‬
‫ﻣﻘـﺎﺑـﻞ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬-8
8. FABRICATION
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-8
8.1 General
8.1.1 The concerned contractor and/or
fabricator shall follow the fabrication
procedures introduced by the designer
precisely and use the specified methods and
materials prescribed by him.
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻣﻮادي را ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮاح‬1-1-8
8.1.2 In addition the contractor and fabricator
shall make consideration to all factors affecting
fabrication which in turn facilitate to improve
resistance of equipment and structures against
corrosion.
‫ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر و ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه‬2-1-8
8.1.3 When a contractor is responsible for the
whole construction, he is also responsible for
the performance of first class fabrication.
‫ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻛﻞ اﺟﺮاي‬3-1-8
8.1.4 Due consideration shall be given to
special treatment required for different
materials to improve resistance to corrosion,
e.g. special welding techniques, stress
relieving, blast peening, metallizing, sealing of
welds, etc.; also to any fabrication or assembly
methods which would aggravate any tendency
of the material to corrosion failure.
‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻻزم و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺧﺎص‬4-1-8
‫اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﻴﻘﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر و ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه رﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد‬
‫در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫و ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
.‫دارد‬
‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ را در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ روﺷﻬﺎي‬:‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ اﻋﻤﺎل ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻴﺒﺨﺸﺪ‬
-‫ آب‬،‫ ﻓﻠﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﺎري‬،‫ ﺗﻘّﻪ ﻛﺎري‬،‫ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري وﻳﮋه‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ روش ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ و ﺟﺰ آن‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻧﻮع ﮔﺮاﻳﺶ ﻣﻮاد را ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻣﺒﺬول ﺷﻮد‬
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8.1.5 With approval of the designer, alloys in
as highly alloyed a condition as necessary
should be used when the cost of fabrication is
higher than the cost of basic material.
Proportional cost of material in some
multishaped or complicated component is
much less than the simple ones.
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮاد‬5-1-8
8.1.6 Distribute stress with the metals’
anisotropic characteristics in mind:
‫ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﮕﻦ در‬6-1-8
8.1.6.1 Either avoid exposing traverse planes or
protect them.
‫ از در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮار دادن ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬1-6-1-8
8.1.6.2 Avoid or relieve residual stress from
quenching and fitting.
‫ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﺎ رﻫﺎﺳﺎزي ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬2-6-1-8
8.1.6.3 Select fabrication with special attention
to avoid consequence, of high localized stress
pattern.
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب روش ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ‬3-6-1-8
8.1.7 Select fabrication, machining and
assembly operations imparting minimum
residual stresses, fillets should be stream-lined
if possible.
‫ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻴﻮه ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬7-1-8
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺪ ﺿﺮورت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻃﺮاح‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻳﻚ‬
.‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺳﺎده اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺧﻮدداري ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺳﺮدﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻠﺰ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪه و اﺗﺼﺎل‬
.‫ﺧﻮدداري از ﭘﻲ آﻣﺪ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن‬،‫ﺟﻮش ﮔﻮﺷﻪ‬
8.1.8 Protective coating shall be applied after
all punching, drilling, machining, forming and
after fabrication have been completed paint
finishing systems if required may also be
applied after metal deposition or over chemical
film treatment.
‫ ﻣﺘﻪ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﻮراخ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﻪ ﻛﺎري‬8-1-8
8.1.9 The workmanship and finish shall be first
class in every respect and subject to the closest
inspection by the manufacturer’s inspector,
whether or not the Purchaser waives any part of
the inspection.
‫ ﻣﻬﺎرت و ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮده‬9-1-8
8.1.10 When material requires straightening,
the work shall be done by pressing or another
noninjurious method prior to any layout or
shaping. Heating or hammering is not
permissible unless the material is heated to a
forging temperature.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد اﺣﺘﻴﺎج ﺑﻪ ﺻﺎﻓﻜﺎري دارﻧﺪ‬10-1-8
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬،‫ﻛﺎري‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ رﻧﮓ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ از رﺳﻮب ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ روي ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ وﻟﻮ آﻧﻜﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬.‫و ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻈﺎرت دﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎزرس ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﺪ از ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﺮده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻫﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﻜﺎري ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ زﻳﺎنآور‬
‫ ﺣﺮارت دادن و ﭼﻜﺶ‬.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ‬
،‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺎ دﻣﺎي آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬،‫ﻛﺎري ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارت داده ﺷﻮد‬
8.2 Factors affecting fabrication can be
classified as follows:
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬2-8
:‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
- Design and materials; both of which have
been described before.
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﻣﻮاد؛ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو ﻗﺒﻼً ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪه‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
23
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
- Welding.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-
- Welding and joining.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل و ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-
- Bending and forming.
.‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دادن‬-
- Brazing and soldering.
.‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم‬-
- Heat treatment.
.‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-
- Preheating.
. ‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬-
- Coating and lining.
.‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬-
8.3 Welding
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬3-8
8.3.1 Corrosion of weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬1-3-8
8.3.1.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-1-3-8
8.3.1.1.1 It is not unusual to find that, although
the wrough form of a metal or alloy is resistant
to corrosion in a particular environment, the
welded counterpart is not. Further, welds can
be made with the addition of filler metal or can
be made autogenously (without filler metal).
However, there are also many instances in
which the weld exhibits corrosion resistance
superior to that of the unwelded base metal.
There also are times when the weld behaves in
an erratic manner, displaying both resistance
and susceptibility to corrosive attack.
Corrosion failures of welds occur in spite of the
fact that the proper base metal and filler metal
have been selected, industry codes and
standards have been followed, and welds have
been deposited that possess full weld
penetration and have proper shape and contour.
It is sometimes difficult to determine why
welds corrode; however, one or more of the
following factors often are implicated:
‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد اﮔﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬1-1-1-3-8
‫ وﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه‬.‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮش آن اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ )ﺑﺪون ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻦ( اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻮارد اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ در‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺟﻮش ﻧﺨﻮرده‬
‫ ﻣﻮاﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻢ‬.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎي ﻋﺠﻴﺐ و ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻤﻲ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ و ﻫﻢ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از‬
‫ ﺷﻜﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ‬.‫ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮوز ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ رخ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ و از ﻛﺪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﭘﻴﺮوي‬
‫ و ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ و‬،‫ﺷﻮد و رﺳﻮب ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬.‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺮم ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬.‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﭼﺮاﻳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ دﺷﻮار اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭼﺮاﻳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
- Weldment design.
. ‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬-
- Fabrication technique.
.‫ روش ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬-
- Welding practice.
.‫ ﻃﺮز ﻛﺎر ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-
- Welding sequence.
.‫ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-
- Moisture contamination.
.‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬24
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
-
Organic
species.
or
inorganic
chemical
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ آﻟﻲ‬-
- Oxide film and scale.
.‫ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬-
- Weld slag and spatter.
.‫ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره ﺟﻮش و ﻗﻄﺮه ﺟﻮش‬-
- Incomplete weld penetration or
fusion.
.‫ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻳﺎ ذوب ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺟﻮش‬-
- Porosity.
.‫ ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج‬-
- Cracks (crevices).
.(‫ ﺗﺮك ﻫﺎ )ﺷﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬-
- High residual stresses.
.‫ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ‬-
- Improper choice of filler metal.
.‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻏﻠﻂ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬-
- Final surface finish.
.‫ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ و‬ASME ‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬IX ‫ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬2-1-1-3-8
8.3.1.1.2 ASME Section IX and API 1104
discuss the welding of pressure vessels and line
pipe, including the requirements for qualifying
welding procedure, welders, and the quality level
of the production weldments. These standards
also identify the variables that dicate when
different procedures are required to cover
material thickness, material chemistry, joint
design, welding position and thermal treatments.
If weldments are to be used in H2S environments,
such factors as additional hardness testing, the
type of welding electrode, and the wire/flux
combination used should be considered.
،‫ روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬API 1104
‫ ﺑﺮاي واﺟﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻮدن دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎر و ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬.‫ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬، ‫ﺷﺪه‬
-‫ﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺮر ﻣﻴﺪارﻧﺪ ﭼﻪ وﻗﺖ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴ‬
،‫ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮرده ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻛﺎر رود‬
‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ﺣﺎوي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﭼﻮن آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
.‫و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش و روان ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The American Petroleum Institute and the
National Association of Corrosion Engineers
publish documents that indicate whether
weldments made with certain wire/flux
combinations have experienced failure in H2S
environments under conditions in which
failures were unexpected. Weldments with high
manganese and silicon contents have been
shown to be very susceptible to sulfide stress
cracking at hardnesses at or below 22 HRC
even after thermal treatments.
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ و اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪارﻛﻲ را ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
،‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ از ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش و روان ﺳﺎز‬
‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫در آن ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮرده ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ و ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از‬،‫ ﻳﺎ زﻳﺮ آن‬22 HRC ‫دادهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
If
temperature
is
an
environmental
consideration, the designer should be aware
that the ability of materials and weldments to
withstand sudden impact loading decreases
significantly with temperature. Materials and
weldments that have ductile characteristics at
‫ ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺎﻳﺪ آﮔﺎه‬،‫ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ‬،‫اﮔﺮ دﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮان ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻮاد و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه در‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎر ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮرده ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺣﺮارت ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
25
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
room temperature (20°C, or 70°F) may behave
in a brittle manner when exposed to lower
temperatures. In addition to the typical
mechanical-property testing of materials and
weldments, impact testing is required to ensure
that the product is properly designed for the
anticipated operating temperatures. Standards
from ASTM, ASME, and other address these
design requirements and generally specify
materials that have Charpy V-notch impact test
requirements added to the normal mechanical
property tests.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻳﺎ‬20) ‫داراي وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ در دﻣﺎي اﺗﺎق‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ وﻗﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎﻫﺎي‬70
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه و ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬.‫ﺗﺮدي از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬،‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮرده‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬،‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي‬
.‫ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي در دﻣﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎ‬ASME ‫ و‬ASTM ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮادي را ﻛﻪ داراي اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮاص‬،‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي )آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﭼﺎرﭘﻲ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ‬
In the case of weldments, Charpy V-notch
impact testing of the base metal, the heataffected zone, and the weld metal is also
required to ensure that the weldment will
function
satisfactorily
at
the
design
temperature. Welding must be performed with
care to ensure that the completed weldment is
produced in accordance with standard
procedures.
‫ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ )آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬،‫در ﻣﻮرد ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻻزم‬،‫ﭼﺎرﭘﻲ( ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮرده در‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ دارد و‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
8.3.1.1.3 ISO 10423 establishes requirements
for well head Surface Safety Valves (SSV
valves), Underwater Safety Valves (USV
valves), and their actuators (SSV/USV
actuators). The requirements include design,
materials quality, performance testing, and
functional testing.
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬ISO 10423 ‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬3-1-1-3-8
‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫـﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬،(SSV valves) ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺳﺮﭼﺎه‬
‫( و ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ‬USV valves) ‫زﻳﺮ آب‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬.‫( را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬SSV/USV actuators)
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ و آزﻣﻮن‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدي اﺳﺖ‬
Equipment manufactured to this specification
is primarily intended for service in outer
continental waters (OCS) contiguous to the
United States. The equipment is identified with
the ISO 10423 monogram. It is also eligible for
the OCS monogram when manufactured under
a quality program conforming to ANSI/ASMESPPE-1 specifications.
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت در اﺻﻞ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫( ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ‬OCS) ‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد در آﺑﻬﺎي ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﻼت ﻗﺎرهاي‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬ISO 10423
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ANSI/ASME-SPPE-1 ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫( اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬OCS) ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
8.3.1.1.4 The ANSI/ASME-SPPE-1 standards
establish requirements for quality programs,
accreditation of quality programs, and
reporting of malfunctions and failures.
Manufacturers conforming to these standards
are authorized by ASME to apply the OCS
monogram to SSVS (valve and actuator).
ANSI/ASME-SPPE-1 ‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬4-1-1-3-8
‫ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ آن و ﮔﺰارش ﺳﻮء‬،‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﻛﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد و ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ را ﻣﻘﺮر ﻣﻴﺪارﻧﺪ‬
‫ را ﺑﺮاي‬OCS ‫ ﻣﺠﺎزﻧﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬ASME ‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
.‫ )ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﺮكﻫﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬SSVS
8.3.1.2 Metallurgical factors
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ‬2-1-3-8
The cycle of heating and cooling that occurs
during the welding process affects the micro-
،‫ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
26
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
structure and surface composition of welds and
adjacent base metal. Consequently, the
corrosion resistance of autogenous welds and
welds made with matching filler metal may be
inferior to that of properly annealed base metal
because of:
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫روي رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺛﺮ‬
‫ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي‬.‫ﮔﺬارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ و ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
:‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ زﻳﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
- Microsegregation.
.‫ ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‬-
- Precipitation of secondary phases.
.‫ رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬-
- Formation of unmixed zones.
.‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه‬-
- Recrystallization and grain growth in
the weld Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ).
‫ ﺗﺒﻠﻮر ﻣﺠﺪد و رﺷﺪ داﻧﻪﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬.‫ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬
Volatilization of alloying elements
from the molten weld pool.
‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ از ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﻣﺬاب‬
- Contamination of the solidifying
weld pool.
.‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﺟﻮش در ﺣﺎل اﻧﺠﻤﺎد‬-
Corrosion resistance can usually be maintained
in the welded condition by balancing alloy
compositions to inhibit certain precipitation
reactions, by shielding molten and hot metal
surfaces from reactive gases in the weld
environment, by removing chromium-enriched
oxides and chromium-depleted base metal from
thermally discolored (heat tinted) surfaces, and
by choosing the proper welding parameters.
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻛﺮدن‬.‫روﺷﻬﺎي زﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﻌﻀﻲ واﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎي رﺳﻮب و‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰ داغ و ذوب ﺷﺪه ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫واﻛﻨﺶ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﻮش و ﺑﺎ زداﻳﺶ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻏﻨﻲ از‬
‫ﻛﺮم و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺮوم از ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ‬
.‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ و ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
8.3.1.3 Weld solidification
‫ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺟﻮش‬3-1-3-8
During the welding process, a number of
important changes occur that can significantly
affect the corrosion behavior of the weldment.
Heat input and welder technique obviously
play important roles. The way in which the
weld solidifies is equally important to
understanding how weldments may behave in
corrosive environments.
‫در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﭘﺎرهاي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻬﻢ اﺗﻔﺎق‬
‫ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي در رﻓﺘﺎر‬
‫ ﺣﺮارت ورودي‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫و روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫روش اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺟﻮش داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮاي درك‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
A metallographic study has shown that welds
solidify into various regions, as illustrated in
Fig. 1. The composite region, or weld nugget,
consists of essentially filler metal that has been
diluted with material melted from the
surrounding base metal. Next to the composite
region is the unmixed zone, a zone of base
metal that melted and solidified during welding
without experiencing mechanical mixing with
the filler metal. The weld interface is the
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻴﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ‬،‫ آﻣﺪه‬1 ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ‬
‫ در اﺻﻞ‬،‫ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮده ﺟﻮش‬،‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎده ذوب ﺷﺪه از اﻃﺮاف‬
،‫ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون‬،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ذوب و ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ﺷﺪه‬،‫آﻣﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
27
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
surface bounding the region within which
complete melting was experienced during
welding, and it is evidenced by the presence of
a cast structure. Beyond the weld interface is
the partially melted zone, which is a region of
the base metal within which the proportion
melted ranges from 0 to 100%. Lastly, the true
HAZ is that portion of the base metal within
which microstructural change has occurred in
the absence of melting. Although the various
regions of a weldment shown in Fig. 1 are for a
single-pass weld, similar solidification patterns
and compositional differences can be expected
to occur in underlying weld beads during
multipass applications.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي را‬،‫ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺟﻮش‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪوداً در ﺣﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ذوب ﻛﺎﻣﻞ را آزﻣﻮده ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ دورﺗﺮ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﮔﻮاﻫﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪﻛﻲ ذوب‬،‫از ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪاي از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪوداً ﺑﺎ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺷﺪه‬
،‫ ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ذوب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬100 ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ در آن رخ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﺪون ذوب ﺷﺪن‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن‬1 ‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮش ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎس ﺟﻮش اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد و ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت را در زﻳﺮ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﻪ روي‬
.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺮده ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺟﻮش‬
‫ذوب ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
Fig. 1- SCHEMATIC OF A WELD CROSS SECTION
‫ ﺷﻤﺎي ﻛﻠﻲ از ﺑﺮش ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﻮش‬-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
8.3.1.4 Corrosion of carbon steel weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد‬4-1-3-8
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
The corrosion behavior of carbon steel
weldments is dependent on a number of
factors. Consideration must be given to the
compositional effects of the base metal and
welding consumable and to the different
welding processes used. Because carbon steels
undergo metallurgical transformations across
the weld and HAZ, microstructures and
morphologies become important. A wide range
of microstructures can be developed based on
cooling rates, and these microstructures are
dependent on energy input, preheat, metal
thickness (heat sink effects), weld bead size,
and reheating effects due to multipass welding.
‫رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد اﺛﺮات ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﺪﻧﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن‬
‫ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ آﻧﻜﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻣﺒﺬول ﮔﺮدد‬
‫دﺳﺘﺨﻮش ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻮش و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
،‫ آﻧﮕﺎه رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻃﻴﻒ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ از رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻴﺰان‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺮژي‬.‫ رﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن‬
‫ اﻧﺪازه ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش و اﺛﺮات‬،‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬،‫ورودي‬
28
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
As a result of their different chemical
compositions and weld inclusions (oxides and
sulfides), weld metal microstructures are
usually significantly different from those of the
HAZ and base metal. Similarly, corrosion
behavior can also vary.
.‫ﺑﺎز ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺠﺪد ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺸﺎن و آﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺟﻮش‬
ً‫ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬،(‫)اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎوت زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺎ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت و ﻓﻠﺰ‬
.‫ﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴ‬.‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ دارﻧﺪ‬
In addition, hardness levels will be lowest for
high heat inputs, such as those produced by
submerged-arc weldments, and will be highest
for low-energy weldments (with faster cooling
rates) made by the shielded metal arc
processes. Depending on the welding
conditions, weld metal microstructures
generally tend to be fine grained with basic
flux and somewhat coarser with acid or rutile
(TiO2) flux compositions.
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮارت ورودي زﻳﺎد‬،‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲﻫﺎي ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮرده ﻛﻪ‬.‫درﺟﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮس زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
(‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻛﻢ اﻧﺮژي )ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ‬
،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮس اﻟﻜﺘﺮود روﭘﻮش دار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
-‫ رﻳﺰ‬،‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ درﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ روان ﺳﺎز ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫( ﺗﺎ‬TiO2) ‫رﻳﺰداﻧﻪ ﺷﺪن و ﺑﺎ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت رواﻧﺴﺎز روﺗﻴﻠﻲ‬
.‫ﺣﺪي ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ درﺷﺖ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن دارﻧﺪ‬
During welding, the base metal, HAZ, and
underlying weld passes experience stresses due
to thermal expansion and contraction. Upon
solidification, rather high levels of residual
stress remain as a result of weld shrinkage.
Stress concentration effects as a result of
geometrical discontinuities, such as weld
reinforcement and lack of full weld penetration
(dangerous because of the likelihood of crevice
corrosion and the possibility of fatigue
cracking), are also important because of the
possibility of SCC. Achieving full weld
penetration, minimizing excessive weld
reinforcement through control of the welding
process or technique, and grinding (a costly
method) can be effective in minimizing these
geometric effects. A stress-relieving heat
treatment is effective in reducing internal weld
shrinkage stress and metal hardness to safe
levels in most cases.
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﭘﺎسﻫﺎي زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط و اﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬
‫ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻧﺠﻤﺎد‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ دﭼﺎر ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻻي ﺗﻨﺶ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي‬،‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺟﻮش‬
‫ اﺛﺮات ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻨﺶ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﺪم ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮش )ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري و ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬،(‫ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺼﻮل ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل روش ﻳﺎ‬،‫رﺳﺎﻧﺪن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ و ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ )روش ﭘﺮﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ‬.‫در ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن اﺛﺮات ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد‬
‫زداﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺟﻮش و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻣﻮارد‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
8.3.1.4.1 Preferential HAZ corrosion
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮاز ﺟﻮش‬1-4-1-3-8
An example of preferential weld corrosion in
the HAZ of a carbon steel weldment is shown
in Fig. 2. This phenomenon has been observed
in a wide range of aqueous environments, the
common link being that the environments are
fairly high in conductivity, while attack has
usually, but not invariably, occurred at pH
values below about 7 to 8.
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺟﻮش در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده‬2 ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي آﺑﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ از ﻟﺤﺎظ رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در‬،‫ ﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬،ً‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬8 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬7 ‫ زﻳﺮ‬pH
The reasons for localized weldment attack have
not been fully defined. There is clearly a
microstructural dependence, and studies on
ً‫دﻻﻳﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﺳﺖ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬.‫روﺷﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت درﺑﺎره ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬
29
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
HAZs show corrosion to be appreciably more
severe when the material composition and
welding are such that hardened structures are
formed. It has been known for many years that
hardened steel may corrode more rapidly in
acid conditions than fully tempered material,
apparently because local micro cathodes on the
metal surface stimulate the cathodic hydrogen
evolution reaction. On this basis, water
treatments ensuring alkaline conditions should
be less likely to induce HAZ corrosion, but
even at pHs near 8, hydrogen ion (H+)
reduction can account for about 20% of the
total corrosion current; pH values substantially
above this level would be needed to suppress
the effect completely.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮاد و‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﭼﻨﺎن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺨﺖﺗﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد آﺑﺪﻳﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﻴﺪي ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ‬
‫ ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ‬.‫ﺷﺪه دﭼﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫رﻳﺰﻛﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ و ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺎس ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﻮن ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬،8 ‫ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ‬pH ‫ اﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ در‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬20 ‫( را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان‬H+)
‫ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از اﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬pH ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬.‫ﻛﺮد‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از اﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
Fig. 2-PREFERENTIAL CORROSION IN THE HAZ OF A CARBON STEEL WELDMENT AFTER
SERVICE IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT.
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﭘﺲ از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺑﻲ‬
8.3.1.4.2 Preferential weld corrosion
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺟﻮش‬2-4-1-3-8
It is probable that similar microstructural
considerations also apply to the preferential
corrosion of weld metal, but in this case, the
situation is further complicated by the presence
of deoxidation products, their type and number
depending largely on the flux system
employed. Consumable type plays a major role
in determining weld metal corrosion rate, and
the highest rates of metal loss are normally
associated with shielded metal arc electrodes
using a basic coating. In seawater, for example,
the corrosion rate for a weld made using a
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دارد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي‬
،‫ اﻣﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬
‫ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪهﺗﺮ‬،‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﺣﻴﺎء‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻮع و ﺗﻌﺪاد آﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫روان ﺳﺎز دارد‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺗﻼف ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﻗﻮس ﻓﻠﺰي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دار‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در آب درﻳﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
30
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
basic-coated consumable may be three times as
high as for weld metal from a rutile-coated
consumable. Fewer data are available for
submerged-arc weld metals, but it would
appear that they are intermediate between basic
and rutile shielded metal arc electrodes and that
a corrosion rate above that of the base steel can
be expected.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻛﻤﺘﺮي‬.‫ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ روﺗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫درﺑﺎره ﻓﻠﺰات ﺟﻮش ﻗﻮﺳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﻗﻮس ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎ روﭘﻮش‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﺎ روﭘﻮش رﺗﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺎﻳﻪ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺖ‬
8.3.1.4.3 Galvanic-corrosion
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬3-4-1-3-8
Galvanic-corrosion effects have also been
observed and have caused unexpected failure
of piping tankage and pressure vessels where
the welds are anodic to be base metal. The
following examples illustrate the point.
‫اﺛﺮات ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ و‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﻇﺮوف‬،‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮه در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ آﻧﺪي‬،‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎي زﻳﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬.‫ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
In one case, premature weld failures were
experienced in a 102-mm (4 inch) ASTM
A53/A53M pipe that was used to transfer a
mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons and water.
During construction, the pipeline was
fabricated with E7010-Al welding electrodes
(see Table 1 for the composition limits for all
materials discussed in these examples).
102 ‫ ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ زودﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﻮش در ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬،‫در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬ASTM A53/A53M (‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬4) ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از آب و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺮدار ﻣﻮرد‬
،‫ در ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
E7010-A1 ‫ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1 ‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬
31
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
TABLE 1 - COMPOSITIONS OF CARBON STEEL BASE METALS AND SOME FILLER METALS
SUBJECT TO GALVANIC CORROSION
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬-1 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
See Tables 8 and 9 for corrosion rates of galvanic couples
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زوﺟﻬﺎي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬9 ‫ و‬8 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪاول ﺷﻤﺎره‬
COMPOSITION, %
METAL
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
BASE METALS
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Fe
OTHERS
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
ASTM A53/A53M, Grade B
ASTM A285/A285M, Grade C
FILLER METALS
‫درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
0.30
0.22
1.20
0.90
…
…
…
…
…
…
Bal.
Bal.
…
…
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
E6010
-No specific chemical limits ….
‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
E6013
-No specific chemical limits ….
‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
…
Bal.
Bal.
E7010-A1
E7010-G
0.12
…
0.60
1.00(a)
0.40
0.80(a)
…
0.30(a)
0.50(a)
0.4-0.65Mo
0.2Mo, 0.1V
‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
E7016
…
1.25(b)
0.90
0.20(b)
0.30(b)
Bal.
0.3Mo(b), 0.08V(b)
‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
E7018
…
1.60(c)
0.75
0.20(c)
0.30(c)
Bal.
0.3Mo(c), 0.08V(c)
‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
E8018-C2
ENiCrFe-2(Inco Weld A)
A ‫ﺟﻮش اﻳﻨﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬
0.12
0.10
1.20
1.0-3.5
0.80
1.0
…
2.0-2.75
13.0-17.0 bal.
Bal.
12.0
…
1-3.5Mo, 0.5Cu,
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
0.5-3(Nb + Ta)
‫ ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ‬+ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬
Incoloy welding
electrode 135
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻳﻨﻜﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
135‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
0.08
1.25-2.50
0.75
32
26.5-30.5
35.0-40.0
bal.
2.75-4.5Mo, 1-2.5Cu
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
a) The weld deposit must contain only the
minimum of one of these elements.
‫اﻟﻒ( رﺳﻮب ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻳﻦ‬
b) The total of these elements shall not
exceed 1.50%.
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬1/5 ‫ب ( ﻛﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
c) The total of these elements shall not
exceed 1.75%.
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬1/75 ‫ج ( ﻛﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
.‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﻮش و آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ‬
A53/A53M ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
E7010-Al, E6010, :‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ آﻧﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬B ‫درﺟﻪ‬
‫ دو اﻟﻜﺘﺮود – ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬. E8018-C2 ‫ و‬E6013, E7010-G
Inco-Weld A (AWS A5,11, Class .‫ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬
Incoloy ‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬135 ‫( و اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬ENiCrFe-2)
‫ و ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ‬:‫ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زوﺟﻬﺎي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬.‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬2 ‫در ﺟﺪول‬
Initial weld failures and subsequent tests
showed the following welding electrodes to be
anodic to the A53/A53M Grade B base metal:
E7010-Al, E6010, E6013, E7010-G, and
E8018-C2. Two nickel-base electrodes . IncoWeld A (AWS A5,11, Class ENiCrFe-2) and
Incoloy welding electrode 135 . were tested;
they were found to be cathodic to the base
metal and to prevent rapid weld corrosion. The
corrosion rates of these various galvanic
couples are listed in Table 2.
TABLE 2 - CORROSION RATES OF GALVANIC COUPLES OF ASTM A53, GRADE B, BASE
METAL AND VARIOUS FILLER METALS IN A MIXTURE OF CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS AND WATER
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬B ‫درﺟﻪ‬، ASTM A53 ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زوﺟﻬﺎي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬-2 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫و ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از آب و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺮوردار‬
THE AREAS OF THE BASE METAL AND THE DEPOSITED WELD METAL WERE EQUAL
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش رﺳﻮب داده ﺷﺪه ﻳﻜﺴﺎناﻧﺪ‬
CORROSION RATE
GALVANIC COUPLE
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫زوج ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
Base metal
E6010
Base metal
E6013
Base metal
E7010-Al
Base metal
E7010-G
Base metal
E8018-C2
Base metal
Inco Weld A.
Base metal
Incoloy welding
electrode 135
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
mm/yr
mils/yr
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬/‫ﺳﺎل‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻞ‬/‫ﺳﺎل‬
0.4
15
0.9
0.18
0.9
1.3
4.3
1.7
2.8
0.36
1.7
0.48
0.013
0.36
35
7
35
50
169
68
112
14
66
19
0.5
14
<0.0025
<0.1
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻳﻨﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬
135 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
33
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Another example is the failure of low-carbon
steel welds in seawater service at 25°C (75°F).
Fabrications involving ASTM A285/A285M,
Grade C, plate welded with E6013 electrodes
usually start to fail in the weld after 6 to 18
months in seawater service at this temperature.
Welds made with E7010 electrodes do not fail.
Tests were conducted in seawater at 50°C
(120°F) using A285/A285M, Grade C, plate
welded with E6010, E7010-Al, and E7010-G.
It was determined that E7010- Al was the best
electrode to use in seawater and that E6010 and
E7010-G were not acceptable (although they
were much better than E6013), because they
were both anodic to the base metal. A zero
resistance ammeter was used to determine
whether the electrodes were anodic or cathodic
in behavior.
‫ﻣﺜﺎل دﻳﮕﺮ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻢ در آب‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( اﺳﺖ‬75) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬25 ‫درﻳﺎ در‬
،C ‫ ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ‬، ASTM A285/A285M ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺗﺎ‬6 ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻌﺪ از‬E 6013 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ‬، ‫ ﻣﺎه ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد در اﻳﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت در آب درﻳﺎ‬18
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ در ﺟﻮش ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ در آب درﻳﺎ‬.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺒﻮدﻧﺪ‬E7010
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬120) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50
‫ و ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬.C ‫ درﺟﻪ‬،A285/A285M
‫ اﻧﺠﺎم‬E7010-G ‫ و‬E7010-A1 ،E6010 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫــﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي‬E7010-A1 ‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ و‬E6010 ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در آب درﻳﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻧﺒﻮدهاﻧﺪ )ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ از اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬E7010-G
.‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ( زﻳﺮا ﻫﺮ دو ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ آﻧﺪي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬E6013
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ آﻣﭙﺮﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎ آﻧﺪي ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬
In another case, welds made from E7010-Al
electrodes to join ASTM A285/A285M, Grade
C, base metal were found to be anodic to the
base metal when exposed to raw brine, an
alkaline-chloride (pH > 7) stream, and raw
river water at 50°C (120°F). When E7010-G
was exposed to the same environment, it was
anodic to the base metal in raw brine and raw
river water and was cathodic to ASTM
A285/A285M, Grade C, in the alkalinechloride stream. When the base metal was
changed to ASTM A53/A53M, Grade B, and
A106/A106M, Grade B, it was found that
E7010-Al weld metal was cathodic to both
when exposed to raw brine at 50°C (120°F).
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬E7010-A1 ‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬،‫در ﻣﻮرد دﻳﮕﺮ‬
C ‫ درﺟﻪ‬، ASTM A285/A285M ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،‫ وﻗﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض آب ﻧﻤﻚ ﺧﺎم‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
50 ‫ و آب ﺧﺎم رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ در‬،(7 ‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬pH ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ )ﺑﺎ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬120) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬E7010-G ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬.‫ آﻧﺪي ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ در آب ﻧﻤﻚ و آب ﺧﺎم‬
ASTM A285/A285M ‫رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ آﻧﺪي ﺑﻮد و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﺗــﺪي ﺑـﻮد‬،‫ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴـﺎﻳـﻲ‬،C ‫درﺟﻪ‬
‫ و‬B ‫ درﺟﻪ‬ASTM-A53/A53M ‫ﭘــﺎﻳــﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‬،B ‫ درﺟﻪ‬A106/A106M
50 ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض آب ﻧﻤﻚ ﺧﺎم در‬، E7010-A1
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬120) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
.‫ﻫﺮ دو ﻛﺎﺗﺪي اﺳﺖ‬
Finally, routine inspection of a column in
which a mixture of hydrocarbons was water
washed at 90°C (195°F) revealed that E7016
welds used in the original fabrication were
corroding more rapidly than the ASTM
A285/A285M, Grade C, base metal. Corroded
welds were ground to sound metal, and E7010Al was used to replace the metal that was
removed.
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺘﻮن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ‬،‫ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻋﺎدي‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬195) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬90 ‫از ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ آب‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ داده ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ‬،‫ در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﺻﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺖ‬E7016 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
، C ‫ درﺟﻪ‬ASTM-A285/A285M‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫دﭼﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬E7010-A1 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ زدوده ﺷﺪه و اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
.‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪ‬
34
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
About 3 years later, during another routine
inspection, it was discovered that the E7010-Al
welds were being selectively attacked. Tests
were conducted that showed E7010-Al and
E7016 weld metals to be anodic to
A285/A285M, Grade C, while E7018 and
E8018-C2 would be cathodic. Corrosion rates
of these various galvanic couples are given in
Table 3.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻛﺸﻒ‬،‫ در ﻃﻮل ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻋﺎدي دﻳﮕﺮي‬،‫ﺣﺪود ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﻮرد‬E7010-A1 ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬E7016 ‫ و‬E7010-A1 ‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﺟﻮش‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ آﻧﺪي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،C ‫ درﺟﻪ‬،A285/285M
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬E8018-C2 ‫ و‬E7018
.‫ ﻣﻨﺪرج اﺳﺖ‬3 ‫زوﺟﻬﺎي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺟﺪول‬
TABLE 3 - CORROSION RATES OF GALVANIC COUPLES OF ASTM A285, GRADE C, BASE
METAL AND VARIOUS FILLER METALS AT 90°C (195°F) IN WATER USED TO WASH A
HYDROCARBON STREAM
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،C ‫ درﺟﻪ‬، ASTM A285 ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زوﺟﻬﺎي ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬-3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬195) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬90 ‫و ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در آب‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
CORROSION RATE
GALVANIC COUPLE
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫زوج ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
mm/yr
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬/‫ﺳﺎل‬
Base metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
E7010-Al
Base metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
0.6927
0.4618
0.8433
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
E7018
Base metal
‫ ﻣﻴﻞ‬/‫ﺳﺎل‬
0.81 32
E7016
Base metal
mils/yr
1.350
1.248
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
E8018-C2
2.285
1.0441
These examples demonstrate the necessity for
testing each galvanic couple in the environment
for which it is intended. Higher-alloy filler
metals can sometimes be used to advantage to
prevent rapid preferential weld corrosion.
‫ ﺿﺮورت آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺮ زوج ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ را در‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي آن در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬4-4-1-3-8
8.3.1.4.4 Stress-corrosion cracking
‫ﺗﺮدﻳﺪي ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه آﻣﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺮدي ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ و ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺮدي‬.‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
There is no doubt that residual welding stresses
can cause SCC in environments in which such
failure represents a hazard. This is the case for
failure by both active path and hydrogen
embrittlement mechanisms, and in the latter
35
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
case, failure may be especially likely at low
heat input welds because of the enhanced
susceptibility of the hardened structures
inevitably formed. Most SCC studies of welds
in carbon and carbon-manganese steels have
evaluated resistance to hydrogen-induced SCC,
especially under sour (H2S) conditions
prevalent to the oil and gas industry. Although
full definition of the effect of specific
microstructural types has not been obtained, an
overriding influence of hardness is evident
(Fig. 3). The situation regarding active path
cracking is less clear, but there are few, if any,
cases in which SCC resistance increases at
higher strength levels. On this basis, it is
probable that soft, transformed microstructures
around welds are preferable.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در‬.‫ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬،‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎً ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎره ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰدار ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ وﺟﻮد‬.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ )ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﺮش( ﺑﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ از ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﻮاع‬.‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در‬،‫رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪه‬
‫اﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﻬﻮد اﺳﺖ‬3 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ روﺷﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ واﻛﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎس‬.‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دارد ﻛﻪ رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺮم در‬
.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫اﻃﺮاف ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ‬
36
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‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ رواداري ﻋﻴﺐ‬
‫○ ‪ 3/5‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭘﻼرﻳﺰه‬
‫● ‪ 3/5‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ آب درﻳﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻼرﻳﺰه ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬
‫∆ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ‪) NACE‬ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ(‬
‫*‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ‪*HV25‬‬
‫‪Fig. 3-SCC DEFECT TOLERANCE PARAMETER VERSUS HARDNESS FOR CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪WELDMENTS IN THREE ENVIRONMENTS. DATA ARE DERIVED FROM PUBLISHED TESTS‬‬
‫‪ON PRECRACKED SPECIMENS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CARBON STEEL BASE METALS,‬‬
‫‪HAZs, AND WELD METALS. SCC DEFECT TOLERANCE PARAMETER IS DEPENDENT ON‬‬
‫‪CRACK LENGTH‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ -3‬رواداري ﻋﻴﺐ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ )‪ (SCC‬در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ داده ﻫﺎ از آزﻣﻮن اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺮكدار ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺟﻮش )‪ (HAZS‬و ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ﺟﻮش‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺧﻄﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺗﺮك دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪* To measure the hardness of thin film coating, the applied load ranging from 10 gr to 1000 gr is used. Thus,‬‬
‫‪HV 25 means hardness vickers at 25 gr force load.‬‬
‫* داﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎزك ‪ 10 ،‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1000‬ﮔﺮم ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪ HV25 ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫وﻳﻜﺮز در ‪ 25‬ﮔﺮم ﻧﻴﺮوي وارد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
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Carbon and low-alloy steels are also known to
fail by SCC when exposed to solutions
containing nitrates (NO- 3). Refrigeration
systems using a 30% magnesium nitrate
(Mg(NO3)2) brine solution, for example, are
commonly contained in carbon steel. In this
case, pH adjustment is important, as is
temperature. Failures in the HAZ due to SCC
have been reported when brine temperatures
have exceeded 30°C (90°F) during shutdown
periods. To avoid these failures, carbon steel is
being replaced with Type 304L stainless.
Others have stress relieved welded carbon steel
systems and have operated successfully,
although elevated-temperature excursions are
discouraged.
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژي اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫( ﻗﺮار‬NO- 3) ‫ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻴﺘﺮات‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ )ﺳﺮدﺳﺎزي( در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫( آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬SCC) ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬30 ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آب ﻧﻤﻚ‬
‫( ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬Mg(NO3)2) ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮم‬
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﺣﺮارت‬pH ‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬،‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد‬.‫وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد‬
30 ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎي آب ﻧﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬،SCC ‫واﺳﻄﻪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( در ﻃﻮل ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬90) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬.‫ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع زﻧﮓ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺮاﺑﻲﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي‬.‫ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﺮد‬304L ‫ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﻣﺎي‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
More recently, it has been shown that cracking
can occur under certain conditions in carbon
dioxide (CO2) containing environments,
sometimes with spectacular and catastrophic
results. Processes in the oil, gas, and chemical
industries require removal of CO2 from process
streams by a variety of absorbents. In most
cases, process equipment is fabricated from
plain carbon steel. For corrosion of carbon steel
weldments for specific conditions see
Appendix A.2.
‫اﺧﻴﺮاً ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي دي‬
‫( ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﺮك‬CO2) ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردن ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ رخ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز و ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫آﻣﻴﺰي ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ‬
-‫ ﺑﺎ اﻧﻮاع ﺟﺬب ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬CO2 ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم زداﻳﺶ‬
‫ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ از‬.‫ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2-‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
8.3.1.5 Corrosion of austenitic stainless steel
weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬5-1-3-8
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
The corrosion problems commonly associated
with welding of austenitic stainless steels are
related to precipitation effects and chemical
segregation. These problems can be eliminated
or minimized through control of base metal
metallurgy, control of the welding practice, and
selection of the proper filler metal.
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮات‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان‬.‫رﺳﻮب و ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ دارد‬
‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل روش‬،‫از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ از ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮد و ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داد‬
8.3.1.5.1 Pitting corrosion
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬1-5-1-3-8
Under moderately oxidizing conditions, weld
metal austenite may suffer preferential pitting
in alloy-depleted regions. This attack is
independent of any weld metal precipitation
and is a consequence of microsegregation or
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬، ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ار ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮه اي در‬، ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از ﻫﺮ رﺳﻮب ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و‬
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‫‪coring in weld metal dendrites. Preferential‬‬
‫)‪pitting is more likely in autogenous (no filler‬‬
‫‪Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) welds (Fig. 4), in 4‬‬
‫‪to 6% Mo alloys (Table 4), when the‬‬
‫‪recommended filler metal has the same‬‬
‫‪composition as the base metal (Fig. 5), and‬‬
‫‪when higher heat input welding leaves a coarse‬‬
‫‪microstructure with surface-lying dendrites.‬‬
‫‪Such a micro-structure is avoided by use of a‬‬
‫‪suitably alloyed filler metal (Fig. 5).‬‬
‫از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و ﻳﺎ از ﻣﻐﺰي اﻟﻜﺘﺮود روﭘﻮش‬
‫دار‪ ،‬در ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻬﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﻪوار اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺮه‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي‪ ،‬ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ )ﺑﺪون ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه(‬
‫ﻗﻮس ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﮔﺎزي )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ، (4‬در ‪ 4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ %6‬آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ )ﺟﺪول ‪ (4‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻴﻜﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫داراي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (5‬و ﺣﺮارت ورودي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‪ ،‬رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﺧﺸﻦ و ﻧﺎﺻﺎف ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ وار از ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﺬارد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ از ﭼﻨﻴﻦ رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﺟﺘﻨﺎب‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪).‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(5‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻧﺘﺎﻧﺘﺎﻧﺘﺎﻧﺖ‬
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‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي )ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬
‫‪Fig. 4-CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE VERSUS MOLYBDENUM CONTENT FOR‬‬
‫‪COMMERCIAL AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS TESTED 10% FeCL3. RESISTANCE TO‬‬
‫‪PITTING, AS MEASURED BY THE CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE, INCREASES WITH‬‬
‫‪MOLYBDENUM CONTENT AND DECREASES AFTER AUTOGENOUS TUNGSTEN INERT GAS‬‬
‫‪(TIG) WELDING‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -4‬درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺮه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ %10‬ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ )‪ (Fe CL3‬آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺮه‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺮه ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ از آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮس ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ )‪ (TIG‬ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي )ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ اﻳﻨﻜﻮﻧﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ﺟﻮشﺧﻮدزاﻳﺎ‪TIG‬‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ‪SMA‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪Hastelloy‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬
‫‪Fig. 5-EFFECTS OF VARIOUS WELDING TECHNIQUES AND FILLER METALS ON THE‬‬
‫‪CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE OF ALLOY 904L. DATA FOR AN UNWELDED SPECIMEN‬‬
‫‪ARE INCLUDED FOR COMPARISON‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -5‬اﺛﺮات روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهدار ﺷﺪن آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 904L‬دادهﻫﺎ از‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
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TABLE 4 - AMOUNTS OF PRINCIPAL ALLOYSING ELEMENTS IN STAINLESS STEELS TESTED
FOR PITTING RESISTANCE
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار‬-4 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
COMPOSITION
ALLOY
‫درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
Base metals
Cr
Ni
Mo
N
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
Type 316L
Type 317L
34L
34LN
1.4439
Nitronic 50
20Cb-3
Alloy 904L
2RK65
JS700
19/25LC
AL-6X
254SMO
19/25HMO
Filler metals ‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
16
18
17
18
18
21
20
20
20
21
20
20
20
21
13
14
1
14
14
14
33
25
25
25
25
24
18
25
2.8
3.2
54.3
4.7
4.3
2.2
2.4
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.8
6.6
6.1
5.9
…
…
…
…
0.13
0.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.20
0.15
Type 316L
Type 317L
309MoL
Batox Cu
254SLX 20
SP-281 20
Jungo 4500
Nicro 31/27
Thermanit 30/40E
SAN 27.31.4.LCuR
Incoloy Alloy 135
Hastelloy Alloy G
P12
Inconel Alloy 12
Hastelloy Alloy C-276
19
19
14
19
24
25
20
28
28
27
27
22
21
21
15
12
13
2.5
24
5.0
4.6
26
30
35
31
31
38
61
61
58
2.3
3.8
…
4.6
…
…
4.4
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.7
8.6
8.7
15.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Filler metals with pitting resistance close to or
better than that of corresponding base metals
include:
‫ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
:‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه‬
Even when suitable fillers are used, preferential
pitting attack can still occur in an unmixed
zone of weld metal. High heat input welding
can leave bands of melted base metal close to
the fusion line. The effect of these bands on
corrosion resistance can be minimized by
welding techniques that bury unmixed zones
beneath the surface of the weldment.
‫ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬،‫ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬
‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ رخ‬،‫ﻧﺸﺪه ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ذوب ﺷﺪه از‬،‫ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داد‬
‫ اﺛﺮ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ از ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﺬارﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ذوب‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻧﻮارﻫﺎ روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان‬
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه را زﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داد‬،‫ﺑﻬﻢ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‬
When the wrong filler metal is used, pitting
corrosion can readily occur in some
environments. For example when the Type
316L base metal is welded with a lower-alloy
filler metal (Type 308L).
‫وﻗﺘﻲ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬316L ‫ﻣﺜﺎل وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻮع‬
.‫ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮد‬308L ‫ﻛﻢ ﻧﻮع‬
8.3.1.5.2 Crevice corrosion
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري‬2-5-1-3-8
،‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺒﻲ ﭼﻮن ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺎرﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش را ﺑﻮﻳﮋه در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي‬
-‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ دﭼﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎي روانﺳﺎز اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫روﭘﻮشدار ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻗﻮس ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﺮﺑﺎرة‬
‫ ﺳﺮﺑﺎرهﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد‬،‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺴﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﺑﺎرهﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ روﭘﻮش رﺗﻴﻠﻲ‬.‫زدوده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫)ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه و ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬.‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ از ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺧﺎرج از‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ روﭘﻮش ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ زدوده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ذرات ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ و ﺟﺎﻫﺎﺋﻲ را ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎرﻳﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Defects such as residual welding flux and
microfissures create weld metal crevices that
are easily corroded, particularly in chloridecontaining
environments.
Some
flux
formulations on coated shielded metal or arc
strike electrodes produce easily detached slags,
and others give slags that are difficult to
remove completely even after gritblasting.
Slags from rutile (titania-base) coatings are
easily detached and give good bead shape. In
contrast, slags from the basic-coated electrodes
for out-of-position welding can be difficult to
remove; small particles of slag may remain on
the surface, providing an easy initiation site for
crevice attack.
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Microfissures or their larger counterparts, hot
cracks, also provide easy initiation sites for
crevice attack, which will drastically reduce the
corrosion resistance of a weldment.
Microfissures are caused by thermal
contraction stresses during weld solidification
and are a problem that plagues austenitic
stainless steel fabrications. These weld metal
cracks are more likely to form when
phosphorus and sulfur levels are higher (that is,
more than 0.015% P and 0.015% S), with high
heat input welding, and in austenitic weld
metal in which the α-ferrite content is low
(<3%).
‫ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎي داغ‬،‫رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ و ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻫﺎي درﺷﺖﺗﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ را ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮوع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
‫ رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي‬.‫ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﻃﻮل اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫و ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ آﻓﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬.‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/015 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و‬0/015 ‫)ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ‬،(‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ( اﺳﺖ‬3 ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ آﻟﻔﺎ )ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
Small-scale microfissures are often invisible to
the naked eye, and their existence can readily
explain the unexpectedly poor pitting
performance of one of a group of weldments
made with filler metals of apparently similar
general composition.The microfissure provides
a crevice, which is easily corroded because
stainless alloys are more susceptible to crevice
corrosion
than
to
pitting.
However,
microfissure-crevice corrosion is often
mistakenly interpreted as self-initiated pitting.
‫رﻳﺰ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻛﻮﭼﻚ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ و وﺟﻮدﺷﺎن ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮه ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه را ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ دارﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري‬.‫ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﻮن آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺑﻴﺸﺮ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺧﻮد آﻏﺎزﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
Crevice corrosion sites can also occur at the
beginning or end of weld passes, between weld
passes, or under weld spatter areas. Weld
spatter is most troublesome when it is loose or
poorly adherent.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﺎري ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻳﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺎن‬
‫ﭘﺎسﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش و ﻳﺎ زﻳﺮﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي ﺟﺮﻗﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش اﺗﻔﺎق‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻗﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش وﻗﺘﻲ آزادﻧﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬.‫اﻓﺘﺪ‬
.‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ دارﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
Microfissure corrosion in austenitic stainless
steel weldments containing 4 to 6% Mo is best
avoided with the nickelbase Inconel 625,
Inconel 112, or Avesta P12 filler metals, which
are very resistant to crevice attack. Some
stainless electrodes are suitable for welding 4%
Mo steels, but they should be selected with low
phosphorus and sulfur to avoid microfissure
problems.
‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ رﻳﺰﺗﺮكﻫﺎ در ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫( ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ‬Mo) ‫ درﺻﺪ‬6 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬4 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺣﺎوي‬
‫ و‬112 ‫ اﻳﻨﻜُﻮﻧﻞ‬،(Inconel) ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻨﻜﻮﻧﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫( ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري‬Avesta) P12 ‫ ﻳﺎ اوﺳﺘﺎ‬، 625
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از‬.‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬4 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻد‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻢ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ از‬،‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐاﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮوز ﻣﺸﻜﻼت رﻳﺰ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬
Hot tap water is not thought to be particularly
aggressive; however, it can damage a weld that
contains a lack-of-fusion defect in the presence
of chlorides. In this case, the base metal is
Type 304 stainless steel, and the weld metal
Type 308.
‫آب داغ درون ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲرﺳﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ وﻟﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺧﺎص( ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬.‫ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ ذوب ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
.‫ اﺳﺖ‬308 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬،‫ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬304 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
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8.3.1.5.3 Carbide precipitation in the HAZ
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬3-5-1-3-8
‫ﺣﺮارت‬
The best known weld-related corrosion
problem in stainless steels is weld decay
(sensitization) caused by carbide precipitation
in the weld HAZ. Sensitization occurs in a
zone subject to a critical thermal cycle in which
chromium-rich carbides precipitate and in
which chromium diffusion is much slower than
that of carbon. The carbides are precipitated on
grain boundaries that are consequently flanked
by a thin chromium-depleted layer. This
sensitized microstructure is much less
corrosion resistant, because the chromiumdepleted layer and the precipitate can be
subject to preferential attack. Sensitization can
be avoided by the use of low-carbon grades
such as Type 316L (0.03% C Max.) in place of
sensitization-susceptible Type 316 (0.08% C
Max.). It is more common to use 0.05% C
(Max.) steels, which are still reasonably
resistant to sensitization, particularly if they
contain molybdenum and nitrogen; these
elements appear to raise the tolerable level of
carbon and/or heat input. However, low-carbon
stainless steels carry a small cost premium;
therefore, they are not universally specified.
‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮرﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮش ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش در اﺛﺮ رﺳﻮب ﮔﺬاري ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در‬،‫ﻧﺰن‬
،‫ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻛﺮوم دار رﺳﻮب ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺮم ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ در ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ آﻫﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ از ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫رﺳﻮب ﻛﺮده و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪي ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺮم در ﻣﺠﺎورت‬
،‫ اﻳﻦ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻻﻳﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺮوم و رﺳﻮب ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوم اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
0/03 ‫ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬316L ‫درﺟﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻮع‬
( ‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/08 ‫ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬316 ‫درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ( ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻧﻮع‬
‫ وﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺮد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ راﻳﺞﺗﺮ‬0/05 ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه اﮔﺮ‬.‫و در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﻨﺪ‬
ً‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮا‬.‫ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ورودي ﺣﺮارت را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ زﻳﺎدي‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎل‬
.‫ ﻟﺬا از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫در ﺑﺮ دارﻧﺪ‬
At higher solution temperatures, sensitized
Type 304 and Type 316 are particularly
susceptible to SCC-whether caused by
chlorides, sulfur compounds or caustic. In
many cases cracking occurs after HCl acid
cleaning. Although the initial crack path may
be intergranular, subsequent propagation can
have the characteristic branched appearance of
transgranular chloride SCC. Intergranular SCC
caused by sulfur compounds can also occur
during the acid cleaning of sensitized stainless
steels.
‫ و‬304 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع‬،‫در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارتﻫﺎي اﻧﺤﻼل ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
،‫ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺧﻮاه ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬316
‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮزآور ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬
‫ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري‬.‫( ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬SCC) ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ رخ‬HC1 ‫ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺮك اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
،‫ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺮك اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
SCC ‫ﻧﻔﻮذ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﻌﺪي آن ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺷﺎﺧﻪوار از‬
‫ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬SCC .‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ درون داﻧﻪاي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺎري اﺳﻴﺪي ﻓﻮﻻد‬
.‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ روي دﻫﺪ‬
8.3.1.5.4 Corrosion associated with postweld
cleaning
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﻌﺪ از‬4-5-1-3-8
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
Postweld cleaning is often specified to remove
the heat-tinted metal formed during welding.
Recent work has shown that cleaning by
stainless steel wire brushing can lower the
corrosion resistance of a stainless steel
weldment. This is a particular problem in
‫ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮاي زدودن ﻓﻠﺰ رﻧﮓ‬،‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ اﺧﻴﺮاً ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮس‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﻬﻢ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
applications in which the base metal has
marginal corrosion resistance. The effect may
be caused by inadequate heat-tint removal, by
the use of lower-alloy stainless steel brushes
such as Type 410 or 304, or by the redeposition
of abraded metal or oxides.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در‬،‫ در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺮزي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دارﻧﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺧﺎص‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ زدودن رﻧﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻬﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ رﺳﻮبﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﺠﺪد ﻓﻠﺰ‬304 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬410 ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻮع‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺑﻴﺪه ﻳﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﻮد‬
Any cleaning method may be impaired by
contamination or by lack of control. Results of
a study in plants suggest that pickling and glass
bead blasting can be more effective than
stainless wire brushing and that brushing is
more difficult to perform effectively in this
case.
‫ﻫﺮ روش ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺧﻴﺮ در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن‬.‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ از‬،‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﺋﻲ ﻳﺎ دﻣﻴﺪن ﺧﺮده ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﺷﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺮﺳﻬﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
.‫ ﻛﺎر آﻣﺪﺗﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
8.3.1.5.5 Corrosion associated with weld
backing rings
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬5-5-1-3-8
Backing rings are sometimes used when
welding pipe. In corrosion applications, it is
important that the backing ring insert be
consumed during the welding process to avoid
a crevice. In the example shown in Fig. 6, the
wrong type of backing ring used, could leave a
crevice after welding.
-‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲ‬
‫ در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫رود‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﻴﺎر‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬6 ‫ در ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮه اي‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
‫دﻳﻮار ﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺎر‬
‫ﺷﻴﺎر‬
‫ﺟﻮش‬
Fig .6-SCHEMATIC OF A STAINLESS STEEL NITRATOR COOLING COIL WELD JOINT.
FAILURE WAS CAUSED BY IMPROPER DESIGN OF THE BACKING RING, WHICH WAS NOT
CONSUMED DURING WELDING AND LEFT A CREVICE
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ‬.‫ ﺷﻤﺎﻳﻲ از اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﻮش ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻴﺘﺮاﺗﻮر‬-6 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري از آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﺸﺪ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪ‬
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The best solution to this problem was to
eliminate the crevices, that is, not to use
backing rings. For more information see A.3
(Appendix).
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ راه ﺣﻞ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻛﺮدن اﻳﻦ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻜﺮدن از ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﺎري‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬3-‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬.‫ﺑﻮد‬
8.3.1.6 Corrosion of ferritic stainless steel
weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد‬6-1-3-8
Conventional 400-series ferritic stainless steels
such as AISI Types 430,434, and 446 are
susceptible to intergranular corrosion and to
embrittlement in the as-welded condition.
Corrosion in the weld area generally
encompasses both the weld metal and weld
HAZ. Early attempts to avoid some of these
problems involved the use of austenitic
stainless steel filler metals; however, failure by
corrosion of the HAZ usually occurred even
when exposure was to rather mild media for
relatively short periods of time.
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬400 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺳﺮي‬
‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔـﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،446 ‫ و‬434 ،430 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI
‫داﻧﻪاي و در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ و ﺗﺮدي ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
ً‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬.‫اﺿﺎﻓﻲ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و ﻫﻢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت را در ﺑﺮ‬
،‫ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
ً‫ﺣﺘّﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻼﻳﻢ و در ﻣﺪت ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻧﻴﺰ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
Fig. 7 shows an example of a saturator tank
used to manufacture carbonated water at room
temperature that failed by leakage through the
weld HAZ of the type 430 base metal after
being in service for only 2 months. This vessel,
fabricated by welding with a Type 308
stainless steel welding electrode, was placed in
service in the as-welded condition.
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﺷﺒﺎع ﻛﻨﻨﺪه را ﻧﺸﺎن‬7 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ آب ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت اﺗﺎق‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬430 ‫ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻮع‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮﻓﺖ‬،‫از دو ﻣﺎه ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد دﭼﺎر ﻧﻘﺺ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
308 ‫ﻇﺮف ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
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Fig. 7-AS-WELDED TYPE 430 STAINLESS STEEL SATURATOR TANK USED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CARBONATED WATER THAT FAILED AFTER 2 MONTHS OF SERVICE.
THE TANK WAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDED USING TYPE E308 STAINLESS STEEL
FILLER METAL
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ آب ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ‬430 ‫ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن اﺷﺒﺎع ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬-7 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻗﻮﺳﻲ روﭘﻮش دار‬.‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از دو ﻣﺎه ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد دﭼﺎر ﻧﻘﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،E308 ‫ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺪ درﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬،‫ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
11 ‫ ﺣﺎوي‬405 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻮع‬.‫ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/2 ‫درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮوم اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ و ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن در ﻃﻮل‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و‬.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬309 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬430 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻧﻮع‬
‫ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬309 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬. ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪه‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺟﻮش ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
To overcome some of earlier difficulties and to
improve weldability, several of the standard
grade ferritic stainless steels have been
modified. For example, Type 405, containing
nominally 11% Cr, is made with lower carbon
and a small aluminum addition of 0.20% to
restrict the formation of austenite at high
temperature so that hardening is reduced during
welding. For maximum ductility and corrosion
resistance, however, postweld annealing is
necessary. Recommendations for welding
include either a 430- or a 309- type filler metal,
the latter being used where increased weld
ductility is desired.
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8.3.1.6.1 A new generation of ferritic
stainless steels
‫ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
1-6-1-3-8
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, researchers
recognized that the high chromiummolybdenum-iron ferritic stainless steels
possessed a desirable combination of good
mechanical properties and resistance to general
corrosion, pitting, and SCC. These properties
made them attractive alternatives to the
austenitic stainless steels commonly plagued
by chloride SCC.
‫ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان‬1970 ‫ و اواﻳﻞ دﻫﻪ‬1960 ‫در اواﺧﺮ دﻫﻪ‬
– ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮم‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ – آﻫﻦ داراي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب از ﺧﻮاص‬
‫ ﺣﻔﺮه اي ﺷﺪن و‬، ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮاص آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬SCC
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬SCC ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از‬
.‫ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‬،‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
،‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ دﻻﻳﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن( ﻛﻪ در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻮاه ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮص ﺑﺴﻴﺎر و ﺧﻮاه ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﺳﺎزي ﻣﻲﺗﻮان‬،‫دارﻧﺪ‬
‫از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ در‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎن وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﻪ و ﻧﺸﻜﻦ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
،‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ در ﺧﻼء ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﻮاﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ زداﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز آرﮔﻮن و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن در ﺧﻼء و ذوب‬
‫ از آﻏﺎز دو آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ در ﺧﻼء اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻮل ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
It was reasoned that by controlling the
interstitial elements (carbon, oxygen, and
nitrogen) content of these new ferritic alloys,
either by ultrahigh purity or by stabilization,
the formation of martensite (as well as the need
for preheat and postweld heat treatment) could
be eliminated, with the result that the welds
would be corrosion resistant, tough, and ductile
in the as-welded condition. To achieve these
results, electron beam vacuum refining,
vacuum and argon-oxygen decarburization, and
vacuum induction melting processes were used.
From this beginning, two basic ferritic alloy
systems evolved:
- Ultrahigh purity:
The (C + N) interstitial content is
less than 150 ppm.
:‫ ﺧﻠﻮص ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن( ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬+ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
. 150 ppm
- Intermediate purity:
The (C + N) interstitial content
exceeds 150 ppm.
:‫ ﺧﻠﻮص ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن( ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬+ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
. 150 ppm
‫اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً اﺷﺎرهاي‬
‫ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن و ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻧﻴﺰ زﻳﺎن آورﻧﺪ و ﻣﻴﺰان آﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬5 ‫ در ﺟﺪول‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ردهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮص ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺪرج اﺳﺖ‬
Although not usually mentioned in the alloy
chemistry specifications, oxygen and hydrogen
are also harmful, and these levels must be
carefully restricted. Table 5 lists the
compositions of some ultrahigh purity,
intermediate purity, and standard-grade ferritic
stainless steels.
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TABLE 5 - TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS OF SOME FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬-5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
COMPOSITION, %
ALLOY
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‬
C(max)
‫ درﺻﺪ‬، ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
Cr
Fe
Mo
N
Ni
OTHER
...
...
...
0.2Al
Standard grades (AISI 400 series) ‫رده اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Types 405……………………
0.08
13
bal.
Types 430…………………..
0.12
...
...
...
...
0.10
17
17
bal.
Type 430Ti………………….
bal.
...
...
...
Ti 6 × C min
Type 434…………………….
0.12
17
bal.
0.75 -125
...
...
...
Type 446……………………
0.20
25
bal.
...
...
...
...
Intermediate purity grades ‫رده ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮص ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
26-1 Ti………………………..
0.02
26
bal.
1
0.025
0.25
0.5Ti
AISI Type 444………………
0.02
18
bal.
2
0.02
0.4
0.5Ti
SEA-CURE…………………..
0.02
27.5
bal.
3,4
0.025
1.7
0.5Ti
Monit………………………….
0.025
25
bal.
4
0.025
4
0.4Ti
Ultrahigh purity grades ‫رده ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮص ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬
E-Brite 26-1…………………..
0.002
26
bal.
1
0.01
0.1
0.1Nb
AL 29-4-2…………………….
0.005
29
bal.
4
0.01
2
...
SHOMAC 26-4………………
0.003
26
bal.
4
0.005
...
...
SHOMAC 30-2………………
0.003
30
bal.
2
0.007
0.18
...
YUS 190L……………………
0.004
19
bal.
2
0.0085
...
0.15Nb
The unique as-welded properties of the new
ferritic stainless steels have been made possible
by obtaining very low levels of impurities,
including carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and
oxygen, in the case of the alloys described as
ultralow interstitials and by obtaining a careful
balance of niobium and/or titanium to match
the carbon content in the case of the alloys with
intermediate levels of interstitials. For these
reasons every precaution must be taken and
welding procedures that optimize gas shielding
and cleanliness must be selected to avoid
pickup of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and
oxygen.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد‬،‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ‬
،‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬،‫ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮن ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ و ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان‬،‫ﺗﻮازن دﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬،‫ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻻﻳﻞ‬.‫ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺎز‬
،‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ و ﭘﺎﻛﻴﺰﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻫﺮ دﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
To achieve maximum corrosion resistance, as
well as maximum toughness and ductility, the
GTA welding process with a matching filler
metal is usually specified; however, dissimilar
high-alloy weld metals have also been
successfully used. In this case, the choice of
dissimilar filler metal must ensure the integrity
of the ferritic metal system. Regardless of
which of the new generation of ferritic stainless
‫ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ و ﺷﻜﻞﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ وﻟﻲ از‬.‫ ﻫﻤﺨﻮان ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬GTA
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﺟﻮش ﭘﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖآﻣﻴﺰي‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﺪام ﻳﻚ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
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steels is to be welded, the following
precautions are considered essential:
‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬،‫ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮد‬
:‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت زﻳﺮ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
- First, the joint groove and adjacent surfaces
must be thoroughly degreased with a solvent
such as acetone that does not leave a residue.
This will prevent pickup of impurities
especially carbon before welding. The filler
metal must also be handled carefully to
prevent it from picking up impurities.
Solvent cleaning is also recommended.
‫ اول اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﻴﺎر اﺗﺼﺎل و ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺠﺎور ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻼﻟﻲ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اَﺳِﺘُﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً از ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﺎك ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ﻫﻴﭻ اﺛﺮي از آن ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از ﺟﺬب ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
.‫ ﺣﻼل ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬.‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
Caution:
:‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎط‬
Under certain conditions, when using solvents,
a fire hazard or health hazard may exist.
‫ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات آﺗﺶ‬،‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﺳﻮزي و ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ را در ﺑﺮ دارد‬
- Second, a welding torch with a large nozzle
‫ دوم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﺷﻠﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬3
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ) اﻳﻨﭻ( و ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﮔﺎزي )ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬19 ‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬
4
‫ آرﮔﻮن ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬.‫آرام ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ( ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
60) ‫ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ در دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬28 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻓﻮت ﻣﻜﻌﺐ در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ( ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺮﺷﻠﻨﮓ‬
،‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن‬.‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻮاد ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
ً‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰار در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪﻳﺪا‬.‫ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن را ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن ﺑﺎ آرﮔﻮن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
inside diameter such as 19 mm (¾ inch) and
a gas lens (inert gas calming screen) is
necessary. Pure welding grade argon with a
flow rate of 28 L/min (60 ft³/h) is required
for this size nozzle. In addition the use of a
trailing gas shield is beneficial especially
when welding heavy-gage materials. Use of
these devices will drastically limit the pickup
of nitrogen and oxygen during welding. Back
gas shielding with argon is also essential.
Caution:
:‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎط‬
Procedures for welding austenitic stainless
steels often recommend the use of nitrogen
backing gas. Nitrogen must not be used when
welding ferritic stainless steels. Standard GTA
welding procedures used to weld stainless
steels are inadequate and therefore must be
avoided.
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
.‫اﻏﻠﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﺎز ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن را ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﺳﺘـﺎﻧـﺪارد دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔـﺎده ﻗـﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮش ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬GTA ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬.‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
- Third, overheating and embrittlement by
excessive grain growth in the weld and HAZ
should be avoided by minimizing heat input.
In multipass welds, overheating and
embrittlement should be avoided by keeping
the interpass temperature below 95°C
(200°F).
‫ ﺳﻮم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮدن درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬-‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ و ﺗﺮدي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه داﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎ در ﺟﻮش و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ‬،‫ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
200) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬95 ‫داﺷﺘﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت زﻳﺮ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ و‬
.‫ﺗﺮدي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﻛﺮد‬
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- Lastly, to avoid embrittlement further, preheating (except to remove moisture) or
postweld heat treating should not be
performed. Postweld heat treatment is used
only with the conventional ferritic stainless
alloys. Appendix A presenting an example
illustrates the results of not following proper
procedures.
‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺗﺮدي ﺑﻌﺪي‬‫)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي زداﻳﺶ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ( ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از‬.‫از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬
‫ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻋﺪم‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫اﺟﺮاي دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
8.3.1.7 Corrosion of duplex stainless steel
weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه از‬7-1-3-8
In the wrought condition, duplex stainless
steels have microstructures consisting of a
fairly even balance of austenite and ferrite. The
new generation of duplex alloys are now being
produced with low carbon and a nitrogen
addition. These alloys are useful because of
their good resistance to chloride SCC, pitting
corrosion, and intergranular corrosion in the aswelded condition. Nominal compositions of
some duplex stainless steels are given in Table
6.
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دوﻓﺎزي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎر ﺷﺪه داراي‬
‫رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ از ﺗﻮازن ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺴﺎوي اﺳﺘﻴﻨﺖ و‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي دو ﻓﺎزي ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ در ﺣﺎل‬.‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻢ و اﻓﺰودن ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬SCC ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي در‬،‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دو ﻓﺎزي در‬
.‫ ﻣﻨﺪرج اﺳﺖ‬6 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دوﻓﺎزي‬
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TABLE 6 - COMPOSITIONS OF VARIOUS DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دو ﻓﺎزي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن‬-6 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
*
(a) Nominal unless otherwise indicated.
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬،‫)اﻟﻒ( درﺻﺪ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري واﺣﺪ‬:UNS *
* UNS : Unified Numbering System.
The distribution of austenite and ferrite in the
weld and HAZ is known to affect the corrosion
properties and the mechanical properties of
duplex stainless steels. To achieve this balance
in properties, it is essential that both base metal
and weld metal be of the proper composition.
For example, without nickel enrichment in the
filler rod, welds can be produced with ferrite
levels in excess of 80%. Such microstructures
have very poor ductility and inferior corrosion
resistance. For this reason, autogenous welding
(without the addition of filler metal) is not
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ و ﻓﺮﻳﺖ در ﺟﻮش و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬
‫ روي ﺧﻮاص ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬،‫ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دو ﻓﺎزي‬
‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش داراي‬،‫ﺗﻮازن اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮاص‬
‫ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺪون ﻏﻨﻲ ﺳﺎزي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﻢ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ‬80 ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ داراي ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ )ﺑﺪون اﻓﺰودن ﻓﻠﺰ‬
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recommended unless postweld solution
annealing is performed which is not always
practical. To achieve a balanced weld
microstructure, a low carbon content and the
addition of nitrogen (with Alloy 2205 at least
0.12% N) shall be specified for the base metal.
Low carbon helps to minimize the effects of
sensitization, and the nitrogen slows the
precipitation kinetics associated with the
segregation of chromium and molybdenum
during the welding operation. Nitrogen also
enhances the reformation of austenite in the
HAZ and weld metal during cooling.
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن اﻧﺤﻼﻟﻲ‬،‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﺘﻮازن ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬2205 ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻢ و اﻓﺰودن ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن )ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ازت( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬0/12 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
-‫ﻛﻢ در ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن اﺛﺮات ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻫﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺳﻮبدﻫﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬
.‫ ﻛُﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺴﺎزد‬،‫ﻛﺮم و ﻣﻮﻟﺒﻴﺪﻧﻴﻢ را در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ اﺻﻼح‬،‫ در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫وﺟﻮد ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
‫ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬،‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ را در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
These duplex alloys have been used in Europe
for many years; therefore, guidelines relating to
austenite-ferrite
phase
distribution
are
available. It has been shown that to ensure
resistance to chloride SCC welds shall contain
at least 25% ferrite. To maintain a good phase
balance for corrosion resistance and
mechanical properties (especially ductility and
notch toughness) comparable to the base metal,
the average ferrite content of the weld shall not
exceed 60%. This means using welding
techniques that minimize weld dilution,
especially in the root pass. Conditions that
encourage mixing of the lower-nickel base
metal with the weld metal reduce the overall
nickel content. Weld metal with a lower nickel
content will have a higher ferrite content with
reduced mechanical and corrosion properties.
‫ ﻟﺬا‬،‫اﻳﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي دو ﻓﺎزي ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ در اروﭘﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ در‬-‫راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﺎز آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از‬.‫دﺳﺘﺮس اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ داراي‬،‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬SCC ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻮازن ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ‬.‫ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬%25 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ )ﺑﻪ‬
‫وﻳﮋه ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻧﻪ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ( در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز‬60 ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﺟﻮش ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روﺷﻬﺎي‬.‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﭘﺎس رﻳﺸﻪ‬،‫ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن ﺟﻮش را‬، ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ آﻣﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻲرﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ را‬،‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻛﻢ را ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ داراي‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮاص‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ آن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Once duplex base metal and welding
consumables have been selected, it is then
necessary to select joint designs and weld
parameters that will produce welding heat
inputs and cooling rates so as to produce a
favorable balance of austenite and ferrite in the
weld and HAZ.
‫ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎه ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ دو ﻓﺎزي و ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻃﺮحﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ را ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻮازﻧﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب از آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ و ﻓﺮﻳﺖ در ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬HAZ ‫و‬
Researchers have shown that the high-ferrite
microstructures that develop during welding in
lean (low-nickel) base metal and weld metal
compositions can be altered by adjusting
welding heat input and cooling rate. In these
cases, a higher heat input that produces a
slower cooling rate can be used to advantage
by allowing more time for ferrite to transform
to austenite. There are, however, some
practical aspects to consider before applying
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﻧﺸﺎن دادهاﻧﺪ رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻛﻪ در ﺣﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري در ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ در‬.‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ورودي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان‬،‫ اﮔﺮ ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎن‬،‫ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ را آﻫﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
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higher heat inputs indiscriminately. For
example, as heat input is increased, base metal
dilution increases. As the amount of lowernickel base metal in the weld increases, the
overall nickel content of the deposit decreases:
this increases the potential for more ferrite,
with a resultant loss in impact toughness,
ductility, and corrosion resistance. This would
be another case for using an enriched filler
metal containing more nickel than the base
metal. Grain growth and the formation of
embrittling phases are two other negative
effects of high heat inputs. When there is
uncertainty regarding the effect that welding
conditions will have on corrosion performance
and mechanical properties, a corrosion test is
advisable.
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻛﺮدن ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻي ورودي‬
‫ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﻢ‬،‫ﺣﺮارت ورودي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬:‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ در ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻏﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ رﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ آن ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫داﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺗﺮد دو اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ دﻳﮕﺮي از‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن راﺟﻊ‬.‫ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮات ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ وﺟﻮد‬
.‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫دارد‬
The influence of different welding conditions
on various material properties of Alloy 2205
has been studied. See Appendix A (A.5).
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬2205 ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
.‫( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬5- ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ )اﻟﻒ‬
8.3.1.8 Corrosion of nickel and high-nickel
alloy weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه از‬8-1-3-8
The corrosion resistance of weldments is
related
to
the
microstructural
and
microchemical changes resulting from thermal
cycling. The effects of welding on the
corrosion resistance of nickel-base alloys are
similar to the effects on the corrosion
resistance of austenitic stainless steels. For
example, sensitization due to carbide
precipitation in the HAZ is a potential problem
in both classes of alloys. However, in the case
of nickel-base alloys, the high content of such
alloying elements as chromium, molybdenum,
tungsten, and niobium can result in the
precipitation of other intermetallic phases, such
as µ,  , and  .
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ اﺛﺮات ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬.‫ دارد‬،‫ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﺛﺮاﺗﻲ‬،‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ‬.‫ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ دارد‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه در ﻫﺮ دو ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬HAZ ‫رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در‬
،‫ ﺑﻬﺮ روي در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬.‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺮوم‬،‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻻي ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
‫ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ و ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ‬
(  ) ‫ ( و ﻓﺎز اِﺗﺎ‬ ) ‫ ﻓﺎز زﻳﮕﻤﺎ‬، ( µ) ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎز ﻣﻮ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﭘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The characteristics of the various nickel-base
alloys and the evolution of these alloys are
discussed in A.6 (see Appendix). The corrosion
resistance of weldments is dictated not only by
the HAZ but also by the weld metal itself. The
effect of elemental segregation on weld metal
corrosion must also be examined. The nickelbase alloys discussed in Appendix A.6 are the
solid-solution alloys.
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺗﺤﻮل آﻧﻬﺎ در‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در‬.‫ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬6 -‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻓﻠﺰﺟﻮش‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و اﺛﺮ ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺼﺮي روي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬-‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬6 -‫در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
55
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‫‪alloy‬‬
‫‪ 9-1-3-8‬ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه از‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
‫‪ 1-9-1-3-8‬دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻴﻬﺎي رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻮش و‬
‫‪aluminum‬‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪8.3.1.9 Corrosion‬‬
‫‪weldments‬‬
‫‪8.3.1.9.1 Variations in microstructure across‬‬
‫‪the weld and HAZ of aluminum weldments are‬‬
‫‪known to produce susceptibility to corrosion in‬‬
‫‪certain environments. These differences can be‬‬
‫‪measured electrochemically and are an‬‬
‫‪indication of the type of corrosion behavior‬‬
‫‪that might be expected. Although some‬‬
‫‪aluminum alloys can be autogenously welded,‬‬
‫‪the use of a filler metal is preferred to avoid‬‬
‫‪cracking during welding and to optimize‬‬
‫‪corrosion resistance.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ‪ HAZ‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺷﺪه آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر آﻧﺮا داﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬
‫ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش داد‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺗﺮي دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪8.3.1.9.2 The variations in corrosion potential‬‬
‫‪(equilibrium potential) across three welds are‬‬
‫‪shown in Fig. 8 for Alloys 5456, 2219 and‬‬
‫‪7039. These differences can lead to localized‬‬
‫‪corrosion. In general, the welding procedure‬‬
‫‪that puts the least amount of heat into the metal‬‬
‫‪has the least influence on microstructure and‬‬
‫‪the least chance of reducing the corrosion‬‬
‫‪behavior of aluminum weldments.‬‬
‫‪ 2-9-1-3-8‬اﻳﻦ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻴﻬﺎ در ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫)ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺎدﻟﻲ( در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺟﻮش در ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
‫‪ 8‬ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ‪ 2219 ،5456‬و ‪ 7039‬ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه ‪.‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮر‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺮارت را‬
‫در داﺧﻞ ﺟﻮش از ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬارد‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫روي رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ رﻓﺘﺎر‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه را آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﭻ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪(a) Alloy 5456-H321 base metal with Alloy 5556 filler, 3-pass metal inert gas weld‬‬
‫)اﻟﻒ( آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 5456-H321‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 5556‬ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺟﻮش ‪ -3‬ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬
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‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﭻ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪(b) Alloy 2219-T87 base metal with Alloy 2319 filler, 2-pass tungsten inert gas weld‬‬
‫)ب( آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 2219-T87‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 2319‬ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺟﻮش ‪-2‬ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﭻ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪(c) Alloy 7039-T651 base metal with Alloy 5183 filler; 2-pass tungsten inert gas weld‬‬
‫)ج( آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 7039-T651‬ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 5138‬ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺟﻮش ‪-2‬ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫‪Fig. 8-EFFECT OF THE HEAT OF WELDING ON MICROSTRUCTURE, HARDNESS, AND‬‬
‫‪CORROSION POTENTIAL OF WELDED ASSEMBLIES OF THREE ALUMINUM ALLOYS. THE‬‬
‫‪DIFFERENCES IN CORROSION POTENTIAL BETWEEN THE HAZ AND THE BASE METAL CAN‬‬
‫‪LEAD TO SELECTIVE CORROSION‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -8‬اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ HAZ‬و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
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1984) ‫ ﺟﺪاوﻟﻲ در اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬3-9-1-3-8
8.3.1.9.3 Tables are available in American
Society for metal, (1984, Page 283) that
summarize filler alloy selection recommended
for welding various combinations of base metal
alloys to obtain maximum properties, including
corrosion resistance. Care must be taken not to
extrapolate the corrosion performance ratings
indiscriminately. Corrosion behavior ratings
generally pertain only to the particular
environment tested, usually rated in continuous
or alternate immersion in fresh or salt water.
For example, the highest corrosion rating (A) is
listed for use of filler Alloy 4043 to join 3003
Alloy to 6061 alloy. In strong (99%) nitric acid
(HNO3) service, however, a weldment made
with 4043 filler alloy would experience more
rapid attack than a weldment made using 5556
filler metal. With certain alloys, particularly
those of the heat-treatable 7xxx series thermal
treatment after welding is sometimes used to
obtain maximum corrosion resistance (Fig. 9).
‫( وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر اﻧﺘﺨﺎب آﻟﻴﺎژ‬283 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه را ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺴﺐ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﺎﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‬،‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ درﺟﺎت ﻧﺤﻮه ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را‬
‫ زﻳﺮا درﺟﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬،‫ﺑﺮون ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﻣﺪام ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ در آب ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ و‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻧﻤﻚدار اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬4043 ‫درﺟﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
6061 ‫ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬3003 ‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي در اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬.‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ‬،(HNO3) (%99) ‫ﻗﻮي‬
‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬4043 ‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
5556 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،7xxx ‫ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.(9 ‫ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 9-WELDED ASSEMBLIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 7005 WITH ALLOY 5356 FILLER METAL
AFTER A 1-YEAR EXPOSURE TO SEAWATER
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬5356 ‫ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬7005 ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬-9 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎل در ﻣﻌﺮض آب درﻳﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
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a) As-welded assembly shows severe localized
corrosion in the HAZ
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
b) Specimen showing the beneficial effects of
postweld aging. Corrosion potentials of
different areas of the weldments are shown
where
they
were
measured.
Electrochemical measurements performed
in 53 g/l NaCl Plus 3 g/l H2O2 versus a 0.1
calomel
reference
electrode
and
recalculated to a saturated calomel
electrode (SCE).
‫ب( ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه اﺛﺮات ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺮﺳﺎزي ﺑﻌﺪ از‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ را در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺎن‬
.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﺳﺖ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
،‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﮔﺮم در ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻛﻠﺮور ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬53 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در‬
‫( در ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬H2O2) ‫ ﮔﺮم آب اﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻪ‬3 ‫( ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬NaCL)
‫ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻣﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬0/1 ‫در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
ً‫( ﻣﺠﺪدا‬SCE) ‫و ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻣﻞ اﺷﺒﺎع‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
8.3.1.9.4 As with many other alloy systems,
attention must be given to the threat of crevice
corrosion under certain conditions. Strong
(99%) HNO3 is particularly aggressive toward
weldments that are not made with full weld
penetration.
‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‬4-9-1-3-8
8.3.1.10 Corrosion of tantalum and tantalum
alloy weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬10-1-3-8
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫( ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬HNO3) ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻗﻮي‬99 ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت‬،‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬
Examination of equipment fabricated from
tantalum that has been used in a wide variety of
service conditions and environments generally
shows that the weld. Haz, and base metal
display equal resistance to corrosion.
‫آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎري و ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬Haz ،‫واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮوز ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‬
This same resistance has also been
demonstrated in laboratory corrosion tests
conducted in a number of different acids and
other environments. However, in applications
for tantalum-lined equipment,contamination of
the tantalum with iron from underlying backing
material, usually carbon steel, can severely
impair the corrosion resistance of tantalum.
About the only known reagents that rapidly
attack tantalum are fluorine; HF and acidic
solutions containing fluoride; fuming sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) (oleum), which contains free
sulfur trioxide (SO3); and alkaline solutions.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﻌﺪادي از اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ آﻫﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ روﻛﺶ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬
‫از ﻻﻳﻪ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﺮِفﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ‬.‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﺟﺪي ﺑﺰﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ را ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ اﺳﻴﺪ و ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي‬،‫ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮر‬:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ دود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫اﺳﻴﺪي ﺣﺎوي ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬
‫( ﺣﺎوي ﺗﺮي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬Oleum) ‫( ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم اﻟﺌﻮم‬H2SO4)
.‫( و ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬SO3)
An exception to the generalization that base
metal and weldments in tantalum show the
same corrosion resistance under aggressive
‫ﻳﻚ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎن ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ در‬
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media is discussed in the following example.
Because tantalum is a reactive metal, the
pickup of interstitial elements, such as oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon, during welding
can have a damaging effect on a refractory
metal such as tantalum.
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در ﻣﺜﺎل زﻳﺮ ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ درون‬.‫ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻓﻌﺎل اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن و ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬،‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎري‬،‫ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺟﺬب ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫روي ﻓﻠﺰ دﻳﺮﮔﺪازي ﭼﻮن ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
8.3.1.10.1 Preferential pitting of a tantalum
alloy weldment in H2SO4 service
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬1-10-1-3-8
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدن در‬
( H2SO4) ‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬
A 76-mm (3-inch) diameter tantalum alloy tee
removed from the bottom of an H2SO4 absorber
that visually showed areas of severe etching
attack was examined. The absorber had
operated over a period of several months,
during which time about 11 400 kg (25000 lb)
of H2SO4 was handled. The absorber was
operated at 60°C (140°F) with nominally 98%
H2SO4. There was a possibility that some of the
H2SO4 fed into the process stream may have
been essentially anhydrous or even in the
oleum range. Oleum is known to attack
tantalum very laoidly at temperatures only
slightly higher than 60°C (140°F). In addition,
the H2SO4 effluent was found to contain up to 5
ppm of fluoride.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬76 ‫ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻪ راﻫﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻛﻪ از ﻛﻒ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺟﺬب ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬3)
‫ ( ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﺮ روي آن ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ‬H2SO4)
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﻮد ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﻜﺎﻛﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه در ﻳﻚ دوره ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ آن ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻲداد‬
‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ( اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﺳﺮوﻛﺎر‬25000) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬11400
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮج ﺟﺬب‬.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد ﻣﻮرد ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﺎ اﺳﻴﺪ‬140) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬60 ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن‬.‫ درﺻﺪ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲﻛﺮد‬98 ‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﺑﻄﻮر اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺸﻚ و‬
‫ اﻟﺌﻮم ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺪون آب ﺑﻮده و ﻳﺎ در ﺣﺪ اﻟﺌﻮم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ‬
60 ‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻮم در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬140)‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
.‫ ﺣﺎوي ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮر ﺑﻮد‬5 ppm ‫ب اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ‬Ĥ‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﭘﺴ‬
8.3.1.10.2 Oxygen tolerance of tantalum
weldments
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
Tantalum reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, and
hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The
absorption of these interstitial elements, often
called a gettering reaction, produces a sharp
reduction in ductility and can cause
embrittlement. This impairment in ductility
(and also in notch toughness, as manifested by
an increase in ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature) can be considered a form of
corrosion. The other Group Vb refractory
metals (niobium and vanadium) and the Group
IVb reactive metals (titanium, zirconium, and
hafnium) can also suffer similar attack.
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و ﻫﻴﺪروژن واﻛﻨﺶ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﺟﺬب اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ درون ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ‬.‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫واﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﺎز رﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺮدي ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي )و ﻧﻴﺰ در آزﻣﻮن ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ ﻓﺎق ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫دﻣﺎ از ﮔﺬار ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮد ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد( ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ )ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ و‬Vb ‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮوه‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫ )ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬IVb ‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ( و ﻓﻠﺰات واﻛﻨﺶ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﮔﺮوه‬
.‫و ﻫﺎﻓﻨﻴﻢ( در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
An investigation was conducted to determine
the approximate tolerances of tantalum and
Tantaloy "63" weldments for oxygen
contamination that may be permitted during
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ روادارﻳﻬﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
‫" از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار‬63" ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ و ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬
‫در‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
‫رواداري‬
2-10-1-3-8
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
fabrication or subsequent service. Weldments
of the materials were doped with various
amounts of oxygen added either by anodizing
or by oxidation in air. This was followed by
vacuum annealing treatments to diffuse the
oxygen through the sample cross section. The
oxygen
concentration
was
monitored
principally by hardness tests. Hardness is
generally believed to be a better indicator of
the extent of interstitial contamination than
chemical analysis, which is subject to scatter
and inaccuracy because of sampling difficulty.
Bend tests (at room and liquid argon
temperatures) and room-temperature Olsen cup
formability tests were conducted to determine
the hardness levels at which the materials
embrittled.
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ آﻧﺪي ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬،‫در ﻫﻮا اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن در ﺧﻼء ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮدن اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
ً‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ‬.‫در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻴﺸﺪ‬
ً‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
،‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﺑﺮاي وﺟﻮد ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ درون ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ و ﻋﺪم دﻗﺖ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ )در‬.‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ‬
‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي اﺗﺎق و آرﮔﻮن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( و آزﻣﻮن ﺷﻜﻞﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻓﻨﺠﺎن‬
‫( در دﻣﺎي اﺗﺎق ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬Olsen Cup test) ‫اُل ﺳِﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺮد و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ‬
The results showed that weldments of both
materials remain ductile when hardened by
interstitial contamination by oxygen up to
Rockwell 30T hardness in the low 80s. Above
this hardness, embrittlement may be expected.
The hardness level at which embrittlement
occurs is substantially above the typical
maximum allowable hardness of 65 HR30T
specified for Tantaloy "63" or the 50 HR30T
for tantalum flat mill products. Thus, if the
extent of interstitial contamination by oxygen
(and/or nitrogen) is controlled so that these
maximum allowable hardness limits are not
exceeded, embrittlement of weldments should
not occur.
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻫﺮ دو‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬،‫ﻣﺎده‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ آزﻣﻮن ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬80 ‫( در‬30T) ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺗﺎ‬
.‫ ﻧﺮم و اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬،‫راﻛﻮل ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻲرود ﺗﺮدي و ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ‬
65 ‫رخ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﻳﺎدﺗﺮ از ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
50 ‫" ﻳﺎ‬63" ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻮي‬HR30T
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت رول ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻮم‬HR30T
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻮاد درون ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن )ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن( ﭼﻨﺎن ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ‬،‫از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ رواداري ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺗﺮدي در ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه اﺗﻔﺎق ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ اﻓﺘﺎد‬
On the basis of chemical composition, the
maximum oxygen tolerance for tantalum
weldments appears to be about 400 to 550
ppm; for Tantaloy "63" weldments, it is about
350 to 500 ppm. Although commercially pure
tantalum exhibits a somewhat higher tolerance
for oxygen (and total interstitial contamination)
than Tantaloy "63", the latter material appears
to have somewhat better resistance to
oxidation; this tends to offset the advantage
tantalum has of a higher allowable oxygen
pickup before embrittlement occurs. It should
be further emphasized that the results are based
on the assumption that oxygen was believed to
be distributed relatively uniformly throughout
the cross section in all parts of the weldment. A
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ رواداري اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ و ﺑﺮاي‬550 ppm ‫ ﺗﺎ‬400 ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ از‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬500 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬350 ppm ‫" در ﺣﺪ‬63" ‫ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ رواداري ﺑﺮاي اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
-‫" ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ‬63" ‫)و ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻲ‬
‫" ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي در‬63" ‫ وﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻲ‬.‫دﻫﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻮم در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن دارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي‬.‫رواداري ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن را ﺟﺒﺮان ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
ً‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي‬
-‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
61
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
locally high concentration, such as a high
surface contamination of oxygen or nitrogen,
could result in a sever loss in ductility and
could possibly even produce embrittlement.
Therefore, all handling, cleaning, and
fabrication practices on tantalum and its alloys
should avoid producing such surface
contamination as well as gross contamination.
The article "Corrosion of Tantalum" in this
Volume gives more detailed information on the
corrosion of tantalum and tantalum alloys.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن زﻳﺎد روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺖ ﺟﺪي ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ در ﺗﻤﺎم‬.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺷﺪه و اﻣﻜﺎن دارد ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮدي ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎريﻫﺎ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ و‬،‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد در ﺳﻄﺢ و ﻧﻴﺰ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي در ﻣﻮرد ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟُﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن‬
.‫اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
8.3.2 Welding procedure
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬2-3-8
8.3.2.1 Welding of carbon steels, welding
requirements, qualification and repair
،‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬،‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬1-2-3-8
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ و ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
All welding works shall be according to
appropriate ASME Codes Section IX and/or
relevant IPS Standards for fabrication of
equipment, vessels, piping, etc.
ASTM Codes section ‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎريﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
،‫ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬IPS ‫ و ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬IX
.‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ و ﻧﻈﻴﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
8.3.2.2 Welding of stainless steels
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬2-2-3-8
8.3.2.2.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-2-2-3-8
The main problems encountered in welding
stainless steels are the same as those seen in heat
treatment. The heat of welding (portions of the
base metal adjacent to the weld may be heated to
430 to 870°C, (or 800 to 1600°F) can cause
sensitization and formation of intermetallic
phases, thus increasing the susceptibility of
stainless steel weldments to in-tergranular
corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and SCC.
These phenomena often occur in the heataffected zone of the weld. Sensitization and
intermetallic phase precipitation can be corrected
by
solution
annealing
after
welding.
Alternatively, low carbon or stabilized grades
may be used.
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻫﻤﺎن‬
.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري )ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺠﺎور ﺟﻮش ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬1600 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬800) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬870 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬430 ‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن و اﻳﺠﺎد‬،‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﮔﺮم ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺷﺪه و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺷﺪن‬
-‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪ‬
‫ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ‬SCC ‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري و‬،‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬،‫اي‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه اﻏﻠﺐ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﺑﺮوز‬.‫آورد‬
‫ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن و رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎز ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن‬.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان راه‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫اﻧﺤﻼﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ از ﻓﻠﺰات رده ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻣﻲﺗﻮان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﻛﺮد‬
Another problem in high heat input welds is grain
growth, particularly in ferritic stainless steels.
Excessive
grain
growth
can
increase
susceptibility to intergranular attack and reduce
toughness. Thus, when welding most stainless
steels, it is wise to limit weld heat input as much
as possible. For more detailed information on
welding of stainless steels and the problems
encountered see 8.3.1.
‫ رﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻ ورودي ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ‬
‫ رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ‬.‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ‬،‫داﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫از اﻧﺪازه داﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي را‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده و ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬.‫ورودي را ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪاﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﺑﺎره ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1-3-8 ‫از آن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎي ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬2-2-2-3-8
8.3.2.2.2 Cleaning procedures
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد‬،‫ﻗﺒﻞ از آﻏﺎز ﻫﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاد‬
،‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﺰﻛﺎر‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي ورق ﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﮔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎ و ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ‬،‫ روﻏﻦ‬،‫ رﻧﮓ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮر‬.‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج و‬،‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك و ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
Before any welding begins, all materials, chill
bars, clamps, hold down bars, work tables,
electrodes, and wire, as well as the stainless
steel, must be cleaned of all foreign matter.
Moisture can cause porosity in the weld that
would reduce corrosion resistance. Organic
materials, such as grease, paint, and oils, may
result in carbide precipitation. Copper
contamination may cause cracking. Other shop
dirt can cause weld porosity and poor welds in
general.
.‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﻲ ﺟﻮش را اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
8.3.2.2.3 Weld design and procedure
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺟﻮش و دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ آن‬3-2-2-3-8
Weld design and procedure are very important
in producing a sound corrosion-resistant weld.
Good fit and minimal out-of-position welding
will minimize crevices and slag entrapment.
The design shall not place welds in critical
flow areas. When attaching such devices as
low-alloy steel supports and ladders on the
outside of a stainless steel tank, a stainless steel
intermediate pad shall be used. In general,
stainless steels with higher alloy content than
Type 316 shall be welded with weld metal
richer in chromium, nickel, and molybdenum
than the base metal. Every attempt shall be
made to minimize weld spatter.
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺟﻮش و دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ آن در اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻮش ﻣﻘﺎوم در‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮدن ﺟﻮش ﻧﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺷﻴﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺣﺒﺲ ﺷﺪن‬
‫ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻮش در‬.‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﺗﺼﺎل اﺑﺰاري ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻧﺮدﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮدﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ‬
‫ از ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ‬316 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻧﻮع‬
‫ ﺟﻮش داده‬،‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ ﻏﻨﻲﺗﺮ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﻗﻄﺮه ﺟﻮش ﻫﺮ‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻛﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
After welding, all weld spatter, slag, and oxides
shall be removed by brushing blasting,
grinding, or chipping. All finishing equipment
must be free of iron contamination. It is
advisable to follow the mechanical cleaning
and finishing with a chemical cleaning. Such a
cleaning will remove any foreign particles that
may have been embedded in the surface during
mechanical cleaning without attacking the
weldment. More information on welding of
stainless steels is available in Volume 13 of
corrosion Metals Handbook, ASM.
،‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻗﻄﺮات ﺟﻮش ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاده ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎك و‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮس‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺮا از‬.‫زدوده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري و ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬.‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ آﻫﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ه ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ را ﻛﻪ‬‫ ﻫﺮ ذَر‬،‫ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬.‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬.‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺪون ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻲزداﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﺘﺎب‬13 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در ﺟﻠﺪ‬
.‫ وﺟﻮد دارد‬ASM ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
8.3.3 Weld defects
‫ ﻋﻴﻮب ﺟﻮش‬3-3-8
8.3.3.1 There is no guarantee that crack-free
joints will automatically be obtained when
fabricating ’weldable’ metals. This is a result
of the fact that weldability is not a specific
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻠﺰي ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬1-3-3-8
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد ﻛﻪ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﺑﺪون‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
material property but a combination of the
properties of the parent metals, filler metal (if
used) and various other factors (see Table 7).
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ زﻳﺮا اﻳﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﺗﺮك ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه )اﮔﺮ ﺑﻜﺎر رود( و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬7 ‫ )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ‬
TABLE 7 - FACTORS AFFECTING WELDABILITY
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬-7 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
PARENT METAL
FILLER METAL
OTHER FACTORS
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
Composition
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
Composition
Thickness
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
Impact strength ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي‬
(Joint formation)
State of heat treatment
‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Toughness
Degree of restraint ‫درﺟﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬
Toughness
Hydrogen content ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
Form factor
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Purity
‫ﺧﻠﻮص‬
(Transition)
‫ﮔﺬار‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ‬
Deposition technique
Temperature
‫ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ‬
Purity
‫ﺧﻠﻮص‬
Homogeneity
Homogeneity
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ‬
Electrode diameter
‫ﻗﻄﺮاﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
Degree of fusion
‫درﺟﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮي اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
Skill and reliability of the welder
‫ﻣﻬﺎرت و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﻮدن ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎر‬
(Heat input during welding)
‫ﺣﺮارت اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
8.3.3.2 The consequence of the average
structural material possessing imperfect
weldability is to produce a situation where
defects may arise in the weld deposite or heataffected zone (see Fig. 10 and Table 8).
‫ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎزهاي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺟﻮش‬2-3-3-8
‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺼﻲ در رﺳﻮب ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬8 ‫ و ﺟﺪول‬10 ‫ )ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
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‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎي داغ )اﻧﺠﻤﺎدي(‬
‫)ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي(‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻛﻨﺎره ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ درزدار داغ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
‫)ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي(‬
‫ﺗﺮك داغ )ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي(‬
‫ﭘﺎرﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻻﻳﻪاي‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻣﺠﺎور ﺟﻮش‬
‫ذوب ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫)درون داﻧﻪاي(‬
‫رﻳﺰ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎي ﻣﺠﺰا‬
‫)درون داﻧﻪاي(‬
‫ﺗﺮك رﻳﺸﻪاي‬
‫)ﺗﺮك در رﻳﺸﻪ ﺟﻮش(‬
‫‪Fig. 10- POSSIBLE WELD DEFECTS‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -10‬ﻋﻴﻮب اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻮش‬
‫‪TABLE 8 - WELDABILITY DEFECTS‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ -8‬ﻋﻴﻮب ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
‫‪REMEDIES‬‬
‫رﻓﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪More crack-proof filler‬‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺗﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك‬
‫‪Less fusion‬‬
‫ذوب ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪CAUSES‬‬
‫‪DEFECT‬‬
‫دﻻﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﺐ‬
‫‪Large solidiciation range‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده وﺳﻴﻊ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻫﺎي داغ‬
‫‪Segregation‬‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ‬
‫‪Stress‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻛﻢ‬
‫‪Low hydrogen process‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش‬
‫‪Planned bead sequence‬‬
‫‪Hardenable parent plate‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫‪Preheating‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪Low hydrogen process‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻛﻢ‬
‫‪Hot cracks‬‬
‫‪Underbead cracks‬‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻣﺠﺎور ﺟﻮش‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫‪Stress‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫‪Microfissures‬‬
‫‪Hardenable deposit‬‬
‫رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Pre-and post-heating‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ و ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫‪Stress‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫‪Planned bead sequence‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش‬
‫‪Toe cracks‬‬
‫‪High stress‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﭘﻨﺠﻪ‬
‫‪Preheating‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Avoidance of notches‬‬
‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﺷﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Notches‬‬
‫‪Hardenable parent plate‬‬
‫ورق ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫‪Less fusion‬‬
‫ذوب ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪه ورق ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪Cleaner parent plate‬‬
‫زدودن ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫‪Remove surface scale‬‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ‬
‫‪Stress‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺟﺬب ﮔﺎز‬
‫‪Remove surface moisture‬‬
‫زدودن رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﻔﺎظ ﮔﺎزي‬
‫‪Segregation‬‬
‫ﭘﺎرﮔﻲﻫﺎي داغ ‪Hot tears‬‬
‫‪Cleaner gas shield‬‬
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‫‪Gas absorption‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
‫‪Porosity‬‬
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
8.3.3.3 Carbon and low-alloy steels (see also
8.3.1.4)
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬3-3-3-8
These usually present little problem since the
parent and filler metals are generally of similar
composition, although there is some evidence
that the precise electrode type in manual metalarc welding for marine conditions may be
important; weld metal deposited from
basic-coated rods appears to corrode more
rapidly than that deposited from rutile-based
coatings.
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
.‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻛﻤﻲ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪي در دﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻧﻮع دﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در ﻛﺘﺎب راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ رﺳﻮب ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش از ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ روﭘﻮش‬
،‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮب ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ روﭘﻮش رﺗﻴﻠﻲ‬
.‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﺪ‬
An environment containing H2S, cyanides,
nitrates or alkalis may produce stress-corrosion
cracking in highly stressed structures and these
should be first stress relieved by heating to
650°C.
-‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮات و ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ‬، ‫ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬H2S ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﺎوي‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬
‫ﭘﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮدد و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺗﺎ‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬650
An interesting development in weldable
corrosion-resistant steels is the copper-bearing
or weathering steels which exhibit enhanced
corrosion resistance in industrial atmospheres
in the unpainted condition. For optimum
corrosion resistance after welding, the filler
employed should be suitably alloyed to give a
deposit of composition similar to that of the
steel plate.
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوم‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺲ و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات آب و ﻫﻮا ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ و در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﺧﻮدﺷﺎن ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ رﺳﻮب آن ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(‫ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬4-1-3-8 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬4-3-3-8
8.3.3.4 Stainless steels
8.3.3.4.1 Since stainless steels are widely used
for resisting corrosive environments, it is
relevant to consider the welding of these alloys
in some detail. There are three groups of
stainless steels, each possessing their own
characteristic welding problem (see 8.3.1.5):
‫ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﻄﻮر‬1-4-3-3-8
‫ ﺑﺠﺎﺳﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮهاي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻪ‬.‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري را ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻣﻔﺼﻞ در ﻧﻈﺮ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ واﺟﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬5 -1-3- 8 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺧﺎص ﺧﻮد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
:(‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
Ferritic type
‫ ﺑﺎ داﻧﻪﻫﺎي درﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮدي رﺳﻮب و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت را‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ و ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
Welding produces a brittle deposit and a brittle
heat-affected zone caused by the very large
grain size that is produced. The problem may
be reduced in severity by the use of austenitic
filler and/or the application of pre- and postweld heat treatments: the latter is a serious
limitation when large welded structures are
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫ داراي ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﺟﺪي اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺰرگ‬
Martensitic type
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺎرﺗﻴﻨﺰﻳﺘﻲ‬
Heat-affected zone cracking is likely and may
be remedied by employing the normal
measures required for the control of hydrogeninduced cracking.
‫ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﺳﺖ و‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮان آﻧﺮا ﺑﺎ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺗﺮك‬
.‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬، ‫ﺧﻮردن ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
Austenitic type
‫ﻧﻮع آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
These are susceptible to hot cracking which
may be overcome by balancing the weld metal
composition to allow the formation of a small
amount of  -Fe (ferrite) in the deposit,
optimum crack resistance being achieved with
a  -Fe content of 5-10%. More than this
concentration increases the possibility of óphase formation if the weldment is used at
elevated temperature with a concomitant
reduction in both mechanical and corrosion
resistance.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن داغ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻤﻲ از ﻓﺮﻳﺖ زﻳﮕﻤﺎ در رﺳﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
5 ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬، ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻖ آﻣﺪ‬
‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ زﻳﮕﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬10 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ اﮔﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺎز زﻳﮕﻤﺎ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
The main problems that might be encountered
in stainless steel are weld decay, knifeline
attack and stress-corrosion cracking (Fig. 11).
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺣﺎدث ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺣﻤﻼت ﺷﻴﺎر ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ﻓﺴﺎد ﺟﻮش‬
.(11 ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺎرﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ )ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬
(‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ )درون داﻧﻪاي‬
(‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻮش )ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬
Fig. 11-CORROSION SITES IN STAINLESS STEEL WELDS. THE TYPICAL PEAK
TEMPERATURES ATTAINED DURING WELDING (°C) ARE GIVEN AT THE FOOT OF THE
DIAGRAM.
NOTE THAT KNIFELINE ATTACK HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A SHARPLY DEFINED LINE
ADJACENT TO THE FUSION ZONE
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬.‫ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬-11 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮدار درج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺎر ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ذوب اﺳﺖ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻮش ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ‬2-4-3-3-8
8.3.3.4.2 Weld decay is the result of the
intergranular precipitation of chromium carbide
in the temperature range of 430-870°C and
material in this condition is referred to as being
’sensitised’. Sensitisation depletes the matrix in
the grain-boundary region of chromium and
this region may eventually suffer intergranular
corrosion. In corrosive environments some
zone in the vicinity of the weld area is
inevitably raised within the sensitisation
temperature range and the degree of severity of
sensitization will be dependent on a number of
process factors that determine the time in this
temperature range, e.g. heat input, thickness of
plate. For most commercial grades of stainless
steel in thin section (< 10 mm) the loss in
corrosion resistance is slight and seldom
warrants any special measures. For a high
degree of corrosion resistance, or in welded
thick plate, it becomes necessary to take one of
the following courses of action:
‫ درﺟﻪ‬870-430 ‫ﻛﺮوم ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺮارت‬
"‫ ﻣﻮاد "ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ و در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ را در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬،‫ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪاي از ﻛﺮم ﺗﻬﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻴﺒﻴﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﺣﻮزه ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎر در ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ و درﺟﻪ ﺷﺪت‬
‫ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪادي از‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن در اﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﺮارت ورودي و‬.‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از درﺟﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺗﺠﺎري در ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻧﺎزك‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( اﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬10 ‫)ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
.‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻗﺪاﻣﻲ ﺧﺎص دارد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ در ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺿﺮوري‬،‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﺪه‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬
a) Thermally treat the structures to effect a
re-solution of the chromium carbide;
this is often impractical in large
structures unless local heat treatment is
employed, but is not always
satisfactory since a sensitized zone
could be produced just outside the
local thermally treated region.
‫اﻟﻒ( اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر اﻏﻠﺐ‬.‫در ﺣﻞ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺠﺪد ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬،‫در ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد زﻳﺮا ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ درﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرج از‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫آﻳﺪ‬
b) Use extra-low-carbon steel.
.‫ب ( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ‬
c) Use stabilized steels, i.e. austenitic steels
containing niobium, tantalum or
titanium.
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬،‫ج ( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬
.‫ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ‬
8.3.3.5 Nickel alloys (see also 8.3.1.8)
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬8-1-3-8 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ)ﺑﻪ‬5-3-3-8
(‫ﺷﻮد‬
In the main, welding does not seriously affect
the corrosion resistance of the high nickel
alloys and stress relief is not generally required
since the resistance to stress corrosion is
particularly high; this property increases with
increase in nickel content and further
improvement may be obtained by the addition
of silicon. The chromium-containing alloys can
be susceptible to weld decay and should be
‫در اﺻﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي در ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻞ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺪي ﻧﺪارد و‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺿﺮورﺗﻲ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬.‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮدي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻛﺮم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬.‫ﻓﺰوﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
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thermally stabilized with titanium or niobium,
and where conditions demand exposure to
corrosive media at high temperatures a further
post-weld heat treatment may be desirable. For
the Ni-Cr- Mo-Fe-W type alloys, it suggested
that the material should be given a two-stage
heat treatment prior to single-pass welding in
order to produce a dependable microstructure
with a thermally stabilized precipitate.
‫ﺟﻮش آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ و‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﺠﺎب‬،‫ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪي ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬،‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬،‫ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻛﺮوم‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻳﻚ‬.‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،W ‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮب ﭘﺎﻳﺪار از‬،‫ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ دو ﻓﺎزه‬،‫ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
The Ni-28Mo alloy provides a special case of
selective corrosion analogous to the welddecay type of attack; it may be removed by
solution treatment or using an alloy containing
2% Vanadium.
‫( ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬Ni-28 Mo) ‫ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬28 – ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ را ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ از ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورد‬.‫ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
2 ‫را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻧﺤﻼﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺣﺎوي‬
.‫درﺻﺪ واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻛﺮد‬
Of the weldability problems, nickel and nickelbased alloys are particularly prone to
solidification porosity, especially if nitrogen is
present in the arc atmosphere, but this may be
controlled by ensuring the presence of titanium
as a denitrider in the filler and maintaining a
short arc length. The other problem that may be
encountered is hot cracking, particularly in
alloys containing Cr, Si, Ti, Al, B, Zr, S, Pb
and P.
‫از ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص اﮔﺮ‬،‫وﻳﮋه ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ اﻧﺠﻤﺎدي اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﻮس ﺟﻮش ﺣﻀﻮر داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺣﻀﻮر ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن زدا در ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﻃﻮل‬
‫ روﺑﺮو ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮك داغ‬.‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻗﻮس ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬،‫ روي‬،‫ ﺑﻮرون‬،‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬،‫ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ‬،‫ﻛﺮوم‬
Cr, Si, Ti, Al, B, Zr, ) ‫ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺮب و ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
.(S, Pb and P
For optimum corrosion resistance it is
recommended that similar composition fillers
be used wherever possible, and obviously any
flux residues that may be present must be
removed.
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﻜﺎن از ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد و ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎً ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ روان ﺳﺎزﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دارد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
8.3.3.6 Aluminum alloys (see also 8.3.1.9)
9-1-3-8 ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم )ﺑﻪ‬
6-3-3-8
(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺣﺴﺎس‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﻏﻠﺐ اﻳﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﺒﺮان ﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬.‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﻼﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﮔﺎز ﻫﻴﺪروژن در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ذوب ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﮔﺎز ﺋﻴﺪروژن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ در‬
‫درز اﻧﺠﻤﺎدي ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد؛ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﺎره ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
These alloys are very susceptible to hot
cracking and in order to overcome this problem
most alloys have to be welded with a
compensating filler of different composition
from that of the parent alloy, and this
difference in composition may lead to galvanic
corrosion. A further problem in the welding of
these materials is the high solubility of the
molten weld metal for gaseous hydrogen which
causes extensive porosity in the seam on
solidification; the only effective remedy is to
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maintain the hydrogen potential of the arc
atmosphere at a minimum by using a
hydrogen-free gas shield with dry, clean
consumables (e.g. welding rods, wire) and
parent plate.
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﻮس ﺟﻮش در ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﺪون ﮔﺎز ﺋﻴﺪروژن ﺑﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ و ﺗﻤﻴﺰ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮل‬
.‫ ﺳﻴﻢ( و ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
In general, the corrosion resistance of many of
the alloys is not reduced by welding. Any
adverse effects that may be encountered with
the high-strength alloys can be largely
corrected by post-weld heat treatment; this is
particularly true of the copper-bearing alloys.
Pure aluminum fillers impart the best corrosion
resistance, although the stronger Al-Mg and
Al-Mg-Si fillers are normally suitable; the
copper-bearing fillers are not particularly
suitable for use in a corrosive environment.
Resistance welding does not usually affect the
corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloys.
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ اﺛﺮ زﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎري ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد؛ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص در ﻣﻮرد آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺲ ﺻﺎدق اﺳﺖ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺧﺎﻟﺺ داراي ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
– ‫ اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻗﻮيﺗﺮ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ و آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ – ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ – ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐاﻧﺪ‬
‫وﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮي ﻧﺪارد‬
The heat-affected zone may become
susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking,
particularly the high-strength alloys, and expert
advice is necessary concerning the suitability
of a particular alloy for a certain environment
after welding. In this context Al-Zn-Mg type
alloys have been extensively studied and it has
been shown that maximum sensitivity appears
to occur when there is a well-developed
precipitation at the heat-affected zone grain
boundaries adjacent to the fusion line, a fine
precipitate within the grain and a precipitatefree zone immediately adjacent the grain
boundaries. The action of stress-corrosion
cracking then appears to be a result of local
deformation in the precipitate-free zone
combined with the anodic character of the
precipitate particles.
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس و ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ در ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
– ‫ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬.‫ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
‫روي – ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ وﻗﺘﻲ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي داﻧﻪاي ﻣﺠﺎور ﺧﻂ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ذوب‬
‫ﺻﻮرت رﺳﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺪون رﺳﻮب درﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺠﺎور ﻣﺮز داﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺪون رﺳﻮب ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
.‫آﻧﺪي ذرات رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮوز ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
8.3.3.7 Other materials for welding
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬7-3-3-8
Suggestions are made in Table 9. It is sufficient
to state that with a knowledge of the general
characteristics of welding process and its
effects on a metal a reliable joint for a
particular problem will normally be the rule
and not the exception.
‫ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ اﺷﺎره‬.‫ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎداﺗﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬9 ‫در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و‬
‫اﺛﺮات آن روي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﺧﺎص ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬
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TABLE 9 - POSSIBLE PROBLEMS IN LESS COMMONLY WELDED METALS
‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﻓﻠﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬-9 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
METAL
WELDABILITY
CORROSION
‫ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Copper alloys
Porosity
De-zincification
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
Hot cracking
‫زداﻳﺶ روي‬
De-aluminification
‫ﺗﺮك ﮔﺮم‬
Hot tearing
‫زداﻳﺶ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬
Stress corrosion
‫رق ﮔﺮم‬‫ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
Steam explosion
‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Magnesium alloys
Porosity
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
Hot cracking
Stress corrosion Pitting
‫ﺗﺮك ﮔﺮم‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮه دار ﺷﺪن ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Lack of fusion
‫ذوب ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
Porosity
Titanium alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ‬
Embrittlement
Stress corrosion
‫ﺗﺮدي‬
8.3.4 Welding and joining
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و اﺗﺼﺎل‬4-3-8
8.3.4.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-4-3-8
A jointed fabrication is one in which two or
more components are held in position:
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻚ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
:‫ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر ﻫﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
- by means of a mechanical fastener
(screw, rivet or bolt);
.(‫ ﭘﺮچ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ و ﻣﻬﺮه‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ )ﭘﻴﭻ‬-
- by welding, brazing or soldering;
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬،‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ﻧﺮم‬
- by an adhesive.
.‫ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ‬-
The components of the joint may be metals of
similar or dissimilar composition and structure,
metals and non-metals or they may be wholly
non-metallic. Since the majority of fabrications
are joined at some stage of their manufacture,
the corrosion behavior of joints is of the utmost
importance, and the nature of the metals
involved in the joint and the geometry of the
joint may lead to situation in which one of the
metals is subjected to accelerated and localized
attack. Although corrosion at bimetallic
‫اﺟﺰاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻓﻠﺰاﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي‬،‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﭼﻮن اﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت از‬،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ و ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات درﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﺗﺼﺎل و ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﺗﺼﺎل اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دارد ﺑﻪ‬
‫ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬،‫وﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در آن ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬.‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد‬
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contacts involving different metals has been
dealt with in IPS-E-TP-760, it is necessary to
emphasize the following in relation to
corrosion at joints in which the metals involved
may be either identical or similar.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت دو ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ‬IPS-E-TP-760 ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
8.3.4.1.1 A difference in potential may result
from differences in structure or stress brought
about during or subsequent to the joining
process.
‫ اﺧﺘﻼف در ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬1-1-4-3-8
8.3.4.1.2 Large differences in area may exist in
certain jointed structures, e.g. when fastening is
used.
‫ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎي ﺑﺰرگ در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در‬2-1-4-3-8
Furthermore, many joining processes lead to a
crevice, with the consequent possibility of
crevice corrosion.
‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل دادن ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺎري‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫و اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري‬
Before considering the factors that lead to
corrosion it is necessary to examine briefly the
basic operations of joint manufacture.
‫ﭘﻴﺶ از در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬
For joining dissimilar metals it is needed to use
insulating washers, insulating gaskets and
insulating sleeves as required.
،‫در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ از واﺷﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫آب ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ و ﻣﻬﺮه ﻣﺎﺳﻮرهﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎوت در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ در ﺣﻴﻦ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎل دادن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺑﺴﺘﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.3.4.2 Mechanical fasteners
‫ ﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬2-4-3-8
These require little description and take the
form of boltings, screws, rivets, etc.
Mechanical failure may occur as a result of the
applied stress in shear or tension exceeding the
ultimate strength of the fastener, and can
normally be ascribed to poor design, although
the possibility of the failure of steel fittings at
ambient or sub-zero temperatures by brittle
fracture, or at ambient temperatures by
hydrogen embrittlement, cannot be ignored. If
brittle failure is a problem then it can be
overcome by changing the joint design or
employing a fastener having a composition
with better ductility transition properties.
،‫ و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﭻ‬.‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد اﺣﺘﻴﺎج ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ دارد‬
-‫ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ‬.‫ ﭘﺮچ و ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻬﺮه‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺿﻌﻒ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺷﻜﺴﺖ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻮﻻدي در‬.‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻬﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮدي‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺗﺮد ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ را ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺸﻜﻞ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي‬
.‫دارﻧﺪ آن را ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻛﺮد‬
For soldered joints and brazed joints see
8.3.4.3.2.
‫ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬2-3-4-3-8 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
8.3.4.3 Joining, brazing and soldering
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻳﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و‬،‫ اﺗﺼﺎل‬3-4-3-8
‫ﻧﺮم‬
8.3.4.3.1 Joining
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل‬1-3-4-3-8
The joining differs from all others in that an
attempt is made to produce a continuity of
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روشﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﺗﻼش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎده‬
72
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
homogeneous material which may or may not
involve the incorporation of a filler material.
There are a large variety of processes by which
this may be achieved, most of which depend
upon the application of thermal energy to bring
about a plastic or molten state of the metal
surfaces to be joined. The more common
processes of used welding compared with
mechanical fasteners, soldering and brazing are
classified in Table 10.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ از ﻣﺎده ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎري وﺟﻮد دارد‬.‫ ﺗﻔﺎوت دارد‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺮژي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ذوب‬
‫ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ دارد‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم در‬،‫در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬10 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
TABLE 10 - TYPICAL JOINING PROCESSES
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬-10 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
JOINING PROCESS
TYPES
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ﻧﻮع‬
- Mechanical fasteners
Nuts, bolts, rivets, screws
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬- Soldering and brazing
‫ ﭘﻴﭻ‬، ‫ ﭘﺮچﻫﺎ‬، ‫ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻬﺮه‬
Hot iron, torch, furnace, vacuum
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم‬- Fusion welding
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ذوﺑﻲ‬-
‫ ﺧﻼء‬،‫ ﻛﻮره‬،‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫آﻫﻦ داغ‬
Oxyacetylene, manual metal arc, tungsten inert gas, metal
inert gas, carbon dioxide, pulsed arc, fused arc, submerged
arc, electro slag and electron beam
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﻮس ﻓﻠﺰي دﺳﺘﻲ‬،‫اﻛﺴﻲ اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره‬،‫ ﻗﻮس زﻳﺮﭘﻮدري‬،‫ ﻗﻮس ﮔﺪازﻳﺪه‬،‫ ﻗﻮس ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ دي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬،‫ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ و ﭘﺮﺗﻮاﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬
- Resistance welding
Spot, seam, stitch, projection, butt and flash butt
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ‬- Solid-phase welding
‫ ﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺐ ﺟﺮﻗﻪاي‬،‫ ﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺐ‬،‫ ﺧﺎل ﺳﻴﺎه‬،‫ ﺑﺨﻴﻪ‬،‫ درز‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي‬
Pressure, friction, ultrasonic and explosive
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬-
‫ ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ و اﻧﻔﺠﺎري‬،‫ اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎري‬
The macrographic examination of a welded
joint shows two distinct zones, namely the
fusion zone with its immediate surroundings
and the parent metal (Fig. 12). It is apparent
therefore, that such processes produce
differences in microstructure between the cast
deposit, the heat-affected zone which has
undergone a variety of thermal cycles, and the
parent plate.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﻮش داده دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ از‬،‫آزﻣﻮن رﻳﺰﻧﮕﺎري‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ذوب ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺎري‬:‫ﻫﻢ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ واﺿﺢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.(12 ‫آن و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎﻳﻲ در رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬،‫رﺳﻮب رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
73
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮب )رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ(‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮذ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ذوب‬
‫رﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﻮش ذوﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮورﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﺛﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫‪(b) Resistance spot weld‬‬
‫ب( ﺟﻮش ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي‬
‫‪Fig. 12-WELD DEFINITIONS‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -12‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻮش‬
‫‪ 1-1-3-4-3-8‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ رﻧﮓ آﺳﺘﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ روي‬
‫رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻌﺪي ﻛﻪ در اﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻠﻞ و‬
‫ﻓﺮج ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه‬
‫ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻪ روش ﻏﻮﻃﻪ وري داغ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ دراز ﻣﺪت‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج و ﺗﺮك ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮد‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد زداﻳﺶ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ روي‪ ،‬از‬
‫ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﺎس ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺿﺮوري ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻀﻮر روي ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎر ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻮدن دود ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي زدودن دود‪ ،‬روﺷﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪8.3.4.3.1.1 Protection of welded joints‬‬
‫‪Structural steels are frequently protected from‬‬
‫‪corrosion by means of a paint primer, but these‬‬
‫‪materials can have an adverse effect on the‬‬
‫‪subsequent welding behavior and this is mainly‬‬
‫‪observed as porosity. Hot-dip galvanising for‬‬
‫‪longterm protection can also lead to porosity‬‬
‫‪and intergranular cracking after welding, in‬‬
‫‪which case it may be necessary to remove the‬‬
‫‪zinc coating from the faying edges prior to‬‬
‫‪welding. The presence of zinc can also lead to‬‬
‫‪operator problems due to the toxicity of the‬‬
‫‪fume evolved unless adequate fume extraction‬‬
‫‪is employed.‬‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Prior to painting, all welding residues must be
removed and the surface prepared by grinding,
grit blasting, wire brushing or chemical
treatment. This preparation is of fundamental
importance, the method of applying the paint
and the smoothness of the bead apparently
having little effect on the final result.
‫ﻗﺒﻞ از رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي ﺗﻤﺎم ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮس‬،‫ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ‬،‫زدوده ﺷﻮد و ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي‬.‫ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آﻣﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ روش اﻋﻤﺎل رﻧﮓ و‬.‫از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ و ﻫﻤﻮاري ﻓﻠﺰ ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً روي ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫اﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
8.3.4.3.2 Pressure
soldering
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم‬2-3-4-3-8
pipe
brazing
and
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
8.3.4.3.2.1 Qualification
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬1-2-3-4-3-8
a) Brazing qualification
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬
The qualification of brazing procedures,
brazers, and brazing operators shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the
Boilers and Pressure Vessels (BPV) Code,
ASME Section IX, Part QB. For Category
D Fluid service at design temperature not
over 93°C (200°F), such qualification is at
the owner’s option.
،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎران و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮﻫﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺪ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و دﻳﮕﻬﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME Section IX Part QB،(BPV)
‫ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در دﻣﺎي‬D ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺳﻴﺎل ﮔﺮوه‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬200) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬93 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ در‬.‫ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬،(‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
.‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺷﺮﻛﺖ اﺳﺖ‬
b) Brazing and soldering materials
‫ب ( ﻣﻮاد ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم‬
Filler metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ذوب ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ در ﻣﺤﺪوده درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎدرﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ روانﺳﺎز ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﺪ‬، ‫اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺗﺮ و‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﭽﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The brazing alloy or solder shall melt and
flow freely within the specified or desired
temperature range and, in conjunction with
a suitable flux or controlled atmosphere,
shall wet and adhere to the surfaces to be
joined.
Flux
A flux that is fluid and chemically active at
brazing or soldering temperature shall be
used when necessary to eliminate oxidation
of the filler metal and the surfaces to be
joined, and to promote free flow of brazing
alloy or solder.
‫روان ﺳﺎز‬
‫روان ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل و در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و‬،‫رود‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ زدوده ﺷﻮد و‬
.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آزاد آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮم را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ج ( آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي‬
‫آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ و آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ از ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع‬،‫ رﻧﮓ‬،‫ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫از روﻏﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ روش ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬.‫ﻣﻮادي دﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﺎك ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
c) Preparation
Surface preparation
The surfaces to be brazed or soldered shall
be clean and free from grease, oxides, paint,
scale, and dirt of any kind. A suitable
chemical or mechanical cleaning method
shall be used if necessary to provide a clean
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
wettable surface.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار‬،‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﺷﺪن‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
Joint clearance
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ آزاد )ﻟﻘﻲ( اﺗﺼﺎل‬
The clearance between surfaces to be joined
by soldering or brazing shall be no larger
than necessary to allow complete capillary
distribution of the filler metal.
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ آزاد )ﻟﻘﻲ( ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬/‫ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬،‫ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺋﻴﻴﻨﮕﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ‬
.‫ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
d) Requirements
‫د ( اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
Soldering procedure
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم‬
Solderers shall follow the procedure in the
Copper Tube Handbook of the Copper
Development Association or other approved
procedures.
-‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎران ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از روﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻛﺘﺎب راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ آﻣﺪه و ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﻲ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺲ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﭘﻴﺮوي ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
Heating
‫ﺣﺮارت دﻫﻲ‬
To minimize oxidation, the joint shall be
brought to brazing or soldering temperature
in as short a time as possible without
localized under heating or overheating.
‫ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم در‬
‫ ﺑﺪون اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬،‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺪت ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
.‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
Flux removal
Residual flux
detrimental.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫زداﻳﺶ روان ﺳﺎز‬
shall
be
removed
if
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده‬،‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻀﺮ ﺑﻮدن‬،‫ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ روان ﺳﺎز‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
8.3.4.3.2.2 Soldered joints
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬2-2-3-4-3-8
Soldering and brazing are methods of joining
components together with a lower-melting-point
alloy so that the parent metal (the metal or metals
to be joined) is not melted (Table 10-a). In the
case of soft soldering the maximum temperature
employed is usually of the order of 250°C and the
filler alloys (used for joining) are generally based
on the tin-lead system. The components must
present a clean surface to the solder to allow
efficient wetting and flow of the molten filler and
to provide a joint of adequate mechanical
strength. To obtain the necessary cleanliness,
degreasing and mechanical abrasion may be
required followed by the use of a flux to remove
any remaining oxide film and to ensure that no
tarnish film develops on subsequent heating.
‫ روﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮري‬،‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ )ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ( ذوب‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬.(10-a ‫ﻧﺸﻮد )ﺟﺪول‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬250 ً‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
ً‫اﺳﺖ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه )ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﻠﻊ و روي اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ داراي ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎزي و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ذوب ﺷﺪة ﻣﻮﺛﺮي را ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺮاي‬.‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻻزم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬،‫ ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬،‫ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ زداﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬
‫روانﺳﺎز ﺑﺮاي زداﻳﺶ ﻫﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪي ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و‬
‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻛﺪري در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In the case of carbon steels and stainless steels,
and many of the non-ferrous alloys, the fluxes
‫در ﻣﻮرد ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ آﻫﻨﻲ روانﺳﺎزﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ و‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
are based on acidic inorganic salts, e.g.
chlorides, which are highly corrosive to the
metal unless they are removed subsequently by
washing in hot water. For soldering tinplate,
clean copper and brass, it is possible to
formulate rosin-based fluxes having non
corrosive residues and these are essential for all
electrical and electronic work. Activators are
added to the rosin to increase the reaction rate,
but these must be such that they are thermally
decomposed at the soldering temperature if
subsequent corrosion is to be avoided.
Corrosion is always a risk with solered joints in
aluminum owing to the difference in electrical
potential between the filler alloy and the parent
metal and the highly corrosive nature of the
flux that is generally used for soldering.
However, it is possible to employ ultrasonic
soldering to eliminate use of flux. With
aluminum soldering it is imperative that the
joints be well cleaned both prior and
subsequent to the soldering operation, and the
design should avoid subsequent trapping of
moisture.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﺨﺖ‬.‫اﺳﻴﺪي اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ در آب‬،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺣﻠﺒﻲ و ﻣﺲ و ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‬.‫داغ زدوده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ روان ﺳﺎزﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ روزﻳﻦ )ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬،‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري( ﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻻزم‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺿﺮوري ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻗﻲ و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان واﻛﻨﺶ‬.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫روزﻳﻦ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻌﺪي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺧﻄﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم‬.‫ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬،‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫روان ﺳﺎزﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺑﺮاي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل اﻣﻜﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺬف روان ﺳﺎز وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫در ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻧﺮم آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﭘﺎك و ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺮدن اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫ و ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬.‫ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري اﻣﺮي ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺣﺒﺲ ﺷﺪن رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
TABLE 10-a- SOLDERING AND BRAZING
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم‬-‫اﻟﻒ‬-10 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
PROCESS
TEMPERATURE RANGE  C
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎ‬
SOLIDERING
Hot iron
Oven
Ultrasonic
Dip
Resistance
TYPICAL FILTERS
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻫﺎي‬
‫روان ﺳﺎزﻫﺎ‬
Chloride based
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
‫آﻫﻦ داغ‬
FLUXES
60-300
70pb-30sn
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
40pb-60sn
Fluoride based
‫اﺟﺎق‬
70pb-27sn-3sb
‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬
40pb-58sn-2sb
sn-zn-pb
‫ﻏﻮﻃﻪ وري‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬
Rosin based
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي رزﻳﻦ‬
Wave and cascade ‫ﻣﻮج و آﺑﺸﺎر‬
BRAZING
Torch
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬
500-1200
90AL-10SI
Borax based
50Ag-15Cu-17Zn-18Cd
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺑﺮاﻛﺲ‬
Ag-Cu-Na-In
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
60Ag-30Cu- 10Zn
Dip
Salt bath
Furnace
‫ﻏﻮﻃﻪ وري‬
70Ni-17Cr-3B-10Fe
‫ﻛﻮره‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻓﻠﻮراﻳﺪ‬
Hydrogen gas
97Cu-3F
‫ﺣﻤﺎم ﻧﻤﻚ‬
Induction
Resistance
50Cu-50Zn
Fluride based
‫ﮔﺎز ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
82Ni-7Cr-5Si-3Fe
Town,s gas
60Pd-40Ni
‫ﮔﺎز ﺷﻬﺮي‬
Vaccum
8.3.4.3.2.3 Brazed joints
‫ﺧﻼء‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه‬3-2-3-4-3-8
When stronger joints are required, brazing may
be used. The filler alloys employed generally
melt at much higher temperatures (6001200°C), but the effectiveness of the joining
process still depends upon surface cleanliness
of the components to ensure adequate wetting
and spreading. Metallurgical and mechanical
hazards may be encountered in that the filler
may show poor spreading or joint filling
capacity in a certain situation or may suffer
from hot tearing, whilst during furnace brazing
in hydrogen-containing atmospheres there is
always the possibility that the parent metal may
be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement or
steam cracking. Furthermore, brittle diffusion
products may be produced at the filler basemetal interface as a result of the reaction of a
‫ از ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺘﺮي ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر‬.‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬1200 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬600) ‫ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ اﺗﺼﺎل‬.‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( ذوب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎن ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﻄﻌﺎت دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات‬.‫ﺗﺮﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﻲ و ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪن ﻓﻠﺰ را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ آﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪن ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ و ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺷﺪن اﺗﺼﺎل در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﻟﺤﻴﻢ‬،‫و ﻳﺎ از ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ داغ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ‬
‫ در آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬،‫ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﻮرهاي‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮاره اﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬.‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺮدي ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮك‬
‫ﭘﺨﺶ و ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺗﺮدي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﻠﺰ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
component of the filler alloy with a base-metal
component, e.g.phosphorus-bearing fillers used
for steel in which the phosphorus diffuses into
the steel.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﻪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ‬
.‫آن ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
Serious damage can be caused by:
:‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﺪي ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
a) Diffusion into the parent metal of the
molten brazing alloy itself when either
one or both of the parent metal(s) is in
a stressed condition induced by
previous heat treatment or cold
working, and;
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻧﻔﻮذ آﻟﻴﺎژ ذوب ﺷﺪه ﻟﺤﻴﻢﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ‬
b) By an externally applied load which
need only be the weight of the
workpiece.
‫ب ( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎر ﮔﺬاري ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي وزن‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ‬،‫واﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬
.،‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎري ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
Nickel and nickel-rich alloys are particularly
prone to liquid-braze-filler attack especially
when using silver-based braze fillers at
temperatures well below the annealing
temperature of the base metal, since under
these conditions there is then no adequate
stress relief of the parent metal at the brazing
temperature. The problem may be avoided by
annealing prior to brazing and ensuring the
maintenance
of
stress-free
conditions
throughout the brazing cycle. There is a whole
range of silver-nickel and palladium-based
braze fillers of high oxidation and corrosion
resistance that have been developed for joining
the nickel-rich alloys; however, the presence of
sulphur, lead or phosphorus in the base-metal
surface or in the filler can be harmful, since
quite small amounts can lead to interface
embrittlement. In the case of the Monels, the
corrosion resistance of the joint is generally
less than that of the parent metal and the design
must be such that as little as possible of the
joint is exposed to the corrosive media.
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻘﺮه در دﻣﺎﻳﻲ زﻳﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ‬.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
،‫ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻲآﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺪون‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ‬.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺎﻻدﻳﻢ و ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻘﺮه – ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻛﺎري‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮب ﻳﺎ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ در‬،‫ ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا‬.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ در ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ زﻳﺎن آور ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻤﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻮﻧﻞﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ﺗﺮدي ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻟﺬا‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﺗﺼﺎل در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
When, in an engineering structure, the
aluminum-bronzes are used for their corrosion
resistance, the selection of braze filler becomes
important and although the copper-zinc brazing
alloys are widely used, the corrosion resistance
of the joint will be that of the equivalent brass
rather than that of the bronze. With the carbon
and low-alloy steels, the braze fillers are
invariably noble to the steel so that there is little
likelihood of trouble (small cathode/large anode
‫ ﺑﺮﻧﺰﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎزه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﺸﺎن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬.‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬،‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ– روي ﺑﺮاي ﻟﺤﻴﻢﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺎدل‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺗﺼﺎل‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺰ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات‬،‫ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد‬،‫آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
‫ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد آﻧﻘﺪر ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻛﻤﻲ از ﻣﺸﻜﻞ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬،(‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ )ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و آﻧﺪ ﺑﺰرگ‬
79
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
system), but for stainless steels a high-silver
braze filler alloy is desirable for retaining the
corrosion resistance of the joint, although stresscorrosion cracking of the filler is always a
possibility if the latter contains any zinc,
cadmium or tin.
‫ ﻳﻚ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﭘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮه ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫اﮔﺮ‬، ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﺗﺼﺎل در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬،‫ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم ﻳﺎ ﻗﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﺎوي روي‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ وﺟﻮد‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
An interesting example of judicious choice of
braze filler is to be found in the selection of silver
alloys for the brazing of stainless steels to be
subsequently used in a tap-water environment.
Although the brazed joint may appear to be quite
satisfactory, after a relatively short exposure
period failure of the joint occurs by a mechanism
which appears to be due to the break-down of the
bond between the filler and the braze metal.
Dezincification is a prominent feature of the
phenomenon and zinc-free braze alloys based on
the Ag-Cu system with the addition of nickel and
tin have been found to inhibit this form of attack.
A similar result is obtained by electroplating
0.007 mm of nickel over the joint area prior to
brazing with a more conventional Ag-Cu-Zn-Cd
alloy.
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺟﺎﻟﺐ از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪه ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻟﺤﻴﻢ را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫در ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺮه ﺑﺮاي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ‬
،‫ﻧﺰن ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آب ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬
ً‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬.‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻛﺮد‬
ً‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻳﻚ دوره ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬،‫رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ رﺳﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺟﻮش ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ روي زداﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ رخ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ وﺟﻪ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﺪون‬
،‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﺮه – ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻗﻠﻊ‬،‫روي‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ از اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺶ از‬،‫ اﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ روي ﺟﻮش‬0/007 ‫آﺑﻜﺎري‬
– ‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲﺗﺮ ﻧﻘﺮه – ﻣﺲ – روي‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم‬
Brazing is generally considered unsuitable for
equipment exposed to ammonia and various
ammoniacal solutions because of the
aggressiveness of ammonia to copper-and
nickel-base alloys, but recently an alloy based
on Fe-3.25B- 4.40Si-50.25Ni has been shown
to be suitable for such applications.
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬
‫آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك و ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻛﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ‬
– ‫ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﺑﻮدن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺮه – ﻣﺲ – روي‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﺧﻴﺮاً ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ‬.‫ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم‬
50.25 ‫ و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬4.40 ‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ‬،3.25B ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ آﻫﻦ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
Studying of the marine corrosion behavior of a
number
of
braze
alloy-parent
metal
combinations has shown that compatibility is a
function of the compositions of the filler and
parent metals, their microstructures and chance
factors such as over heating during the brazing
operation.
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري در‬
،‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ از وﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه و رﻳﺰ‬
‫ در‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﺷﺎن و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﭼﻮن دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه‬
.‫ﻃﻮل ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري اﺳﺖ‬
8.4 Pipe Bending and Forming
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬4-8
8.4.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-4-8
Pipe may be bent and components may be
formed by any hot or cold method which is
suitable for the material, the fluid service, and
the severity of the bending or forming process.
The finished surface shall be free of cracks and
substantially free from buckling. Thickness
after bending or forming shall be not less than
‫ ﺧﻤﻴﺪه و ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ روﺷﻬﺎي ﮔﺮم و ﺳﺮد‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎري‬.‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻧﻮع ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫از ﺗﺮك و ﻛﻤﺎﻧﺶ ﺑﻮده و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﻤﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
that required by the design.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫دﻫﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از آﻧﭽﻪ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.4.2 Bending
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري‬2-4-8
8.4.2.1 Bend flattening
‫ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻢ‬1-2-4-8
Flattening of a bend, the difference between
maximum and minimum diameters at any cross
section, shall not exceed 8% of nominal outside
diameter for internal pressure and 3% for
external pressure.
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ و‬،‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻢ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬8 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺸﺎر‬3 ‫ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻠﻲ و‬
.‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬
8.4.2.2 Bending temperature
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺧﻤﻜﺎري‬2-2-4-8
8.4.2.2.1 Cold bending of ferritic materials
shall be done at a temperature below the
transformation range.
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺮد ﻣﻮاد ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در دﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬1-2-2-4-8
8.4.2.2.2 Hot bending shall be done at a
temperature above the transformation range
and in any case within a temperature range
consistent with the material and the intended
service.
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﮔﺮم ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬2-2-2-4-8
.‫زﻳﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ و در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮردي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎي‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد و ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر آن‬
8.4.2.3 Corrugated and other bends
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﺪار و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﻢﻫﺎ‬3-2-4-8
Dimensions and configuration shall conform to
the design.
.‫اﺑﻌﺎد و ﺷﻜﻞ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.4.3 Forming
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ دادن‬3-4-8
The temperature range for forming shall be
consistent with material, intended service, and
specified heat treatment.
‫ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻜﻞ دادن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.4.4 Required heat treatment for bending
and forming
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و‬4-4-8
‫ﺷﻜﻞ دادن‬
Heat treatment shall be performed in
accordance with Paragraph 8.3.4.3.2.1 when
required by the following:
،1-2-3-4-3-8 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
:‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ‬
8.4.4.1 Hot bending and forming
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دادن ﮔﺮم‬1-4-4-8
After hot bending and forming, heat treatment
is required for P-Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 10A materials
in all thicknesses. Times and temperatures shall
be in accordance with 8.5.2.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دادن‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ‬10 -‫ و اﻟﻒ‬6 ،5 ،4 ‫ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮافﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎره‬
‫ ﻣﺪت و دﻣﺎي ﻻزم ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬.‫ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬2-5-8 ‫ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
8.4.4.2 Cold bending and forming (see IPSC-PI-140)
‫ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دادن ﺳﺮد )ﺑﻪ‬2-4-4-8
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-C-PI-140 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
After cold bending and forming, heat treatment
is required (for all thicknesses, and with
temperature and duration as given in Table 11
when any of the following conditions exist:
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دادن ﺳﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ و ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ‬
:‫ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬11 ‫ﻣﺪت و دﻣﺎي ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺟﺪول‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
8.4.4.2.1 For P-Nos. 1 through 6 materials see
Note 1 on Table 11, where the maximum
calculated fiber elongation after bending or
forming exceeds 50% of specified basic
minimum elongation (in the direction of
severest forming) for the applicable
specification, grade, and thickness. This
requirement may be waived if it can be
demonstrated that the selection of pipe and the
choice of bending or forming process provide
assurance that, in the finished condition, the
most severely strained material retains at least
10% elongation.
‫ ﺑﻪ‬، 6 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎره‬1-2-4-4-8
8.4.4.2.2 For any material requiring impact
testing, where the maximum calculated fiber
elongation after bending or forming will
exceed 5%.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ آزﻣﻮن ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي‬2-2-4-4-8
8.4.4.2.3 When specified in the engineering
design.
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬3-2-4-4-8
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در آن ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬11 ‫ ﺟﺪول‬1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ازدﻳﺎد ﻃﻮل اﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ )در ﺳﺨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ‬50 ‫دﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺠﺎوز از‬
.‫ رده و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﺖ‬،‫دﻫﻲ( ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫اﻳﻦ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت را در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻧﺎدﻳﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻞدﻫﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫اﺗﻤﺎم ﻛﺎر و در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎده ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل‬10
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﻌﺪ از‬،‫دارﻧﺪ‬
5 ‫ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫درﺻﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
TABLE 11 – REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATMENT AFTER WELDING
(SEE ALSO ASME B 31.1)
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-11 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬ASME B31.1 ‫)ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
P-Number from Appendix A
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
P-No-1
Gr-Nos. 1,2,3
1 ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
3 ‫ و‬2 ،1 ‫درﺟﻪ‬
Holding Temperature
Rang, F◦ (C◦)
Up to 2 in (50 mm)
Over 2 in.(50 mm)
1hr/in.(25 mm)
15 min
Minimum
2 hr plus 15 min
For each additional
Inch over 2 in.(50mm)
(‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25) ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ‬1
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15 ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬2
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
(‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬50) ‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬2 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
(‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
1,100(600)
To
1,200(650)
General Notes:
:‫ﻳﺎدآورﻳﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش ﻛﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
‫ اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬1
:‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( ﺿــﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳــﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛــﻪ در ﭘــﺎراﮔﺮاف‬1
a) PWHT of P-No-1 materials is not
mandatory, provided that all of the following
conditions are met:
1) The nominal thickness, as defined in para.
132.4.1, is ¾ in. (19.0 mm) or less;
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ( ﻳـﺎ‬19) ‫اﻳـﻨﭻ‬
3
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪه‬1-4-132
4
.‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
2) A minimum preheat of 200 ◦F (95 ◦C) is
applied when the nominal material thickness
of either of the base metals exceeds 1 in.
(25.0 mm).
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫( وﻗﺘﻲ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ‬2
‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( اﺳﺖ‬25) ‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬1 ‫از‬
‫ درﺟـﻪ‬200 ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘـﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎر ﻣـﻲرود‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳﺖ‬95) ‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
b) When it is impractical to PWHT at the
temperature range specified in table 132, it is
permissible to perform the PWHT of this
material at lower temperature for longer
periods of time in accordance with table 132.1.
‫ب ( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش در ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬132 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
.‫ ﻣﺠﺎز اﺳﺖ‬1-132 ‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺟﺪول‬
Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
P-Number from Appendix A
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
P-No-3
Gr-Nos. 1,2
3‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
2 ‫ و‬1 ‫درﺟﻪ‬
Holding Temperature
Rang, F◦ (C◦)
Up to 2 in (50 mm)
Over 2 in.(50 mm)
1hr/in.(25 mm)
15 min
Minimum
2 hr plus 15 min
For each additional
Inch over 2 in.(50mm)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25) ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ‬1
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15 ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬2
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬50) ‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬2 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
(‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
1,100(600)
To
1,200(650)
General Notes:
:‫ﻳﺎدآورﻳﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
3 ‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري ﻓﻠـﺰ ﺷـﻤﺎره‬
a) PWHT of P-No-3 materials is not
mandatory, provided that all of the following
conditions are met:
‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳـﺮ رﻋﺎﻳـﺖ‬،‫اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
1-4-132 ‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ در ﺑﻨـﺪ‬،‫( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬1
1) The nominal thickness, as defined in
para. 132.4.1, is 5/8 in. (16.0 mm) or less;
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬16) ‫اﻳﻨﭻ‬
5
،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
8
2) A minimum preheat of 200 ◦F (95 ◦C) is
applied when the nominal material
thickness of either of the base metals
exceeds 5/8 in. (16.0 mm).
‫( وﻗﺘﻲ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻫﺮﻳـﻚ از ﻓﻠـﺰات ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬2
3) The specified carbon content of the PNo-3 base material is 0.25% or less.
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ‬0/25 ،3 ‫( ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬3
.‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟـﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( اﺳﺖ‬16) ‫اﻳﻨﭻ‬
5
8
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
200 ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘـﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎر ﻣـﻲرود‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳﺖ‬95) ‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
b) When it is impractical to PWHT at the
temperature range specified in table 132, it is
permissible to perform the PWHT of this
material at lower temperature for longer
periods of time in accordance with table 132.1.
‫ب( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش ﻛﺎري در‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬132 ‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﺗﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﺠﺎز اﺳﺖ‬1-132 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺟﺪول‬
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‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪2 hr plus 15 min‬‬
‫‪For each additional‬‬
‫)‪Inch over 2 in.(50mm‬‬
‫)‪1hr/in.(25 mm‬‬
‫‪15 min‬‬
‫‪Minimum‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 2‬اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫)‪1,200 (650‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫)‪1,300 (700‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-4‬‬
‫‪Gr-Nos. 1,2‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪4‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ‪ 1‬و ‪2‬‬
‫‪General Notes: PWHT is not mandatory for P‬‬‫‪No-4 material under the following conditions:‬‬
‫ﻳــﺎدآوريﻫــﺎي ﻋﻤــﻮﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗــﻲ ﭘــﺲ از‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 4‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫‪a) Welds in pipe or attachment welds to pipe‬‬
‫‪complying with all of the following conditions:‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 13‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪1) A nominal material thickness of ½ in.‬‬
‫‪(13.0 mm) or less.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﺤﺘــﻮاي ﻛــﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺷــﺪه ﻓﻠــﺰي ﻛــﻪ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ‬
‫‪2) A specified carbon content of the material‬‬
‫‪to be welded of 0.15 % or less.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣـﻲ در ﻃـﻮل ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري‬
‫‪3) Application of 250 ◦F (120 ◦C) minimum‬‬
‫‪preheat during welding.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮد ‪0/15‬درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 250‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ 120‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ب ( ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري آب ﺑﻨﺪي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت رزوهدار ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫‪b) for seal welding of threaded or other‬‬
‫‪mechanical joints provided.‬‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫اﻳــﻨﭻ )‪9‬‬
‫‪1) The seal weld has a throat thickness of‬‬
‫‪3/8 in. (9.0 mm) or less.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺣــﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟــﻪ ﭘــﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣــﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ در ﻃــﻮل‬
‫‪2) A minimum preheat of 250 ◦F(120 ◦C) is‬‬
‫‪maintained during welding.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺟــﻮش آب ﺑﻨــﺪ ﺑــﺎ ﺿــﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﮔﻠــﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔـﺮدد ‪ 250‬درﺟـﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ )‪120‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ج ( ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﺑﺎرﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ردﻳﻔﻬﺎي ‪ 2‬و ‪ 3‬ﺑﻨـﺪ‬
‫‪c) Attachment welds for nonload-carring‬‬
‫‪attachments provided in adding to (a) (2) and‬‬
‫‪(a) (3) above:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ ﻓﻮق‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬از ﺟﻮﺷــﻬﺎي زاﺋــﺪهاﻳــﻲ ﻳــﺎ ﮔﻮﺷــﻪاي ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺎ روش‬
‫‪1) Stud welds or fillet welds made by the‬‬
‫‪SMAW or GTAW process shall be used.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺳــﺨﺖ ﺷــﺪه ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﻣﺘــﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣــﺮارت‬
‫‪2) The hardened portion of the heat affected‬‬
‫‪zone (HAZ) shall not encroach on the‬‬
‫‪minimum wall thickness of the pipe, as‬‬
‫‪determined‬‬
‫‪by‬‬
‫‪welding‬‬
‫‪procedure‬‬
‫‪qualification using the maximum welding‬‬
‫‪heat input. The depth of the HAZ shall be‬‬
‫‪taken as the point where the HAZ hardness‬‬
‫‪dose not exceed the average unaffected base‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري ﻗــﻮس اﻟﻜﺘــﺮود روﭘــﻮشدار ‪ SMAW‬ﻳــﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري ﻗــﻮس ﻓﻠــﺰي ﺑــﺎ ﮔــﺎز ‪ GTAW‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫)‪ ،(HAZ‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛــﻪ در ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ دﺳــﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري آﻣﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣـﺮارت ورودي‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﻮاره ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوي ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ HAZ‬ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ از ﻧﻘﻄـﻪاي ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ آن از ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮ ﻧـﺸﺪه ﺗـﺎ‬
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‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫‪metal hardness by more than 10%.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 10‬درﺻﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻜﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬اﮔــﺮ از ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري ﻗــﻮس اﻟﻜﺘــﺮود روﭘــﻮشدار‬
‫‪3) If SMAW is used , the electrode shall be‬‬
‫‪the low hydrogen type.‬‬
‫)‪ (SMAW‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﻧـﻮع اﻟﻜﺘـﺮود ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ورق آزﻣﻮن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﺳـﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪4) The thickness of the test plate used is‬‬
‫‪making the welding procedure qualification‬‬
‫‪of section IX shall not be less than that of‬‬
‫‪the material to be welded.‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪5) The attachment weld has a throat‬‬
‫‪thickness of 3/16 in. or less.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ‪ IX‬ﺑﻜـﺎر ﻣـﻲرود‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪2 hr plus 15 min‬‬
‫‪For each additional‬‬
‫)‪Inch over 2 in.(50mm‬‬
‫)‪1hr/in.(25 mm‬‬
‫‪15 min‬‬
‫‪Minimum‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 2‬اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫)‪1,300 (700‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫)‪1,400 (760‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-5A‬‬
‫‪Gr-Nos. 1‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪5A‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻳــﺎدآوريﻫــﺎي ﻋﻤــﻮﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗــﻲ ﭘــﺲ از‬
‫‪General Note: PWHT is not mandatory for‬‬
‫‪P-No-5A material under the following‬‬
‫‪conditions:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳـﺎ ﺟﻮﺷـﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺎت ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫‪a) welds in pipe or attachment welds to pipe‬‬
‫‪complying with all of the following conditions:‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 5A‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ اﺟﺒـﺎري‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1) A nominal material thickness of ½ in.‬‬
‫‪(13.0 mm) or less.‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 13‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮد ‪0/15‬‬
‫‪2) A specified carbon content of the‬‬
‫‪material to be welded of 0.15% or less.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري‬
‫‪3) A minimum preheat of 300 ◦F (150 ◦C) is‬‬
‫‪maintained during welding .‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷـﻮد ‪ 300‬درﺟـﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ )‪ 150‬درﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎرﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑـﺮ ردﻳـﻒﻫـﺎي ‪ 2‬و ‪3‬‬
‫‪b) attachment welds for non-load carrying‬‬
‫‪attachments provided in addition to (a) (2) and‬‬
‫‪(a) (3) above:‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪ اﻟﻒ ﻓﻮق‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬از ﺟﻮﺷــﻬﺎي زاﺋــﺪهاﻳــﻲ ﻳــﺎ ﮔﻮﺷــﻪاي ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺎ روش‬
‫‪1) Stud welds or fillet welds made by the‬‬
‫‪SMAW or GTAW process shall be used.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري ﻗــﻮس اﻟﻜﺘــﺮود روﭘــﻮشدار ‪ SMAW‬ﻳــﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري ﻗــﻮس ﻓﻠــﺰي ﺑــﺎ ﮔــﺎز ‪ GTAW‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫‪85‬‬
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺳــﺨﺖ ﺷــﺪه ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﻣﺘــﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣــﺮارت‬
‫‪2) The hardened portion of the heat affected‬‬
‫‪zone (HAZ) shall not encroach on the‬‬
‫‪minimum wall thickness of pipe, as‬‬
‫‪determined‬‬
‫‪by‬‬
‫‪welding‬‬
‫‪procedure‬‬
‫‪qualification using the maximum welding‬‬
‫‪heat input. The depth of the HAZ shall be‬‬
‫‪taken as the point where the HAZ hardness‬‬
‫‪dose not exceed the average unaffected base‬‬
‫‪metal hardness by more than 10%.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬اﮔــﺮ از ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري ﻗــﻮس اﻟﻜﺘــﺮود روﭘــﻮشدار‬
‫‪3) If SMAW is used, the electrode shall be‬‬
‫‪the low hydrogen type.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ورق آزﻣﻮن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﺳـﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪4) The thickness of the test plate used in‬‬
‫‪making the welding procedure qualification‬‬
‫‪of section IX shall not be less than that of‬‬
‫‪the material to be welded.‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪5) The attachment weld has a throat‬‬
‫‪thickness of 3/16 in. or less.‬‬
‫)‪ ،(HAZ‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛــﻪ در ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ دﺳــﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري آﻣﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣـﺮارت ورودي‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﻮاره ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوي ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ HAZ‬ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ از ﻧﻘﻄـﻪاي ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ آن از ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻧـﺸﺪه‪ ،‬ﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 10‬درﺻﺪ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ SMAW‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‪ ،‬ﻧـﻮع اﻟﻜﺘـﺮود ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ IX‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣـﻲرود‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪2 hr plus 15 min‬‬
‫‪For each additional‬‬
‫)‪Inch over 2 in.(50mm‬‬
‫)‪1hr/in.(25 mm‬‬
‫‪15 min‬‬
‫‪Minimum‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 2‬اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫)‪1,300 (700‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫)‪1,400 (760‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-5B‬‬
‫‪Gr-Nos. 1,2‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪5B‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ‪ 1‬و ‪2‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪2 hr plus 15 min‬‬
‫‪For each additional‬‬
‫)‪Inch over 2 in.(50mm‬‬
‫)‪1hr/in.(25 mm‬‬
‫‪15 min‬‬
‫‪Minimum‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 2‬اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫)‪1,400 (760‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫)‪1,475 (800‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-6‬‬
‫‪Gr-Nos. 1,2,3‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪6‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ‪1،2‬و‪3‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫‪General Note: PWHT is not mandatory for P‬‬‫‪No-6 type 410 material provided all of the‬‬
‫‪following conditions are met:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 6‬ﻧﻮع ‪ 410‬اﺟﺒـﺎري ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺮوط ﺑـﺮ‬
‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد‪:‬‬
‫‪86‬‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪه ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 0/08‬درﺻـﺪ‬
‫‪a) The specified carbon content is not more‬‬
‫‪than 0.08%.‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 10‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ( ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ‬
‫‪b) The nominal material thickness is 3/8 in.‬‬
‫;‪(10 mm) or less‬‬
‫ج( ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي ‪ A8‬و ‪ A9‬ﻳـﺎ ‪F43‬‬
‫‪c) The weld is made with A8 , A9, F43 filler‬‬
‫‪metal.‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪2 hr plus 15 min‬‬
‫‪For each additional‬‬
‫)‪Inch over 2 in.(50mm‬‬
‫)‪1hr/in.(25 mm‬‬
‫‪15 min‬‬
‫‪Minimum‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 2‬اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫)‪1,350 (730‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫)‪1,425 (775‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-7‬‬
‫‪Gr-Nos. 1,2‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪7‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ‪ 1‬و ‪2‬‬
‫‪General Notes:‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآورﻳﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺠﺎي ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪه در ﭘـﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
‫‪a) In lieu of the cooling rate described in para.‬‬
‫‪132.5, P-No 7 material cooling rate shall be not‬‬
‫‪greater than 100 ◦F(55 ◦C) per hr in the range‬‬
‫‪above 1200 ◦F(650◦C) after which the cooling‬‬
‫‪rate shall be sufficiently rapid to prevent‬‬
‫‪embitterment.‬‬
‫‪ ، 5-132‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 7‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺠﺎوز از‬
‫‪ 100‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ 55‬درﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( در ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ از‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ‪ 1200‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ 650‬درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ از آن ﻣﻴـﺰان ﺳـﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑﺎﻧـﺪازهاي‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷـﻤﺎره ‪7‬‬
‫‪b) PWHT is not mandatory for P-No-7 type‬‬
‫‪405 material provided all of the following‬‬
‫‪conditions are met:‬‬
‫از ﻧﻮع ‪ 405‬اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻤـﺎم ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫زﻳﺮ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 0/08‬درﺻـﺪ‬
‫‪1) The specified carbon content is not more‬‬
‫‪than 0.08%.‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 10‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ( ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ‬
‫‪2) The nominal material thickness is 3/8 in.‬‬
‫‪(10 mm) or less.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي ‪F43 ، A9 ،A8‬‬
‫‪3) The weld is made with A8, A9, or F-43‬‬
‫‪filler metal.‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪87‬‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪None‬‬
‫‪None‬‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫‪None‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-8‬‬
‫‪Gr-Nos. 1,2,3,4‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪8‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ‪ 3 ،2 ،1‬و ‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآوري ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري‬
‫‪General Note: PWHT is neither required nor‬‬
‫‪prohibited for joints between P-No-8 austenitic‬‬
‫‪stainless steels.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳـﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻧـﻪ ﻻزم‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪Over 2 in.(50 mm‬‬
‫)‪Up to 2 in (50 mm‬‬
‫‪2 hr plus 15 min‬‬
‫‪For each additional‬‬
‫)‪Inch over 2 in.(50mm‬‬
‫)‪1hr/in.(25 mm‬‬
‫‪15 min‬‬
‫‪Minimum‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 2‬اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫‪Holding Temperature‬‬
‫)◦‪Rang, F◦ (C‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫)‪1,100(600‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫)‪1,200(650‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
‫‪P-No-9A‬‬
‫‪Gr-No. 1‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪9A‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ‪1‬‬
‫‪General Notes:‬‬
‫ﻳﺎدآورﻳﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( وﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت آن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫‪a) PWHT is not mandatory for P-No-9A‬‬
‫‪material when welds on pipe or attachment‬‬
‫‪welds to pipe comply with all of the following‬‬
‫‪conditions:‬‬
‫زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري ﻓﻠـﺰ ﺷـﻤﺎره‬
‫‪ 9A‬اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P-Number from Appendix A‬‬
‫‪1) A nominal material thickness of ½ in.‬‬
‫‪(13.0 mm) or less.‬‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ )‪ 13‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺟـﻮش‬
‫داده ﺷﻮد ‪ 0/15‬درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪2) A specified carbon content of the material‬‬
‫‪to be welded of 0.15% or less.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ‪ 250‬درﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ 120‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ب( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ ازﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري در ﻣﺤـﺪوده‬
‫‪3) A minimum preheat of 250◦F (120◦C) is‬‬
‫‪maintained during welding.‬‬
‫‪b) when it is impractical to PWHT at the‬‬
‫‪temperature range specified in table 132, it is‬‬
‫‪permissible to perform the PWHT of this‬‬
‫‪material at lower temperature for longer‬‬
‫‪periods of time in accordance with table 132.1‬‬
‫‪but the minimum PWHT shall not be less than‬‬
‫)‪1000◦F (550◦C‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺷــﺪه در ﺟــﺪول ‪ 132‬ﻋﻤﻠــﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬در ﺣــﺮارت‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪت ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﺟـﺪول ‪ 132.1‬ﻣﺠـﺎز‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ‪ 1000‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ )‪ 550‬درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪88‬‬
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
P-Number from Appendix A
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
P-No-9B
Gr-No. 1
9B ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
Holding Temperature
Rang, F◦ (C◦)
Up to 2 in (50 mm)
Over 2 in.(50 mm)
1hr/in.(25 mm)
15 min
Minimum
2 hr plus 15 min
For each additional
Inch over 2 in.(50mm)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25) ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ‬1
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15 ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬2
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬5) ‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬2 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
(‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
1,100(600)
To
1,175 (630)
1 ‫درﺟﻪ‬
،9B ‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
a) PHWT of
P-No-9B material is not
mandatory for a nominal material thickness of
5/8 in. (16.0 mm) or less provided the welding
procedure qualification has been made using
material of thickness equal to or greater than
the production weld.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬16) ‫اﻳﻨﭻ‬
5
8
‫ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺟﻮش ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ب ( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري در ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
b) when it is impractical to PWHT at the
temperature rang specified in table 132, it is
permissible to perform the PWHT of this
material at lower temperatures for longer
periods of time in accordance with table 132.1,
but the minimum PWHT temperature shall not
be less than 1000◦F (550◦C)
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬132 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﻣﺠﺎز‬132.1 ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺟﺪول‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬550) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬1000 ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
P-Number from Appendix A
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
P-No-10H
Gr-Nos. 1
10H ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
Holding Temperature
Rang, F◦ (C◦)
Up to 2 in (50 mm)
Over 2 in.(50 mm)
None
None
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
(‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
None
1 ‫درﺟﻪ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﻪ‬:‫ﻳﺎدآوري ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
General Note: post weld heat treatment is
neither required nor prohibited. If any heat
treatment is performed after forming or
welding, it shall be performed within the
temperature rang listed below for the particular
alloy, followed by a rapid cool:
Alloy S31803
Alloy S32550
Alloy S32750
Alloy others
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از‬.‫ﻻزم و ﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﺪوده‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﮔﺮدد‬
1870◦F -2010◦F
1900◦F- 2050◦F
1880◦F- 2060◦F
1800◦F- 1900◦F
89
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Holding Time Based on Nominal Thickness
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
P-Number from Appendix A
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫از ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
P-No-101
Gr-No. 1
101 ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
Holding Temperature
Rang, F◦ (C◦)
Up to 2 in (50 mm)
Over 2 in.(50 mm)
1hr/in.(25 mm)
15 min
Minimum
1 hr /in.(25 mm)
‫ﻣﺪت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
(‫ﺣﺮارت ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
1,350 (730)
To
1,500 (815)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25) ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﻨﭻ‬1
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬15
1 ‫درﺟﻪ‬
General Notes:
‫اﻳﻨﭻ‬/‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬1
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25)
:‫ﻳﺎدآورﻳﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
a) in lieu of the cooling rate described in para.
132.5, the P-No-101 material cooling rate shall
be not greater than 100◦F /hr in the rang above
1,200◦F (650◦C), after which the cooling rate
shall be sufficiently rapid to prevent
embrittlement.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺠﺎي ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪه در ﭘـﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
b) postweld heat treatment is neither required
nor prohibited for a nominal thickness of ½ in.
or less.
‫ب ( ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮش ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺠﺎوز‬101 ‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬،132.5
‫ درﺟـﻪ‬1200 ‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬100 ‫از‬
‫ درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ از آن‬650) ‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﻪ اﻧـﺪازهاي ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺗـﺎ از‬
.‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
.‫اﻳﻨﭻ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
8.5 Effect of Heat Treatment
1
2
‫ اﺛﺮات ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬5-8
8.5.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-5-8
‫ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬1-1-5-8
8.5.1.1 Many of the mechanical properties of
materials are improved by various heat
treatments. Unfortunately, such properties as
hardness and strength are often achieved at the
expense of corrosion resistance. For example,
the hardness and strength of martensitic steels
are counterbalanced by a lower corrosion
resistance than for the ferritic and austenitic
steels. The very high strengths achieved for
precipitation-hardened steels are due to the
secondary precipitates formed during the
solution heat treating and aging process. As
discussed
above,
precipitates
with
electrochemical properties distinctly different
from those of the matrix have a deleterious
effect on corrosion.
‫ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاﺻﻲ‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺎي از دﺳﺖ دادن‬
،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫و آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ رﺳﻮب ﺳﺨﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫واﺳﻄﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در‬.‫اﻧﺤﻼﻟﻲ و ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از رﺳﻮﺑﺎت زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻠﺰي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺛﺮ زﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬
.‫روي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دارد‬
8.5.1.2 Processes such as cold working, in
which the material is plastically deformed into
some desired shape, lead to the formation of
elongated and highly deformed grains and a
decrease in corrosion resistance. Cold working
can also introduce residual stresses that make
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮن ﺳﺮد ﺳﺎزي ﻳﺎ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺎري‬2-1-5-8
‫ﻛﻪ در آن ﻣﺎده از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ازدﻳﺎد ﻃﻮل و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.‫دﻟﺨﻮاه ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﻜﻞ داﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺎري ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪن ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ‬
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
the material susceptible to stress-corrosion
cracking. An improvement in corrosion
resistance can be achieved by subsequently
annealing at a temperature at which grain
recrystallization can occur. A partial anneal
leads to stress relief without a major effect on
the overall strength of the material.
‫ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن ﺗﺮك ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺠﺪد‬
‫ ﺑﺎز ﭘﺨﺖ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﺑﺪون‬.‫ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬،‫داﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ رخ دﻫﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﺪهاي روي ﻛﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
8.5.1.3 From the corrosion viewpoint, welding
is a particularly troublesome treatment.
Because welding involves the local heating of a
material, it can lead to phase transformations
and the formation of secondary precipitates. It
can also induce stress in and around the weld.
Such changes can lead to significant local
differences in electro-chemical properties as
well as the onset of such processes as
intergranular corrosion. Therefore, the weld
filler metal should be as close in electrochemical properties to the base metal as
technically feasible, and the weld should be
subsequently
stress
relieved.
Detailed
information on the corrosion problems
associated with welded joints can be found in
the article "corrosion of weldment" in Vol. 13
Corrosion Handbook (see Clause 8.3.1).
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص‬،‫ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬3-1-5-8
‫ زﻳﺮا ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت دﻫﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ آﻓﺮﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻓﺎزي و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﺳﻮب ﺛﺎﻧﻮي ﺷﻮد و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻨﺶ در‬
‫ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬.‫ و اﻃﺮاف ﺟﻮش ﮔﺮدد‬،‫داﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎي ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و آﻏﺎز ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ‬.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺧﻮاص ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاص‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬.‫ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞ راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﺷﺪه را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺪرج در "ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ ﻛﺘﺎب راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد‬13 ‫ﺷﺪه" در ﺟﻠﺪ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1-3-8 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
8.5.1.4 Heat treatment shall be used to avert or
relieve the detrimental effects of high
temperature and severe temperature gradients
inherent in welding, and to relieve residual
stresses created by bending and forming.
Provisions in 8.5.2 are basic practices which
are suitable for most welding, bending, and
forming operations, but not necessarily
appropriate for all service conditions.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ زداﻳﺶ‬4-1-5-8
‫اﺛﺮات زﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺶ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻ و ﮔﺮادﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ اﻣﺮي ذاﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﮔﺮدد و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي زداﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺑﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ دادن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻢ‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬2-5-8
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎً ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
8.5.2 General Heat treatment requirements
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬2-5-8
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻨﺪي‬1-2-5-8
8.5.2.1 Heat treatment shall be in accordance
with the material groupings and thickness
ranges in Table 11 except as provided in
Paragraphs 8.5.3.1 and 8.5.3.2.
‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي‬،11 ‫ﻣﻮاد و درﺟﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺟﺪول‬
،‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬2-3-5-8 ‫ و‬1-3-5-8 ‫آﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.5.2.2 Heat treatment to be used after
production welding shall be specified in the
Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) and
shall be used in qualifying the welding
procedure.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬2-2-5-8
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫( ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از روش‬WPS) ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري واﺟﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
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8.5.2.3 The engineering design shall specify
the examination and/or other production
quality control (not less than the requirements
of this Standard) to ensure that the final welds
are of adequate quality.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻮع‬3-2-5-8
‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫)ﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
8.5.2.4 Heat treatment for bending and forming
shall be in accordance with 8.4.4.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺷﻜﻞ‬4-2-5-8
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4-4-8 ‫دﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
8.5.2.5 Governing thickness
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬5-2-5-8
When components are joined by welding, the
thickness to be used in applying the heat
treatment provisions of Table 11 shall be that
of the thicker component measured at the joint,
except as follows.
،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻬﻢ اﺗﺼﺎل داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬11 ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ‬.‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺗﺮ در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.5.2.5.1 In the case of branch connections,
metal (other than weld metal) added as
reinforcement, whether an integral part of a
branch fitting or attached as a reinforcing pad
or saddle, shall not be considered in
determining heat treatment requirements. Heat
treatment is required, however, when the
thickness through the weld in any plane
through the branch is greater than twice the
minimum material thickness requiring heat
treatment, even though the thickness of the
components at the joint is less than the
minimum thickness. Thickness through the
weld for the details shown in Fig. 13 shall be
computed using the following formulas:
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ در ﻣﻮرد اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﻲ‬1-5-2-5-8
‫ )ﻏﻴﺮ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش( ﺧﻮاه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬،‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ‬
‫ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻳﺎ زﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻮش در‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬،‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ اﻧﺸﻌﺎب‬
،‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮادي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه در‬،‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮد‬13 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
92
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‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(3‬‬
‫‪ = Tb‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ = Th‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ = tc‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮل )ﺻﺤﺖ( ‪0.7 Tb‬‬
‫‪ = Tr‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻳﺎ زﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ Tb = t min‬ﻳﺎ ‪Tr‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪام ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(4‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(5‬‬
‫‪Fig. 13- ACCEPTABLE DETAILS FOR BRANCH ATTACHMENT WELDS‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -13‬ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮش اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪8.5.2.5.2 In the case of fillet welds at slip-on‬‬
‫‪and socket welding flanges and piping‬‬
‫‪connections NPS 2 and smaller, for seal‬‬
‫‪welding of threaded joints in piping NPS 2 and‬‬
‫‪smaller, and for attachment of external non‬‬‫‪pressure parts such as lugs or other pipe‬‬
‫‪supporting elements in all pipe sizes, heat‬‬
‫‪treatment is required when the thickness‬‬
‫‪through the weld in any plane is more than‬‬
‫‪twice the minimum material thickness‬‬
‫‪requiring heat treatment (even though the‬‬
‫‪thickness of the components at the joint is less‬‬
‫‪than that minimum thickness) except as‬‬
‫‪follows:‬‬
‫‪ 2-5-2-5-8‬در ﻣﻮرد ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ در ﻓﻠﻨﺞﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻟﻐﺰﺷﻲ و ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺑﻮﺷﻦ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪ (NPS 2) 2‬و ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫آب ﺑﻨﺪ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت رزوهدار در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ (NPS 2) 2‬و ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ و ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻼﺑﻬﺎ و ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ در‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻮش در ﻫﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻮادي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫دارﻧﺪ‪) ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت در اﺗﺼﺎل ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ‪:‬‬
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a) not required for P-No. 1 materials when
weld throat thickness is 16 mm (5/8 inch) or
less, regardless of base metal thickness;
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
،‫ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬1 ‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻤﺎره‬
‫اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻳﺎ‬
5
)
8
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬16 ‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺪارد‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
11 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬10A ‫ ﻳﺎ‬5 ‫ و‬4 ،3 ‫ب ( ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻤﺎره‬
b) not required for P-No. 3, 4, 5, or 10A
materials (see Table 11) when weld throat
thickness is 13 mm (½ inch) or less,
regardless of base metal thickness, provided
that not less than the recommended preheat
is applied, and the specified minimum
tensile strength of the base metal is less than
490 MPa (71 ksi);
13 ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮش‬،(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬،‫اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
1
) ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
2
‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻧﺮود و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬490 ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬71)
،‫ج ( ﻣﻮاد ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‬
c) not required for ferritic materials when
welds are made with filler metal which does
not air harden. Austenitic welding materials
may be used for welds to ferritic materials
when the effects of service conditions, such
as differential thermal expansion due to
elevated temperature, or corrosion, will not
adversely affect the weldment.
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮش ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ اﺛﺮات ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫واﺳﻄﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺛﺮ زﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎري‬
.‫روي ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.5.2.6 Heating and cooling
The heating method shall provide the required
metal
temperature,
metal
temperature
uniformity, and temperature control, and may
include an enclosed furnace, local flame
heating, electric resistance, electric induction,
or exothermic chemical reaction. The cooling
method shall provide the required or desired
cooling rate and may include cooling in a
furnace, in air, by application of local heat or
insulation, or by other suitable means.
‫ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬6-2-5-8
‫ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ‬،‫روش ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻻزم ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻓﻠﺰ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺣﺮارت را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
،‫ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬،‫اﺳﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻮره ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ اﻟﻘﺎء ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎزاﻳﻲ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ‬
‫ روش ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻻزم ﻳﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در‬،‫را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ در ﻛﻮره‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬،‫ﻫﻮا‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
8.5.2.7 Temperature verification
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬7-2-5-8
Heat treatment temperature shall be checked by
thermocouple, pyrometers or other suitable
methods to ensure that the Welding Procedure
Specification (WPS) requirements are met. See
Paragraph 8.6.4.2 for attachment of
thermocouples by the capacitor discharge
method of welding.
‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻴﻮهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬
‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬،‫( ﺑﺮآورده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬WPS) ‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺎ روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬2-4-6-8 ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺎزن‬
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬8-2-5-8
8.5.2.8 Hardness tests
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ و ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﮔﺮم و ﺷﻜﻞ دادن ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
-‫ﺑﻪ روش ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺼﻮرت رﺿﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺑﺨﺶ در ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫آزﻣﻮن ﺟﻮش و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
-‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن دﻗﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ‬
:‫ﺷﻮد‬
Hardness tests of production welds and of hot
bent and hot formed piping are intended to
verify satisfactory heat treatment. The hardness
limit applies to the weld and to the Heat
Affected Zone (HAZ) tested as close as
practicable to the edge of the weld:
a) Where a hardness limit is specified in
Table 11 at least 10% of welds, hot bends,
and hot formed components in each furnace
heat treated batch and 100% of those locally
heat treated shall be tested.
‫ ﺧﻢﻛﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم و‬،‫ درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ‬10 ‫اﻟﻒ( دﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ‬
b) When dissimilar metals are joined by
welding, the hardness limits specified for
the base and welding materials in Table 11
shall be met for each material.
‫ب ( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻬﻢ‬
8.5.3 Specific
treatment
requirements
of
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺷﻜﻞ داده ﺷﺪه ﮔﺮم در ﻫﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻮره‬
‫ درﺻﺪ آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻮرد‬100 ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺤﺪوده‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮار‬11 ‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬11 ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
heat
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت وﻳﮋه ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬3-5-8
،‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ داﻧﺶ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎري اﻳﺠﺎب ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮارد اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
،2-5-8 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬2-3-5-8 ‫ و‬1-3-5-8 ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬
Where warranted by experience or knowledge
of service conditions, alternative methods of
heat treatment or exceptions to the basic heat
treatment provisions of Paragraph 8.5.2 may be
adopted as provided in 8.5.3.1 and 8.5.3.2.
8.5.3.1 Alternative heat treatment
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬1-3-5-8
Normalizing, or normalizing and tempering, or
annealing may be applied in lieu of the
required heat treatment after welding, bending,
or forming, provided that the mechanical
properties of any affected weld and base metal
meet specification requirements after such
treatment and that the substitution is approved
by the designer.
-‫ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺳﺎزي و ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺳﺎزي‬
‫ ﺧﻢ‬،‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻻزم ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻮاص‬،‫ﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺟﻮش و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺗﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻃﺮاح ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮآورده ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬
8.5.3.2 Exceptions to basic requirements
‫ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎت اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﺻﻠﻲ‬2-3-5-8
The basic practices therein may require
modification to suit service conditions in some
cases. In such cases, the designer may specify
more stringent requirements in the engineering
design, including heat treatment and hardness
limitations for lesser thickness, or may specify
less stringent heat treatment and hardness
requirements, including none.
‫روش اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻛﺮدن‬
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎري در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاردي ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺟﺪيﺗﺮي را در ﻃﺮح‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪان‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ را ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪام از‬
.‫آﻧﻬﺎ را ﻣﻘﺮر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
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8.5.3.2.1 When provisions less stringent than
those in Table 11 are specified, the designer
must demonstrate to the owner’s satisfaction
the adequacy of those provisions by
comparable service experience, considering
service temperature and its effects, frequency
and intensity of thermal cycling, flexibility
stress levels, probability of brittle failure, and
other pertinent factors. In addition, appropriate
tests shall be conducted, including Welding
Procedure Specification (WPS) qualification
tests.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬1-2-3-5-8
‫ ﻃﺮاح ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﺷﺪت ﻛﻤﺘﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‬11
‫ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ آن ﻣﻘﺮرات را در‬،‫ﺑﺮاي رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
‫ و ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻛﺮدن درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬،‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬،‫ ﺗﻜﺮار و ﺷﺪت ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫و اﺛﺮات آن‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺮدي و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ را‬،‫ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه‬.‫ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬WPS)
8.5.3.3 Dissimilar materials
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬3-3-5-8
8.5.3.3.1 Heat treatment of welded joints
between dissimilar ferritic metals or between
ferritic metals using dissimilar ferritic filler
metal shall be at the higher of the temperature
ranges in Table 11 for the materials in the joint.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬1-3-3-5-8
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در درﺟﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در‬11 ‫ ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺟﺪول‬،‫ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
.‫ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬
8.5.3.3.2 Heat treatment of welded joints
including both ferritic and austenitic
components and filler metals shall be as
required for the ferritic material or materials
unless otherwise specified in the engineering
design.
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬2-3-3-5-8
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺰاء ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ و آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ و ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
8.5.3.4 Delayed heat treatment
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮي‬4-3-5-8
If a weldment is allowed to cool prior to heat
treatment, the rate of cooling shall be
controlled or other means shall be used to
prevent detrimental effects.
‫اﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد ﻳﺎ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬،‫ﺳﺮد ﺷﻮد‬
.‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي اﺛﺮات زﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎر آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
8.5.3.5 Partial heat treatment
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪاي‬5-3-5-8
When an entire structure assembly to be heat
treated cannot be fitted into the furnace, it is
permissible to heat treat in more than one heat,
provided there is at least (0.3 m) 1 ft overlap
between successive heats, and that parts of the
assembly outside the furnace are protected
from harmful temperature gradients.
‫ در ﻳﻚ‬،‫در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار دادن ﻛﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﺎزه‬
‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬.‫ﻛﻮره ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬،‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﺠﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻓﻮت ﻫﻢﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮارﺗﻬﺎي‬1 (‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬0/3) ‫دﺳﺖﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺧﺎرج از ﻛﻮره‬
.‫ﻀّﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫از ﮔﺮادﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣ‬
8.5.3.6 Local heat treatment
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬6-3-5-8
When heat treatment is applied locally, a
circumferential band of the run structure, and
of the branch where applicable, shall be heated
until the specified temperature range exists
over the entire section(s), gradually
diminishing beyond the ends of a band which
includes the weldment or the bent or formed
،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ﻧﻮار ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﻃﺮاف ﺳﺎزه و اﻧﺸﻌﺎب آن ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬
‫ ﺣﺮارت داده‬،‫ ﺗﺎ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه دﻣﺎ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ دورﺗﺮ از دو ﺳﺮ‬، ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ روي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻮار ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه و ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
section and at least 25 mm (1 inch) beyond the
edges there of.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬،‫ﺧﻢ ﺷﺪه را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( دور از ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري و ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻴﻨﮓ‬4-5-8
8.5.4 Heat treatment of casing and tubing
8.5.4.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-4-5-8
Pipe furnished to this specification shall be
made by the seamless or electric weld process
as shown in Table 12 and as specified on the
purchase order. Pup joints and connectors may
be made from standard casing or tubing or by
machining heavy wall casing, tubing or bar
stock. Couplings shall be manufactured by one
of the processes described in ISO 11960. Cold
drawn tubular products without appropriate
heat treatment are not acceptable:
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬12 ‫ﺑﻲدرز ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮش اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺪرج در ﺟﺪول‬
-‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت و ﺑﺴﺖ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺳﻔﺎرش ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻴﻨﮓ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري ﺿﺨﻴﻢ درﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ISO 11960 ‫ﻳﻜﻲ از روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﻨﺪرج در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
a) Seamless pipe is defined as a wrought
steel tubular product made without a welded
seam. It is manufactured by hot working
steel, or if necessary, by subsequently cold
finishing the hot-worked tubular product to
produce the desired shape, dimensions, and
properties.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺎر ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﮔﺮم‬.‫درز ﺟﻮش ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،ً‫ ﻳﺎ در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺑﻌﺎد و ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﮔﺮم‬،‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫روي آن اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
b) Electric-welded pipe is defined as pipe
having one longitudinal seam formed by
electric-flash welding or electric-resistance
welding, without the addition of extraneous
metal. The weld seam of electric-welded
pipe shall be heat treated after welding to a
minimum temperature of 538°C (1000°F) or
processed in such a manner that no
untempered martensite remains.
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ب ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫درز ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
-‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺪون اﻓﺰودن ﻓﻠﺰ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ درز ﺟﻮش ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬538 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬1000) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺪون اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
8.5.4.2 Heat treatment
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬2-4-5-8
Process of manufacture of pipe for prevention
of stress corrosion pipe shall be heat treated as
stipulated in Table 12 for the particular grade
and type specified by the Purchaser. Heat
treated upset pipe shall be heat treated full
length after upsetting. When requested by the
Purchaser, the manufacturer/processor shall
produce evidence to show that the tempering
practice for Group 2 pipe will result in the pipe
attaining the minimum tempering temperature.
Pipe and coupling stock shall be heat treated
the full length.
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي درﺟﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه‬12 ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻧﭽﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬
‫و ﻧﻮع ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺛﺒﺎت ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺮارت ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد و ﺗﻤﺎم ﻃﻮل‬2 ‫ﮔﺮوه‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
97
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
TABLE 12 - PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE AND HEAT TREATMENT
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-12 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Tempering temperature, minimum
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ‬
Process of
manufacture
Group
Grade
Type
‫ﮔﺮوه‬
‫رده‬
‫ﻧﻮع‬
1
1
1
1
H40
J55
K55
N80
-
S or EW
S or EW
S or EW
S or EW
none
none (see note)
none (see note)
(see note)
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
L80
L80
L80
C90
C90
C95
T95
T95
1
9Cr
13Cr
1
2
1
2
S or EW
S
S
S
S
S or EW
S
S
Q&T
Q&Ta
Q&Ta
Q&T
Q&T
Q&T
Q&T
Q&T
566
593
593
621
621
538
649
649
3
P110
-
S or EWb
Q&T
-
4
4
4
4
Q125
Q125
Q125
Q125
1
2
3
4
S or EWb
S or EWb
S or EWb
S or EWb
Q&t
Q&t
Q&t
Q&t
-
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
Note:
Heat treatment
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
°C
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
1) Full length normalized, normalized and
tempered (N & T), or quenched and tempered
(Q & T), at the manufacturer’s option or if so
specified on the purchase order.
‫ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎز ﭘﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن‬،‫( ﺗﻤﺎم ﻃﻮل ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺷﺪه‬1
‫( در‬Q&T) ‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎز ﭘﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن‬،(N&T)
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آﻧﭽﻪ در ﺳﻔﺎرش ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
.‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
* Type 9 Cr and 13 Cr grades may be air
quenched.
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮوم‬13 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮوم و‬9 ‫* ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ردهﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا ﺳﺮد ﺷﻮد‬
*Unless otherwise agreed on between
purchaser and manufacturer/processor.
‫* ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﺪار و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و‬
.‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
• Special requirements unique to electric
welded Q-125 casing are specified in ISO
11960. SR11. When electric welded P110 or
Q-125 casing is furnished, provisions of ISO
11960 SR11 automatically in effect.
‫• اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺧﺎص ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
ISO 11960 SR11 ‫ در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬Q-125 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺪاري‬P 110 ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻤﺎره‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﻮد‬Q-125
.‫ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺨﻮد ﻧﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬ISO 11960 SR11‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
98
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
8.5.5 Heat treatment of stainless steel
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬5-5-8
Improper heat treatment can produce
deleterious changes in the microstructure of
stainless steels. The most troublesome
problems
are
carbide
precipitation
(sensitization) and precipitation of various
intermetallic phases, such as  ,  , and laves
(  ).
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات زﻳﺎن‬
‫ دﺷﻮارﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ در رﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺷﻮد‬
‫ رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ )ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن( و رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬
(  ) ‫ ( و اِﺗﺎ‬ ) ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،(  ) ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﮕﻤﺎ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
8.5.5.1 Sensitization
‫ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬1-5-5-8
Sensitization, or carbide precipitation at grain
boundaries, can occur when austenitic stainless
steels are heated for a period of time in the
range of about 425 to 870°C (800 to 1600°F).
Time at temperature will determine the amount
of carbide precipitation. When the chromium
carbides precipitate in grain boundaries, the
area immediately adjacent is depleted of
chromium. When the precipitation is relatively
continuous, the depletion renders the stainless
steel susceptible to intergranular corrosion,
which is the dissolution of the low-chromium
layer or envelope surrounding each grain.
Sensitization also lowers resistance to other
forms of corrosion, such as pitting, crevice
corrosion, and SCC.
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﺗﻲ در‬
‫ ﺗﺎ‬800) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬870 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬425 ‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮب‬1600
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬،‫ ﻣﺪت ﺣﺮارت‬.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪﻫﺎ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻛﺮوم در‬.‫رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
-‫ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺠﺎور از ﻛﺮوم ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ‬،‫ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪﻫﺎ رﺳﻮب ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺪاوم ﻧﺴﺒﻲ رﺳﻮب‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﻧﺤﻼل ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮوم ﻛﻢ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻫﺮ داﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﺷﻜﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬
‫ ﺷﻴﺎري و ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ را‬،‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
Time-temperature-sensitization curves are
available that provide guidance for avoiding
sensitization and illustrate the effect of carbon
content on this phenomenon Fig. 14. The
curves shown in Fig. 14 indicate that a Type
304 stainless steel with 0.062% C would have
to cool below 595°C (1100°F) within about 5
min to avoid sensitization, but a Type 304L
with 0.030% C could take about 20 h to cool
below 480°C (900°F) without becoming
sensitized. These curves are general guidelines
and should be verified before they are applied
to various types of stainless steels.
‫ دﻣﺎ و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان راﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي زﻣﺎن‬
‫ و اﺛﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي‬.(14 ‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬،14 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/062 ‫ ﺑﺎ‬304 ‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬1100) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬595 ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬304L ‫ اﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع‬.‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺳﺮد ﺷﻮد‬5 ‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬
900) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬480 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زﻳﺮ‬0/030
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﮔﺮدد‬20 ‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎ راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي‬
‫در ﻣﻮرد اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
99
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
‫زﻣﺎن ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬
Fig. 14- TIME-TEMPERATURE-SENSITIZATION CURVES FOR TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL IN
A MIXTURE OF CuSO4 AND H2SO4 CONTAINING FREE COPPER. CURVES SHOW THE TIMES
REQUIRED FOR CARBIDE PRECIPITATION IN STEELS WITH VARIOUS CARBON CONTENTS.
CARBIDES PRECIPITATE IN THE AREAS TO THE RIGHT OF THE VARIOUS CARBON
CONTENTS CURVES
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از‬304 ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي زﻣﺎن و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬-14 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي زﻣﺎن ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬:‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﻣﺲ و اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺲ آزاد‬
‫ رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻃﺮف راﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
Another method of avoiding sensitization is to
use stabilized steels. Such stainless steels
contain titanium and/or niobium. These
elements have an affinity for carbon and form
carbides readily; this allows the chromium to
remain in solution even for extremely long
exposures to temperatures in the sensitizing
range. Type 304L can avoid sensitization
during the relatively brief exposure of welding,
but it will be sensitized by long exposures.
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬،‫روش دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬.‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬.‫ﺣﺎوي ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ و ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ را دارﻧﺪ و اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﺮوم در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي‬
‫ در‬304L ‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻮع‬.‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻛﻮﺗﺎه از ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در اﻣﺎن‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Annealing is the only way to correct a
sensitized stainless steel. Because different
stainless steels require different temperatures,
times, and quenching procedures, the user shall
contact the material supplier for such
information. A number of tests can detect
sensitization
resulting
from
carbide
precipitation in austenitic and ferritic stainless
steels. The most widely used tests are described
in ASTM Standards A 262 and A 763.
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ راه ﺑﺮاي رﻓﻊ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﻣﺪت و‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ زﻳﺮا ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ اﺣﺘﻴﺎج دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺴﺐ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﻤﺎس ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ ﺷﻤﺎري از آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬.‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ را در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ و آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
-‫ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ دﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ داده‬ASTM A262 ‫ و‬A763 ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
100
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
8.5.5.2 Precipitation of intermetallic phases
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي‬2-5-5-8
Sigma-phase precipitation and precipitation of
other intermetallic phases also increase
susceptibility to corrosion. Sigma phase is a
chromium-molybdenum-rich phase that can
render stainless steels susceptible to
intergranular corrosion, pitting, and crevice
corrosion. It generally occurs in higher-alloyed
stainless
steels
(high-chromium
highmolybdenum stainless steels). Sigma phase can
occur at a temperature range between 540 and
900°C (1000 and 1650°F). Like sensitization, it
can be corrected by solution annealing.
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ‬،‫رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎز ﺳﻴﮕﻤﺎ و رﺳﻮب ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫ ﻓﺎز‬،‫ ﻓﺎز ﺳﻴﮕﻤﺎ‬.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻏﻨﻲ از ﻛﺮوم – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﺣﻔﺮهاي و ﺷﻴﺎري ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫داﻧﻪاي‬
–‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪه در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ )ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﺮوم ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در‬.‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ( اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ و‬1000) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬900 ‫ و‬540 ‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ‬
،‫ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( رخ دﻫﺪ‬1650
.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن اﻧﺤﻼﻟﻲ اﺻﻼح ﮔﺮدد‬
8.5.5.3 Cleaning procedures
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬3-5-5-8
Any heat treatment of stainless steel shall be
preceded and followed by cleaning. Steel shall
be cleaned before heat treating to remove any
foreign material that may be incorporated into
the surface during the high-temperature
exposure. Carbonaceous materials on the
surface could result in an increase in the carbon
content on the surface, causing carbide
precipitation. Salts could cause excessive
intergranular oxidation. Therefore, the stainless
steel must be clean before it is heat treated.
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻫﺮ‬.‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺎده ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺮﺑﻦدار روي‬.‫ﻓﻮﻻد آﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫رﺳﻮب ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻗﺒﻞ‬.‫داﻧﻪاي ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎك و ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮدد‬
After heat treatment, unless an inert
atmosphere was used during the process, the
stainless steel surface will be covered with an
oxide film. Such films are not very corrosion
resistant and must be removed to allow the
stainless steel to form its passive film and
provide the corrosion resistance for which it
was designed. There are numerous cleaning
methods that may be used before and after heat
treating. An excellent guide is ASTM A 380.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن از ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎزك‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ از‬
‫ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﻗﺒﺎل‬.‫ﻮ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬‫ﺟ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎزك ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬.‫آن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ راﻫﻨﻤﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ اﺳﺖ‬ASTM A380
8.6 Preheating of Metals
‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات‬6-8
8.6.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6-8
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫رﺳﺎﻧﺪن آﺛﺎر زﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎر درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻ و ﮔﺮادﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺿﺮورت ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت و‬.‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ روش ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ داده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺪرج در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮاي اﻧﻮاع ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
Preheating is used, along with heat treatment,
to minimize the detrimental effects of high
temperature and severe thermal gradients
inherent in welding. The necessity for
preheating and the temperature to be used shall
be specified in the engineering design and
demonstrated by procedure qualification. The
requirements and recommendations herein
apply to all types of welding including tack
101
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
welds, repair welds, and seal welds of threaded
joints.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺟﻮش ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮي و ﺟﻮش آبﺑﻨﺪي‬،‫از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﺎل ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
8.6.2 Requirements and recommendations
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ‬2-6-8
Required and recommended minimum preheat
temperatures for materials of various PNumbers are given in Table 13. If the ambient
temperature is below 0°C (32°F), the
recommendations in Table 13 become
requirements. The thickness intended in Table
13 is that of the thicker component measured at
the joint.
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻻزم و ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ اراﺋﻪ‬13 ‫( ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻠﺰات در ﺟﺪول‬P-No.)
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ از‬13 ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪول‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( اﺳﺖ‬32)
‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬13 ‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺟﺰء ﺿﺨﻴﻢﺗﺮ در اﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
TABLE 13 - PREHEAT TEMPERATURES
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬-13 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Base
Metal
Weld metal
Analysis
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
A.NO.
[Note(2)]
P-NO.
[Note(1)]
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﺳﺮي‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ‬
1
1
3
4
2.22
3
Base
Metal
Group
4.5
6
7
8,9
10
…
 25.4
 25.4
1
1
 490
 71
All
All
All
 490
All
 71
Alloy steels
Cr s ½ %
 12.7
 12.7
 1/2
 1/2
 490
 71
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
All
All
All
 490
All
 71
Alloy steels
½ %  cr  2%
All
All
All
All
…
…
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﮋي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
…
F
…
…
…
…
…
…
10
79
79
50
175
175
…
…
…
…
…
…
10
79
79
50
175
175
121
250
…
…
204
400
…
…
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
…
…
1491
3002
All
All
All
All
…
…
10
50
All
All
All
All
…
…
10
50
All
All
All
All
121/149
250/300
95
200
149-204
300-400
…
…
All
All
All
All
1493
3003
…
…
…
…
10
50
10
50
…
…
…
…
10
50
‫ﻣﺲ‬-‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮم‬
All
All
All
All
27 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮم‬
All
All
All
All
8 ‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬،9 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
All
All
All
All
5 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
…
21-52
C
‫ﻓﻮﻻد آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬
5 Ni steel
11A SG 2
F
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
8Ni, 9 Ni steel
11A SG 1
C
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
27 Cr steel
10I
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
Carbon steel
Cr-Cu steel
10
Recommended
‫ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم‬
Ksi(s)
nickle alloy steels
9A,9B
Required
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
MPa
high alloy steels
Austenitic
8
‫ﺟﺪاره‬
Min .temperature
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
m.
high alloy steels
Ferritic
7
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ‬
mm.
high alloy steels
Martensitic
6
Nominal wall
Thickness
‫ﮔﺮوه ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
Alloy steels
2.14%  cr  10%
5A,B,C
Specified Min.
Tensile Strength
of Basic metal
All
All
All
…
103
All
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
Notes:
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري ﻫﺎ‬
1) P-Number from Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPV) Section IX, Table QW/QB-422.
‫= ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ از ﻛﺪ دﻳﮕﻬﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻇﺮف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬P (1
2) A-Number from BPV Code, Section IX,
QW-442.
QW-، IX ‫( ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬BPV) ‫= ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﻠﺰ از ﻛﺪ‬A (2
3) Maximum Interpass Temperature 316°C
(600°F).
‫ درﺟﻪ‬316 ‫( ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎسﻫﺎ‬3
4) Maintain interpass Temperature 177°C232°C (350°F-470°F).
‫ درﺟﻪ‬232 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬177 ‫( درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎسﻫﺎ‬4
5) Ksi is Kip per square inch (1000 lb. per
square inch).
‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ‬1000) ‫ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬kip ‫ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﺴﺖ از‬Ksi (5
.QW/QB-422 ‫ ﺟﺪول‬IX ‫( ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬BPV)
.442
.(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬600) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
.(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬470 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬350) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
.(‫اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
8.6.3 Unlisted materials
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه‬3-6-8
Preheat requirements for an unlisted material
shall be specified in the Welding Procedure
Specification (WPS).
‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در‬
‫( ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬WPS) ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
8.6.4 Temperature verification
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬4-6-8
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺑﺰار‬، ‫ دﻣﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬1-4-6-8
8.6.4.1 Preheat temperature shall be checked
by use of temperature indicating crayons,
thermocouple, pyrometers or other suitable
means to ensure that the temperature specified
in the WPS is obtained prior to and maintained
during welding.
، ‫رﻧﮕﻲ )ﻣﺪاد و ﮔﭻ رﻧﮕﻲ( ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬،‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت‬
.‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
8.6.4.2 Thermocouples may be temporarily
attached directly to pressure containing parts
using the capacitor discharge method of
welding without welding procedure and
performance
qualifications.
After
thermocouples are removed, the areas shall be
visually examined for evidence of defects to be
repaired.
‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬2-4-6-8
‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫ﺣﺎوي ﻓﺸﺎر‬
،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﺎزن ﺑﺪون روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻞ آﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻮﻗﺘﺎً ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي وﺟﻮد ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
8.6.5 Preheat zone
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ‬5-6-8
The preheat zone shall extend at least 25 mm
(1 inch) beyond each edge of the weld.
(‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬1) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25 ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫دورﺗﺮ از ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش اداﻣﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت وﻳﮋه ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬6-6-8
8.6.6 Heat treatment specific requirements
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬1-6-6-8
8.6.6.1 Dissimilar materials
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد داراي اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد از درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺟﻮش ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
When materials having different preheat
requirements are welded together, it is
recommended that the higher temperature
104
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
shown in Table 13 be used.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬13 ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬
8.6.6.2 Interrupted welding
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ‬2-6-6-8
If welding is interrupted, the rate of cooling
shall be controlled or other means shall be used
to prevent detrimental effects in the piping. The
preheat specified in the WPS shall be applied
before welding is resumed.
‫اﮔﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬
-‫ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ از آﺛﺎر زﻳﺎنآور در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺷﺮوع ﻣﺠﺪد ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري از‬.‫ﻛﺸﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
‫ )ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ روش‬WPS ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در‬
.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
8.6.6.3 For Cr-Mo steels, preheating in
accordance with Appendix R of ASME Code
Section VIII and irrespective of wall thickness,
shall be carried out during the time of welding.
This applies also for welding of nozzles,
attachments,
temporary
brackets
and
miscellaneous supports, temperatures shall be
checked and monitored.
‫ ﭘﻴﺶ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮوم – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬3-6-6-8
8.6.6.4 A preheating as above shall be
performed also for carbon steel of large
thickness (such as above 40 mm), for highstrength steel of mean thickness (such as above
25 mm).
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ ﺑﻪ روش ﻓﻮق‬،‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن‬4-6-6-8
8.6.6.5 When the required preheat temperature
is 144°C or higher, the postal temperature shall
be maintained at preheat temperature until the
weld is completed.
،‫ وﻗﺘﻲ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬5-6-6-8
8.7 Surface Treatment of Stainless Steel (See
ASTM A380)
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﻄـﺤﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧـﮓ ﻧﺰن )ﺑﻪ‬7-8
ASME ‫ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬R ‫ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫ در‬،‫ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﻮاره‬،Code Section VIII
‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد و ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫ﻧﺎزﻟﻬﺎ‬
.‫ دﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( و ﺑﺮاي‬40 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ زﻳﺎد )ﺑﺎﻻي‬
25 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ )ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ( اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻌﺪي‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬144
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺟﻮش ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬ASTM A380
8.7.1 Surface conditions
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻄﺢ‬1-7-8
To ensure satisfactory service life, the surface
condition of stainless steels must be given
careful attention. Smooth surfaces, as well as
freedom
from
surface
imperfections,
blemishes, and traces of scale and other foreign
material, reduce the probability of corrosion. In
general, a smooth, highly polished, reflective
surface has greater resistance to corrosion.
Rough surfaces are more likely to catch dust,
salts, and moisture, which tend to initiate
localized corrosive attack.
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺻﺎف و‬.‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ دﻗﻴﻖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ اﺛﺮات ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬،‫ﻫﻤﻮار و ﻋﺎري از ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺼﻲ ﭼﻮن ﻟﻜﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬.‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي‬،‫ ﺑﺮاق و ﺑﺎزﺗﺎﺑﻨﺪه‬،‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺎف و ﻫﻤﻮار‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻚ و‬،‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺟﺬب ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك‬.‫در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دارد‬
‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮوع ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر‬
.‫ در ﺳﻄﻮح زﺑﺮ و ﻧﺎﺻﺎف ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ‬
Oil and grease can be removed by using
hydrocarbon solvents or alkaline cleaners, but
these cleaners must be removed before heat
treatment. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) formed
from residual amounts of trichloroethylene,
which is used for degreasing, has caused severe
attack of stainless steels. Surface contamination
may be caused by machining, shearing, and
‫روﻏﻦ و ﮔﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺧﻮد اﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‬.‫ زدوده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫( ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺮيﻛﻠﺮواﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮﻳﺲ‬HC1)
.‫زداﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﻴﺐ ﺟﺪي ﻣﻲزﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮش ﻛﺎري و‬،‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬
105
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
drawing operations. Small particles of metal
from tools become embedded in the steel
surface and, unless removed, may cause
localized galvanic corrosion. These particles
are best removed by the passivation treatments
described below. Additional information on
cleaning and descaling of stainless steel is
available in Volume 5 of the 9th Edition of
Metals Handbook.
‫ ذرات رﻳﺰ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺑﺰار در‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻛﺸﺶ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ و ﺟﺎي ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ذرات‬.‫ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ زدوده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬،‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﺷﺮح داده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺑﺎره ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري و‬.‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ زدوده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﻧﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎب‬،5 ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ زداﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در ﺟﻠﺪ‬
.‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻓﻠﺰات ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
Shotblasting or sandblasting should be avoided
unless iron-free silica is used; metal shot, in
particular, will contaminate the stainless steel
surface. If shotblasting or shotpeening with
metal grit is unavoidable, the parts must be
cleaned after blasting or peening by immersing
them in an HNO3 solution, as noted above.
.‫از ﺑﻼﺳﺖ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪاي ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺳﻪاي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﺮاز ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ از ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﺪون آﻫﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد؛ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن را آﻟﻮده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه‬
-‫ﺑﻼﺳﺖ ﻛﺎري ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪاي ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺑﺎ ذرات ﻓﻠﺰي اﺟﺘﻨﺎب‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﻼﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺎﻻ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ذرات ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري‬
.‫در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي‬2-7-8
8.7.2 Passivation techniques
During handling and processing operations,
such as machining, forming, tumbling, and
lapping, particles of iron, tool steel, or shop
dirt may be embedded in or smeared on the
surfaces of stainless steel components. These
contaminants may reduce the effectiveness of
the natural oxide (passive) film that forms on
stainless steels exposed to oxygen at low
temperatures. If allowed to remain, these
particles may corrode and produce rustlike
spots on the stainless steel. To prevent this
condition, semifinished or finished parts are
given a passivation treatment. This treatment
consists of cleaning and then immersing
stainless steel parts in a solution of HNO3 or
of HNO3 plus oxidizing salts. The treatment
dissolves the embedded or smeared iron,
restores the original corrosion-resistant
surface, and maximizes the inherent
corrosion resistance of the stainless steel.
،‫در زﻣﺎن ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻜﺎري و ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ذرات‬،‫ﺷﻜﻞدﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد اﺑﺰار ﻳﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﻲﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﮔﺎه در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد‬،‫آﻫﻨﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آﻻﻳﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‬.‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺟﺎي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ روي آن را آﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ )ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل( را روي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض اﻛﺴﻴﮋن در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ اﻳﻦ ذرات ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن را ﺧﻮرده و‬.‫ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬.‫ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ زﻧﮓزدﮔﻲ روي آن ﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺬارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم و ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه‬،‫از اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري و‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬.‫ﻳﺎ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎي اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫آﻫﻨﻲ را ﻛﻪ در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺟﺎي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ روي آن را آﻏﺸﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺮده ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﺮداﻧﺪ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آﻧﺮا در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬1-2-7-8
8.7.2.1 Cleaning
ً‫ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ و ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺲ زداﻳﻲ و از ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﻲﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ‬،‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬.‫ﻛﺎرﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺎك ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎري آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮض اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري و‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري در ﺣﻤﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري را ﺣﺬف‬،‫اﺳﻴﺪﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
Each workpiece to be passivated must be
cleaned thoroughly to remove grease, coolant,
or other shop debris. A worker will sometimes
eliminate the cleaning step based on the
reasoning that the cleaning and passivation of a
grease-laden part will occur simultaneously by
immersing it in an HNO3 bath. This assumption
106
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
is mistaken. The grease will react with the
HNO3 to form gas bubbles, which collect on
the surface of the workpiece and interfere with
passivation. Also, contamination of the
passivating solution (particularly with high
levels of chlorides) can cause flash attack,
which results in a gray or black appearance and
deterioration of the surface.
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض اﺷﺘﺒﺎه اﺳﺖ زﻳﺮا ﮔﺮﻳﺲ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داده و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﮔﺎزي‬
‫ﻛﻪ روي ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎري ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺎزي ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﻧﻴﺰ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺎز )ﺑﻮﻳﮋه ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪارﺷﺎن زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎر ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺳﻴﺎه ﺷﺪن ﻇﺎﻫﺮ و ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻛﺎري و ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ آن ﮔﺮدد‬
To avoid such problems, each part should be
wiped clean of any large machining chips or
other debris. More tenacious deposits should be
removed by brushing with a stainless steel wire
brush, grinding, polishing with an iron-free
abrasive, or sandblasting. Tools and materials
used for these processes should be clean and
used only for stainless steels. Machining,
forming, or grinding oils must be removed in
order for passivation to be effective. Cleaning
should begin with solvent cleaning, which may
be followed by alkaline soak cleaning and
thorough water rinsing. Optimum results are
obtained in passivation when the parts to be
treated are as clean as they would have to be
for plating. When large parts or bulky vessels
are to be cleaned, it may be necessary to apply
cleaning liquids by means of pressure spray;
exterior surfaces may be cleaned by immersion
or swabbing.
‫ﺑﺮاي رﻓﻊ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻫﺮ ﺗﺮاﺷﻪ‬
‫ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬.‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ذرات ﺑﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﭘﺎك ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮس ﺳﻴﻤﻲ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﭘﺎك‬
‫ زدوده‬،‫و ﺑﺎ ﺳﻤﺒﺎده ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻼﺳﺖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﺎﺳﻪاي‬
‫ اﺑﺰار و ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮده و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ روﻏﻨﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ‬،‫ آﺛﺎر ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎي ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه آﻏﺎز‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺎري ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬.‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ و آﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ آب دﻧﺒﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬.‫ﺑﺰرگ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﻓﺸﺎري )اﺳﭙﺮي( ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮد و ﺳﻄﻮح ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﭘﺎك و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﺗﻤﻴﺰ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
8.7.2.2 Passivating
‫ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي‬2-2-7-8
After cleaning, the workpiece can be immersed
in the passivating acid bath. As shown in Table
14, the composition of the acid batch depends
on the grade of stainless steel. The 300-series
stainless steels can be passivated in 20-50 vol%
HNO3. A sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7.
2H2O) addition or an increased concentration
of HNO3 is used for less corrosion-resistant
stainless steels to reduce the potential for flash
attack.
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺣﻤﺎم اﺳﻴﺪي ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن‬14 ‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬.‫ﺳﺎزي ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫داده ﺷﺪه ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ درﺟﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد‬
‫ در‬300 ‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺳﺮي‬.‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دارد‬
-‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻲ‬50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬25 ‫اﺳﻴﺪﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‬
(Na2Cr2O7. 2H2O) ‫ اﻓﺰودن ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ديﻛﺮوﻣﺎت‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬HNO3) ‫ﻳﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار‬،‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻛﻢ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد ﺗﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
The procedure suggested for passivating freemachining stainless steels is somewhat
different from that used for nonfree-machining
grades.
‫اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻓﻮﻻد‬
‫ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از روﺷﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬
.‫ردهﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﮔﻮﮔﺮد دار ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻛﻼً ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از آن ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي زدوده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
This is because sulfides of sulfur-bearing freemachining grades, which are totally or partially
removed
during
passivation,
create
microscopic discontinuities in the surface of
107
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
the machined part. Even normally efficient
water rinses can leave residual acid trapped in
these discontinuities after passivation. This
acid can then attack the surface of the part
unless it is neutralized or removed. For this
reason, a special passivation process, referred
to as the alkaline-acid-alkaline method, is
suggested for free-machining grades.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر رﻳﺰ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ آب‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪي در اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﺣﺒﺲ‬
‫ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲزﻧﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ و ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬.‫زدوده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ – اﺳﻴﺪ – ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺮوف اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ ردهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
108
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
109
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
110
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ -1‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﺎ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪ -‬ﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ْ‪(C ْ ) F‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﺑﻪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ -2‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻮد‬
‫‪HNO3 10% plus‬‬
‫‪HF,1/2 to 1 1/2 %B.C‬‬
‫‪HNO3 6-25% plus‬‬
‫‪HF.1/2 to 8%B.C‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪140-70‬‬
‫ﺑﺎاﺣﺘﻴﺎط‬
‫)‪(21-60‬‬
‫)‪(70-140‬‬
‫)‪(21-60‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ‪ 300 ،200‬و ‪ 400‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه(‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺣﺎوي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ‪ %16‬آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﺮﺑﻦ – ﻛﺮوم )ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‪ 400 D‬آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي رﺳﻮب ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و ﭘﻴﺮي ﺳﺎزي‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه(‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻳﺎ دﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺮاق ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻳﺎ دﺳﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺮاق ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪HNO3 12%‬‬
‫‪plus CuSO4. 5H2O4‬‬
‫‪weight%‬‬
‫‪HNO3 1-2%‬‬
‫‪plus Na2Cr2O7.‬‬
‫‪1-5 weight%‬‬
‫‪HNO3 20-50%‬‬
‫‪plus Na2Cr2O7.‬‬
‫‪2H2O 2-6 weight%F‬‬
‫‪LE‬‬
‫‪KG‬‬
‫‪JE‬‬
‫‪HNO3 20-25%‬‬
‫‪plus Na2Cr2O7.‬‬
‫‪2H2O 2-6 weight%‬‬
‫‪IE‬‬
‫‪120-140‬‬
‫)‪(49-60‬‬
‫‪120-140‬‬
‫)‪(49-60‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪30-60‬‬
‫‪15-30‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪70-120‬‬
‫)‪(21-49‬‬
‫‪70-100‬‬
‫)‪(21-38‬‬
‫‪120-130‬‬
‫)‪(49-54‬‬
‫‪70-100‬‬
‫)‪(21-38‬‬
‫‪25-40‬‬
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻛﺪر‬
‫‪HNO3 20-50%‬‬
‫‪110-130‬‬
‫)‪(43-54‬‬
‫‪20-30‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻳﺎ دﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫†‪70-100‬‬
‫)‪(21-38‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺮاق‬
‫‪30-60c‬‬
‫‪HNO3 20-40%‬‬
‫‪plus Na2Cr2O7.‬‬
‫‪2H2O 2-6 weight%‬‬
‫‪G‬‬
‫‪30-60‬‬
‫‪120-155‬‬
‫)‪(49-69‬‬
‫)‪(70-100‬‬
‫)‪(21-38‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪10-30‬‬
‫در ﺻﻮرت ﺿﺮورت‬
‫‪1-2‬‬
‫‪10-30‬‬
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺳﺮدﻧﻮرد ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻛﺪر‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫و ﭘﻴﺮي ﺳﺎزي‪ ،‬ﺣﺎوي ‪ %16‬ﻛﺮوم ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ‪ 200‬و ‪ ،300‬ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ‪ 400‬آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي رﺳﻮب ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺳﺮدﻧﻮرد ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪HNO3 20-50%‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫)‪(120-160‬‬
‫)‪(49-71‬‬
‫ﻫﺪف – ﺑﺮاي زدودن ﻧﻤﻚﻫﺎي ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‪ ،‬و آﻫﻦ آزاد و آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﻟﻮده )ﺑﻪ ‪ 11-2-6‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺎي ‪ 400‬ﺣﺎوي ﻛﺮوم ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ‪.%16‬‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه‪ ،‬آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺮي ﺳﺎزي و ﺳﺮي‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه(‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬و رﺳﻮب ﺳﺨﺘﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ‪ 200‬و ‪ ،300‬ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ‪ 400‬ﺣﺎوي ‪ %16‬ﻛﺮوم ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺪف – ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻌﺪ از ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ زداﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي زدودن ذرات ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻜﻪ( و ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ‪ ،‬درﺻﺪ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻛﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ -14‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي روﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن )ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري( اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫ﻫﺪف‪-‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Inhibilted ammonia‬‬‫‪neutralized solution of‬‬
‫‪EDTA (ethylene-diamene‬‬‫‪tertracetic acid) followed by‬‬
‫‪hot-water rinse and dip in‬‬
‫‪solution of 10 ppm ammo‬‬‫‪nium hydroxide plus 100‬‬
‫‪ppm hydrazine‬‬
‫‪Inhibited solution of‬‬
‫‪hydroxyacetic acid, 2‬‬
‫‪weight% and formic acid, 1‬‬
‫‪weight%‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Ammonium citrate, 5-10‬‬
‫‪weight%‬‬
‫‪Cltric acid, 1 weight%‬‬
‫‪Plus. NaNO3 1 weight%‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪250‬‬
‫)‪(121‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪10-60‬‬
‫† از ﻧﻈﺮ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ G‬اﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت در ﻣﺪت ﻛﻮﺗﺎهﺗﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺮﻳﺪار ﻣﻮرد ﻗﺒﻮل واﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ F‬اﮔﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ )ﻛﺪري ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن( اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎز ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻳﺎ اﺳﻴﺪﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺎك ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ E‬ﻧﮕﺎه ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪A2-2‬‬
‫آﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﺧﺸﻚ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫آﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺎوي ‪ 4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬درﺻﺪ وزﻧﻲ ‪ 2H2O ،Na2Cr2O7‬در ‪ 140‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 180‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪ 50‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 71‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ‪ 30‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ آب ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً‬
‫‪ D‬ﺧﺮﻳﺪار اﻳﻦ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر را ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ در ﻣﺪارك درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي ‪ 400‬ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﺮاي زدودن ﻟﻜﻪ و ﺳﭙﺲ آﺑﻜﺸﻲ و ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‪.‬‬
‫‪ C‬ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري اﺳﻴﺪي آﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺮﻣﻨﮕﻨﺎت ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺣﺎوي ‪ %10 ،NaOH‬وزﻧﻲ و ‪ %4 ،KMnO4‬وزﻧﻲ‪ 160-180 ،‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ)‪ 71‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 82‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد(‪ ،‬از ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 60‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫)‪(93‬‬
‫‪120-160‬‬
‫)‪(49-71‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫)‪(21‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫)‪(49-71‬‬
‫‪120-160‬‬
‫‪20-30‬‬
‫‪ B‬ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ و ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺠﺎي ‪ HF‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي اﺳﻴﺪﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ – ﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ A‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﻣﺎده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ درﺻﺪ وزﻧﻲ ‪ 67 ،HF‬و ‪HNO3‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ(‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪ 300 ،200‬و ‪) 400‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه(‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي رﺳﻮب ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺮﺳﺎزي ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪HNO3 40-60% plus‬‬
‫‪NaCr2O7. 2H2O 2-6 weight%‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ -3‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاق ﺷﺪه دﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح‬
‫ﻫﺪف – ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﻛﻠﻲ و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ %40‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري ﺳﺮي ‪ 400‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪%1/25‬‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ‪ ،‬درﺻﺪ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻛﺪ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ْ‪(C ْ ) F‬‬
‫ﻣﺪت ﺑﻪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫‪112‬‬
‫اداﻣﻪ ﺟﺪول ‪ -14‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن )ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري(‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫)‪IPS-C-TP-742(1‬‬
‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪May 2010/ 1389‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺑﻪ روش ﻗﻠﻴﺎ – اﺳﻴﺪ – ﻗﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪The following steps should be followed when‬‬
‫‪passivating free-machining stainless steels with‬‬
‫‪the alkaline-acid-alkaline technique:‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-2-7-8‬ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺮﻳﺲ زداﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ‪30‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.2.1 After degreasing, soak the parts for 30‬‬
‫‪min in 5 wt% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 70‬‬
‫‪to 80°C (160 to 180°F).‬‬
‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ‪ 5‬درﺻﺪ وزﻧﻲ )‪ (Wt‬ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫)‪ (NaOH‬در ‪ 70‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 80‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 160‬ﺗﺎ ‪180‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺧﻴﺲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.2.2 Water rinse.‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-2-7-8‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﺎ آب‪.‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.2.3 Immerse the part for 30 min in 20‬‬
‫)‪vol% HNO3 plus 22 g/L (3 oz/gal‬‬
‫‪Na2Cr2O7.2H2O at 50 to 60°C (120 to 140 °F).‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-2-7-8‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ‪ 30‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ‪ 20‬درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ 22‬ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ )‪ 3‬اﻧﺲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻦ( دي ﻛﺮوﻣﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ از ‪ 50‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 60‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)‪ 120‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 140‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ور ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.2.4 Water rinse.‬‬
‫‪ 4-2-2-7-8‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﺎ آب‪.‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.2.5 Immerse for 30 min in 5 wt% NaOH‬‬
‫‪at 70 to 80°C (160 to 180°F).‬‬
‫‪ 5-2-2-7-8‬ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ‪ 30‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ‪ 5‬درﺻﺪ‬
‫وزﻧﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ در ‪ 70‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 80‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)‪ 160‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 180‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.2.6 Water rinse and dry.‬‬
‫‪ 6-2-2-7-8‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﺎ آب و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن‪.‬‬
‫‪8.7.2.3 Testing‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-7-8‬آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫‪Testing is often performed to evaluate the‬‬
‫‪passivated surface. For example, 400-series,‬‬
‫‪precipitation-hardening, and free-machining‬‬
‫‪stainless steels are often tested in a cabinet‬‬
‫‪capable of maintaining 100% humidity at 35°C‬‬
‫‪(95°F) for 24 h. Material that is properly‬‬
‫‪passivated will be virtually free of rust,‬‬
‫‪although light staining may occur. Austenitic‬‬
‫‪300-series grades can be evaluated using a‬‬
‫‪technique given in ASTM Standard Method A‬‬
‫‪380. This test consists of swabbing the part‬‬
‫‪with a copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O)/sulfuric‬‬
‫‪acid (H2SO4) solution; wetness should be‬‬
‫‪maintained for 6 min.‬‬
‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺳﺮي ‪ 400‬ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري و ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻏﻠﺐ در ﻛﺎﺑﻴﻨﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ‪ 100‬درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ در ‪ 35‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 95‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‪ .‬ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي واﻗﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎري از ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك و ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ردهﻫﺎي آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﺮي‬
‫‪ 300‬را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫‪ ASTM A380‬ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ آزﻣﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺮدن ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻣﺲ و اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ‪ 6‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ آﻫﻦ آزاد وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺲ را از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﺧﺎرج ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ و روﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ رﻧﮓ ﻣﺴﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻻزم در ﻣﻮرد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﺪرال آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫‪ QQ-P-35B‬در دﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Free iron, if present, plates out the copper from‬‬
‫‪the solution, and the surface develops a copper‬‬
‫‪cast or color. Information on passivation‬‬
‫‪treatments for corrosion-resistant steels is also‬‬
‫‪available in US Federal Specification QQ-P‬‬‫‪35B.‬‬
‫‪113‬‬
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
8.8 Painting, Coating and Lining
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬،‫ رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي‬8-8
8.8.1 Painting
‫ رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي‬1-8-8
Painting shall be in accordance with IPS-C-TP102, with respect to Engineering Standard
IPS-E-TP-100.
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬IPS-C-TP-102 ‫رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-100 ‫ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
8.8.2 Coating
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬2-8-8
Coating when specified shall be in accordance
with IPS-C-TP-274, with respect to relevant
Engineering Standard IPS-E-TP-270.
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬IPS-C-TP-274 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.IPS-E-TP-270 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
8.8.3 Lining
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬3-8-8
Lining shall be referred in accordance with
IPS-C-TP-352, with respect to relevant
Engineering Standard IPS-E-TP-350.
‫ ﺑﺎ‬IPS-C-TP-352 ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.IPS-E-TP-350 ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
8.9 Installation, Assembly and Erection
‫ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ و ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﻛﺮدن‬،‫ ﻧﺼﺐ‬9-8
8.9.1 Metallic structures, steelworks and
components are prepared for assembly and
erection by one or more of the fabrication
processes covered in this Standard. When any
of these processes is used in assembly and
erection, considerations are the same as for
fabrication.
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي و اﺟﺰاء ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي‬1-9-8
8.9.2 Thermal insulating of pipe and equipment
shall be in accordance with IPS-C-TP-701,
with respect to the engineering standard of IPSE-TP-700.
‫ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬2-9-8
8.9.3 Painting, coating and lining and their
repairs after assembly shall be in accordance
with 8.8.
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬، ‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫ رﻧﮓآﻣﻴﺰي‬3-9-8
8.9.4 Cathodic and anodic protection
installations shall be in accordance with
IPS-C-TP-820, with respect to engineering
standard for cathodic protection IPS-E-TP-820.
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي و آﻧﺪي ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬4-9-8
8.10 Handling, Transport, Storage and
Erection of Coated Metal works
‫ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ و ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﻛﺮدن ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬،‫ ﺣﻤﻞ‬،‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬10-8
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ‬.‫آﻣﺎده ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻋﻤﺎل ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬IPS-C-TP-701 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬IPS-E-TP-700 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬8-8 ‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬IPS-C-TP-820 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-820 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬1-10-8
8.10.1 Selection of coating systems
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ از‬،‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺧﺎص‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ در‬
.‫ﻗﺒﺎل ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ آن ﻗﻄﻌﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺧﻄﺮ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻠﺰي در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬،‫ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬،‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ در ﻃﻮل ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬.‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫و ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬
One of the factors which shall be taken into
account when selecting a coating system for a
particular item is its resistance to mechanical
damage during service. When works-coated
steelwork is involved, the risk of damage to
coatings during handling, transport, storage and
erection is greatly increased and the coating’s
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resistance to mechanical damage assumes
prime importance.
‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺳﻴﺐﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
In addition to the risks of mechanical damage,
coatings applied at works may also be
subjected to many different adverse
environments during transport and storage of
steelwork before erection. Marine and other
contaminating environments of various types,
high humidity, and prolonged exposure for a
variety of reasons may have to be allowed for.
In some cases covers and other forms of
protection may be provided prior to erection
but in most cases, the coating system shall take
these requirements into account in addition to
fulfilling its role when in normal service.
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬،‫ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آﺳﻴﺐﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي آﻻﻳﻨﺪه‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ‬،‫ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮي ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬،‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد روﻛﺶﻫﺎ و‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺟﺒﺎراً ﻣﺠﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اَﺷﻜﺎل ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎﺗﻲ را ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ‬،‫اﻣﺎ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻣﻮارد‬
،‫اﻳﻔﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮد ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻗﻄﻌﻪ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدي‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﻴﺮد‬
Mechanical damage to coatings is of less
consequence when only part of the system has
been applied, because the making-good of
damage to a full coating system is more
difficult and costly, and may even be
impossible where patch painting of a final coat
is not permitted. However, the adoption of a
policy of partial coating at works and
completion of the system at a later stage may
lead to problems of intercoat contamination,
and the resistance of the coating to the effects
of adverse environments during transport and
storage is reduced.
‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ وارده ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از‬
‫ ﭼﻮن‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي دارد‬
‫اﺻﻼح آﺳﻴﺐ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دﺷﻮارﺗﺮ و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﺑﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي وﺻﻠﻪاي ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬.‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﺗﺨﺎذ روﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﺟﺰﺋﻲ در ﻛﺎرﮔﺎه و‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻧﺮا‬
‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﻃﻮل ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ و‬
.‫اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
8.10.2 Methods of preventing damage
‫ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از آﺳﻴﺐ‬2-10-8
Care in the selection of coating systems will
help to minimize damage to coatings before
erection. Features which can be incorporated in
the design of the fabrication and other
measures which can be adopted to reduce
further the effects of mechanical damage are as
follows:
‫دﻗﺖ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﻤﻚ‬،‫آﺳﻴﺐ وارده ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻮد و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬
:‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
a) The design shall include lifting lugs or
brackets where practicable.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻃﺮح ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻪﻫﺎ و ﻗﻼﺑﻬﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮ را در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬
b) The provision of a special lifting harness,
nylon slings, rubber protected chains and
chocks, etc.
،‫ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬،‫ب( ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺴﻤﻪﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮ‬
c) An adequate drying/curing period for
each coat and for the complete system
before handling.
‫ج( زﻣﺎن ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آوردن‬
d) Methods of loading that will reduce site
handling to the minimum.
‫د( روﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ در ﻛﺎرﮔﺎه را ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫زﻧﺠﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ و ﮔُﻮِه‬
.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻫﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
.‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻲرﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
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e) Order and timing of loading to reduce site
storage to the minimum.
‫ﻫ( ﺳﻔﺎرش و زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻛﺮدن در‬
f) Special supports, packings and lashings
on the vehicles and trucks, and stacking in
holds and on decks, to avoid chafing.
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎ و ﻧﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫و( ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه‬
g) Special wrapping of coated pipes and
packaging of smaller items.
-‫ز( در ﻟﻔﺎﻓﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪن ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻞ را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻲرﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫روي وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ و ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮنﻫﺎ و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻦ در اﻧﺒﺎر و‬
‫ﻋﺮﺷﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰي‬
.‫اﻗﻼم‬
.‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدن اﻗﻼم ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬
8.10.3 Storage of coated steelwork
‫ اﻧﺒﺎر ﻛﺮدن ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬3-10-8
The degradation of coatings on stored
steelwork can be minimized (especially in poor
environments) by the adoption of the following
precautions.
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬،‫ﺑﺎ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ اﺣﺘﻴﺎط ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدي اﻧﺒﺎر ﺷﺪه را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داد )ﺑﻮﻳﮋه‬
.(‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
8.10.3.1 Separators
‫ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‬1-3-10-8
Coated surfaces should preferably not be in
contact. Wrapping, packaging or crates used to
reduce damage whilst items are in transit may
perform this function. For large items, timber
packings should be specified.
‫ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻴﺰي ﺗﻤﺎس داﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ را‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮار ﭘﻴﭽﻲ و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدن در ﺟﻌﺒﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ و ﺣﺎل آﻧﻜﻪ اﻗﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
،‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻗﻼم ﺑﺰرگ‬.‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺎت در ﻣﻮردﺷﺎن رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ اﻟﻮار ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
8.10.3.2 Stacking
‫ روﻳﻬﻢ ﭼﻴﺪن‬2-3-10-8
Components shall be stacked in such a manner
that there can be no pending where cover is not
provided. It may be necessary to limit the
number of layers in a stack. The bottom layer
shall be laid on packings raised above the
ground and the rain splash zone. Timber,
usually of a softwood variety, provides a good
surface on which coated steelwork may be
stored with minimum damage to the coatings.
Timber packing may be set on top of concrete
or other more rigid supports. The area of the
timber in contact with the members should be
sufficiently large to avoid damage to the
coatings, taking into account the dead weight
of the steelwork stacked on the packing. The
number of positions of the packing shall ensure
that steelwork is not distorted. Packings shall
be reasonably clean and free from any
contaminating agents which may adversely
affect coatings.
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي روﻳﻬﻢ ﭼﻴﺪه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎل‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﺮدن ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي روﻳﻬﻢ ﭼﻴﺪن‬.‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻻﻳﻪ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ روي ﻛﻔﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﻛﻪ از‬.‫ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ و در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺑﺎران ﻣﺼﻮن ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻮار ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ از اﻧﻮاع ﭼﻮب ﻧﺮم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺑﻲ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد ﺗﺎ روي آن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ‬.‫ اﻧﺒﺎر ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶدار ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻮار‬.‫ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ روي ﺑﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ اﺳﺖ‬
‫در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ اﺟﺰاء ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ از‬
‫ وزن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬،‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي در روﻳﻬﻢ ﭼﻴﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و‬
.‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺪاده ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ و ﻋﺎري از ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ آﻟﻮده ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ روي ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎ اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﮕﺬارد‬
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8.10.4 Responsibilities
damage
for
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
preventing
‫ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از آﺳﻴﺐ‬4-10-8
The responsibilities for care of the coatings
should be given careful consideration, since the
benefits of careful coating work and handling
whilst the items are at the works can be lost by
rough treatment during transport to, or storage
on, the site. The possible variations in the
methods of transport and handling whilst
steelwork is being moved and erected and also
in
storage
environments,
and
other
considerations are limitless. It is not possible to
give firm recommendations and the
requirements for each project should be
considered individually. It is essential,
however, that the responsibilities at the design
and erection stage are clearly defined and that
decisions on coating systems, design
requirements, methods of transport and
handling, equipment used and other special
measures, are taken with a clear understanding
of all requirements.
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ از ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد دﻗﺖ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي دﻗﺖ در اﻋﻤﺎل ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﻲﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬،‫اﻗﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺎري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻳﺎ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ در ﻣﺤﻞ از دﺳﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ رﻓﺖ‬،‫در ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﭼﻮن اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات در روﺷﻬﺎي ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ و ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺣﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﻧﺼﺐ و ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ اراﺋﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎر و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪود اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﭘﺮوژهاي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫و اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻗﻄﻌﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬،‫و ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮي در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﻮرد‬،‫ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ و ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت وﻳﮋه ﺑﺎ درك روﺷﻦ از ﺗﻤﺎم‬
.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
8.10.5 Transportation, handling, and storage
of coated pipes
‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬5-10-8
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه‬
8.10.5.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-5-10-8
(API ‫ﭘﺦ‬/‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه رزوه‬،‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Tubular goods in general, and threads/bevel in
particular, API RP 5CI are made with such
precision that they require careful handling,
and whether new, used, or reconditioned, they
should always be handled with thread/bevel
protectors in place.
‫ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﺎن دﻗﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ‬RP 5CI)
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺎ دوﺑﺎره اﺻﻼح‬،‫ ﺧﻮاه ﺗﺎزه‬.‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ دﻗﻴﻖ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ رزوهﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎن‬،‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫درﭘﻮش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
8.10.5.2 Transportation
‫ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬2-5-10-8
8.10.5.2.1 Water transportation
‫ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬1-2-5-10-8
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن و ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﺸﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺎرت ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ از ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي‬
‫ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﭘﻮﺷﺎل و ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺒﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ‬:‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻬﺎر‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺎر آب ﺗﻪ‬/ ‫ ﭼﻴﺪن ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ در‬،‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ‬
،‫ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬،‫اﻧﺒﺎر ﻛﺸﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪن ﻟﻮﻟﻪ از ﻃﻮل و ﻗﻼب ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻮﺷﻦﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺦ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﺎدم ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در‬/‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻫﺎي رزوه‬
‫ﻋﺮﺷﻪ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ و ﺗﻜﺎن ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﻛﺸﺘﻲ‬
Suppliers or their agents should provide proper
supervision at the time of loading and
unloading of water carriers to guard against
improper or insufficient dunnage, inadequate
bracing to prevent shifting during lurching of
the ship, stowing in or adjacent to bilge water,
injurious chemicals or other corrosive material,
dragging pipe along the pile and permitting
couplings or thread/bevel protectors to hook
together or strike the edge of hatch opening or
bump against the ship rail.
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ رﻳﻠﻲ‬2-2-5-10-8
8.10.5.2.2 Railroad transportation
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬،‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ در واﮔﻨﻬﺎي ﺑﺎري‬
‫ از ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ در‬، (‫ )اﺗﺎق ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ICC ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﮔﺎه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و اﻳﺠﺎد‬،‫ﻛﻒ واﮔﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮدن ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و دور ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫آﻧﻬﺎ از ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻮدهﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﻒ واﮔﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮار اﺳﺖ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻓﻮق ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺤﻜﻢ‬
،‫ﺗﺮاز ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ در ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺷﻦﻫﺎ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دو اﻧﺘﻬﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ‬
-‫ﻣﻬﺎر ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ دﻳﻮاره‬
.‫اي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
When loading pipe on freight cars in addition to
ICC (International Chamber of Commerce)
requirements, wooden stringers shall be provided
across the bottom of the car to provide suitable
support for pipe and to allow space for lifting,
and also to keep pipe away from dirt. If the
bottom of the car is uneven, the stringers shall be
rigidly shimmed so that their tops will be in the
same plane. Stringers shall not be placed under
couplings or the upset part of pipe. The load shall
be tied down and properly bulkheaded to keep it
from shifting.
8.10.5.2.3 Truck transportation
‫ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮن‬3-2-5-10-8
The following precautions shall be taken for
truck transportation:
‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎط ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
:‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
a) Load pipe on bolsters and tie down with
suitable chain at the bolsters. In hauling
long pipe, an additional chain shall be
provided in the middle.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ روي ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎه ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ زﻧﺠﻴﺮي‬
،‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
.‫زﻧﺠﻴﺮ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي وﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬
b) Load pipe with all couplings on the same
end of truck.
‫ب ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت در ﻳﻚ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮن ﺑﺎر‬
c) Care shall be taken to prevent chafing of
tool-joint shoulders on adjacent joints.
‫ج( ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﺮاﺷﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت اﺗﺼﺎل‬
d) Do not overload truck to the point where
there is any danger that load cannot be
delivered to its destination without unloading.
‫د ( ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮن ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺎر ﻧﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪون‬
e) After load has been hauled a short
distance retighten load binding chains
loosened as a result of the load settling.
‫ﻫـ( زﻧﺠﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮن ﭘﺲ از ﻃﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬،‫دﻫﻨﺪه روي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺠﺎور‬
.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ‬،‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه اﮔﺮ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﺷﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
8.10.5.3 Handling
‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬3-5-10-8
The following precautions shall be observed in
handling pipe:
:‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎط ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
a) Before unloading, make sure that the
thread/bevel protectors are tightly in place.
The use of a spreader-bar with a chokersling at each end is the recommended
method of handling long pipe.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ در ﺟﺎي ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬، ‫ﭘﺦ‬/‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆﻫﺎي رزوه‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺑﺎر ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ زﻧﺠﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻃﻨﺎب در‬
.‫دو ﺳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
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‫ب ( از ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻲﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردن‬
b) Avoid rough handling which might dinge
or dent the body of pipe. Out-of-roundness
will reduce collapse strength greatly.
‫ ﺧﻮدداري‬،‫و ﻓﺮورﻓﺘﮕﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬،‫ ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪن ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺪور‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
c) Do not unload pipe by dropping. Unload
one, two, or three lengths at a time,
depending upon the number that can be
fully controlled. When unloading by hand
use rope slings. When rolling down skids
roll pipe parallel to the stack and do not
allow pipe to gather momentum or to strike
the ends because, even with protectors in
place, there is danger of damaging the
threads/bevel.
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬.‫ج ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﻮد‬
d) Stop each length before it reaches the
preceding length, then push into place by
hand.
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬،‫د ( ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
(Rope Slings) ‫ از ﻗﻼﺑﻬﺎي ﻃﻨﺎﺑﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪدﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬.‫ دو ﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬
‫ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻏﻠﺘﺎﻧﺪن ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻐﻠﺘﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﺎدم‬
‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ ﭼﻮن ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ﭘﺦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻨﺪ‬/‫ رزوهﻫﺎ‬،‫وﺟﻮد ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﻮد و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ‬،‫رﺳﻴﺪه و ﺗﺼﺎدم ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر دﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮد ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬4-5-10-8
8.10.5.4 Storage
:‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎط ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The following precautions are recommended
for pipe storage:
a) Do not pile pipe directly on ground, rails,
steel or concrete floors. The first tier of pipe
shall be no less than 18 inch from the
ground to keep moisture and dirt away from
pipe.
‫ رﻳﻞ و ﻛﻔﻬﺎي‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً روي زﻣﻴﻦ‬
b) Pipe shall rest on supports properly
spaced to prevent bending of the pipe or
damage to the threads/bevel. The stringers
shall lie in the same plane and be reasonably
level, and shall be supported by piers
adequate to carry the full stack load without
settling.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري و ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬،‫ب ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
c) Provide wooden strips as separators
between successive layers of pipe so that no
weight rests on the couplings. Use at least
three spacing strips.
‫ج ( ﺑﺎرﻳﻜﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬار ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬
d) Place spacing strips at right angles to
pipe and directly above the lower strips and
supports to prevent bending of the pipe.
‫د ( ﺑﺎرﻳﻜﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ زاوﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و‬
e) Stagger adjoining lengths of pipe in the
tiers an amount approximating the length of
‫ﻫـ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎور در ﻫﺮ ردﻳﻒ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻳﻜﻲ در‬
‫ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺘﻨﻲ و ﻓﻮﻻدي اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ از ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ از‬18 ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
.‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ روي‬،‫ﭘﺦ‬/‫ﺧﻮردن ﺑﻪ رزوهﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻫﻤﺎن‬.‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﭼﻴﺪه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪه و در ﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮاز ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺎر ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ‬
‫روي ﻫﻢ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺪون اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﺮو ﻧﺸﻴﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ وزﻧﻲ روي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬،‫ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ از ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎرﻳﻜﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً روي ﺑﺎرﻳﻜﻪﻫﺎي زﻳﺮﻳﻦ و ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻃﻮل اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
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the coupling.
.‫ﭼﻴﺪه ﺷﻮد‬
f) Block pipe by nailing 1 by 2 or 2 by 2
blocks at both ends of the spacing strips.
‫ ﻳﺎ‬1×2 ‫ در ﺑﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎي‬،‫و ( ﺑﺮاي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬
g) For purposes of safety, ease of inspection,
and handling, pipe shall not be stacked higher
than 3m (10 ft.) Pipe shall not be stacked
higher than five tiers at the rig.
‫ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ و ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ز ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
h) Pipe in storage shall be inspected
periodically and protective coatings applied
when necessary to arrest corrosion.
‫ح ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎر ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎً ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ در دو اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺎرﻳﻜﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬار ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺦ‬2×2
.‫ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪه ﺷﻮد‬
5 ‫ ﭘﺎ( و ﺑﻴﺶ از‬10) ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬3 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ از‬
.‫ردﻳﻒ روي ﻫﻢ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬
8.10.6 Handling and storage of aluminum
‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬6-10-8
8.10.6.1 Because of the excellent corrosion
resistance of the 1xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, and
6xxx series alloys, users occasionally have not
employed good practice in the handling and
storage of these alloys. This can result in water
stains or in pitting. Methods to avoid these
unsightly surface effects are described in the
article "Cleaning and Finishing of Aluminum
and Aluminum Alloys" in Volume 5 of the 9th
Edition of Metals Handbook.
‫ﺳﺮيﻫﺎي‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
‫ﭼﻮن‬
1-6-10-8
‫ داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬6xxx ‫ و‬5xxx ،4xxx ،3xxx ،1xxx,
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﮔﺎﻫﻲ در ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
-‫و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ اﻳﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺑﻲدﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﻪ‬
‫ روﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آب و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﺣﺘﺮاز از اﺛﺮات ﺟﺰﺋﻲ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫"ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري و ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن" در ﻛﺘﺎب‬
.‫ ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬5 ‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﻧﻬﻢ ﺟﻠﺪ‬،‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
8.10.6.2 Water stain is superficial corrosion
that occurs when sheets of bare metal are
stacked or nested in the presence of moisture.
The source of moisture may be condensation
from the atmosphere that forms on the edges of
the stack and is drawn between the sheets by
capillary action. Aluminum should not be
stored at temperatures or under atmospheric
conditions conductive to condensation. When
such conditions cannot be avoided, the metal
sheets or parts should be separated and coated
with oil or a suitable corrosion inhibitor. Once
formed, water stain can be removed by either
mechanical or chemical means, but the original
surface brightness may be altered.
‫ﻟﻜﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آب در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ وﻗﺘﻲ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
-‫ روﻳﻬﻢ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬،‫ورقﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
-‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ روي ﻟﺒﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰات اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ورقﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺋﻴﻨﻴﮕﻲ‬
‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در دﻣﺎ ﻳﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬.‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﻮان از ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ورقﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺮد‬
‫روﻏﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻳﺎ از ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آب‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ زدوده‬،‫آﻣﺪن‬
‫ اﻣﺎ درﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬
8.10.6.3 Outdoor storage of aluminum, even
under a tarpaulin, is generally not desirable for
long periods of time; this varies with the alloy,
the end product, and the local environment.
Moisture can collect on the surface, sometimes
at relative humidities below the dew point,
because of the hygroscopic nature of the dust
‫ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ در ﻫﻮاي آزاد ﺣﺘﻲ زﻳﺮ‬3-6-10-8
‫ﻣﺸّﻤﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و اﻳﻦ وﺿﻊ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ در رﻃﻮﺑﺖﻫﺎي‬،‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ روي ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﮔﺮد و ﺧﺎك و ذّرات ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
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or particles that deposit on the metal from the
atmosphere. The resulting staining or localized
pitting,
although
of
little
structural
consequence in the 1xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx,
and 6xxx alloys, is undesirable if the aluminum
will be used for an end product for which
surface finish is critical. The 2xxx and 7xxx
bare alloys are susceptible to intergranular
attack under these conditions, and for these
alloys, use of strippable coatings, protective
wrappers, papers, or inhibited organic films is
advisable when adverse conditions can not be
avoided.
-‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻟﻜﻪ‬.‫داراي ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺟﺬب رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ‬.‫دار ﺷﺪن ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
،4xxx ،3xxx ، 1xxx ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰي در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
‫ دارﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬6xxx ‫ و‬5xxx
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﻮد ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ آن روي‬
‫ و‬2xxx ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون روﻛﺶ‬.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي آﺳﻴﺐ‬7xxx
-‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك آﻟﻲ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﻲ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻮان از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
8.10.6.4 Mechanical damage can be easily
avoided by good housekeeping practices,
proper equipment, and proper protection during
transportation. When transporting flat sheets or
plates, the aluminum should be oiled or
interleaved with approved paper to prevent
traffic marks, where fretting action at points of
contact causes surface abrasion.
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ ﻣﻮاردي ﭼﻮن ﻣﻮاﻇﺒﺖ درﺳﺖ‬4-6-10-8
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﻃﻮل ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬.‫از آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ورﻗﻬﺎ و ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺻﺎف ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫روﻏﻦ زده ﺷﻮد و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ورﻗﻬﺎ از ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺮاي‬
،‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎ و آﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﻚ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ ورﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
.‫ﺧﺮاﺷﻴﺪﮔﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
8.11 Inspection
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬11-8
‫ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬1-11-8
8.11.1 Importance of inspection
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﻪاي از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اراﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن دﻧﺒﺎل ﻧﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت در‬.‫ﺑﻲﻓﺎﻳﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ در ﻃﻮل‬.‫ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك از واﺟﺒﺎت اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ و ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ و‬.‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از اﺧﺘﻴﺎرات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬،‫واﺟﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻮدن‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬.‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Excellent materials selection, design, and
detailed specification for construction of a
plant or a piece of equipment may be set forth,
but they can be essentially meaningless if they
are not followed. Proper inspection is a mustparticularly for critical components operating
under hazardous conditions. Inspectors shall
scrutinize critically during fabrication and
construction - not limiting inspection to the
final product only. In addition to being capable
and well qualified, inspectors should have
substantial authority. Inspectional aspects are
as important as design and material selection,
and shall be considered in accordance with
inspection standard requirements.
8.11.2 Results of lack of good inspection
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻋﺪم ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬2-11-8
Many examples of premature and sometimes
catastrophic failures are known as follows:
‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ زﻳﺎدي از ﺧﺮاﺑﻲﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم و ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ‬
:‫آﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
- A section of welded 254 mm (10 inch)
pipe failed because the weld
penetration at the joint was only 1.6
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬254 ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺟﻮش دﭼﺎر‬10)
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mm (1/16 inch) (merely an overlay)
incomplete weld penetration is not
uncommon.
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺟﻮش در‬،‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
(‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬1/16) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬1/6 ‫ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻘﻂ‬
.‫ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺟﻮش اﻣﺮي ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎدي ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬.‫ﺑﻮد‬
- Tube hungers in an oil refinery furnace
failed because these castings were
extremely porous (over 50% of the
cross section at the point of fracture
consisted of voids).
‫آوﻳﺰﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻛﻮره ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫واﺳﻄﻪ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮ از ﺧﻠﻞ و ﻓﺮج‬
‫ )در ﺑﺮش ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ‬.‫ دﭼﺎر ﻧﻘﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻮد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ از ﺣﺒﺎبﻫﺎ‬50 ‫از‬
.(‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬
-
- Un-satisfactory performances obtained
because cleaning procedures were not
followed.
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم رﻋﺎﻳﺖ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮدﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ‬،‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬
.‫ﻧﺒﻮد‬
-
- Cladding metal did not bond to the
substrate steel because paper labels on
the inner surface of the cladding were
not removed.
‫ﻋﺪم اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻠﺰ روﻛﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ زﻳﺮي ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﭘﺎك ﻧﻜﺮدن ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻏﺬي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫روي ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ روﻛﺶ ﺷﺪه‬
-
- Rapid corrosion of heat exchanger
tubing resulted because Type 304
stainless steel was used instead of the
specified 316 stainless steel.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮض ﻧﻮع‬304 ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬
.316
-
- Stress corrosion and/or fatigue failures
because the radii at fillets were sharp
instead of rounded as called for on the
drawings.
‫ﺧﺮاﺑﻲﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ و ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
،‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﮔﻮﺷﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺰ ﺑﺠﺎي ﮔﻮﺷﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮد‬
.‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬
-
- Pressure tests must be properly
executed.
‫آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫اﺟﺮا در ﻣﻲآﻣﺪ‬
-
- Many cases of improper heat treatment
exist.
‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي از وﺟﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
-
- Improper assembly such as cold or hot
bending of pipe to proper alignment
induces high stresses and other
undesirable factors.
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ روش‬،‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺮد و ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﺘﺮازي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
.‫ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي زﻳﺎد و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
-
- The wrong welding rod is sometimes
used.
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻔﺘﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
-
- Poor surface preparation results in
failure of coatings.
‫آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
.‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
-
It was found that adequate inspection
translates into good quality control.
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
.‫ﺧﻮب ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
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APPENDICES
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
Corrosion of Weldments
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
A.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
This Appendix is prepared as a supplementary
to Clause 8.3.1 to give some more details about
the corrosion of weldments of metal and alloys
used in Petroleum, Gas and Petrochemical
Industries.
‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ‬1-3-8 ‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﮔﺎز‬،‫ﺷﺪه ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ اراﺋﻪ دﻫﺪ‬
A.2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel Weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در‬1-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.1 SCC in oil refineries
‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
Monoethanolamine (MEA) is an absorbent
used to remove acid gases containing H2S and
CO2 in oil refining operations. Recent failures
in several refineries have shown that cracks can
be parallel or normal to welds, depending on
the orientation of principal tensile stresses.
Cracking has been reported to be both
transgranular and intergranular.
‫( ﻣﺎدهاي ﺟﺬب ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬MEA) ‫ﻣﻨﻮ اِﺗﺎﻧﻮل آﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي زدودن ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺳﻴﺪي ﺣﺎوي ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ و ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬CO2 ‫ و‬H2S ‫دياﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ ﻣﻮازي ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﮔﺰارشﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از‬.‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻛﺸﺸﻲ دارد‬
.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ درون داﻧﻪاي و ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
Before 1978, postweld stress relief of carbon
steel weldments in MEA systems was
performed only when the metal temperature of
the equipment was expected to exceed 65°C
(150°F) and the acid gas contained more than
80% CO2 or when temperatures were expected
to exceed 95°C (200°F) in any acid gas
concentration.
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد‬1978 ‫ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﺎل‬
‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ‬MEA ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫در ﻣﻲآﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻓﻠﺰ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( و‬150) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬65 ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎوز از‬
‫ و ﻳﺎ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ دياﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬80 ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﮔﺎز اﺳﻴﺪي ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬200) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬95 ‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( و ﮔﺎز اﺳﻴﺪي در ﻫﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺘﻲ‬
Currently, any equipment containing MEA at
any temperature and at any acid gas
concentration is being postweld stress relieved.
This is the result of surveys conducted by
several refineries to define the extent of the
SCC problem in this environment. These
inspection programs showed that leaks were
widespread and were found in vessels that
ranged in age from 2 to 25 years. However,
there were no reports of cracking in vessels that
had been postweld stress relieved. In addition,
it was found that all concentrations of MEA
were involved and that MEA solutions were
usually at relatively low temperatures (below
55°C, or 130°F). Equipment found to suffer
from cracking included tanks, absorbers,
(MEA) ‫اﺧﻴﺮاً ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻨﻮ اِﺗﺎﻧﻮل آﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬،‫در ﻫﺮ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮔﺎز اﺳﻴﺪي‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن‬.‫ در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬SCC
‫داد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺪاول و ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و در ﻇﺮوﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮهروي از ﺗﺮك‬.‫ ﺳﺎل رخ داده اﺳﺖ‬25 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2 ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺨﺎزﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮔﺰارﺷﻲ ﻧﺸﺪ‬
55 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺘﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ )زﻳﺮ‬MEA ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آﻣﺪه‬130 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲدﻳﺪﻧﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
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carbon treater drums, skimming drums, and
piping. The following example of a
metallurgical investigation conducted by one
oil refinery illustrates the problem of SCC of
carbon steel in amine service.
‫ درامﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻞ‬،‫ ﺟﺬب ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از ﻣﺨﺎزن‬
.‫ درامﻫﺎي ﻛﻒﮔﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ روﻳﻪﮔﻴﺮ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬،‫آورﻧﺪه ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را‬SCC ‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
.‫( ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬Amine) ‫در ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد آﻣﻴﻦ‬
A.2.2 Leaking carbon steel weldments in a
sulfur recovery unit
‫ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬2-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
In December 1983, two leaks were discovered
at a sulfur recovery unit. More specifically, the
leaks were at pipe-to elbow welds in a 152-mm
(6 inch) diam line operating in lean amine
service at 50°C (120°F) and 2.9 Mpa (425
psig). Thickness measurements indicated
negligible loss of metal in the affected areas,
and the leaks were clamped. In March 1984, 15
additional leaks were discovered, again at pipeto-elbow welds of lean amine lines leading to
two major refining units. The piping had been
in service for about 8 years.
‫ در واﺣﺪ اﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎل ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﮔﻮﮔﺮد دو‬1983 ‫در دﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن دﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ در‬،‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬152 ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ زاﻧﻮ در ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
120) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50 ‫ در‬،‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( در ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد آﻣﻴﻦ‬6)
‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬425) ‫( و‬Mpa) ‫ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬2/9 ‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( و‬
‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دﭼﺎر‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ‬15 ،1984 ‫ در ﻣﺎرس‬.‫ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻣﻬﺎر ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫دﻳﮕﺮ دوﺑﺎره در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ زاﻧﻮ در ﺧﻄﻮط ﺣﺎوي‬
،‫آﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ دو واﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﺪه ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬8 ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬.‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫در واﺣﺪ اﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎل ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬
A.2.2.1 Investigation
‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه‬1-2-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Metallurgical examination of several of the
welds revealed that leaking occurred at what
appeared to be stress-corrosion cracks
originating from the inside surface. Cracks
were present in weld metal and base metal
approximately 5 mm (0.2 inch) away from the
weld, and they passed through the HAZ, as
shown in Fig. A.2.1. In other cases, stresscorrosion cracks also originated in the HAZ.
The cracks typically ran parallel to the weld
(Fig. A.2.2).
‫آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫از ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﺪود‬.‫ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮش ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دارﻧﺪ و از ﻣﻴﺎن‬0/2) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬5
1-2-‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ در ﻣﻮارد دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي‬.‫ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.(2-2-‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
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Fig. A.2.1 CROSS SECTIONS OF PIPE-TO-ELBOW WELDS SHOWING STRESS-CORROSION
CRACKS ORIGINATING FROM THE INSIDE SURFACE OF THE WELD METAL AND THE BASE
METAL
‫ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎي ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ زاﻧﻮ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬1-2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫از ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
Fig. A.2.2 PHOTOGRAPH OF INSIDE SURFACE OF A PIPE SHOWING 38-mm (1.5 INCH)
STRESSCORROSION CRACK (A) NEXT TO AND PARALLEL TO A CIRCUMFERENTIAL WELD.
ALSO SHOWN ARE SHALLOW CORROSION PITS (B)
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( )اﻟﻒ( در‬1/5) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬38 ‫ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬2-2- ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
(‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ آﻧﭽﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺣﻔﺮهﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ )ب‬.‫ﻣﺠﺎورت و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
Brinell hardness values, obtained by
conversion of Knoop microhardness readings,
were 133 to 160 (pipe base metal), 160 to 230
(weld metal), 182 to 227 (HAZs), and 117 to
198 (elbow base metal). The pipe base metal
had an equiaxed fine-grain microstructure
typical of low-carbon steel, and the elbow base
metal had a nonequiaxed microstructure typical
of hot-finished fittings. Carbon contents ranged
from 0.25 to 0.30% by weight. Cracking was
intergranular.
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎسﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﺮاﺋﺖﻫﺎي رﻳﺰﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
،(‫ )ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬160 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬133 :‫ﻧﻮپ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از‬
‫ )ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از‬227 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬182 ،(‫ )ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬230 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬160
،ً‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬.(‫ )ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬198 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬117 ‫ و‬،(‫ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر داﻧﻪاي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي‬
ً‫ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻬﺎ در ﻳﻚ راﺳﺘﺎ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺎ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ از ﻟﺤﺎظ وزﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﻳﻚ راﺳﺘﺎ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ وزﻧﻲ و ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬0/30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/25
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The refinery operators immediately embarked
on a program of visual inspection of all amine
lines. As of June 1985, a total of 35 leaks in
lean amine piping had been discovered. All
leaks were at cracks in or around pipe-to-elbow
welds, except for two leaks at welds that
connected a tee and reducer, respectively.
Piping size ranged from 76 to 305 mm (3 to 12
inch). Service temperature ranged from 40 to
60°C (100 to 140°F), with most leaks having
occurred in lines carrying lean amine at 55°C
(130°F). Pressures ranged from atmospheric to
2.9 Mpa (425 psig), with most leaks having
occurred between 2.8 and 2.9 Mpa (400 and
425 psig). All piping had been in service for
about 8 years, except two leaks at piping welds
that had been in service for only 4 years.
‫ﮔﺮداﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﻮراً اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﻳﺰي ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ از ژوﺋﻴﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ از ﺗﻤﺎم ﺧﻄﻮط ﺣﺎﻣﻞ آﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﻣﻞ آﻣﻴﻦ‬35 ،‫ در ﻛﻞ‬1985
‫ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ در ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در‬.‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي‬،‫اﻃﺮاف ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ زاﻧﻮ ﺑﻮد‬
‫دو ﻧﺸﺘﻲ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻪ راﻫﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬305 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬76 ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ از‬.‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲﺧﻮرد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬.‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮد‬12 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬3)
‫ درﺟﻪ‬140 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬100) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬60 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬40 ‫از‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ در ﺧﻄﻮط ﺣﺎﻣﻞ آﻣﻴﻦ در‬
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( رخ داد‬130) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬55
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ‬،(Psig 425) Mpa 2/9 ‫آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
.‫( اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد‬Psig 425 ‫ و‬400) Mpa 2/9 ‫ و‬2/8 ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﺳﺎل ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬8 ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ داراي‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬2 ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي‬
.‫ ﺳﺎل ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد داﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬4
As had been generally accepted industry
practice, the specifications called for stress
relieving or postweld heat treatment of piping
and vessels in amine service at temperatures
above 95°C (200°F). Therefore it was highly
unlikely that any of the leaking welds had
received postweld heat treatment. Further
metallurgical examination of leaking welds
from various lines conclusively confirmed that
the leaking originated at stress corrosion
cracks. No leaks were found in rich amine
piping. The characteristics of the mode of
fracture suggested that the failure mechanism
was a form of caustic SCC.
،‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ و ﻇﺮوف ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي آﻣﻴﻦ در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬200) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬95 ‫ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از‬.‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻲرﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش اﻧﺠﺎم‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻧﺸﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
،‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ‬،‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻧﺸﺖدار را در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ از ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي آﻣﻴﻦ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎر‬.‫ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﺸﺪ‬
.‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‬SCC ‫ ﻧﻮع‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
It is interesting to note that other researchers
also have metallographically examined
numerous samples of similar cracks; their
results can be summarized as follows:
‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان از ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ را ﻣﻮرد‬
:‫آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﺎرﺷﺎن ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
- Cracks were essentially intergranular
and were filled with gray oxide scale.
‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي و ﭘﺮ از ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي رﻧﮓ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬
-
- Hardness of welds and HAZ’s was
less than 200 HB.
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
.‫ واﺣﺪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻨﻞ ﺑﻮد‬200 ‫از‬
-
- Cause of fracture was believed to be a
form of caustic SCC.
‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﺮك‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻮد‬
-
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
- Cracking occurs whether or not MEA
solutions contain corrosion inhibitors.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪﮔﻲ اﻋﻢ از اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺎوي‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ اﺗﻔﺎق‬
.‫ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
A.2.2.2 Preventive measures
-
‫ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮاﻧﻪ‬2-2-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
As a result of this particular investigation and
others, all welds in equipment in MEA service
are being inspected. Wet fluorescent magneticparticles inspection after sandblasting to
remove oxides and scale appears to be the most
effective technique. Shear-Wave Ultrasonic
(SWU) inspection has also been used for
piping, but it does not always distinguish SCC
and other defect indications, such as shrinkage
cracks, slag inclusions, lack of fusion, or
fatigue cracks. Nevertheless, SWU is
considered helpful, because these other types
of defects also can pose a threat to the
structural integrity of the system in question.
Inspection frequency is dependent on the
critical nature of the particular equipment in
question, and most important, all welds in these
systems are not being postweld stress relieved.
‫ از ﺗﻤﺎم‬،‫در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧﺎص و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ‬
-‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ‬،MEA ‫ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ در ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روش ذرات ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﻨﺖ‬.‫آﻳﺪ‬
-‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺮاي زداﻳﺶ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺧﻴﺲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﻮج‬.‫ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ روش ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ‬SWU ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻓﺮا ﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬
‫ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺒﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬SCC ‫ اﻣﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
-‫ ﻧﻘﺺ ذوب و ﺗﺮك‬،‫ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﺳﺮﺑﺎرهاي‬،‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ‬
SWU ،‫ ﻣﻌﻬﺬا‬.‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰي ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺸﻤﺎر ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ را‬،‫ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ دﻓﻌﺎت ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺣﺴﺎس‬.‫ﻣﻄﺮح ﺳﺎزد‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺧﺎص دارد و ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
A.2.3 Corrosion of welds in carbon steel
deaerator tanks
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻮا زداي‬3-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Deaerator tanks, the vessels that control free
oxygen and other dissolved gases to acceptable
levels in boiler feedwater, are subject to a great
deal of corrosion and cracking. Several years
ago, there were numerous incidences of
deaerator tank failures that resulted in injury to
personnel and property damage losses. Since
that time, organizations such as the National
Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
and the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry have issued warnings to plant
operators, and these warnings have resulted in
the formation of programs for evaluating the
integrity of deaerator tanks. As a result, many
operators have discovered serious cracking
problems. The following example illustrates
the problem.
‫ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻮازدا ﻛﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آزاد و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل در آب ورودي دﻳﮓﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر را ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬
‫ دﺳﺘﺨﻮش ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ وﻗﻮع ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ ﻣﺨﺎزن‬.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ دﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و ﺿﺮر و زﻳﺎن و‬،‫ﻫﻮازدا‬
‫ از آن زﻣﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻮال ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎزرﺳﺎن ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و دﻳﮓﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ و ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻫﺸﺪارﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮداﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ در‬.‫ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻮازدا‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮداﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺜﺎل زﻳﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ را‬.‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺟﺪي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
A.2.4 Weld cracking
deaerator vessels
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺟﻮش در ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازداي‬4-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
in
oil
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
refinery
‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﻔﺖ‬
Two deaerator vessels with associated boiler
feedwater storage tanks operated in similar
‫ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻮازدا و ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه آب ورودي در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
127
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
service at a refinery. The vertical deaerator
vessels were constructed of carbon steel (shell
and dished heads), with trays, spray nozzles,
and other internal components fabricated of
Type 410 stainless steel. Boiler feedwater was
treated by sand filtration using pressure filters,
followed by ion-exchange water softening.
Hardness was controlled at less than 0.5 ppm
calcium carbonate (CaCO3). A strong cationic
primary coagulant (amine) was used to aid the
filtering of colloidal material. Treated water
was blended with condensate containing 5 ppm
of a filming amine corrosion inhibitor. Final
chemistry of the feedwater was controlled to
the limits given in Table A.2.1. Oxygen
scavenging was ensured by the addition of
catalyzed sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) to the
storage tanks. Treated water entered the top of
the tray section of the deaerators through five
or six spray nozzles and was stored in the
horizontal tanks below the deaerators.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻮازداي ﻋﻤﻮدي از ﻓﻮﻻد‬.‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ و‬،‫ ﻧﺎزلﻫﺎي اﻓﺸﺎن‬،‫ ﺳﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎ‬،(‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ )ﺑﺪﻧﻪ و ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬410 ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت داﺧﻠﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬
‫ آب ورودي دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ و ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﺎﻓﻲﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺎري و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت‬،‫آب ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺻﻠﻲ‬.‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬0/5 ppm ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﻗﻮي )آﻣﻴﻦ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ آب ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺣﺎوي‬.‫ﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪي ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﻮد‬5 ppm
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آب ورودي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن زدا‬.‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬،‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫اﻓﺰودن ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻲﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ آب ورودي‬
‫ آب ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻳﺎ‬.‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬
‫ﺷﺶ ﻧﺎزل ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ وارد ﺑﺎﻻي ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻮازداﻫﺎ و در‬
.‫در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ زﻳﺮ ﻫﻮازداﻫﺎ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
TABLE A.2.1 - CHEMISTRY LIMITS ON DEAERATOR FEEDWATER
‫ ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آب ورودي ﻫﻮازداﻫﺎ‬1-2-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
CONTROL PARAMETERS
LIMIT
‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
Total hardness
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛﻞ‬
Phenolphthalien alkalinity
< 0.5 ppm as CaCO3
Trace (max.)
‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻨﻞ ﻓﺘﺎﻟﺌﻴﻦ‬
Methyl orange alkalinity
14-18 ppm as CaCO3
‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺘﻴﻞ اوراﻧﮋ‬
Chloride
7.6-8.8 ppm
‫ﻛﻠﺮاﻳﺪ‬
Total dissolved solids
70-125 ppm
‫ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
A.2.4.1 Inspection results
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬1-4-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Deaerator vessel and storage Tank A were
inspected. All tray sections were removed from
the deaerator. With the exception of the top
head to shell weld in the deaerator, all internal
welds were ground smooth and magnetic
particle inspected.
.‫ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازدا و ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه اﻟﻒ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﺟﻮش درﭘﻮش ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑـﺪﻧﻪ در‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زدن ﺻﺎف ﺷﺪه و‬،‫ﻫﻮازدا‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ذرات ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
No cracks were found. Corrosion damage was
limited to minor pitting of the bottom head in
the deaerator vessel. Inspection of deaerator
vessel B revealed cracking at one weld. Tray
sections were removed from the deaerator
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ درﭘﻮش‬،‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻲ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﺸﺪ‬
‫ در ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻫﻮازداي »ب« ﺗﺮك در‬.‫در ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازدا ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﻴﻨﻲ از ﻇﺮف‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻫﻮازدا ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
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vessel, and shell welds were gritblasted. Except
for the top head to shell weld in the deaerator,
all internal welds in both B units were then
ground smooth and magnetic particle
inspected. Three transverse cracks were found
at the bottom circumferential weld in the
deaerator vessel. These were removed by
grinding to a depth of 1.5 mm (0.06 inch).
،‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﺟﻮش درﭘﻮش ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪاره ﺑﺪﻧﻪ در ﻫﻮازدا‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ در دو واﺣﺪ )ب( ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زدن‬
‫ﺻﺎف ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ روش ذرات ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻋﺮﺿﻲ در ﺟﻮش داﻳﺮهاي ﻛﻒ ﻇﺮف‬،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
1/5 ‫ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ‬،‫ﻫﻮازدا‬
.‫اﻳﻨﭻ( زدوده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬0/06) ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
Inspection of storage tank B revealed numerous
cracks transverse to welds. With the shell
constructed from three rings of plate, the
longitudinal ring welds were located just below
the water level. These longitudinal welds
exhibited no detectable cracking. One
circumferential crack was found above the
working water level in the vessel. The remaining
cracks were located at circumferential welds
below the working water level. Numerous cracks
transverse to circumferential welds were
detected, but only one longitudinal crack was
detected. All cracks were removed by grinding to
a depth of 2 mm (0.08 inch).
‫در ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ذﺧﻴﺮه »ب« ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﻋﺮﺿﻲ در‬
‫ در ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ از ﺳﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺳﺖ زﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ‬،‫ورق ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺮك ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬،‫آب وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮك ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ درﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي‬.‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ در‬.‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺧﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در اﻳﻦ ﻇﺮف ﭘﻴﺪا ﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺟﻮشﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺧﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎي ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ‬.‫ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ اﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮك‬.‫ﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻳﻨﭻ( زدوده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬0/08) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬2 ‫ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ‬
Unlike deaerator vessel A, it was noted that
none of the spray nozzles in deaerator vessel B
was operational at the time of inspection. In
addition, two valves had fallen to the bottom of
the deaerator vessel. The bottom section of
trays in deaerator vessel B had fallen to the
bottom of the storage vessel. Corrosion damage
in deaerator vessel B was limited to
underdeposit pitting attack at circumferential
welds in the bottom.
-‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ از ﻧﺎزل‬،‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازداي اﻟﻒ‬
‫ در زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ در‬،«‫ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﺷﺸﻲ در ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازداي »ب‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻒ ﻇﺮف‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه دو ﺷﻴﺮ در داﺧﻞ‬.‫ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎر ﻧﺒﻮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎ در ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازداي‬.‫ اﻓﺘﺎده ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﻫﻮازدا‬
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫»ب« ﺑﻪ ﻛﻒ ﻇﺮف ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﻘﻮط ﻛﺮده ﺑﻮد‬
‫در ﻇﺮف ﻫﻮازداي »ب« ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﻔﺮهاي زﻳﺮ رﺳﻮب‬
.‫در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﻛﻒ ﻇﺮف ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‬
A.2.4.2 Metallurgical analysis
‫ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ‬2-4-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A section was cut from a circumferential weld
region in storage tank B. The cracking was
predominantly transverse to the weld.
Chemical analysis was performed on samples
cut from weld metal and base metal; the results
are given in Table A.2.2. The results show that
the steel plate was not aluminum-or siliconkilled, but was most likely a rimmed grade.
Cross sections were cut perpendicular to both
transverse and longitudinal cracks and were
examined metllographically.
«‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ذﺧﻴﺮه »ب‬
.‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺟﻮش اﻛﺜﺮاً ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻮد‬.‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه از ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮرد آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬2-2-‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آن در ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدي از آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ‬
0/015 ‫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬،‫ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل زﻳﺎد ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬،‫ﻧﺒﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي از ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﻋﺮﺿﻲ و ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﺑﻮد‬،‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن‬،‫اﻧﺠﺎم و از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر دروﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
.‫ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
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TABLE A.2.2 CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF STEELS AND WELD DEPOSIT
‫ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ و رﺳﻮب ﺟﻮش‬2-2-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
ANALYSIS, %
‫درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
SAMPLE ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
C
Mn
Si
P
S
Ni
Cr
Mo
Al
Plate 1 1 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
0.25 0.88
< 0.050 0290
036
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.03
Plate 2 2 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
0.21 0.83
< 0.05 0.030
024
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.03 < 0.0 1 bal.
Weld deposit ‫رﺳﻮب ﺟﻮش‬
0.14 0.53
0.031
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.03 < 0.01
0.14
0.035
Metallographic examination of the base metal
structures revealed ferrite and lamellar pearlite
phases with a nearly equiaxed grain structure.
The approximate grain size was ASTM 6 to 7.
(See Adjunet to ASTM E 112).Fig. A.2.3 shows
a longitudinal crack in a weld HAZ, with
associated grain refinement. Cracking initiated
from the bottom of a pit. The oxide associated
with the major crack was extensive and contained
numerous secondary cracks. Analysis of the
oxide deposit within the crack by wavelengthdispersive spectroscopy revealed slightly less
oxygen than an Fe2O3 standard. Therefore, it was
assumed that the oxide deposit was a mixture of
Fe3O4 and Fe2O3.
< 0.01
Fe
bal.
bal.
‫ ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬،‫آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر دروﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫و ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر داﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻳﺎ ﻫﻢ راﺳﺘﺎ‬
.‫ ﺑﻮد‬ASTM 6 To 7 ‫ اﻧﺪازه ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ داﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬.‫را ﻧﺸﺎن داد‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬ASTM E 112 ‫)ﺑﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻃﻮﻟﻲ را در ﺟﻮش ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬3-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎ داﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ رﺳﻮب اﻛﺴﻴﺪ در‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﻛﻒ ﺣﻔﺮه آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫ﺗﺮك ﺑﺎ اﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮوﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺸﻲ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮج‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ را ﻧﺸﺎن داد‬Fe2O3 ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ و‬Fe3O4 ‫ﻓﺮض ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ رﺳﻮب اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از‬
.‫ آن اﺳﺖ‬Fe2O3
Fig. A.2.3 MICROGRAPH OF A LONGITUDINAL CRACK IN THE HAZ OF A WELD FROM
STORAGE VESSEL "B" ETCHED WITH NITAL
‫ّﻚ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺘﺎل‬‫ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﺮك ﻃﻮﻟﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﻳﻚ ﺟﻮش از ﻇﺮف دﺧﻴﺮه »ب« ﺣ‬3-2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
Fig. A.2.4 (a,b,c) shows a crack extending into
base metal, transverse to the weld, with
secondary cracking to the periphery of the
oxidized region. It was clear that the oxide
exhibited extensive internal cracking. Fig. A.2.4
(a,b,c) also shows the entrainment of lamellar
pearlite phase (dark) within the oxide corrosion
product. In addition, the crack tips are blunt.
‫ اﻳﻦ‬,‫ج( در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﻮش‬-‫ب‬-‫ )اﻟﻒ‬4-2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اداﻣﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﺮك دﻳﮕﺮي را‬
‫ ﺗﺮك داﺧﻠﻲ‬.‫در اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫وﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻳﺪ ﻗﺮار دارد‬
‫ در ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ‬،(‫ﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻻﻳﻪ ﻓﺎز ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ )ﻛﺪر‬
.‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻧﻮك ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﻴﺰي اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲﺧﻮرد‬
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a) Crack extending into base metal. As-polished
‫اﻟﻒ( ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺗﺮك ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
b) Lamellar pearlite phase (dark) entrained in the oxide corrosion product
‫ب( ﻓﺎز )ﺗﻴﺮه رﻧﮓ( ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪاي ﻣﺤﺒﻮس ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
c) Microcracks and entrained pearlite phase in the oxide corrosion product
‫ج( رﻳﺰﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ و ﻓﺎز آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪاي ﻣﺤﺒﻮس ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Fig. A.2.4- (a, b, c) MICROGRAPHS OF A TRANSVERSE CRACK IN STORAGE VESSEL
‫ج( ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﺮك ﻋﺮﺿﻲ در ﻇﺮف ذﺧﻴﺮه‬-‫ب‬-‫ )اﻟﻒ‬4-2-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.4.3 Discussion
‫ ﺑﺤﺚ‬3-4-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
The cracks described in this example are very
similar to those found in many other
investigations, despite a variety of deaerator
vessel designs and operating conditions. Cracks
typically display the following characteristics:
‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ وﺟﻮد اﻧﻮاع وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﻮاﮔﻴﺮي از ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن‬
:‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت زﻳﺮ را ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
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- Cracks occur most often in welds and
HAZs, but can also occur in the base
metal.
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ﺣﺮارت اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آﻳﺪ‬
- Cracks are generally transverse to the
weld HAZ, and occur both parallel and
perpendicular to the hoop stress
direction.
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﻮش ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮازي و ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
- The worst cracks appear to be located
in circumferential and head-to-shell
welds in horizontal vessel designs.
‫ ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ در ﺟﻮش ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ )ﻛﻠﮕﻲ( ﻇﺮف اﻓﻘﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
- Cracks are concentrated at, but not
solely located within, the working
water level in the vessel.
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺮاز‬-‫آب ﻇﺮف ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﻤﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- Cracks are perpendicular to the vessel
plate surface.
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻇﺮف‬.‫ﻋﻤﻮدي اﺳﺖ‬
- Cracks are predominantly transgranular
with minor amounts of branching.
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪاي درون داﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
- Cracks are filled with iron oxide.
Cracking of the oxide corrosion
product is followed by progressive
corrosion.
‫ ﺗﺮك‬.‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ آﻫﻦ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪه را ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل دارد‬
The ferrite phase is selectively
attacked, with retention of the pearlite
phase within the oxide corrosion
product.
‫ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺸﻲ دﭼﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﺎز ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻓﺎز ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
- Cracks initiate from corrosion pits.
Weld defects, however, can also
become active sites for crack initiation.
‫ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ از ﺣﻔﺮهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬‫اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﺟﻮش ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮوع ﺗﺮك ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- Crack tips are blunt.
‫ )ﺗﺮك‬.‫ ﺗﺮك ﺣﻔﺮهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪي ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬(‫ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎ ﻧﻮك ﺗﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬4-4-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.4.4 Conclusions
،‫اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ دارد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎز و ﻛﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻨﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻳﻚ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪي اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﺎز ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ و ﺟﺰو ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬،‫ﻓﺎز ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪاي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﻲ ﻋﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي‬،‫ ﺧﻮد اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫را ﻧﺸﺎن داد و وﻗﻮع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﺑﻲ روي ﻓﻠﺰ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪه را‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻓﻠﺰ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬/‫در ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
These findings suggest that the failure
mechanism is a combination of low-cycle
corrosion fatigue and stress-induced corrosion.
Extensive oxide formation relative to the depth
of cracking is a key feature. The formation of
oxide was associated with corrosion attack of
the ferrite phase. The lamellar pearlite phase
remained relatively intact and was contained
within the oxide product. The oxide itself
exhibited numerous cracks, allowing aqueous
corrosion of fresh metal to occur at the
oxide/metal interface. Mechanical or thermal
stresses are most likely responsible for this
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network of cracks within the oxide product.
The mechanism appears to be stress-assisted
localized corrosion. Sharp, tight cracks were
not found in fresh metal beyond the periphery
of the oxide corrosion product. It therefore
appears reasonable that cracking could have
occurred subsequent to corrosion and within
the brittle oxide.
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻗﻮي ﻣﺴﺒﺐ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎر‬.‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫در ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ دورﺗﺮ از‬،(‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻜﻢ و ﺗﻴﺰ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺗﺎزه )اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
.‫ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﺸﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
،‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ وﻗﻮع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در درون اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﺮد‬
.‫اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ‬
Cracking at welds and HAZs suggests that
residual weld shrinkage stresses play a major
role. Welds in deaerator vessels typically have
not been postweld stress relieved. It is not
unusual to find residual welding stresses of
yield strength magnitude. This problem can be
aggravated by vessel design (high localized
bending stresses around saddle supports that
fluctuate with water level and are accelerated
by operational upsets). No fault was found with
the steel plate chemical composition or with
welding consumables. There was no evidence
of embrittlement or caustic SCC (that is, no
branched intergranular cracks).
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
،‫ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﻮش‬
ً‫ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬،‫ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ در ﻇﺮوف ﻫﻮازدا‬.‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را اﻳﻔﺎء ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آﻣﺪن ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي‬.‫ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺗﻨﺶزداﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬،‫ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري در ﺣﺪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲﺗﺮ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در اﻃﺮاف‬،‫)ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﻳﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ آب و آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ در‬
‫ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﻴﺒﻲ در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬.(‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ورق ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻳﺎ در ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﺸﺪ و ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺮك ﺑﻴﻦ‬SCC ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪاي از ﺗﺮدي ﻳﺎ‬
.‫داﻧﻪاي ﺷﺎﺧﻪاي( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ‬5-4-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.4.5 Recommendations
All welds in deaerator vessels shall be
postweld stress relieved. Operational upsets
should be avoided, and water chemistry must
be maintained with acceptable limits. This is
especially true with regard to water oxygen
levels, which should be kept low to minimize
pitting corrosion.
‫ از‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ در ﻇﺮوف ﻫﻮازدا‬
‫آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎ در ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﺮاز ﮔﺮدد و آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫آب در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﺮدد و اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬
‫راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آب ﺻﺎدق اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺎه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
A.3 Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.3.1 Effects of GTA weld shielding gas
composition
GTA ‫ اﺛﺮات ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺟﻮش‬1-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
The chromium in a stainless steel has a strong
chemical affinity for oxygen and carbon. Weld
pools formed by electric arc processes must be
shielded from the atmosphere to prevent slag
formation and oxidation, to maintain a stable
arc, and to reduce contamination of the molten
metal by the weld environment. Argon or argon
plus helium gas mixtures are commonly used
in GTA welding processes to create a barrier
between the solidifying weld and the
atmosphere. In other cases, nitrogen is
‫ﻛﺮوم در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن داراي ﻣﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪي ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬.‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن و ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻮس اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ‬
‫از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره و اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ و‬
‫ﻗﻮس ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ و آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ذوب ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﮔﺎز آرﮔﻮن ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آرﮔﻮن و ﮔﺎز ﻫﻠﻴﻮم‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬،‫ﺟﻮش‬
‫( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود ﺗﺎ در‬GTA) ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻮش و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
commonly used as a backing gas to protect the
backside of the root pass.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫در ﻣﻮارد دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﺑﺼﻮرت ﮔﺎز ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺗﺎ از ﭘﺎس رﻳﺸﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺻﻼح ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و‬
‫ را در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬GTA ‫ﺧﻮاص ﺟﻮشﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﻮﻳﮋه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آرﮔﻮن ﺑﺎ‬.‫آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ( در‬10 ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻛﻢ )ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬،GTA ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﻫﻦ – ﻛﺮم – ﻧﻴﻜﻞ – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ – ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ را ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
،‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻏﻴﺮاﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬.(1-3-‫)ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ آرﮔﻮن – ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن از ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺮﻳﺖ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
.‫ﻣﻲﻛﺎﻫﺪ و ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ آن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬار اﺳﺖ‬
The composition of a shielding gas can be
modified to improve the microstructure and
properties of GTA welds in austenitic stainless
steels. More specifically, the use of argon
mixed with small volumes of nitrogen (10
vol% N2 or less) in a GTA welding process
enhances the corrosion resistance of ironchromium- nickel- molybdenum- nitrogen
stainless alloys in oxidizing acid chloride
solutions (Fig. A.3.1). In certain nonoxidizing
solutions, argon-nitrogen shielding gas reduces
the ferrite content of weld metal, and
influences weld metal solidification behavior.
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻧﺸﺪه‬‫ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ آرﮔﻮن‬‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬2/5+ ‫ ارﮔﻮن‬‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬5+‫ آرﮔﻮن‬-
‫ﭘﺮت وزﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
Fig. A.3.1 EFFECT OF GTA WELD SHIELDING GAS COMPOSITION ON THE CORROSION
RESISTANCE OF TWO-AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS. WELDED STRIP SAMPLES WERE
TESTED, (BY ASTM, G48) THE TEST TEMPERATURE WAS 35°C (95°F)
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻮار‬،‫ در ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ دو ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬GTA ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺟﻮش‬1-3-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
(ASTM, G48 ‫ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ )ﺑﺎ‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬95) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬35 ‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزﻣﻮن‬
The nitrogen content of weld metal increases
with the partial pressure of nitrogen in the GTA
weld shielding gas. The increase in weld metal
nitrogen content is greater when nitrogen is
mixed with an oxidizing gas, such as CO2, than
with either a reducing (hydrogen) or a neutral
(argon) gas. Porosity and concavity are
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در ﮔﺎز‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در‬.‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬،GTA ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎز اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ دي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻠﻞ و‬.‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ آرﮔﻮن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
observed in austenitic stainless steel weld
metals when more than 10 vol% nitrogen is
added to an argon shielding gas. Although
solid-solution additions of nitrogen are not
detrimental to the SCC resistance of unwelded
molybdenum-containing austenitic stainless
steels, an increased weld metal nitrogen
content tends to increase susceptibility to SCC.
‫ﻓﺮج و ﻓﺮورﻓﺘﮕﻲ در ﻓﻠﺰات ﺟﻮش ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬10 ‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ آرﮔﻮن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬،‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﻓﺰودﻧﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺟﻮش‬
،‫ زﻳﺎن آور ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬SCC ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،‫ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻞ آﺳﻴﺐ‬،‫وﻟﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬SCC ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
A.3.2 Effects of heat-tint oxides on the
corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless
steels
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ روي‬- ‫ اﺛﺮات اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي رﻧﮕﻲ‬2-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
Under certain laboratory conditions, a
mechanically stable chromium-enriched oxide
layer can be formed on a stainless steel surface
that enhances corrosion resistance. In contrast,
the conditions created by arc-welding
operations produce a scale composed of
elements that have been selectively oxidized
from the base metal. The region near the
surface of an oxidized stainless steel is
depleted in one or more of the elements that
have reacted with the surrounding atmosphere
to form the scale. The rate of oxidation for a
stainless steel, and consequently the degree of
depletion in the base metal, is independent of
the alloy composition and is controlled by
diffusion through the oxide. The oxidized, or
heat-tinted, surface of a welded stainless steel
consists of a heterogeneous oxide composed
primarily of iron and chromium above a
chromium-depleted layer of base metal. The
properties of such a surface depend on:
‫در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮم ﻏﻨﻲ‬
‫ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺷﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬
‫ در‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
،‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در اﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺟﻮش ﻗﻮﺳﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠﺎد رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ‬.‫از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ واﻛﻨﺶ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ دادهاﻧﺪ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و در‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻬﻲ ﺷﺪن در ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
.‫آﻟﻴﺎژ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ از‬،‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه از آﻫﻦ و‬
‫ ﻛﻪ روي ﻻﻳﻪاي از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ از ﻛﺮوم ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬.‫ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
:‫دارد ﺑﻪ‬
- The time and temperature of the
thermal exposure.
‫ﻣﺪت و دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺣﺮارت‬
.‫ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
-
- The composition of the atmosphere in
contact with the hot metal surface.
.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﮔﺮم‬
-
- The chemical composition of the base
metal beneath the heat-tint
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ در زﻳﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
. ‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬-
-
،‫ زﺑﺮي‬،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ )آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ ﺳﻄﺢ‬،(‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
.‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت‬
-
oxide.
- The physical condition of the surface
(contamination, roughness, thermo
mechanical history) prior to heat
tinting.
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
- The adherence of the heat-tint oxide to
the base metal.
‫ﺑﻪ‬
The defects, internal stresses, and composition
of the heat-tint oxide make it a poor barrier to
any corrosive media that might initiate
localized corrosion in the chromium-depleted
layer of base metal.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬- ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
.‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
-
- ‫ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ رﻧﮕﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ را ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪهاي ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬،‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮده ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺮوع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
.‫در ﻻﻳﻪ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه از ﻛﺮم ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬- ‫ﺷﺪت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻌﺮض اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬.‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ داغ در ﻃﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري دارد‬
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در‬- ‫رﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬400 ‫ﻣﻌﺮض ﻫﻮا ﻗﺮار دارد ﻧﺨﺴﺖ در دﻣﺎي‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪر دﻣﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬750)
‫ﻓﻠﺰ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي رﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ روي اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
‫ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮد‬،‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬1-3 ‫)ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
‫رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﺮه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ رﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺠﺰا ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري در‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮض ﻫﻮا ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﻨﺪ را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﻨﺪ وﻟﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‬
The severity of localized corrosion at heattinted regions exposed to oxidizing chloride
solutions is directly related to the temperature
of the hot metal surface during welding. A
heat-tint oxide on an austenitic stainless steel
exposed in air first becomes obvious at
approximately 400°C (750°F). As the surface
temperature is increased, differently colored
oxides develop that appear to be superimposed
upon the oxides formed at lower temperatures
(Table A.3.1). Dark blue heat-tint oxides are
the most susceptible to localized corrosion. It
should be noted that gas-shielded surfaces do
not form the same distinctly colored oxides as
surfaces exposed to air during welding, but
gas-shielded surfaces can also be susceptible to
preferential corrosion.
TABLE A.3.1 - WELDING CONDITIONS AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF HEAT-TINTED UNS
531726 STAINLESS STEEL PLATE
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ورق ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬1-3-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬- ‫ رﻧﮕﻲ‬UNS 531726
WELDING CONDITIONS(a)
Heat Input
‫ﺣﺮارت ورودي‬
Kj/mm
kj/in
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
CORROSION TEST RESULTS(b)
Welding Current,A
Centerline Heat –Tint
Color
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
- ‫رﻧﮓ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي رﻧﮕﻲ‬
Maximum Pit Depth,
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺣﻔﺮه‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Number Of Pits On
Heat-Tinted Surface
- ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
0.3
7.525
50
None
‫ﺑﻲ رﻧﮓ‬
0.1
4
2
0.59
15.050
100
Straw
‫ﻛﺎﻫﻲ‬
0.7
28
10
0.89
22.576
150
Rose
‫ﺳﺮخ‬
0.8
31
50
1.19
30.101
200
Blue
‫آﺑﻲ‬
0.7
28
>70
1.48
37.626
250
0.9
35
>70
a)
White
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
-‫اﻟﻒ( ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ روي ورق در ﺟﻮش‬
Single-pass autogenous bead-on-plate
GTA welds were made to heat-tint the
root surface of 6.4-mm (¼ inch) thick
plate samples.
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬GTA ‫ﻫﺎي ﺗﻚ ﭘﺎس در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ رﻳﺸﻪ در ورقﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬- ‫رﻧﮕﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬،(‫اﻳﻨﭻ‬
136
1
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4
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
b) Duplicate coupons, each one with
25 × 51 mm (1 × 2 inch) heat-tinted
surface, were exposed to 10% FeCl3
solutions at 50°C (120°F). The weld
face and edges of each coupon were
covered with a protective coating.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ‬- ‫ب ( ﻛﻮﭘﻦﻫﺎي دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻛﻪ‬1×2) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬25×51 ‫ﻳﻚ از ﺳﻄﻮح‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬10 ‫ﺳﻄﺢ رﻳﺸﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬120) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50 ‫ﻓّﺮﻳﻚ در‬
‫ ﻧﻤﺎي ﺟﻮش و ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﻮﭘﻦ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ رﻧﮕﻲ – ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ زدوده ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫دارد ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل زﻳﺎد‬- ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
،‫روي آﻟﻴﺎژي در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎ روي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬.‫اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ رﻧﮕﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎص‬.‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻮك‬
:‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
Whether a weld heat tint oxide should be
removed prior to service depends on the
corrosion behavior of the given alloy when
exposed to the particular environment in
question. Preferential corrosion at heat-tinted
regions is most likely to occur on an alloy that
performs near the limit of its corrosion
resistance in service, but certain solutions do
not affect heat-tinted regions. Even when heattinted regions are suspected of being
susceptible to accelerated corrosion in a
particular environment, the following factors
should be considered:
- The rate at which pits, once initiated
in the chromium-depleted surface
layer, will propagate through sound
base metal.
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎري‬
‫ﺷﺪن ﻛﺮوم از ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺷﺮوع ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
-
- The hazards associated with the
penetration, due to localized
corrosion, of a process unit.
‫ﺧﻄﺮات ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در ﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
-
- The cost and effectiveness of an
operation intended to repair a heattinted stainless steel surface.
‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ و ﻣﻘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬- ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
-
The corrosion resistance of heat-tinted regions
can be restored in three stages. First, the heattint oxide and chromiumdepleted layer are
removed by grinding or wire brushing. Second,
the abraded surface is cleaned with an acid
solution or a pickling paste (a mixture of HNO3
and HF suspended in an inert paste or gel) to
remove any surface contamination and to
promote the reformation of a passive film.
Third, after a sufficient contact time, the acid
cleaning solution or pickling paste is
thoroughly rinsed with water, preferably
demineralized or with a low chloride ion (Cl-)
content.
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬- ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ رﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫ اول اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮس‬،‫ﺷﺪه رﻧﮕﻲ و ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎري از ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬،‫ دوم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪه‬.‫ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪي ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ )ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از اﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ و اﺳﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ در ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ژل ﺑﻲ‬
‫اﺛﺮ( ﺑﺮاي زدودن ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮدهاي ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد و ﺑﺎزﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
، ‫ ﺳﻮم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از زﻣﺎن ﺗﻤﺎس ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﻴﺪي ﻳﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺪون اﻣﻼح و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻳﻮن ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫آب‬
.‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﮔﺮدد‬
Grinding or wire brushing may not be
sufficient to repair a heat-tinted region. Such
‫ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺮس ﺳﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
137
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
abrading operations may only smear the heattint oxide and embed the residual scale into the
surface, expose the chromium-depleted layer
beneath the heattint oxide, and contaminate the
surface with ferrous particles that were picked
up by the grinding wheel or wire brush. A
stainless steel surface should never be abraded
with a wheel or brush that has been used on a
carbon or low-alloy steel; wire brushes with
bristles that are not made of a stainless steel of
similar composition should also be avoided.
Conversely, attempting to repair a heat-tinted
region with only a pickling paste or acid
solution may stain or even corrode the base
metal if the solution is overly aggressive or is
allowed to contact the surface for an extended
time. If the acid is too weak, a chromiumdepleted scale residue may remain on a surface.
Even if the chromium-depleted layer were
completely removed by a grinding operation,
mechanically ground surfaces generally have
inferior corrosion resistance compared to
properly acid-pickled surfaces.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻟﻜﻪدار ﺷﺪن اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ و‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ و در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﺎري از ﻛﺮوم را در ﻣﻌﺮض زﻳﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎ ذرات آﻫﻦ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮس ﻳﺎ اﺑﺰار دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺬب ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن از ﺑﺮﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ و‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺳﻲ را‬،‫ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎي آن از ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎزﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‬.‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد‬،‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ روش اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺪت‬،‫اﺳﻴﺪي‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻜﻪدار‬،‫ﺗﻤﺎس آن ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﺷﺪن ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ و ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﺎري از ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ‬،‫روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ در‬.‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪن ﭘﺎك ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه‬3-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.3.3 Unmixed zones
‫ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻫﻤﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻣﺮز ذوب ﺟﻮﺷﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ذوب‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي در ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ از ﺟﻮش‬.‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ذوب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ از ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬،‫ذوﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش در ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻗﺮار‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬.(1 ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در ﻃﻮل ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش ذوﺑﻲ دارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎرﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در روﻳﻪ ﺟﻮش‬،GTA ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
.‫و ﭘﻬﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ در وﺳﻂ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺟﻮش اﺳﺖ‬
‫ داراي‬،‫ ﺑﺠﺰ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪهﻫﺎي رﺳﻮب و ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ‬.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ‬، ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺮز ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه ﻛﻪ از‬.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﻮق آﻟﻴﺎژي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮا ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ واﻗﻊ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬/‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮش و‬
All methods of welding stainless steel with a
filler metal produce a weld fusion boundary
consisting of base metal that has been melted
but not mechanically mixed with filler metal
and a partially melted zone in the base metal.
The weld fusion boundary lies between a weld
composite consisting of filler metal diluted by
base metal and an HAZ in the base metal (Fig.
1). The width of the unmixed zone depends on
the local thermal conditions along the weld
fusion line. For a GTA welding process, the
zone is most narrow at the weld face and is
broadest near the middle of the weld thickness.
An unmixed zone has the composition of base
metal but the microstructure of an autogenous
weld. The microsegregation and precipitation
phenomena characteristic of autogenous
weldments decrease the corrosion resistance of
an unmixed zone relative to the parent metal.
Unmixed zones bordering welds made from
over alloyed filler metals can be preferentially
attacked when exposed on the weldment
surface.
The potential for preferential attack of unmixed
zones can be reduced by minimizing the heat
input to the weld and/or by flowing molten
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filler metal over the surface of the unmixed
zone to form a barrier to the service
environment. Care must be taken in this latter
operation to avoid cold laps and lack-of-fusion
defects. In both cases, preferential attack is
avoided as long as the surface of the unmixed
zone lies beneath the exposed surface of the
weldment.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ ذوب ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه روي ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ‬
‫ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛـﺎرﻛﺮد‬
‫ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﻧﻘﺺﻫـﺎي ﺟـﻮش ﺳـﺮد و ذوب ﻧـﺎﻗﺺ در‬.‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ ﺗـﺎ‬،‫ در ﻫـﺮ دو ﻣـﻮرد‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت آﺧﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻻزم ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻧـﺸﺪه زﻳـﺮ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ‬
‫ از ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤـﻲ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
A.3.4 Chloride SCC
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬4-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Welds in the 300-series austenitic stainless
steels, with the exception of types 310 and 310
Mo, contain a small amount of (-ferrite (usually
less than 10%) to prevent hot cracking during
weld solidification. In hot aqueous chloride
environments, these duplex weldments
generally show a marked resistance to
cracking, while their counterparts crack
readily.
‫ ﺑﻪ‬،300 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﺮي‬
،‫ ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻤﻲ از )ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ‬310 ‫ و‬310 Mo ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﻧﻮع‬
‫ از ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮم در‬،(‫درﺻﺪ‬10 ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
-‫ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬.‫ﻃﻮل اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺟﻮش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲآورﻧﺪ‬
ً‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه دو ﻓﺎزي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪي داغ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﺧﻮد‬
-‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ درﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻫﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮك ﻣﻲ‬
.‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪ‬
The generally accepted explanation for this
behavior is that the ferrite phase is resistant to
chloride SCC and impedes crack propagation
through the austenite phase. Electrochemical
effects may also play a part; however, under
sufficient tensile stress, temperature, and
chloride concentration, these duplex weldments
will readily crack. An example is shown in Fig.
A.3.2.
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ رﻓﺘﺎر اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎز‬
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوم اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺗﺮك در‬SCC ‫ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﺛﺮات اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬.‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻓﺎز آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮد ﺑﭙﻴﻮﻧﺪد‬
،‫ ﺣﺮارت و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه دو ﻓﺎزي ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرد‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬2-3-‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Fig. A.3.2 CHLORIDE SCC OF TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL BASE METAL AND TYPE 308 WELD
METAL IN AN AQUEOUS CHLORIDE ENVIRONMENT AT 95°C (200°F). CRACKS ARE
BRANCHING AND TRANSGRANULAR
‫ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬308 ‫ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻧﻮع‬304 ‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬2-3-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﻪاي و درون داﻧﻪاي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬200) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬95 ‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ آﺑﻲ در‬
SCC) ‫ ﺗﺮدي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬5-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.3.5 Caustic embrittlement (caustic SCC)
(‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
Susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels to
this form of corrosion usually becomes a
problem when the caustic concentration
exceeds approximately 25% and temperatures
are above 100°C (212°F). Because welding is
involved in most fabrications, the weld joint
becomes the focus of attention because of
potential stress raiser effects and because of
high residual shrinkage stresses. Cracking
occurs most often in the weld HAZ.
‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً وﻗﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬100 ‫ درﺻﺪ و دﻣﺎ از‬25 ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً از‬
‫ ﭼﻮن‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻛﻨﺪ‬212) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
-‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﺛﺮات اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه و ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك‬.‫ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻫﺎي اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ ﺟﻮش اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬HAZ ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در‬
In one case, a Type 316L reactor vessel failed
repeatedly by caustic SCC in which the process
fluids contained 50% sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) at 105°C (220°F). Failure was
restricted to the weld HAZ adjacent to bracket
attachment welds used to hold a steam coil.
316L ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر راﻛﺘﻮر از ﻧﻮع‬،‫در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي آن‬SCC ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
105 ‫( در‬NaOH) ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬50 ‫ﺣﺎوي‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﻮد ﻣﻜﺮراً دﭼﺎر‬220) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ‬.‫ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﻣﺠﺎور ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﻗﻼب ﺑﺮاي ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪاري ﻛﻮﻳﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻮد‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
The stresses caused by the thermal expansion
of the Nickel 200 steam coil at 1034 kPa (150
psig) aggravated the problem. Fig. A.3.3 shows
the cracks in the weld HAZ to be branching
and intergranular. Because it was not practical
to reduce the operating temperature below the
threshold temperature at which caustic SCC
occurs, it was recommended that the vessel be
weld overlaid with nickel or that the existing
vessel be scrapped and a replacement
fabricated from Nickel 200.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
،200 ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
(psig ‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬150) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬1034 ‫در‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲﻫﺎ را‬3-3-‫ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ را ﺣﺎدﺗﺮ ﻛﺮد‬
-‫در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪاي و ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ آوردن ﺣﺮارت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬.‫اي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬SCC ‫زﻳﺮ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درﺟﻪاي ﻛﻪ در آن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻮد‬.‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﻨﺎر ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد و‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ اﻧﺪود ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬200 ‫ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
Fig. A.3.3 CAUSTIC SCC IN THE HAZ OF A TYPE 316L STAINLESS STEEL NaOH REACTOR
VESSEL. CRACKS ARE BRANCHING AND INTERGRANULAR
.‫ ﻇﺮف راﻛﺘﻮر ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬316L ‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻧﻮع‬HAZ ‫ در‬SCC ‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬3-3-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺷﺎﺧﻪاي و ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬، ‫ﺗﺮكﻫﺎ‬
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
A.3.6 Microbiologically induced corrosion
(MIC)
(MIC) ‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ‬6-3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Microbiological corrosion in the process
industries is most often found in three areas:
cooling water systems, aqueous waste
treatment, and groundwater left in new
equipment or piping systems after testing.
Nearly all confirmed cases of MIC have been
accompanied by characteristic deposits. These
are usually discrete mounds. Deposit color can
also be an indication of the types of
microorganisms that are active in the system.
For example, iron bacteria deposits on stainless
steel, such as those produced by Gallionella are
often reddish.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي اﻏﻠﺐ در ﺳﻪ ﺣﻮزه‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﭘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ و آب‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه آب‬:‫ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از آزﻣﻮن در ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه دارد‬
.‫اﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺟﺪا از ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫رﻧﮓ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪاي از ﻧﻮع ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎل اﺳﺖ‬
‫آﻫﻦ روي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧِﻼ‬
.‫( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ اﺳﺖ‬Gallionella)
Investigators have shown that in almost all
cases the environment causing the damage was
a natural, essentially untreated water containing
one or more culprit species of microbiological
organisms. In the case of austenitic stainless
steel weldments, corrosion generated by
bacteria takes a distinctive form, that is,
subsurface cavities with only minute pinhole
penetration at the surface.
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن ﻧﺸﺎن دادهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻮده‬
‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً آب ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺪهاي ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬.‫از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺪار ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰي ﺑﺨﻮد‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺮهﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﺳﻮراخ‬
.‫ﺳﻮزن در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
A.4 Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steel
Weldments
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓّﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.4.1 Leaking welds in a ferritic stainless
steel wastewater vaporizer
‫ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ در ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺴﺎب از‬1-4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A nozzle in a wastewater vaporizer began
leaking after approximately 3 years of service
with acetic and formic acid wastewaters at
105°C (225°F) and 414 kPa (60 psig):
‫ﻧﺎزل در ﻳﻚ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺴﺎب ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎل‬
105 ‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎي اﺳﻴﺪ اﺳﺘﻴﻚ و اﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻴﻚ در‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬414 ‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( و‬225) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
.‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ( ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﻧﻤﻮد‬60)
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓّﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
a) Investigation
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
The shell of the vessel was weld
fabricated in 1972 from 6.4 mm (¼
inch) E-Brite stainless steel plate. The
shell measured 1.5 m (58 inch) in
diameter and 8.5 m (28 ft) in length.
Nondestructive examination included
100% radiography, dye-penetrant
inspection, and hydrostatic testing of
all E-Brite welds.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬6/4 ‫ از ورق‬1972 ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻲ در ﺳﺎل‬
‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓّﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ و ﻣﻘﺎوم در‬14 )
‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.(E-Brite) ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬
(‫ ﻓﻮت‬28)‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬8/5 ‫ اﻳﻨﭻ( و ﻃﻮل‬58) ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬1/5 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬100 ‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺨﺮب ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ رﻧﮕﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و‬،‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻧﮕﺎري‬
.‫آزﻣﻮن اﻳﺴﺘﺎﺑﻲ از ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ‬
An internal inspection of the vessel
revealed that portions of the
circumferential and longitudinal seam
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي را ﻋﻼوه‬،‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻇﺮف‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮش ﻧﺎزﻟﻬﺎ در ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ از درز ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
welds, in addition to the leaking nozzle
weld,
displayed
intergranular
corrosion. At the point of leakage,
there was a small intergranular crack.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﺸﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮك ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲﺧﻮرد‬
The
evidence
indicated
weldment
contamination; therefore, effort was directed at
finding the levels of carbon, nitrogen, and
oxygen in the various components present
before and after welding. The averaged results
were as follows:
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺟﻮش را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و‬،‫ﺗﻼش در ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻪ‬
:‫ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮد‬.‫ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ‬
‫ ورق ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬، E-Brite
E-Brite, stainless steel plate
Base plate
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
C = 6 ppm
6 ppm = ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
= ‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬108 ppm = ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
(114 ppm
N = 108 ppm (C + N = 114 ppm)
57ppm = ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
O = 57 ppm
Corroded longitudinal weld
‫ﺟﻮش ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪه‬
133ppm = ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
C = 133 ppm
= ‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬328 ppm = ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
(461 ppm
N = 328 ppm (C + N = 461 ppm)
262 ppm = ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
O = 262 ppm
Corroded circumferential weld
‫ﺟﻮش داﻳﺮهاي ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪه‬
34 ppm = ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
C = 34 ppm
N = 169 ppm (C + N = 203 ppm)
= ‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬169
ppm = ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
( 203 ppm
225ppm = ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
O = 225 ppm
E-Brite
E-Brite
Weld wire
‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش‬
C = 3 ppm
3 ppm = ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
(56 ppm = ‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬53 ppm = ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
N = 53 ppm (C + N = 56 ppm)
55ppm = ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
O = 55 ppm
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Sound longitudinal weld
‫ﺟﻮش ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺪون ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
10 ppm = ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
C = 10 ppm
= ‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬124 ppm = ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
(134ppm
N = 124 ppm (C + N = 134 ppm)
188ppm = ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
O = 188 ppm
Sound circumferential weld
‫ﺟﻮش داﻳﺮهاي ﺑﺪون ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
20ppm = ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
C = 20 ppm
= ‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ )ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬106 ppm = ‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
(126 ppm
N = 106 ppm (C + N = 126 ppm)
85 ppm = ‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
O = 85 ppm
These results confirmed suspicions that failure
was due to excessive amounts of nitrogen,
carbon, and oxygen. To characterize the
condition of the vessel further, Charpy V-notch
impact tests were run on the unaffected base
metal, the HAZ, and the uncorroded (sound)
weld metal. These tests showed the following
ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures:
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺮدﻳﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ را ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﺮد ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬،‫اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮن‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﺨﺺﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻇﺮف‬.‫ﻗﺮار داد‬
HAZ ‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬،‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي )ﺷﺎرﭘﻲ( روي ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎ‬.‫و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﮔﺬار از ﻧﺮم ﺑﻪ ﺗُﺮد را ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن‬
:‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature
‫دﻣﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺮم ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮد‬
Specimen
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
°C
Base metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
°F
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
40±3
105±5
85±3
180±5
5±3
40±5
HAZ
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺟﻮش‬
Weld
‫ﺟﻮش‬
،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح درون ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻣﻔﺘﻮلﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﺪون ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻧﺎﻗﺺ اﺗﺼﺎل )ﺟﺬب‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ( و ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﻌﻴﻮب اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺬاﻛﺮاﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬.‫ دو ﺗﻔﺎوت و اﺧﺘﻼف آﺷﻜﺎر ﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه‬
19 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎر از ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎزل ﺑﺰرگ ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
Comparison of the interstitial levels of the
corroded welds, sound welds, base metal, and
filler wire suggested that insufficient joint
preparation (carbon pickup) and faulty gas
shielding were probably the main contributing
factors that caused this weld corrosion failure.
Discussions with the Vendor uncovered two
discrepancies. First, the welder was using a
large, 19 mm (¾ inch) inside diameter ceramic
144
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
nozzle with a gas lens, but was flowing only 19
L/min (40 ft³/h) of argon; this was the flow rate
previously used with a 13-mm (½ inch) inside
diameter gas lens nozzle. Second, a manifold
system was used to distribute pure argon
welding gas from a large liquid argon tank to
various satellite welding stations in the welding
shop. The exact cause for the carbon pickup
was not determined.
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ وﻟﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان‬،‫اﻳﻨﭻ( ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﮔﺎزي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﺮد‬
3
) ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
4
‫ ﻓﻮت ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ‬40) ‫ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ آرﮔﻮن در دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻮد‬19 ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ( ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻲ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﭙﻮره ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﮔﺎزي‬
-‫اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ‬
1
2
) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬13 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ دوم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري آرﮔﻮن ﺧﺎﻟﺺ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺰرگ آرﮔﻮن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ‬
‫اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻗﻤﺎري در ﻛﺎرﮔﺎه ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ وﻟﻲ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺬب ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻧﺸﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
b) Conclusions
‫ب ( ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي‬
Failure of the nozzle weld was the
result of intergranular corrosion caused
by the pickup of interstitial elements
and subsequent precipitation of
chromium carbides and nitrides.
Carbon pickup was believed to have
been caused by inadequate joint
cleaning prior to welding. The increase
in the weld nitrogen level was a direct
result of inadequate argon gas
shielding of the molten weld puddle.
Two areas of inadequate shielding
were identified:
‫ﻋﻴﺐ ﺟﻮش ﻧﺎزل ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬
‫ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺬب ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ درون ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي و رﺳﻮب‬
‫ ﻋﻘﻴﺪه‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪي ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻛﺮوم ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺟﺬب ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري‬
.‫ ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي داده اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در ﺟﻮش ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﮔﺎز آرﮔﻮن ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ در ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ‬
‫ دو ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺬاب ﺟﻮش ﺑﻮد‬
:‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
- Improper gas flow rate for a 19
mm (¾ inch) diam gas lens
nozzle.
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺎز ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻠﻮﮔﺎه ﮔﺎزي‬
- Contamination of the manifold
gas system.
.‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ ﮔﺎز‬
-
3
4
.(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ) اﻳﻨﭻ‬19 ‫ﺷﻴﭙﻮره ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
-
In order to preserve the structural integrity and
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
corrosion performance of the new generation of
‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓّﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
ferritic stainless steels, it is important to avoid
‫ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و‬،‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬،‫ﺟﺬب ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ درون ﺷﺒﻜﻪاي اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
the pickup of the interstitial elements carbon,
‫ ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه از ﻣﻘﺪار‬،‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺧﺎص‬.‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد‬
nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. In this
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﭙﻮره ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
particular case, the Vendor used a flow rate
intended for a smaller welding torch nozzle. The
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﻠﺰ‬.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬
metal supplier recommended a flow rate of 23 to
‫ ﻓﻮت ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬60 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬50) ‫ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ در دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬28 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬23 ‫آرﮔﻮن را از‬
28 L/min (50 to 60 ft³/min) of argon for a 19
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬19 ‫ﺑﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ( ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻠﻮﮔﺎه ﺷﻴﭙﻮره ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
mm (¾ inch) gas lens nozzle. The gas lens
‫ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﮔﻠﻮﮔﺎه ﮔﺎزي‬.‫اﻳﻨﭻ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻛﺮده ﺑﻮد‬
collect body is an important and necessary part
3
4
)
‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺿﺮوري ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻳﻦ‬
of the torch used to weld these alloys. Failure to
‫ ﻣﻌﻴﻮب ﺑﻮدن ﮔﻠﻮﮔﺎه ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺮاي‬.‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
use a gas lens will result in a flow condition that
is turbulent enough to aspirate air into the gas
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
stream, thus contaminating the weld and
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬،‫آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ در ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
145
May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
destroying
its
mechanical
and
corrosion
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش و ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬
properties.
.‫ﺑﻮد‬
The manifold gas system also contributed to
this failure. When this system is first used, it is
necessary to purge the contents of the manifold
of any air to avoid oxidation and
contamination. When that is done, the system
functions satisfactorily; however, when it is
shut down overnight or for repairs, air
infiltrates back in, and a source of
contamination is re-established. Manifold
systems are never fully purged, and leaks are
common.
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ از ﻫﺮ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻨﻜﺎر‬.‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن و آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺿﺮورت دارد‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫اﮔﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﺷﺐ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮد ﻫﻮا دوﺑﺎره ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻧﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ اﻣﺮي ﻋﺎدي ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
The contaminated welds were removed, and
the vessels were rewelded and put back into
service. Some rework involved the use of
covered electrodes of dissimilar composition.
No problems have been reported to date.
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﻇﺮف دوﺑﺎره ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و‬
‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﻴﭻ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶدار ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
c) Recommendations
‫ج ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
- First, to ensure proper joint cleaning,
solvent washing and wiping with a clean
lint-free cloth shall be performed
immediately before welding. The filler wire
shall be wiped with a clean cloth just prior
to welding. Also, a word of caution:
Solvents are generally flammable and can
be toxic. Ventilation shall be adequate.
Cleaning shall continue until cloths are free
of any residues.
،‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
- Second, when GTA welding, a 19 mm (¾
‫ ﻧﺎزل‬،GTA ‫ دوم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-
inch) diameter ceramic nozzle with gas lens
‫اﻳﻨﭻ( و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬
-
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻼلﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎك ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪاي ﺗﻤﻴﺰ و‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﭘﺮز ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻲ درﻧﮓ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎرﭼﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
ً‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺣﺘﻴﺎط آﻣﻴﺰ "ﺣﻼلﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ" ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬‫آﺗﺶزا و ﺳﻤ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ زدودن ﺗﻤﺎم ذرات‬،‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه اداﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
collect body is recommended, an argon gas
3
) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬19 ‫ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
4
‫ﺟﻤﻊﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﮔﻠﻮﮔﺎه ﮔﺎزي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ ﻓﻮت ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ‬60)‫ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ در دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬28 ‫ﮔﺎز آرﮔﻮن‬
‫ ﺷﻴﭙﻮرهﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬‫ در ﺣ‬،(‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫آرﮔﻮن ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎري ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭘﺨﺶ‬
.‫ اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺷﺪن ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
flow rate of 28 L/min (60 ft³/h) is optimum.
Smaller nozzles are not recommended.
Argon back gas shielding is mandatory at a
slight positive pressure to avoid disrupting
the flow of the welding torch.
- Third, the tip of the filler wire shall be
kept within the torch shielding gas
envelope to avoid contamination and
pickup of nitrogen and oxygen (they
embrittle the weld). If the tip becomes
contaminated, welding shall be stopped, the
contaminated weld area ground out, and the
‫ ﺳﻮم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻧﻮك ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺎن ﮔﺎز‬‫ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ و ﺟﺬب‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
.‫ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺷﻮد‬،(‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن )ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬،‫اﮔﺮ ﻧﻮك ﺳﻴﻢ آﻟﻮده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪه و ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ زﻧﻲ ﺷﻮد و‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
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tip of the filler wire that has been oxidized
shall be snipped off before proceeding with
welding.
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ از‬،‫ﻧﻮك ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﺷﻮد‬
- Fourth, a manifold gas system shall not be
used to supply shielding and backing gas.
Individual argon gas cylinders have been
found to provide optimum performance. A
weld button spot test shall be performed to
confirm the integrity of the argon cylinder
and all hose connections. In this test, the
weld button sample shall be absolutely
bright and shiny. Any cloudiness is an
indication of contamination. It is necessary
to check for leaks or replace the cylinder.
‫ ﭼﻬﺎرم اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬.‫ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ و ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮد‬
‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪرﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي ﮔﺎز آرﮔﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺟﻮش ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻄﻠﻮب اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ درﺳﺖ و ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪر آرﮔﻮن و ﺗﻤﺎم‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﻮن‬.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺷﻠﻨﮓ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً درﺧﺸﻨﺪه و ﺑﺮاق ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻮن‬
‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻧﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬.‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪاي از آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪر ﺿﺮورت دارد‬
- Fifth, it is important to remember that
corrosion resistance is not the only criterion
when evaluating these new ferritic stainless
steels. Welds must also be tough and
ductile, and these factors must be
considered when fabricating welds.
‫ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ‬،‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮّﻳﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﻪ و ﻧﺮم ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ‬
.‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
- Lastly, dissimilar weld filler metals can
be successfully used. To avoid premature
failure the dissimilar combination shall be
corrosion tested to ensure suitability for the
intended service.
،‫ ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﻮش ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ آﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زودرس ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
A.5 Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steel
Weldments
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﻓﻮﻻد‬
5-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دو ﻓﺎزي‬
The influence of different welding conditions
on various material properties of Alloy 2205 is
studied as follows:
‫ روي ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
:‫ ﺑﺸﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬2205 ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
Chemical compositions of test materials are
given in Table A.5.1, and the results of the
investigation are detailed in the following
sections.
‫ اراﺋﻪ‬1-5-‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮاد آزﻣﻮن در ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
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TABLE A.5.1 – CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF ALLOY 2205 SPECIMENS TESTED AND FILLER
METALS USED IN UNS, S 31803
31803 ‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺷﺪه و ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺳﺮي‬2205 ‫ ﺧﻮاص ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬1-5-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
(UNS) ‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري‬
ELEMENT, %
‫درﺻﺪ و ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬
SPECIMEN SIZE AND CONFIGURATION
C
‫ﺷﻜﻞ و اﻧﺪازه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
Si
Mn
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
PARENT METALS
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬
48.1-mm (1.89 inch) OD, 3.8-mm (0.149 inch) wall tube
‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‬
P
S
‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬
Cr
Ni
‫ﻛﺮوم‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
Mo
Cu
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
N
‫ﻣﺲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
0.015
0.37
1.54
0.024
0.003
21.84
5.63
2.95
0.09
0.15
0.017
0.28
1.51
0.025
0.003
21.90
5.17
2.97
0.09
0.15
0.027
0.34
1.57
0.027
0.003
21.96
5.62
2.98
0.09
0.13
0.017
0.28
1.50
0.026
0.003
21.85
5.77
2.98
0.10
0.15
0.019
0.39
1.80
0.032
0.003
22.62
5.81
2.84
...
0.13
0.011
0.48
1.61
22.50
8.00
2.95
0.07
0.020
1.01
0.82
0.024
0.011
23.1
10.4
3.06
...
0.13
0.016
0.94
0.78
0.015
0.011
23.0
10.5
3.13
...
0.11
‫ﺟﺪاره ﺗﻴﻮب‬
88.9-mm (3.5 inch) OD, 3.6-mm (0.142 inch) wall tube
‫ﺟﺪاره ﺗﻴﻮب‬
110- mm (4.3 inch) OD,
8-mm (0.31 inch) wall tube
‫ﺟﺪاره ﺗﻴﻮب‬
213- mm (8.4 inch) OD, 18-mm (0.7 inch) wall tube
‫ﺟﺪاره ﺗﻴﻮب‬
20- mm (¾ inch) plate
FILLER METALS
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
1.2 mm (0.047 inch) diam wire
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ‬
1.6 mm (0.063 inch) diam rod xv ltj,g
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻔﺘﻮل‬
3.2 mm (0.125 inch) diam wire
0.016
0.003
0.13
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ‬
3.25 mm (0.127 inch) diam covered electrode
‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود روﻛﺶ دار‬
4.0 mm (0.16 inch) diam covered electrode
‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺮود روﻛﺶ دار‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ داﻧﻪاي‬1-5-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.5.1 Intergranular corrosion
‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/5) ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻗﻮس‬
(‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ‬152 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬13 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ‬6
(Strauss) ‫ آزﻣﻮن اﺷﺘﺮاس‬،‫در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬
-‫( ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ASTM A 262, Practice E)
‫ درﺟﻪ‬180 ‫اي از ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن را ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري ﺗﺎ‬
. ‫آﺷﻜﺎر ﺳﺎزد‬
Despite the use of very high arc energies (0.5
to 6 kJ/mm, or 13 to 152 kJ/inch) in
combination with multipass welding, the
Strauss test (ASTM A 262, Practice E) failed to
uncover any signs of sensitization after bending
through 180°.
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The results of Huey tests (ASTM A 262,
Practice C) on submerged-arc welds showed
that the corrosion rate increased slightly with
arc energy in the studied range of 0.5 to 6.0
kJ/mm (13 to 152 kJ/inch). For comparison, the
corrosion rate for parent metal typically varies
between 0.15 and 1.0 mm/yr (6 and 40
mils/yr), depending on surface finish and heat
treatment cycle.
.(ASTM A 262, Practice C) ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻫﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻗﻮس زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول‬6 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/5 ‫ از‬،‫اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس در داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻛﻤﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬152 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬13) ‫در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
1 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/15 ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ ﻫﺰارم اﻳﻨﭻ در ﺳﺎل( ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬40 ‫ و‬6) ‫ در ﺳﺎل‬mm ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ و ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
.‫دارد‬
Similar results were obtained in Huey tests of
specimens from bead-on-tube welds produced
by GTA welding. In this case, the corrosion
rate had a tendency to increase slightly with arc
energy up to 3 kJ/mm (76 kJ/inch).
‫( روي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎي ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش‬Huey) ‫ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ در‬.‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ‬GTA ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ژول در‬3 ‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس ﺗﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬،(‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در اﻳﻨﭻ‬76) ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
.‫داﺷﺖ‬
A.5.2 Pitting tests
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬2-5-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Pitting tests were conducted in 10% ferric
chloride (FeCl3) at 25 and 30°C (75 and 85°F)
in accordance with ASTM G 48. Results of
tests on submerged-arc test welds did not
indicate any significant change in pitting
resistance when the arc energy was increased
from 1.5 to 6 kJ/mm (38 to 152 kJ/inch).
Pitting occurred along the boundary between
two adjacent weld beads. Attack was caused by
slag entrapment in the weld; therefore, removal
of slag is important.
‫( در‬FeCL3) ‫ درﺻﺪ‬10 ‫آزﻣﻮن ﺣﻔﺮهاي در ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻓﺮﻳﻚ‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬85 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬75) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬30 ‫ و‬25
‫ ﺗﺎ‬1/5 ‫ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس از‬ASTM G48 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
(‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در اﻳﻨﭻ‬152 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬38) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ژول در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬6
‫ در ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﺟﻮش ﻗﻮس زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري ﻫﻴﭻ‬.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي در‬.‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪاي از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺮز ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش ﻣﺠﺎور ﻫﻢ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد ﻛﻪ آن‬
،‫ﻫﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺒﺲ ﺷﺪن ﺳﺮﺑﺎره در ﺟﻮش ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ زدودن ﺳﺮﺑﺎره از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‬
Gas tungsten arc weld test specimens (arc
energies from 0.5 to 3 kJ/mm, or 13 to 76
kJ/inch) showed a marked improvement in
pitting resistance with increasing arc energy. In
order for duplicate specimens to pass the FeCl3
test at 30°C (85°F), 3 kJ/mm (76 kJ/inch) of
arc energy was required. At 25°C (75°F), at
least 2 kJ/mm (51 kJ/inch) was required to
achieve immunity. Welds made autogenously
(no nickel enrichment) were somewhat inferior,
but improvements were achieved by using
higher arc energies.
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﮔﺎزي )ﺑﺎ‬
76 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬13 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ژول در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ‬3 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/5 ‫اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس از‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در اﻳﻨﭻ( ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻧﺮژي‬
.‫ﻗﻮس در ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬30 ‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻓﺮﻳﻚ در‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
76) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬3 ،(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬85) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺼﻮن‬.‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در اﻳﻨﭻ( اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻮد‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬75) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬25 ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪن از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در‬51) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬2 ‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ در ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬.‫اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻣﻮرد اﺣﺘﻴﺎج ﺑﻮد‬
‫)ﺑﺪون ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه( ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﺸﺎن ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد وﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫از اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
.‫دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ‬
For comparison with a different alloy, Fig.
1-5-‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻛﻪ در ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت ورودي روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫( ﺑﻪ‬Ferralium) ‫ ﻓﺮاﻟﻴﻢ‬255 ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
15 ‫ﻃﻮر ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪﻧﺪ و در ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻓّﺮﻳﻚ در‬
A.5.1 shows the effect of heat input on the
corrosion resistance of Ferralium Alloy 255
welds made autogenously and tested in FeCl3
149
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‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 60‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن‬
‫ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﺎز ﻓﺮﻳﺖ در ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻒ‪-‬‬
‫‪ 2-5‬ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ در آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫از آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 255‬ﻓﺮاﻟﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ آﻣﺪﻧﺪ و در‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ‪ASTM D1141‬‬
‫در ‪ 60‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 100‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 140‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 212‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﺎز آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻒ‪ 3-5-‬ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫‪ 2205‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪at 15°C (60°F). Preferential corrosion of the‬‬
‫‪ferrite phase is shown in Fig. A.5.2. In a‬‬
‫‪different test, Ferralium Alloy 255 was welded‬‬
‫‪autogenously and tested in a neutral chloride‬‬
‫‪solution according to ASTM D 1141 (Ref. 4) at‬‬
‫‪60 to 100°C (140 to 212°F). In this case,‬‬
‫‪preferential attack of the austenite phase was‬‬
‫‪observed. An example is shown in Fig. A.5.3.‬‬
‫‪Similar results would be expected for Alloy‬‬
‫‪2205.‬‬
‫‪Heat input kj/mm‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ژول‪/‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪Fig. A.5.1 EFFECT OF WELDING HEAT INPUT ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF‬‬
‫‪AUTOGENOUS GTA (GAS TUNGSTEN ARC) WELDS IN FERRALIUM ALLOY 255 IN 10% FeCl3‬‬
‫‪AT 10°C (40°F). THE BASE METAL WAS 25.4 mm (1 INCH) THICK‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ ‪ 1-5-‬اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ )‪(GTA‬‬
‫از آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ 255‬در ‪ %10‬ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻓﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ‪ 10‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 40‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 25/4‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ )اﻳﻨﭻ(‬
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Fig. A.5.2 PREFERENTIAL CORROSION OF THE FERRITE PHASE IN THE WELD METAL OF
FERRALIUM ALLOY 255 GTA WELDS IN 10% FeCl3 AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. BASE METAL
WAS 3.2 mm (1/8 INCH) THICK
‫( ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ‬Ferralium) ‫ ﻓﺮاﻟﻴﻢ‬255 ‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﺎز ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬2-5- ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
(‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬1/8) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬3/2 ‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻚ در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬%10 ‫ﮔﺎزي‬
Fig. A.5.3 PREFERENTIAL ATTACK OF THE CONTINUOUS AUSTENITE PHASE IN AN
AUTOGENOUS GTA WELD IN FERRALIUM ALLOY 255. CREVICE CORROSION TEST WAS
PERFORMED IN SYNTHETIC SEAWATER ACCORDING TO ASTM D 1141 AT 100°C (212°F).
ETCHED WITH 50% HNO3. 100 ×
‫ ﻓﺮاﻟﻴﻢ‬255 ‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﺎز آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪاوم در ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮس ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﮔﺎزي ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬3-5- ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬100 ‫ در‬ASTM D1141 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﺎري در آب ﺷﻮر ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬100 ‫( ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰرگ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬HNO3) ‫ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬%50 ‫ﻚ ﻛﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺣ‬212)
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ‬2205 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ﭼﺮا اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻗﻮس ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي زﻳﺎدي ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم‬.‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ و ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم در ﻓﺎز‬
‫ در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دو‬HAZ ‫ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻓﺎزي را در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
A study of the Alloy 2205 weld
microstructures revealed why high arc energies
were found to be beneficial to pitting
resistance. Many investigations have indicated
that the presence of chromium nitrides in the
ferrite phase lowers the resistance to pitting of
the weld metal and the HAZ in duplex stainless
steels. In this study, both weld metal and HAZ
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
produced by low arc energies contained an
appreciable amount of Chromium Nitride
(Cr2N) Fig. A.5.4. The nitride precipitation
vanished when an arc energy of 3 kJ/mm (76
kJ/inch) was used (Fig. A.5.5).
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﻗﻮس ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬HAZ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و‬
‫( ﺑﻮده‬Cr2N) ‫ﺣﺎوي ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم‬
3 ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ از اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس‬.4-5-‫ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻒ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ‬76) ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
(5-5-‫)ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬.‫رﺳﻮب ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻣﺤﻮ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
Fig. A.5.4 MICROSTRUCTURE OF BEAD-ON-TUBE WELD MADE BY AUTOGENOUS GTA
WELDING WITH AN ARC ENERGY OF 0.5 kJ/mm (13 kJ/inch). NOTE THE ABUNDANCE OF
CHROMIUM NITRIDES IN THE FERRITE PHASE. SEE ALSO FIG. 21 200 ×
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬0/5 ‫ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس‬GTA ‫ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش روي ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬4-5-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬200 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰرگ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬21 ‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﭘﺮ از ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻛﺮوم در ﻓﺎر ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ‬13)
152
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IPS-C-TP-742(1)
Fig. A.5.5 MICROSTRUCTURE OF BEAD-ON-TUBE WELD MADE BY AUTOGENOUS GTA
WELDING WITH AN ARC ENERGY OF 3 kJ/mm (76 kJ/inch). VIRTUALLY NO CHROMIUM
NITRIDES ARE PRESENT, WHICH RESULTS IN ADEQUATE PITTING RESISTANCE. 200 ×
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس‬GTA ‫ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش روي ﺟﻮش ﺧﻮدﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬5-5-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ( ﻛﻪ در واﻗﻊ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻛﺮوم‬76) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬3
‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬200 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰرگ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺧﻮرد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي اﺳﺖ‬
The results of FeCl3 tests on Submerged-Arc
Welds (SAW) showed that all top weld
surfaces passed the test at 30°C (85°F) without
pitting attack, irrespective of arc energy in the
range of 2 to 6 kJ/mm (51 to 152 kJ/inch).
Surprisingly, the weld metal on the root side,
which was the first to be deposited, did not
pass the same test temperature.
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻓّﺮﻳﻚ روي ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫( ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح‬SAW) ‫ﻗﻮس زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬85) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬30 ‫ آزﻣﻮن در‬،‫روي ﺟﻮش‬
‫ را ﺑﺪون در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس در ﻣﺤﺪوده‬،(‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
،(‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ‬152 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬51) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬6 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2
‫ ﺷﮕﻔﺖ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش در رﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻪ اول ازﻫﻤﻪ‬.‫ﮔﺬراﻧﺪﻧﺪ‬
.‫رﺳﻮب ﻣﻲﻛﺮد از ﻋﻬﺪه آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪ‬
The deteriorating effect of high arc energies on
the pitting resistance of the weld metal on the
root side was unexpected. Potentiostatic tests
carried out in 3% NaCl at 400 mV versus SCE
confirmed these findings. The higher the arc
energy, the more austenite of this kind was
present in the first two weld beads. Thus,
nitrides give rise to negative effects on the
pitting resistance, as do fine austenite
precipitates that were presumably reformed at
as low a temperature as approximately 800°C
(1470°F).
‫اﺛﺮ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻗﻮس روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش در رﻳﺸﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮه ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬400 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ در‬3 ‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻲ در‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ را ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬SCE ‫( در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬mV) ‫وﻟﺖ‬
‫ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬،‫ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪر اﻧﺮژي ﻗﻮس ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع در اوﻟﻴﻦ دو ﺧﻂ ﺟﻮش وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮاﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﻲ روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ رﺳﻮب رﻳﺰ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬800 ‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
.‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ دادﻧﺪ‬،(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬1470) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
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‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ‬2205 ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ رﺳﻮب ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم‬.‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ در داﻧﻪﻫﺎي درﺷﺖ ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن‬Cr2N
2190) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1200 ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ از دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻓّﺮﻳﻚ و‬.‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮاﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬
‫ در ﻛﻞ اﻳﻨﻄﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از رﺳﻮب ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر آﻧﺮا ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬
‫ از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻗﻮس ﺗﺎ آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻛﺮد‬
.‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎس ﺟﻮش ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ آﻫﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬475 ‫)اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ آن اﻧﺪازه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮدي در‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮي‬885) ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪد آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ رﺳﻮب ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬
.‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه اﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ از ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎس ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﭘﺎس وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﺤﺪوده درﺟﻪ‬
1830) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1000 ‫ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آورد‬،(‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ درﺟﻪ‬،‫اوﻟﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﺮدن ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺣﺮارت را ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از رﺳﻮب ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،2205 ‫ اﺧﻴﺮاً ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫داده اﺳﺖ‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬300) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬150 ،‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎس‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬300‫ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻲرﺳﺪ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ آن ﺗﺎ‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ درﺟﻪ‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬570)
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬200 ،‫ ﻓﺮاﻟﻴﻢ‬255 ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎسﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬390)
Therefore, the resistance of Alloy 2205 to
pitting corrosion is dependent on several
factors. First, Cr2N precipitation in the coarse
ferrite grains upon rapid cooling from
temperatures above about 1200°C (2190°F)
caused the most severe impairment to pitting
resistance. This statement is supported by a
great number of FeCl3 tests as well as by
potentiostatic pitting tests. Generally, it seems
difficult to avoid Cr2N precipitation in welded
joints completely, particularly in the HAZ, the
structure of which can be controlled only by
the weld thermal cycle. From this point of
view, it appears advisable to employ as high an
arc energy as practical in each weld pass. In
this way, the cooling rate will be slower (but
not slow enough to encounter 475°C (885°F)
embrittlement), and the re-formation of
austenite will clearly dominate over the
precipitation of Cr2N.
In addition, if there were no restriction on
maximum interpass temperature, the heat
produced by previous weld passes could be
used to decrease the cooling rate further in the
critical temperature range above about 1000°C
(1830°F). Preliminary tests with preheated
workpieces have shown the significance of
temperature in suppressing Cr2N precipitation.
Currently, the maximum recommended
interpass temperature for Alloy 2205 is 150°C
(300°F). This temperature limit does not appear
to be critical, and it is suggested that this limit
could be increased to 300°C (570°F). The
maximum recommended interpass temperature
for Ferralium Alloy 255 is 200°C (390°F).
‫رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه داﻧﻪﻫﺎ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺮارت ورودي ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫از ﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و اﺛﺮ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ در‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﻗﻮس ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ‬
2 ‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار زﻳﺎد و ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت رﻳﺰ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ در ﻓّﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺛﺮ‬.‫ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﺪداً ﻣﻮرد ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬2 ‫زﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﺎز‬
Excessive grain growth as a result of too much
heat input must also be considered to avoid loss
of ductility and impact toughness.
Second, the fine austenite precipitates found in
the reheated ferrite when high arc energies and
multipass welding were combined are
commonly referred to as  2 in the literature.
The harmful influence of  2 on the pitting
resistance has been noted with isothermally
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aged specimens, but as far as is known, it has
never been observed in connection with
welding. It is felt, however, that  2 is less
detrimental to pitting than Cr2N, Moreover,  2
formation is believed to be beneficial to
mechanical properties, such as impact strength
and ductility.
،‫ﺣﻔﺮه اي و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻫﻢ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬.‫ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪه در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭼﻴﺰي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬
2 ‫ ﻓﺎز‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮه اي‬.‫ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ از اﻳﻦ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬.‫ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﺮوم زﻳﺎن آورﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬2 ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺎز‬
.‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ‬
A third factor that lowers pitting resistance is
oxide scale. Where possible, all surface oxides
shall be removed by mechanical means or,
preferably, by pickling. Root surfaces (in pipe),
however, are generally inaccessible, and pitting
resistance must rely on the protection from the
backing gas during GTA welding. It is
therefore advisable to follow the current
recommendation for stainless steels, which is a
maximum of 25 ppm oxygen in the root
backing gas.
-‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﺑﺎ‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺑﺰار ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﻮح رﻳﺸﻪ ﺟﻮش در ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ‬.‫اﺳﻴﺪﺷﻮﻳﻲ زدوده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﮔﺎز ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن در‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬.‫ ﻣﺘﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬GTA ‫ﻃﻮل ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫از ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎي راﻳﺞ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن از اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
.‫ ﭘﻴﺮوي ﺷﻮد‬،‫ در ﮔﺎز ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ رﻳﺸﻪ‬25 ppm
A.5.3 Stress-corrosion cracking
‫ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬3-5-‫اﻟﻒ‬
The SCC resistance of Alloy 2205 in aerated,
concentrated chloride solutions is very good.
The effect of welding on the SCC resistance is
negligible from a practical point of view. The
threshold stress for various welds, as well as
for unwelded parent metal in the CaCl2 test, is
as 90% of the tensile strength at the testing
temperature. This is far above all conceivable
design limits.
‫ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﻫﻮادار ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ در‬2205 ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫( ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮب‬SCC) ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬SCC ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﺟﺮاﺋﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻏﻤﺎض اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺟﻮش ﻧﺸﺪه در آزﻣﻮن‬
‫ درﺻﺪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ در‬90 ،CaCl2 ‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎي‬.‫دﻣﺎي آزﻣﻮن اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫( و‬H2S) ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ از ﻣﻘﺪار زﻳﺎد ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ در ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل در اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻋﺎدي‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﺮاز ﺷﻮد‬HAZ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬.‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﻤﻲ آورد‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬.‫ درﺻﺪ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬75
‫ درﺻﺪ‬25 ‫ ﻓّﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬،SCC ‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Also, in environments containing both
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and chlorides, the
resistance of welds is almost as high as for the
parent metal. In this type of environment,
however, it is important to avoid too high a
ferrite content in weld metal and HAZ. For
normal welding of joints, the resulting ferrite
contents shall not cause any problems. For
weld repair situations, however, care shall be
taken so that extremely high ferrite contents (>
75%) are avoided. To preserve the high degree
of resistance to SCC, the ferrite content shall
not be less than 25%.
Another reason to avoid coarse weld
microstructures (generated by excessive
welding heat) is the resultant nonuniform
plastic flow, which can locally increase stresses
and induce preferential corrosion and cracking
effects.
‫دﻟﻴﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﺟﻮش‬
‫)ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﺟﻮش( ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ و‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ و ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
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A.5.4 Use of high-alloy filler metals
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ‬4-5-‫اﻟﻒ‬
In critical pitting or crevice corrosion
applications, the pitting resistance of the weld
metal can be enhanced by the use of high
nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy filler
metals. The corrosion resistance of such
weldments in Ferralium Alloy 255 is shown in
Table A.5.2. For the same weld technique, it
can be seen that using highalloy fillers does
improve corrosion resistance. If high-alloy
fillers are used, the weld metal will have better
corrosion resistance than the HAZ and the
fusion line. Therefore, again, proper selection
of welding technique can improve the
corrosion resistance of the weldments.
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬،‫ﺷﻴﺎري ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺮد و‬-‫ ﻛﺮوم‬-‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داد‬
2-5-‫ ﻓﺮاﻟﻴﻮم در ﺟـﺪول اﻟﻒ‬255 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه در آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻴﻦ روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬.‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬، ‫دﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﻜﺎر‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺨﺸﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ و ﺧﻂ ذوب ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬HAZ ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺻﺤﻴﺢ روش ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬،‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮدي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه ﮔﺮدد‬
TABLE A.5.2 - CORROSION RESISTANCE OF FERRALIUM ALLOY 255 WELDMENTS USING
VARIOUS NICKEL-BASE ALLOY FILLERS AND WELD TECHNIQUES 3.2 mm (0.125 inch) plates
tested in 10% FeCl3 for 120 h
‫ ﻓﺮﻟﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬255 ‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬2-5-‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻒ‬
(‫ اﻳﻨﭻ‬0/125) ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬3/2 ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬120 ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬FeCl3 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻓّﺮﻳﻚ‬10 ‫ورﻗﻬﺎ در‬
CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺣﻔﺮه اي ﺷﺪن‬
FILLER METAL
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
GAS TUNGSTEN ARC
GAS METAL ARC
SUBMERGED ARC
‫ﻗﻮس ﮔﺎز ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ‬-‫ﻗﻮس ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﻗﻮس زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري‬
°C
°F
30-35
85-95(a)
30
IN-112
30
85(a)
Hastelloy alloy C-276
---
Hastelloy alloy C-22
30
Hastelloy alloy G-3
°C
°F
°C
°F
85(a)
30-35
85-95(b)
---
---
35-40
65-105(b)
---
---
---
25-30
75-85(a)
85(a)
---
---
35-40
95-105(a)
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬
(a) HAZ
‫ب ( ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
(b) HAZ plus weld metal
.‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
A.6 Corrosion of Nickel-Base Alloys
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬6-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.6.1 The nickel-molybdenum alloys
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬1-6-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه‬،‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه‬Hastelloy B-2 ‫ و‬B ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در‬
Represented by Hastelloy Alloys B and B-2,
have been primarily used for their resistance to
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May 2010/ 1389 ‫اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
IPS-C-TP-742(1)
corrosion in nonoxidizing environments such
as HCl. Hastelloy Alloy B has been used since
about 1929 and has suffered from one
significant limitation: weld decay. The welded
structure has shown high susceptibility to
knife-line attack adjacent to the weldmetal and
to HAZ attack at some distance from the weld.
The former has been attributed to the
precipitation of molyb-denum carbide (Mo2C);
the latter, to the formation of M6C-type
carbides. This necessitated postweld annealing,
a serious shortcoming when large structures are
involved. Many approaches to this problem
were attempted, including the addition of
carbide-stabilizing elements, such as vanadium,
titanium, zirconium, and tantalum, as well as
the lowering of carbon.
‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬HCl ‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮاﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬1929 ‫ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺪود ﺳﺎل‬B ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﻮع‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ از ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻮش در‬
‫ ﺳﺎزه ﺟﻮش داده ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻀﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺎرﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮب‬،‫ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺎر ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ‬.‫زﻳﺎدي ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ‬
‫ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع‬،(Mo2C) ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي رﻓﻊ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬M6C
‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎي زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻓﺰودن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﺳﺎز ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻴﻢ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دادن‬،‫ زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ‬
.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
The addition of 1% V to an Alloy B-type
composition was first patented in 1959. The
resultant commercial alloys . Corronel 220 and
Hastelloy Alloy B-282 ( were found to be
superior to Alloy B in resisting knife-line
attack but were not immune to it. In fact, it was
demonstrated that the addition of 2% V
decreased the corrosion resistance of the base
metal in HCl solutions. During this time,
improvements in melting techniques led to the
development of a low-carbon low-iron version
of Alloy B called Alloy B-2. This alloy did not
exhibit any propensity to knife-line attack.
‫ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ در‬B ‫ واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﻮع‬%1 ‫اﻓﺰودن‬
‫ و‬Corronel 220 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪ‬1959 ‫ﺳﺎل‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬،Hastelloy B -282 ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺎر ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬B ‫ﺑﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ در واﻗﻊ‬.‫وﻟﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آن ﻧﺪارد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬2 ‫ﺑﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ در ﻃﻮل‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬HCl ‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ را در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ در روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬،‫ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﺷﺪ‬B-2 ‫ ﻛﻪ‬،B ‫ﻛﻢ آﻫﻦ و ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
.‫ ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻧﺪاد‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺎر ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ در ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬
.‫آن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ زﻳﺎنآور ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ دﭼﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ ﺟﻮﺷﺎن‬HC1 ‫در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮرت در ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از اﺳﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ‬+‫ اﺳﻴﺪﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ و اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬+‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ در ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬B-2 ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن‬،‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ﺷﻴﺎر ﭼﺎﻗﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬2050) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1120 ‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮش در‬
.‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
Segregation of molybdenum in weld metal can
be detrimental to corrosion resistance in some
environments. In the case of boiling HCl
solutions, the weld metal does not corrode
preferentially. However, in H2SO4 + HCl and
H2SO4 + H3PO4 acid mixtures, preferential
corrosion of as-welded Alloy B-2 has been
observed. No knifeline or HAZ attack was
noted in these tests. During solidification, the
initial solid is poorer in molybdenum and
therefore can corrode preferentially. In such
cases, postweld annealing at 1120°C (2050°F)
will be beneficial.
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ – ﻛﺮوم – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬2-6-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.6.2 The nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloys
‫ و ﺑﺎ اﻳﻨﻜُﻮﻧِﻞ‬Hastelloy ‫ ﺑﺎ‬،C ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬،‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪ‬625 (Inconel)
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
UNS ) Hastelloy ،C ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫دﺳﺘﺨﻮش ﺗﺤﻮل ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
Represented by the Hastelloy C family of
alloys and by Inconel 625 have also undergone
evolution because of the need to improve the
corrosion resistance of weldments. Hastelloy
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‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮوم‬16 ‫( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺳﻤﻲ ﺣﺎوي‬N10002
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‬4 ،(Mo) ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬16 ،(Cr)
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬0/5 ‫( و‬C) ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬0/04 ،(W)
‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ‬Si)
‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت زﻳﺎدي درﺑﺎره‬.‫ ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ‬HAZ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ و ﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ‬،‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬C ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ رﺳﻮﺑﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ اوﻟﻲ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي‬.‫و دو ﻧﻮع رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ دوﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬.‫( ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬µ) ‫ﻮ‬‫ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎز ﻣ‬Ni7Mo6
M23C6 ‫ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫ اﺳﺖ‬Mo6C ‫از ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع‬
‫ اﺳﺖ‬Ni2Cr ‫ ﻧﻮع دﻳﮕﺮ رﺳﻮب‬.‫ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬M2C ‫و‬
‫ﻛﻪ اﺻﻮﻻً در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬
‫ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺮي اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ﺟﺎي ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻫﻢ ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪي از ﻟﺤﺎظ‬
‫ ﻛﺮوم و ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎور ﺗﻬﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژ را ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ رﺳﻮب‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﻣﺎن‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻮرد‬1-6-‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬C-276 ‫ﺣﺮارت آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ رﺳﻮب ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬C-276 ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺗﺮي را در آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ‬،C ‫ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬C-276 ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ را در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﻓﻘﻂ‬C-276 ‫ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ در آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺎز ﻣ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
‫( ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺪت‬µ-phase)
‫ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬C-4 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲﺗﺮي ﭘﻴﺮي روي داد‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از آﻫﻦ – ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ و ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
.‫ﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣ‬
Alloy C (UNS N10002) containing nominally
16% Cr, 16% Mo, 4% W, 0.04% C and 0.5%
Si had been in use for some time but had
required the use of postweld annealing to
prevent preferential weld and HAZ attack.
Many investigations were carried out on the
nature of precipitates formed in Alloy C, and
two main types of precipitates were identified.
The first is a Ni7Mo6 intermetallic phase called
µ, and the second consists of carbides of the
Mo6C type. Other carbides of the M23C6 and
M2C were also reported. Another type, an
ordered Ni2Cr-type precipitate, occurs mainly
at lower temperatures and after a long aging
time; it is not of great concern from a welding
viewpoint.
Both the intermetallic phases and the carbides
are rich in molybdenum, tungsten, and
chromium and therefore create adjacent areas
of alloy depletion that can be selectively
attacked. Carbide precipitation can be retarded
considerably by lowering carbon and silicon;
this is the principle behind Hastelloy Alloy C276. The time-temperature behaviors of Alloys
C and C-276 are compared in Fig. A.6.1, which
shows much slower precipitation kinetics in
Alloy C-276. Therefore, the evolution of Alloy
C-276 from Alloy C enabled the use of this
alloy system in the as-welded condition.
However, because only carbon and silicon
were controlled in C-276, there remained the
problem of intermetallic µ-phase precipitation,
which occurred at longer times of aging. Alloy
C-4 was developed with lower iron, cobalt, and
tungsten levels to prevent precipitation of µphases.
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‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
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‫زﻣﺎن ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
Fig. A.6.1 TIME-TEMPERATURE TRANSFORMATION CURVES FOR HASTELLOY ALLOYS C
AND C-276. INTERMETALLICS AND CARBIDE PHASES PRECIPITATE IN THE REGIONS TO
THE RIGHT OF THE CURVES
Hastelloy C-276 ‫ و‬C ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﮔﺬار زﻣﺎن ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬1-6-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺳﻤﺖ راﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
‫ در‬C-4 ‫ و‬C-276 ،C ‫اﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﺮي روي ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي‬
C ‫ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬2-6-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻳﺎ‬800 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬700) ‫در دو ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬1100 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬900 ‫ و‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬1470 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1290
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ و‬2010 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1650 ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻳﺎ‬
‫( و ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ‬µ)‫ﻮ‬‫ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎز ﻣ‬،‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻮق‬
‫ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﺿﺮورﺗﺎً در‬،C-276 ‫ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺰ روي ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
-‫ رخ ﻣﻲ‬،‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪاي ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎز ﻣ‬
‫ آﻧﻘﺪر آﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬C-276 ‫ﻮ در آﻟﻴﺎژ‬‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ رﺳﻮب ﻓﺎز ﻣ‬.‫دﻫﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ورودي‬
HAZ ‫ رﺳﻮب ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در‬.‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه را ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‬C-4 ‫ ﭼﻮن آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ روي دﻫﺪ‬C-276 ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ دارد‬C-276 ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا وﺟﻮد ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺮاي آن‬،‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي و ﺷﻴﺎري ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ‬C-4 ‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ راه ﺣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري دﻣﺎي آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬C-22 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
.‫دﻣﺎ از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ‬
The effect of aging on sensitization of Alloys
C, C-276, and C-4 is shown in Fig. A.6.2. For
Alloy C, sensitization occurs in two
temperature ranges (700 to 800°C, or 1290 to
1470°F, and 900 to 1100°C, or 1650 to
2010°F) corresponding to carbide and µ-phase
precipitation, respectively. For Alloy C-276,
sensitization occurs essentially in the
highertemperature region because of µ-phase
precipitation. Also, the µ-phase precipitation
kinetics in Alloy C-276 are slow enough not to
cause sensitization problems in many high heat
input weldments; however, precipitation can
occur in the HAZ of Alloy C-276 welds.
Because C-4 has lower tungsten than C-276, it
has lower pitting and crevice corrosion
resistance, for which tungsten is beneficial.
Therefore, an alternate solution to Alloy C-4
was needed in which both corrosion resistance
and thermal stability are preserved. Hastelloy
Alloy C-22 has demonstrated improved
corrosion resistance and thermal stability.
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‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﻴﺮي ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﭻ در ﺳﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﻴﺮي ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪Fig. A.6.2 EFFECT OF 1-h AGING TREATMENT ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF THREE‬‬
‫‪HASTELLOY ALLOYS IN 50% H2SO4 + 42 g/L Fe2(SO4)3‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ 2-6-‬اﺛﺮﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ روي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ ‪ Hastelloy‬در ‪ %50‬اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ‪ 42 +‬ﮔﺮم در ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت آﻫﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‬
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Because of the low carbon content of Alloy C22, the precipitation kinetics of carbides were
slowed. Because Alloy C-22 has lower
molybdenum and tungsten levels than Alloy C276, µ-phase precipitation was also retarded.
‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ رﺳﻮب‬،C-22 ‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ داراي‬C-22 ‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ آﻫﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ رﺳﻮب‬،‫ اﺳﺖ‬C-276 ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ و ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
From a weld HAZ point of view, this
difference is reflected in lower grain-boundary
precipitation even in a high heat input weld.
The HAZ microstructure of Alloy C-4 was
similar to this.
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت در رﺳﻮب‬،‫در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت ﺟﻮش‬
.‫( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ اﻓﺘﺎد‬µ-phase)‫ﻮ‬‫ﻓﺎز ﻣ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪاي ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ‬C-4 ‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬HAZ ‫ رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬.‫ورودي ﺟﻮش‬
.‫داﺷﺖ‬
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