Livestock Feeding
AnS 320
“Swine Feeding and Management”
Lecture 1: April 13
Dr. John F. Patience
Department of Animal Science
201H Kildee Hall
Phone: 294-5132
Email: jfp@iastate.edu
Applied Swine Nutrition Research
Program
www.ans.iastate.edu/faculty/jfp/acc/
Objectives
1. To establish and maintain effective two-way
communication with the pork industry.
2. To implement a research program with a short- to
medium-term time line.
3. To fully integrate graduate training at both the M.S.
and Ph.D. levels into our research program.
4. To communicate the results of the research program
to the pork industry and the academic community.
Our Goal
To develop an understanding of high
priority nutrition and management
issues to create solutions and
develop strategies that support
greater economic success and
improved long term sustainability of
the pork industry
Research Themes
1. Energy metabolism
o How to best supply energy to the pig
o How the pig uses energy for growth
2. Ingredient evaluation
o Evaluation of ingredients
o Improved approaches to ingredient evaluation
3. Feeding and management
o Based on industry input and suggestions
Outline
• Concepts of life-cycle feeding of swine
• Feeding and management: Sows
 Diet formulation issues
 Feeding management issues
• Feeding and management: Gestation
 Example diets
 Diet formulation issues
 Feeding management issues
• Feeding and management: Lactation
 Example diets
 Diet formulation issues
 Feeding management issues
PRODUCTION CONTINUUM
What occurs in one phase
of production often affects
outcomes in later phases.
Or
Diagnosing problems in one
phase of production often
requires consideration of
what is happening in earlier
phases.
Breeding
Farrowing
Nursery
Growout
Life cycle feeding objectives
1. To ensure that the feeding of animals in one phase
of the production system does not impair
production later in life
Market
Gestation
Growout
Lactation
Nursery
Life cycle feeding objectives
2. By understanding the implications of life-cycle
feeding, achieve production objectives at the lowest
possible cost
WHAT GETS MEASURED
GETS MANAGED
OR
YOU CANNOT MANAGE
WHAT YOU CANNOT
MEASURE
The decision-making process
Perception of
Risk
versus
Perception of
Reward
Accuracy versus Precision
High accuracy
High precision
Low accuracy
High precision
High accuracy
Low precision
Source: Rutherford and Moughan, 2000
Low accuracy
Low precision
Feeding and Management: Sows
Framework for Developing
Feeding Programs
Nutrient
Requirements
Nutrient
Supply
Feeding
Program
Profitability
Pork
Quality
Functional
Properties
Sustainability
Life cycle feeding
 Gestation feeding affects:
 Sow condition at farrowing
 Feed intake during lactation
 Sows that get too fat in gestation eat less in lactation
 Piglet birth weight
 Response is very small
 Cost of feeding the breeding herd
 Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs
with no benefits, possibly detriments
 Well-being of the sow
 Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness
Life cycle feeding
 Lactation feeding affects:
 Sow condition at weaning

Affects subsequent reproduction
 Litter weaning weights
 Sows will “milk off their back” but this is both inefficient and
ineffective, compared to feeding the sow correctly
 Cost of feeding the breeding herd
 Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs
with no benefits, possibly detriments
 Well-being of the sow
 Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness
Tracking actual sow feed usage:
Gestation feed
Example: 3,500 sow herd using 1,020 tons of
gestation feed over 4 months.
Average daily gestation feed disappearance
= 1,220 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
3,300 crates X 166 days
=
2,440,000
547,800
=
4.45 lb/sow/day
Tracking actual sow feed usage:
Lactation feed: Option 1
Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters
using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months
Average daily lactation feed disappearance
=
325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
525 crates X 122 days
=
650,000
64,050
=
10.1 lb/sow/day
[Under-estimates actual usage, due to empty crates, or pre-farrowed sows
in crates. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]
Tracking actual sow feed usage:
Lactation feed: Option 2
Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters
using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months
Average daily lactation feed disappearance; ave. lactation 19 d
=
325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton
2950 litters X 19 days
=
650,000
56,050
=
11.6 lb/sow/day
[Over-estimates actual usage, because feed given to sows prior to farrowing
is included. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]
Recommended Nutrient Levels for
Lactating Sows and Giltsa
NUTRIENT
Amount/head/day (g)
Amount/ton (%)
TID Lysine
TID Met & Cys
48
26
0.87
0.47
TID Tryptophan
TID Threonine
TID Valine
9
30
43
0.16
0.55
0.78
49
24.5
0.90
0.45
27
0.50
Calcium
Available
phosphorus
Salt
aAssumes
12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine
Dietary TID Lysine Level Based
Upon Litter Weaning Weight and
Sow Feed Intake
Adj. 21-day
litter weaning
wt, lb
8
9
10
11
12
100
0.88
0.78
0.71
0.64
0.59
110
1.02
0.91
0.82
0.74
0.68
0.63
1.03
0.93
0.84
0.77
0.71
0.66
1.04
0.94
0.86
0.80
0.74
1.04
0.96
0.88
1.05
0.97
120
130
140
150
Lactation feed intake, lb/d
13
Lysine, g/d
14
15
TID
Total
32
36
37
42
42
48
0.69
47
53
0.82
0.76
52
59
0.90
0.84
57
65
Suggested TID Amino Acid Ratios for Sows
Lysine
Methionine
Met & Cys
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Valine
Gestation
100%
28%
70%
80%
20%
60%
67%
Lactation
100%
28%
55%
62%
19%
55%
90%
Recommended Nutrient Levels for
Lactating Sows and Giltsa
Amount/head/day
Amount/ton
Vitamin A
60,000 USP
10,000,000 USP
Vitamin D
7,5000 USP
1,250,000 USP
Vitamin E
360 IU
60,000 IU
Vitamin Kc
24 mg
4,000 mg
Riboflavin
45 mg
7,500 mg
Niacin
270 mg
45,000 mg
d-Pantothenic acid
150 mg
25,000 mg
Vitamin B12
0.21 mg
35 mg
9 mg
1,500 mg
1.2 mg
200 mg
3,000 mg
500,000 mg
27 mg
4,500 mg
270 mg
45,000 mg
VITAMINS
Folic acid
Biotin
Choline
Pyridoxine
Carnitine
aAssumes
12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine
cMenadione
Recommended Nutrient Levels for
Lactating Sows and Giltsa
Amount/head/day (mg)
Amount/ton (g)
Copper
Iodine
90
1.6
15
0.27
Iron
Manganese
Selenium
Zinc
900
216
1.6
900
150
36
0.27
150
Chromium
1.09
0.181
TRACE
MINERALSb
aAssumes
bTrace
12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine
minerals and vitamins levels added to the diet
Recommended Maximum
Concentrations of Toxin in Swine Diets
Dietary Concentration
Pig
Deoxynivalen Zearalenone
ol
ppm
ppm
Aflatoxin
ppb
Breeding
herd
1.0
2.0
100
Young
1.0
1.0
20
Growing
1.0
1.0
---a
Finishing
1.0
3.0
200
Young males
1.0
3.0
---a
3.0
---a
Old
a Concentration
not determined
males
1.0State University
Modified from Michigan
Feeding and Management: Gestation
Example Gestation Diets
Mixed parity diet
Ingredient
Young parity
diet
Old parity
diet
Corn-soy diet
Soy hull diet
1,626
1,548
1,548
1,617
Soybean meal, 46.5% CP
291
271
271
202
Soy hulls
---
100
100
100
Monocalcium phosphate,
21% P
32
31
31
29
Limestone
28
27
27
29
Salt
10
10
10
10
Vitamin premix with phytase
5
5
5
5
Trace mineral premix
3
3
3
3
Sow add pack
5
5
5
5
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Corn or milo
Total
Example Gestation Diets
Mixed parity diet
Calculated analysis
Young
Old parity
diet
Corn-soy diet Soy hull diet parity diet
TID Lysine, %
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.46
Total lysine, %
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.55
TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.44
TID Methionine:lysine ratio,%
38
38
38
41
TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, %
78
78
78
85
TID Threonine:lysine ratio, %
76
76
76
80
TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, %
23
22
22
23
ME, kcal/lb
1,484
1,451
1,451
1,451
Protein, %
13.7
13.4
13.4
12.1
Calcium, %
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
Phosphorus, %
0.66
0.64
0.64
0.61
Available phosphorus, %
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.35
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.42
Available phosphorus equiv, %a
aThe
available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.
Gestation feeding challenges
1. Optimize lifetime sow productivity, as a means of
maximizing herd profitability
2. Over-feeding sows in gestation reduces feed
intake in lactation
3. Under-feeding sows in gestation impairs
reproductive performance and animal well-being
(shoulder sores)
4. Avoid mycotoxins; this may be the worst place to
feed mycotoxin contaminated feed
Gestation feeding targets
1. Body condition score between 3 and 3.5 – for ALL
sows
 Avoid sows that are too fat or too thin
2. Backfat levels of 0.75” to 0.80” at farrowing
(measured at last rib, 2.5” to 3.0” off the midline)
 Avoid bf less than 0.55” at weaning
3. Adjust feed intake according to body weight and
backfat
4. Very thin sows have higher maintenance energy
requirements, because they have lower insulation
levels and are often more active.
Gestation feeding program
1. Sows must be limit fed during gestation;
otherwise they become too fat
2. Do not feed more than 4 to 5 lb per day for the
first 3 weeks after breeding; excess intake lowers
fetal survival
3. Feed 4.0 to 4.5 lb of a corn-soybean meal diet per
day, adjusting as required for body condition
4. Increase feed allowance by 2 lb during the last 21
days of gestation
 Increases gut capacity to support maximum intake in
lactation
 Recognizes that most fetal growth occurs during the
final 3 weeks of gestation.
 Exception if over-fat sows
Limit feeding gestating sows
 Easily accomplished in gestation stalls

Automatic drops MUST be calibrated regularly, to ensure the sow
is receiving what you think she should be receiving.
 More difficult to achieve in group housing systems

Key rule: to successfully feed sows in group housed gestation,
remove competition for feed. The greater the competition among
sows for feed, the less successful the housing system will be.
 Options:
 Electronic sow feeders
 Walk-in-lock-in feeding stalls
 Trickle feeders
 Floor feeding, with multiple drops, spreading out supply of
feed throughout the pen. Including dividers within the pen
helps
Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required to
Maintain Body Weight
Sow weight, lb
350
400
450
500
550
600
ME, kcal
4,741
5,240
5,724
6,195
6,654
7,103
Dietary energy, kcal/lb
1,400
1,500
3.4
3.2
3.7
3.5
4.1
3.8
4.4
4.1
4.8
4.4
5.1
4.7
Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat
Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance
Backfat gain,
mm (in)
0 (0)
3 (.12)
6 (.24)
9 (.35)
ME, kcal
342
991
1,649
2,307
Dietary energy, kcal
1,400
1,500
0.24
0.23
0.71
0.66
1.18
1.10
1.65
1.54
Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on
Backfat and Weight Category at Breeding
Flank to
flank, in
Estimated
weight, lb
< 36.3
Backfat at breeding, mm (in)
9-11
(.35-.43)
12-14
(.47-.55)
15-17
(.59-.67)
> 18
(.71)
> 325
5.0
(.20)
4.4
(.17)
3.9
(.15)
3.4
(.13)
36.4 - 39.2
325 - 400
5.5
(.22)
5.0
(.20)
4.4
(.17)
3.9
(.15)
39.3 - 41.8
400 - 475
5.9
(.23)
5.4
(.21)
4.9
(.19)
4.3
(.17)
41.9 - 44.0
475 - 550
6.4
(.25)
5.9
(.23)
5.4
(.21)
4.8
(.20)
> 44.0
550 - 650
6.9
(.27)
6.4
(.25)
5.8
(.23)
5.3
(.21)
Based on a diet containing 1,500 kcal ME/lb (corn-soybean meal).
Case study
You are managing a large sow herd, and your records indicate that sow
productivity is a modest 23 pigs per sow per year (p/s/y). You realize that
financial success is unlikely unless you elevate this level of productivity to
at least 26 p/s/y.
Reviewing the PigChamp records, you note the following:
1. Non-productive sow days (NPD) is well above target (63)
2. Weanling to re-breeding interval is acceptable (5.8)
3. Percent bred by 7 days is unacceptable (88)
4. Percent repeats is excessive (12)
5. Numbers born and born alive is unacceptable (11.9/11.0)
You are confident that your genetics and breeding management are
capable of achieving your sow productivity target. You take a walk through
your gestation barn; what would you expect to see and what feeding and
feeding management actions would you undertake to correct the
problems?
Feeding and Management: Lactation
Example Lactation Diets
TID Lysine, %
Ingredient, lb/ton
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Corn
1,435
1,395
1,356
1,316
1,277
1,238
Soybean meal, 46.5% CP
486
526
566
605
645
685
Choice white greasea
0-5%
0-5%
0-5%
0-5%
0-5%
0-5%
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21% P
28.5
28.5
28
28
28
27.5
Limestone
28
27.5
27.5
27.5
27
27
Salt
10
10
10
10
10
10
Vitamin premix with phytase
5
5
5
5
5
5
Trace mineral premix
3
3
3
3
3
3
Sow add pack
5
5
5
5
5
5
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Total
a If
adding fat, substitute for grain on an equal weight basis
Example Lactation Diets
Calculated analysis
TID Lysine, %
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Total Lysine, %
0.91
0.97
1.02
1.08
1.13
1.19
TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal
2.35
2.49
2.64
2.79
2.93
3.08
TID Methionine:lysine ratio, %
32
31
30
30
29
28
TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, %
65
64
62
61
60
59
TID Threonine:lysine ratio, %
69
68
68
67
66
66
TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, %
22
22
22
22
22
22
ME, kcal/lb
1,547
1,547
1,547
1,547
1,547
1,547
Protein, %
17.1
17.9
18.7
19.4
20.2
20.9
Calcium, %
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
Phosphorus, %
0.66
0.67
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.69
Available phosphorus, %
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.37
Available phosphorus equiv, %b
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
bThe
available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to
inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.
Feed intake
One of the greatest challenges in feeding the nursing
sow is maximizing feed intake
 Low feed intake leads to low nutrient intake
 Low nutrient intake leads to:




Lower weaning weights
Loss of sow body condition
Increased sow culling
Impaired rebreeding and subsequent litter size
Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and
Pig Performance
Lactation Feeding
Item
Restricted
Ad libitum
SED
Probability, P <
38
40
---
---
d 3 (start creep)
11.0
10.9
0.3
0.75
d 21
10.4
10.4
0.3
0.93
Mortality, %
5.9
5.3
1.8
0.76
d 3 (start creep)
39.3
38.6
1.4
0.53
d 21
125.1
132.6
4.5
0.10
Total
94.7
102.9
3.9
0.04
ADG
5.20
5.64
0.21
0.04
No. of litters
Pigs/litter
Litter weight, lb
Litter BW gain, lb
NB – Restricted were fed 25% less than ab libitum
Lactation feeding program
 Small amount of feed on day of farrowing


Hungry sows are restless and more likely to over-lay piglets
Sows typically will not eat much feed; farrowing room is very
warm and fed deteriorates quickly
 Day 1 – 2: Limit fed modestly; do not want to limit feed
very much
 Days 3+: Keep fresh feed in front of the sows at all times
Feeding Strategy for Lactating Sows
Number of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 0 to 2 of lactation
Feeding
Feed in feeder
AM
PM
Empty
1
1
< 2 lb
0
0.5
> 2 lb
0
0
Number of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 2 to weaning
Feeding
Feed in feeder
AM
Noon
PM
Empty
2
2
2
< 2 lb
1
1
1
> 2 lb
0
0
1
Factors affecting feed intake - 1
 Feed delivery


Pigs cannot eat feed that isn’t in front of them! By the 3rd day of
lactation, sows should have feed in front of them all of the time
Feeding 3 to 4 times per day is preferred to feeding once or twice.
 Density of the diet
 Pigs eat more of a low density (low energy) diet, up to the
volumetric capacity of their stomach
 Temperature
 High temperature discourages feed intake; low temperature
encourages feed intake
 If the temperature is too cold, or conditions are drafty and damp,
part of the energy consumed by the sow will be needed to
maintain thermal homeostasis
Factors affecting feed intake - 2
 Genetics
 Some lines of pigs have a naturally higher appetite. If using a low
appetite line of pigs, even greater attention must be directed at
maximizing feed intake
 Palatability
 It is important to note that the important factor here is what the
pig considers palatable, not what the producer “thinks” is
palatable.
 Nutrient balance
 Imbalances among, for example, amino acids will reduce feed
intake
 Body condition and reproductive cycle feeding
 If sows are overfed in gestation, they will accrue more body fat
and this tends to impair feed intake during lactation
Factors affecting feed intake - 3
 Feeder design
 Large feed troughs tend to increase feed intake
 Wet/dry feeders tend to increase feed intake
 Access to water
 Water is particularly critical to a lactating sow
 A sow weaning 11 piglets at 3 weeks of age weighing 13 lb will be
producing an average of 2.5 gallons of milk per day!
How much lactation feed is enough?
Example
 Piglets are gaining 11.5 lb during 19d nursing period
 Sow is weaning 10.5 piglets per litter
 Total weight gain is 120.8 lb, or (120.8/19) 6.4 lb/d
 Estimated energy req’t is 3.6 Mcal DE/lb litter gain
 Daily energy requirement would be (6.4 X 3.6) 23.0 Mcal
DE/d, or 21.9 Mcal ME/d
 Diet ME content is 1.45 Mcal ME/lb
 Therefore, sow must eat 15.1 lb feed/d
 Is this possible?
 If yes, what actions can producer take to maximize intake?
 If no, what options are available to 1) the sow, or 2) the
producer?
Fibre in lactation diets
 Nursing sows are susceptible to constipation
 Constipation can be treated by using:
 Fiber
 Wheat midds (±20%)
 Soybean hulls (±10%)
 Alfalfa meal (±25%)
 Sugar beet pulp (7±%)
 Oats (±20%)
(Risk: Use of fibrous ingredients will lower diet energy density and
may compromise sow’s ability to consume sufficient energy
 Chemical laxatives
 MgSO4 (Epsom salts: 30 lb/ton)
 NaSO4 (Glauber salts: 60 lb/ton)
(Risk: Chemical laxatives are harsh; should be used carefully)
Lactation feeding quandary
 In order to maximize sow feed intake, she wants the room
kept as cool as possible
 In order to maximize piglet growth and well-being, they
want the room to be kept very warm
 If the room is kept too cool for the piglets, they will huddle
with the sow, increasing the risk of being over-lain
 Increased mortality due to overlays is often related to a room
temperature that is too cool
Compromise
 Keep the farrowing room temperature elevated during
farrowing and the first 24 to 36 hours post-farrowing, to get
the piglets off to a good start.
 Lower the temperature to 68 to 72⁰F thereafter and provide
zone heating for the piglets
 Feed intake declines by about 0.2 lb/d per ⁰F above 68⁰F