Material For Test on
Feb. 11
Conservatism

Conservatism:

Wanted to return to the days before the French Revolution

Supported:

Strong monarchs rather than democratic governments


Edmund Burke (British politician) was a major spokesperson for conservatism

Tradition rather than change

Religion as a strong force in society
Favored by:

Royal families

Church leaders
Liberalism

Liberalism

Wanted to reduce the power of monarchs

Supported:

Increased power for Parliament

Constitutional law

Personal freedoms: press, speech, religion

Private property

Free market Economy


Liberals today tend to be opposite
Favored by:

Middle Class
Romanticism

Artistic, literary, and musical movement in the 1800’s

Emphasized emotion, feeling, and imagination



Moves away from the emphasis on logic that was typical during the
Enlightenment
Common Characteristics:

Tragic figures

Individualism and rebellion against middle class values

Interest in the Medieval period (Gothic architecture, fairy tales, etc.)

Fascination with the bizarre and unusual
Famous Romantic poet: William Wordsworth
Romanticism in Art

Common
Characteristics:

Helplessness of the
individual

The power of nature
(storms, surging seas,
dark forests)

Use of deep, rich
colors
Advances in Science and
Medicine

Improvements in Medical technologies

Anesthesia first used in 1840’s

Louis Pasteur: germ theory (1860’s)

Robert Koch: identifies the bacteria responsible for Tuberculosis

Wilhelm Rontgen: discovers the X-Ray

Use of organic chemistry to create dyes, soaps, and pharmaceuticals
Advances in Science and
Medicine


Preventative measures lead to better health

Chemicals used to kill disease-carrying rodents

Construction of better sewage systems
Scientific Advancements

Use of Chemicals to create fertilizers leads to increased agricultural
productivity

Dmitri Mendeleev: periodic table

Max Planck: Quantum Theory (p 757)

Albert Einstein: Theory of Relativity, E=MC2

Marie Curie: isolated Radium

Ernest Rutherford: discovers alpha and beta radiation, describes structure of
atom
Charles Darwin (Darwinism)

Charles Darwin: known for developing the theory of “Natural
Selection” and/or “Evolution”

Studied plants and animals; began to notice variations between
and among species. Developed his theory to say:

Current species are the result of Natural Selection over time. Struggles
for survival allow nature to select those who are best fit for survival. Over
time, adaptations allow new species to emerge while the old, less fit, will
die out.


Famous work: On the Origin of Species
Also believed that humans were the result of adaptations over time.
Humans had evolved from a non-human ancestor long, long ago
Nationalism
•
1850-1914: an “Age of Nationalism”
•
Nationalism became the major
theme of the late-1800’s
Intense pride and devotion to one’s
country or ones culture
Nationalism (Unification of Italy)
•
Italy divided into city-states since the fall of Rome
 Lands
controlled by outside powers such as Austria
and France
 No central government
Attempts at unification in the early 1800’s were
unsuccessful
 Guiseppe Mazzini: called for a centralized
republic Eventually, Italian unification would be
led by the
• King of Sardinia and his advisor Camillo Cavour
•
Unification of Italy
•
Cavour and Victor Emmanuel began to unite the states of Northern
Italy
•
In Southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolt in the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies, which was controlled by the French
•
Victor Emmanuel was declared the first king of Italy on March 17,
1861
•
Venice and Rome were added to Italy in 1866 and 1870
Nationalism (Unification of
Germany)

Germany was originally part of the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire: a loose confederation of German states, each
with its own government.

Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. After his
defeat, nationalism began to grow in German states. Prussia grew
in power and began to unite the states.
Unification of Germany
•
1861: Wilhelm I became king of Prussia
•
1862: Otto Von Bismarck appointed Chancellor/Prime Minister of
Prussia
•
Wilhelm and Bismarck had dreams of Prussia growing in power and
dominating German lands. They used nationalism to achieve this
goal.
Unification of Germany
•
Under Bismarck, Prussia grew in power
 Begins
a series of wars to take over neighboring
German states
 Austro-Prussian
War (1866): Prussia defeats Austria and
becomes the strongest German state.
Unification of Germany
•
Franco-Prussian War:
 France
and Prussia go to war
 France
suffers a humiliating defeat
 January
18, 1871: the King of Prussia was declared the
Emperor of Germany
 In
the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
Germany
•
Germany and France became bitter enemies
 Germany
gained control of Alsace-Lorraine
(both were rich, industrial provinces)
•
Germany will become and economic and
military power
•
Germany joins other nations in their quest to
build an empire (imperialism…more on this in our
next unit)
Realism in Art

“I cannot paint an angel because I have never seen one.” –
Gustave Courbet

Realists focused on day-to-day life


Peasants in the fields, laborers doing work, a baker making bread, etc.
Realists rejected the idealistic portrayals of the human form that
were common with Neoclassicism.

Used more realistic depictions of humans
Impressionism in Art


Impressionism is considered to be one of the most popular artistic
movements of all time

Collectors now pay millions for art by Impressionist artists (Manet, Monet,
Renoir, Degas)

At the time, Impressionists were not very popular at all.

The terms “impressionism” was originally meant as an insult, a slur for
artists perceived to be too lazy to finish a painting properly
Characteristics:

Has an unfinished quality, images sometimes seem to blur, colors
dissolve together

Attempts to capture a fleeting glimpse, a glance, a quick gesture

Painted quickly with loose, sketchy brushstrokes
Famous Impressionist and PostImpressionist artists

Manet

Monet

Degas

Renoir

Seurat

Van Gogh