International Research Journal of Plant Science (ISSN: 2141-5447) Vol. 2(4) pp. 094-098, April, 2011
Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJPS
Copyright © 2011 International Research Journals
Full length Research Paper
Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on
mungbean(vigna radiata (l.)) yield under arid climate
Ghulam Abbas1, Zafar Abbas1,M. Aslam1, Asmat Ullah Malik*2, M. Ishaque3 and F. Hussain4
1
Adaptive Research Farm, Karor District Layyah, Pakistan.
Agronomic Research Station Karor District Layyah, Pakistan.
3
Department of Forestry,University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, D. G. Khan, Pakistan
2
Accepted 11 April, 2011
Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on mungbean (Vigna radiata. (L.)) yield under arid climate
were studied at adaptive research farm Karor and at farmer’s field during two kharif seasons of 2006
and 2007. In these experiments different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers were used for
comparison. Experiments were laid in randomized complete block design with seven treatments. AZRI
2006, a promising variety of mung-bean (Vigna radiata (L.) for arid climate was used as a test variety.
The results revealed that different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly
affected the grain yield. Maximum grain yield was obtained from the application of DAP at 124 Kg
-1
along with 10 tons ha of poultry litter during both years, while application of DAP at 62 Kg and 10 tons
-1
of FYM ha ranked second for grain yield.
Keywords: Mung-bean, organic manure, FYM, Poultry litter, phosphorus levels, arid, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.), commonly known as green
gram, is an important conventional pulse crop of
Pakistan. It has an edge over other pulses because of its
high nutritive value, digestibility and non-flatulent
behavior. It is grown principally for its protein rich edible
seeds (Haq, 1989). Its seed contains 24.7% protein,
0.6% fat, 0.9% fiber and 3.7% ash (Potter and Hotchkiss,
1997).
An important feature of the mung-bean crop is its ability
to establish a symbiotic partnership with specific bacteria,
setting up the biological N2-fixation in root nodules that
supply the plant's needs for N2 (Mahmood and Athar,
2008; Mandal et al., 2009). Mungbean being drought
tolerant and short duration can grow well under varied
conditions (irrigated and rainfed). Mungbean has the
potential of producing higher seed yield from 1295 to
-1
2961 kg ha depending on the genotypes studied (Ullah
*Corresponding
author
Email:
Phone: +92 300 676 2658
asmat_awan@yahoo.com,
et al., 2011; Bilal, 1994).
Phosphorus is one of the important plant
macronutrients, making up about 0.2% of a plant’s dry
weight. It is an important component of key molecules
such as nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP, and
consequently, plants cannot grow without a reliable
supply of this nutrient. P is also involved in controlling
key enzyme reactions and in the regulation of metabolic
pathways (Theodorou and Plaxton, 1993). Phosphorus is
present in seed and fruit in large quantities and is
essential for the seed formation. It is known to stimulate
root growth and is associated with early maturity of crops.
It not only improves the quality of fruits, forages,
vegetables and grains but also play role in disease
resistance of plants. (Brady and Weil, 1999).
Potassium (K) is the third macronutrient required for
plant growth, after nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).
Unlike N and P; K is not a component of cell structure.
Instead, it exists in mobile ionic form, and acts primarily
as a catalyst (Wallingford, 1980). Potassium has an
important osmotic role in plants (Tisdale and Beaton,
Abbas et al. 095
1985) important function in arid environments for plants
metabolism.
Recently, the use of organic materials as fertilizers for
crop production has received attention for sustainable
crop productivity (Tejada et al., 2009). Organic materials
hold great promise as a source of multiple nutrients and
ability to improve soil characteristics (Moller, 2009).
Organic farming preserves the ecosystem. Symbiotic life
forms are cultured ensuring weed and pest control and
optimum soil biological activity which maintain soil fertility.
The synthetic fertilizers are harmful for soil and aerial
environment a threat to entire globe, because the
inorganic fertilizers mainly contain major nutrients NPK in
large quantities and are neglecting the use of organic
manures and bio-fertilizers and hence have paved the
way for deterioration of soil health and in turn ill-effects
on plants, human being and livestock (Choudhry, 2005).
Legumes are highly responded to phosphatic fertilizer
but high cost and timely availability of this fertilizer is
problem. Balance use of fertilizer is important to obtain
maximum seed yield. Therefore, the present study was
undertaken to estimate the effect of organic and inorganic
fertilizers on growth and yield of mungbean under arid
climate.
(124 kg DAP ha-1 Departmental Recommendation T4 (62
kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons FYM ha-1), T5 (124 kg DAP ha-1
+10 tons FYM ha-1), T6 (62 kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons poultry
litter ha-1), and T7 = 124 kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons poultry
litter ha-1 were applied. Soil was prepared with three
ploughing and two planking. Stomp a weedicide
(pendimethaline) was sprayed at 2500 ml ha-1 for preemergence weeds control at the time of seedbed
preparation. Organic and inorganic fertilizers were
applied before sowing, at the time of seedbed
preparation. Organic fertilizers were applied as farmyard
manure and poultry litter. Inorganic fertilizers were
applied in the form of DAP, SOP and urea. All other
agronomic practices were kept same for all treatments.
Mungbean variety AZRI-2006 was used as a test variety.
Seed rate was used at 14 kg ha-1 according to
department recommendation. Automatic drill was used
for sowing purpose. First irrigation was applied at the
time of flower initiation and then at the interval of fifteen
days. Plant protection measures were adopted after pest
scouting of insects, pests and diseases. The yield data
were recorded by harvesting randomly selected 3m × 3m
area from each treatment, whereas plant height and
number of pods were recorded on the average of ten
plants from each treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Statistical Analysis
Soil analysis and Description of Site
Adaptive Research Farm Karor (ARF), District, Layyah,
which lies between 30°-45' to 31°-24' N, and 70°-44' to
71°-50'E,. The physiochemical properties of soil at a
depth of 0-15cm of ARF were measured. Soil texture
was loam having the following characteristics: sand
(40.7%), silt (37.3%), clay (22.0%), pH (8.1), organic
matter (0.8%), CaCO3 (5.5%), EC 1.5 dSm-1, available N
-1
-1
0.6 g kg , available P 10.5 mg kg , exchangeable K 125
-1
mg kg and AB-DTPA extractable Zn 0.9 mg kg-1, AB-1
DTPA extractable Fe 2.9 mg kg and AB-DTPA
-1
extractable Mn 1.2 mg kg . The Farm Yard Manure
(FYM) was also subjected to analysis and calculated
status as; Nitrogen 2.4 ppm, Phosphorus 394.2 ppm,
Potassium 2838.0 ppm and organic Carbon 16.3 ppm.
Experimental Lay out
The experiments were conducted at ARF Karor and
farmer’s fields located at Mouza Kharal Azeem, Tehsil
and District Layyah and at Chak No. 598 TDA, Tehsil Kot
Addu, and District. Muzaffar Garh during Kharif 2006 and
2007 cropping seasons. The experiments were laid out
with seven treatments in a randomized complete block
design having three replications. The seven treatments
T1 (Control), T2 (62 kg DAP ha-1 Farmers practice), T3
Year wise data was subjected to statistical analysis
separately by using analysis of variance technique. The
difference among treatment means was compared by
using least significant difference test at 5% probability
level (Steel et al., 1997).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data on Mungbean yield was subjected to statistical
analysis and significant differences were found among
the treatments (Table I). Grain yield of mungbean crop is
a function of cumulative effect of various yield
components, which are influenced by genetic make-up of
variety, various agronomic practices and environmental
conditions.
The mean grain yield as influenced by various fertility
levels are presented in (Table I). Application of DAP
at124 kg ha-1 along with 10 tons of poultry litter ha-1 (T7)
-1
produced maximum grain yield (1280 and 1212 Kg ha )
-1
at ARF Karor compared to control (794.8 kg ha ).
Similarly, at farmer’s field with the same above organic
and inorganic fertilizer the grain yield was recorded as
1306 and1164 kg ha-1 during the years 2006-07 as
-1
compared to control (834.4 Kg ha ). The combination of
organic plus inorganic doses of fertilizers increased grain
yield upto 52% in T7 compared to control at ARF and
99.12% at farmer’s field (Table 2 and 3). Treatment T5
096 Int. Res. J. Plant Sci.
-1
Table 1. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain yield (kg ha ) of mungbean .
ARF
2007
834.4 g
Farmer’s
2007
767.7 g
1006.0 c
868.9 f
805.4 f
1151.0 c
1220.0 b
967.8 c
905.6 c
1087.0 d
1006.0 c
868.9 e
828.9 e
1194.0 b
1300.0 a
1056.0 b
1008.0 b
1145.0 c
1212.0 b
944.0 d
874.7 d
T7= 124 kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons
Poultry Littre ha-1
1280.0 a
1306.0 a
1212.00 a
1164.0 a
LSD0.05
28.92
9.287
15.97
14.69
Treatments
T1= Control
T2=62 kg DAP ha-1 (Farmers’
practice)
ARF
2006
794.8 f
Farmer’s
2006
472.0 d
1001.0 e
field
field
-1
T3=124
kg
DAP
ha
(Departmental.
recommendation)
-1
T4= 62 kg DAP ha + 10 tons
-1
FYM ha
T5=124 kg DAP ha-1+10 tons
-1
FYM ha
-1
T6= 62 kg DAP ha + 10 tons
-1
Poultry Littre ha
Means sharing the same letter in a column do not differ statistically at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test.
Table 2. Economic analysis of organic and inorganic fertilizer on mungbean yield under arid climate.
(Pooled data of Adaptive Research Farm 2006&2007)
Mean
yield
(kg
ha –1)
Additional
Yield
(kg ha –1)
%
age
Increase
/Decrease
T1= Control
T2=62 kg DAP ha-1
(Farmers practice)
815
935
120
14.72
Total
Exp.
( Rs. )
Bifurcate
this
coloumn
and
include
the
values of
column
8&9
7475
17721
T3=124 kg DAP ha-1
(Departmental.
recommendation)
T4= 62 kg DAP ha-1 +
10 tons FYM ha-1
T5=124 kg DAP ha-1+10
tons FYM ha-1
T6= 62 kg DAP ha-1 +
10 tons Poultry Littre
ha-1
T7= 124 kg DAP ha-1 +
10 tons Poultry Littre
ha-1
1060
245
30.06
15093
35605
20512
7115
8229
1:1.15
988
173
21.22
11124
33186
22062
3515
5811
1:1.65
1125
310
38.00
14830
37788
22958
6515
10412
1:1.59
1045
230
28.22
17356
35101
17745
9411
7725
1:0.82
1246
431
52.08
14759
41853
27094
6411
14477
1:2.25
Treatments
Total
Income
( Rs. )
Net
Income
( Rs. )
Additional
Expenditure
Due
to
treatment
( Rs. ) 8
Additional
Income
due
to
treatment
( Rs. ) 9
Cost
benefit
ratio
(CBR)
27375
31406
19900
13685
10011
4030
1:0.40
Means sharing the same letter in a column do not differ statistically at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test.
Abbas et al. 097
Table 3. Economic analysis of organic and inorganic Fertilizer on mungbean yield under arid climate.
(Pooled data of farmer’s field 2006&2007)
Treatments
Avg.
yield
(Kg
–1
ha )
Additional
Yield
–1
(Kg ha )
%
age
Increase
/Decrease
Total
Exp.
( Rs. )
Total
Income
( Rs. )
Net
Income
( Rs. )
Additional
Expenditure
Due
to
treatment
( Rs. )
Additional
Income
due
to
treatment
( Rs. )
Cost
benefit
ratio
(CBR
T1= Control
620
-
-
7072
20825
13753
-
-
-
T2=62 kg DAP ha-1
(Farmers practice)
905
285
45.96
17620
30398
12778
10011
9573
1:0.95
T3=124 kg DAP ha
(Departmental.
recommendation)
-1
T4= 62 kg DAP ha +
-1
10 tons FYM ha
1058
438
70.64
15060
35538
20478
7115
14712
1:2.06
917
297
47.90
11191
30802
19611
3515
9976
1:2.83
T5=124 kg DAP ha-1+10
tons FYM ha-1
T6= 62 kg DAP ha-1 +
10 tons Poultry Littre
ha-1
T7= 124 kg DAP ha-1 +
10 tons Poultry Littre
ha-1
1114
494
79.67
14597
37419
22822
6515
16593
1:2.54
1087
467
75.32
17423
36512
19089
9411
15686
1:1.66
1235
615
99.19
14726
41483
26757
6411
20657
1:3.22
-1
Means sharing the same letter in a column do not differ statistically at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test.
(124 kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons FYM ha-1) ranked 2nd with the
grain yield of 1194 kg ha-1, 1056 kg ha-1 at ARF and 1300
-1
-1
kg ha , 1008 kg ha at farmers field during both years
2006-2007 respectively, which showed an increase of
38% over control at A RF (Table 2) and 79.67% increase
at farmer’s field (Table 3).
-1
Departmental recommendation of DAP at124 kg ha
rd
(T3) ranked 3 with the grain yield of 1151 and 967.8 kg
ha-1 at ARF and 1220 and 905.6 kg ha-1 at farmer’s field
respectively during both cropping years at 2006-07 ,
which showed an increase of 30.06% over control at
ARF (Table 2). Treatment T6 (62 Kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons
poultry litter ha-1) ranked 4th with the grain yield of 1145
Kg ha-1, 944 Kg ha-1 at AR F and 1212 kg ha-1, 874.7 kg
ha-1 at farmer’s field, respectively, during both years
2006-2007, which showed 28.22% increase over control
at ARF (Table 2) and 75.32% increase at farmer’s field
(Table 3). Fertilizer combination 62 kg DAP ha-1 + 10 tons
FYM (T4) produced the grain yield of 1087 kg ha-1, 888.9
-1
-1
-1
kg ha at ARF and 1006 kg ha , 828.9 kg ha at farmer’s
field respectively, during both years 2006-07 which is
21.22% increase over control at ARF (Table 2) and
47.90% increase at farmer’s field (Table 3).
-1
Treatment T2 (62 kg DAP ha ) produced the grain yield
-1
-1
-1
of 1001 kg ha , 868.9 kg ha at ARF and 1006 kg ha
-1
,805.4 kg ha at farmer’s field during the both years
2006-07 which is 14.72% increase over control at ARF
(Table 2) and 45.96% increase at farmer’s field (Table 3).
These results are in line with that of Khan et al. 2002;
Shahi, 2002 and Srinives and Shaik, 2002).
These results are also confirmed the findings of
Bhriguvanshi (1988) who reported that some of plant
nutrients, when added to the soil in the inorganic form
have low efficiency as compared with the effect of same
nutrients applied along with organic manures. Thus
organic manures reduce the application rate of chemical
fertilizers also help to solve the problem of micronutrients
deficiency in soil to produce higher grain yield.
Naeem et al. (2006) observed the maximum number of
-1
grains pod (12.54) with the application of NPK in variety
NM-98 and (11.38) in variety M-1 and the maximum
1000-grain weight (40.86g) in treatment NPK in variety
NM-98 and (40.55g) in the same variety NM-98 which
was however statistically at par with variety M-1 in NPK
treatment.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that 124 Kg DAP ha-1 along with 10
tons of poultry litter were excellent combination for
obtaining the maximum grain yield of mungbean crop.
098 Int. Res. J. Plant Sci.
The farming community is advised to adapt
recommendation for better production of mung-bean
crop.
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