Figure 1:Energy Consumption in US
g
gy
p
2008
Source: www.eia.gov
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Figure 2: US Liquid Demand by Sector and Fuel
Source: EIA: Annual Energy Outlook 2011
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Figure 3: Supply and Demand Distribution of US Energy
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Figure 4: Leading Global Oil Producers E Roberts, Energy in US
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Figure 5: Leading Global Natural Gas Producers
Figure 5: Leading Global Natural Gas Producers E Roberts, Energy in US
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Figure 6:Leading Nuclear Countries
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Figure 7: History of Energy Use in US
National Academy of Science 2009
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Figure 8: US Production of Primary Energy by Fuel
EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2012 E Roberts, Energy in US
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Figure 9: US Natural Gas Supply and Demand
(as
as projected by the NCC in 2007
projected by the NCC in 007)
NCC 2007
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Figure 10: US Oil Production
Figure 10: US Oil Production
NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 11: US Liquid Fuels Supply and Demand
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EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2012 11
Figure 12: US Liquid Fuel Supply E Roberts, Energy in US
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Figure 13: Total US Energy Consumption and Production E Roberts, Energy in US
EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2012 13
Figure 14: Oil Price Fluctuations and Global Events
DOE: 2011 Vehicle Technology Market Report
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Figure 15: Effect of Oil Prices on US Economy
DOE: 2011 Vehicle Technology Market Report
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Figure 16: NCC Proposed Future Coal Use
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National Coal Council Report, 2007
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Figure 17: Use of Transport Fuels
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Figure 18: Projected Vehicle Consumption
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Figure 19: N America High Potential Oil Resources
NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 20: US Oil Production Potential
NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 21: Proven Global NG Reserves in 2008 200 yrs
IEA 2008
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Figure 22: 2007 Projected U.S. NG Imports EIA AEO 2007
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Figure 23: LNG Capacity at U.S. Terminals Liquid Natural Gas, 2004
d
l
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Figure 24: Current US Natural Gas Projections
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AEO 2012
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Figure 25: Estimates Of US NG Resources
NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development,
from a prior 2011 MIT report
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Figure 26: US NG Flat Supply Scenario
NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 27: Source of US NG Flat Supply
Note that after 2020 more than 50% comes from shale
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NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 28: US NG Supply‐Growth Scenario
NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 29: Source of US NG Supply Growth
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NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 30: Energy Losses in Vehicles
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Efficiency
Figure 31: ICE LDV Efficiency Strategies
Strategies
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EIA Energy Conference, April 2011
f
l
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Figure 32: Alternative Transportation Fuels
TTank volume for same energy k l
f
as 55 liters of gasoline)
%of gasoline
Liquid
OECD report: 2002
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Figure 33: Payback Periods for LDV’s Operating on CNG E Roberts, Energy in US
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Figure 34:Proposed LNG Interstate Distribution Centers
g
p
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Figure 35: Conversion of NG to Liquid Fuels
Figure 35: Conversion of NG to Liquid Fuels
MIT choice for transportation
2011
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Figure 36: ‐Projected
Figure 36: Projected Methanol Cost
Methanol Cost
Note assumed cost of gasoline. Present day US national average cost is ~ $3.50/gallon with tax
2011
Present Henry Hub price about $3.50/MMBTU
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Figure 37: Resource Needs for Hydrogen Production
(Assume: 4MMT H2 for 20 M LDV’s)
Gasification Current and future BAU production
and Reforming
DOE Hydrogen Program Plan 2011
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Figure 38: FreedomFUEL Initiative
DOE 2002
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Figure 39: Distributed Hydrogen Production
g
y g
D istrib
st b uted H yd
ydroge
oge n P ro
o d uct
uction
o via
a S tea
team M et
ethan
a e Re
eform
o ing
g
E le c tricity
y
2,0 00 B tu
20 lb
C O 2 -eq uiv
S tea m
R e fo rm er
H yd ro g en G a s
1 1 6,00 0 B tu
1 gge H2
H yd ro g e n G a s
1 16 ,0 0 0 Btu
1 gge H2
N atural
G as
1 37 ,0
000
B tu
E ne rg y U s e fo r D e live ry
a t the F o rec o urt
7 ,,2 00 B tu
W ate r-G as
S hift R ea c to rs
PSA
P o u t/p
/ ro d =
300 psi
W ate r
(fo r s te a m )
E ne rg y L o ss e s
2 3 ,00 0 B tu
C o m p res s io n,
S to ra g e,
& D is p e ns ing
5,000 psi
gas fill
E ne rg y L o s s es
7 ,200
200 B tu
F igure R epresents F uture (2015) C ase.
F lows in diagram represent direct energy and em issions between production and
dispensing, and are not based on well-to-wheels calculations.
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DOE Hydrogen Program Plan 2011
39
Figure 40: Cost Contributors to Distributed Hydrogen Production
b d d
d
Cost Breakdown of Hydrogen from
Di t ib t d N
Distributed
Natural
t
lG
Gas ($3
($3.10/gge)
10/
)
NG Feedstock
F d t k
30%
Capital Cost
44%
Other Variables
8%
Fixed O&M
18%
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DOE Hydrogen Program Plan, 2011
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l
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Figure 41: Current Estimates of Costs of Distributed Hydrogen Production
Distributed Hydrogen Production
Cost, gge
DOE Fuel Cells update, 11/2011
DOE Fuel Cells update, 11/2011
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Figure 42: Schematic Diagram of a Fuel Cell
FuelCellHandbook7, DOE 2004
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Figure 43: Comparison of Fuel Cell and ICE Efficiency
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Figure 44: Fuel and Application of Fuel Cells
DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Plan 2011
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Figure 45: Fuel Cell Types
Figure 45: Fuel Cell Types
DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Plan 2011
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Figure 46: DMFC Benefits for MHE
Figure 46: DMFC Benefits for MHE
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Figure 47: UTC PAFC PureCell Model 400 CHP
Figure 47: UTC PAFC PureCell
Model 400 CHP
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Figure 48: SECA Power Generating System
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Figure 49: SECA IGFC Projections
NETL‐SECA, 2010
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Figure 50: Wartsila 20kw methanol SOFC
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Figure 51: Plug‐in LDV Commercialization Status
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Figure 52: Charging Duration for PEV Systems
Figure 52: Charging Duration for PEV Systems
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2013
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Figure 53: High Voltage DC Charging of a Nissan Leaf.f
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2013
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Figure 54: EPRI PHEV Analysis
Figure 54: EPRI PHEV Analysis
EPRI Report July 2007 EPRI
Report July 2007
Environmental Assessment of Plug‐in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
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Figure 55: Impact of Vehicle Charging on Incremental Electric Power Capacity
l l
EPRI data summarized in 2012 NPC FTF report
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Figure 56: FreedomCAR Goals
Figure 56: FreedomCAR
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Figure 57: Projected Transportation Fuel Cell System Costs
l ll
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Figure 58: GM FCEV Skateboard Chassis
NPC 2012 Report on Future Transportation Fuels
NPC 2012 Report on Future Transportation Fuels
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Figure 59: Hydrogen Fuel Cell LDV’ss in the US
Figure 59: Hydrogen Fuel Cell LDV
in the US
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Figure 60: MIT/PEW Projections of LDV Economy
PEW article on reducing transportation GHG, 7‐2012
PEW article on reducing transportation GHG, 7
2012
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Figure 61:NPC Conclusions on LDV Fleet Portfolio in 2050
Portfolio in 2050
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2013
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Figure 62:NPC Conclusion on Fuel Shares in 2050
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2013
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Figure 63: Relative Global Warming Potential of Several Gases
Several Gases.
100 year
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Figure 64: Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Fossil Fuels
Fuel
MMT/Quad
Kg/GJ
Anthracite (coal)
Anthracite (coal)
103 1
103.1
97 6
97.6
Fuel Oil
73.1
69.2
Natural Gas
53.1
50.3
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Figure 65: Global Anthropogenic CO2(eq) Emissions
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Figure 66: US Reference Case (BAU) CO2(eq)
Emission Projections
i i
j i
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Figure 67:US GHG Emissions by Economic Sector
Figure 67:US GHG Emissions by Economic Sector
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Figure 68: Changes in Atmospheric CO2 concentrations
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Figure 69: Global Temperature and CO2 Correlations
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Figure 70: Projected Impact Of Climate Change
Figure 70: Projected Impact Of Climate Change
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Figure 71: The Scale of the Challenge
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Figure 72: Reference Case CO2 Intensity Projections
j i
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Figure 73:Effect of Environmental Controls on E i i
Emissions
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Figure 74:Projected Impact of the Waxman‐Markey Bill on Emissions
k
ill
i i
PEW article on reducing transportation GHG, 7‐2012
W i l
d i
i GHG 2012
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Figure 75: State Renewable Portfolio Goals for Power Generation
l f
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Figure 76: Growth of Non‐hydro Renewable Power Generation
bl
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Figure 77: Effect of New EPA rules on Power Generation
i
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Figure 78: EPRI Projections of EPA Ruling
Figure 78: EPRI Projections of EPA Ruling
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Figure 79:CO2 Emissions by Plant Type
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Figure 80: GHG Emissions from Coal and NG Generators
NG Generators
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NPC 2011 Report: Prudent Development
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Figure 81: Projected Changes in Electric Power Capacity l
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Figure 82: History of Natural Gas Price Variation
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Figure
g
83: CO2 capture
p
p
processes
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Figure 84: The Future Gen Process
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Figure 85: Possible Sequestration Paths
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Figure 86: US Geological Sinks for CO2
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Figure 87: Projected Levelized Cost of Electricity NAS 2008 Energy Future
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Figure 88: GHG Emissions Reductions in France Following Introduction of Nuclear Power
CO2 emissions fell two‐thirds as a result of French nuclear program.
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Figure 89:New Nuclear Plants Planned in the US
NEI 2012
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Figure 90: Proposed EPRI Generation Portfolios
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Figure 91: Transport GHG Emissions
Figure 91: Transport GHG Emissions
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2012
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Figure 92: On‐road Vehicle Distribution NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2012
l
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Figure 93: Direct CO2 Emissions from Transportation
PEW article on reducing transportation GHG, 7‐2012
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Figure 94:Direct Transport Emissions for BAU Scenario
Figure 94:Direct Transport Emissions for BAU Scenario
PEW article on reducing transportation GHG, 7‐2012
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Figure 95:Direct CO2 Emissions in Transportation
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Figure 96: History of Changes to CO2 Emissions in LDV’s
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Figure 97: CAFÉ Standards 2012‐2025
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Figure 98:Direct CO2 Target Emissions in Various Countries
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Figure 99: Petroleum Use with Power Train Design(2035) g (
)
2025 NHTSA target
Suggested 2035 target
Source: ANL GREET 2010
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Figure 100: Estimates of Bio‐fuel Production
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Figure 101: Well to Wheels GHG Emissions
Source: ANL GREET 2010
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Figure 102: WTW 2035 Vehicle Emission Projections
MY 2025 EPA target
Required “on‐road” 2050 target
Suggested MY 2035 target
Source: ANL GREET 2010
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Figure 103: Total Predicted LDV GHG Emissions For 2050
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2012
NPC Future Transportation Fuels, 2012
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