Water and its Treatment Notes
Applied Chemistry
Name: ____________________________
Date: _____________ Period: ______
I. Water Treatment
A. Sources of Water on Earth
1. Physical States:
a. Solid:
b. Liquid:
c. Gas:
2. Physical Location
a. Surface water:
b. Ground water:
3. Replacement
a. The WATER CYCLE, also known as the
cycle, is a
continuous circulation of
between
____________________, the
, and the
.
i. Precipitation:
ii. Evaporation:
iii. Transpiration:
iv. Condensation:
DIAGRAM of the WATER CYCLE
B. Types of Water
1. Drinking water, a.k.a.
water that is
water or
water, is
to drink.
2. Wastewater is
water produced by
.
Sources:
C. Water Treatments
1. WATER TREATMENT PLANT
a. Operates to produce
.
b. Our local water treatment plant is
.
c. Overview:
From
water  to
and/or
 to
through
d. Basic process:
.
1. Screening:
from the water
process used to remove
2. Flash Mixer:
3. Coagulation: reaction of
with
to form
4. Flocculation: process of attracting more
form
to
to
5. Sedimentation:
a. Sludge:
a.k.a.
6. Filtration:
above
7. Chlorination: addition of
8. Clear Wells:
process of passing
through layers of
to kill
before
2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
a. Operates to clean
.
 to
b. Overview: from
 to
c. Basic processes:
i. Influent (in):
ii. Effluent (exit):
iii. Trickling Filters:
water.
II. Wastewater Treatment Notes
- began in 1948 when the Water Pollution Control Act was passed
Two Types of Treatment
A. Primary Treatment: separates ______________ ______________ ______________ from
_______________ in wastewater
1. The entire process of __________________, _________________ or _________________,
and ____________________.
2. Includes _________________ ___________________ only.
3. Examples of physical changes:
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
B. Secondary Treatment:
1. Treating wastewater through _____________________ and ____________________ methods.
2. Relies on ___________________ processes to remove _______________ ________________.
3. Wastewater is sent to ______________________________ or __________________________
where it is treated with ______________________ that feed on the ______________________
____________________. Next, the wastewater is ______________________ to kill diseasecausing organisms. Before release to a receiving stream or river, the wastewater is
____________________________.
4. Tests for Monitoring Activated Sludge
a. Qualitative tests involve _____________________ observations.
Examples: _____________________________________________________________
b. Quantitative tests use _______________________ to make _____________________.
Examples: _____________________________________________________________
i. SLAM: S
A
ii. SOP: S
P
L
M
- to test and monitor waste water.
O
- provides a method of producing reliable results
through standardization of sampling and testing; describes plant operations.
III.
Water Pollution
A. Ground Water Formation and Movement
1. Formation: water travels down through the ___________________ __________________.
a. This is called _____________________________.
b. Water seeps or trickles down through the earth at a rate of
.
c. Ground water is the ______________________ single supply of fresh water. It is 30
times greater than _______________ and 3000 times greater than __________________.
2. Watershed: total _____________________ area over which ______________ flows to a
___________________ ___________________.
a. The watershed in our area is the _________________________ Watershed.
3. Runoff: water that flows over a ____________________ after a __________________ or
_______________ ________________.
4. Aquifer: porous ____________ ________________ that holds _____________ beneath the
___________________ ______________________.
Example of an aquifer: ___________________________________________________
5. Water Table: ________________________________________________________________
6. Aquitard: earth materials that __________________ the easy flow of ___________________.
Example of an aquitard: __________________________________________________
B. Factors Affecting the Movement of Water
1. Sediment – earth materials such as _______________________, ________________,
_____________, and _________________ that are deposited by ___________________,
____________________, or _______________________.
2. “Matter that settles” refers to ____________________________________________________.
3. Composition of the earth materials
1. Permeability – the ability of a substance (earth’s materials) to
2. Pores - ___________________ or __________________ between earth’s materials
Large
_______________
Small
_______________
_______________
3. The amount of water penetrating depends upon the _______________.
C. Contamination of the Ground Water
1. Contamination: any type of _________________________
a. Pesticide: _______________________________________________________________
b. The safe concentration level for each chemical is _____________________________.
c. A major cause of water pollution in Pennsylvania is ____________________. (see article)
2. Plume – the distribution of _________________________ ___________________
__________________; the spread of _________________________________
a. Area Source: _______________________________________________________
i. The plume has a _______________ ________________ concentration of pollutant.
ii. There are NO regions of ___________ __________ or ________ levels of pollutant.
iii. Example: _____________________________________________________
iv. Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from pesticide
application on farm land.
Farm with pesticide
application
Farm land
b. Point Source: _______________________________________________________
i. The plume has a _______________ ________________ concentration of pollutant.
ii. ________________ levels of pollutant are ________________ to the source.
iii. _____________ levels of pollutant are ________________ from the source.
iv. Example: _____________________________________________________
v. Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from a broken pipe at
a gas station.
Gas leak from a pipe at
a gas station
Gas station
Fruitvale Activity:
Hypothesis: _______________________________________________________________________
Universal Indicator – a mixture of compounds used to provide information on ___________ over a
wide range of values.
ppb = p____________ p_________ b_________________
Draw a plume to show unsafe areas where pesticide levels in the water exceed 1 ppb. Mark the source
of contamination with an X.
Concentration Range
Not detected;
less than 0.1 ppb
Code
0.11 ppb – 0.9 ppb
2
0.81 ppb – 4 ppb
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
4
3
3
2
4.1 ppb – 32 ppb
4
More than 32 ppb
5
4
3
1
3
2
1