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Household Income, Poverty, and
Food-Stamp Use in Native-Born
and Immigrant Households
A Case Study in Use of Public Assistance
JUDITH GANS
udallcenter.arizona.edu
Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy
The University of Arizona
research support provided by the
National Center for Border Security and Immigration (BORDERS)
Immigration Policy Program
Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy
The University of Arizona
PUBLICATIONS
available at: udallcenter.arizona.edu/immigration
Household Income, Poverty, and Food-Stamp Use in Nativeborn and Immigrant Households: A Case Study in Use of Public
Assistance
by Judith Gans (February 2013)
The Border Patrol Checkpoint on Interstate 19 in Southern Arizona: A Case Study of Impacts on Local Real Estate Prices
by Judith Gans (December 2012)
Economic Contributions of Immigrants in the United States: A
Regional and State-by-State Analysis
by Judith Gans (December 2012)
Demographic Profile of Mexican-born Living in the United States
by Judith Gans (August 2009)
Arizona’s Economy and the Legal Arizona Worker’s Act
by Judith Gans (December 2008)
Immigrants in Arizona: Fiscal and Economic Impacts
by Judith Gans (July 2008)
A Primer on U.S. Immigration in a Global Economy
by Judith Gans (November 2006)
Household Income, Poverty, and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Native-­‐Born and Immigrant Households A Case Study in Use of Public Assistance by Judith Gans, M.S., M.P.A. Manager, Immigration Policy Program Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona research support provided by the National Center for Border Security and Immigration (BORDERS) based at The University of Arizona with funding from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security February 2013
Acknowledgments This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Award Number 2008-­‐ST-­‐061-­‐BS0002. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect views of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. The author wishes to thank William Ingersoll for his analytic input and support in gathering data and for his expertise in carrying out the probit regression analysis of food-­‐stamp use. She also wishes to thank Joseph Kalt for his input in formulating the regression analysis and interpreting its results. She wishes to thank Robert Merideth, editor in chief at the Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy at the University of Arizona, for his support and diligence in editing this document. The Immigration Policy Program at the Udall Center would not exist without the unfailing support of the Udall Center’s director, Stephen Cornell, and its deputy director, Robert Varady. Their support is deeply appreciated. Published by the Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy at The University of Arizona. 803 E First Street | Tucson, AZ | 85719-­‐4831 | (520) 626-­‐4393 Research supported by the National Center for Border Security and Immigration (BORDERS) based at The University of Arizona. McClelland Hall, Room 427 | Tucson, AZ | 85721-­‐0108 | (520) 621-­‐7515
ii Table of Contents Executive Summary v Introduction 1 Overview of Income, Poverty, and Food-­‐Stamp Use 3 Average Incomes and Poverty 3 Family Size and Children in Poverty 5 Food-­‐Stamp Use 6 Probit Regression Analysis of Food-­‐Stamp Use 10 Model Specifications 11 Interpreting the Model 12 Regression Results 13 Concluding Comments 16 Appendix A: State-­‐Level Data 17 Appendix B: Technical Documentation 69 iii Tables Table 1. 2011 Income in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Table 2. Children in Native and Immigrant Households Table 3. Children in Poverty Table 4. Food-­‐Stamp Use by Native and Immigrant Households Table 5. Distribution of 2011 Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Table 6. Variables in Probit Regression Analysis of Food-­‐Stamp Use Table 7. Results of Probit Analysis Table 8. State-­‐Specific Food-­‐Stamp Use Relative to the Median (New York) 3 5 6 7 8 11 14 15 Figures Figure 1. Average 2011 Income in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Figure 2. Ratio of 2011 Immigrant-­‐to-­‐Native Household Income Figure 3. Share of Households Receiving Food Stamps 4 4 7 iv Executive Summary According to the 2011 Current Population Survey,1 22% of households in the United States with U.S. citizen children age 18 and under have one or more foreign-­‐born parents.2 These households are home to 27% of children under the age of 18 in the United States.3 Because of the number of households with foreign-­‐born parents, this report examines several questions, including: 1. How do average incomes in immigrant households compare to those in native households? 2. On average, how many children do each of these two types of household have? 3. Since U.S. citizen children are eligible for certain means-­‐tested social service programs—such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)4—how, by way of example, does participation in this program compare for native households and immigrant households? Analysis of 2011 Current Population Survey data provides insight to these questions. When the data for native and immigrant households are divided into groups of equal numbers—in this case five groups, or quintiles5 —we observe that: •
Incomes in immigrant households are lower than those in native households in each of the five quintiles (see graph on next page); the greatest difference is in the second quintile, where average income for immigrant households is just 75% of that for native households; the smallest difference is in the wealthiest 20% of households where immigrant household incomes are, on average, 95% that of native households. 1. The Current Population Survey is a joint effort of the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and is the primary source of labor force statistics for the United States; see http:///www.census.gov/cps. 2. For purposes of this report, households with U.S. citizen children and two native-­‐born parents are referred to as native households and households with at least one foreign-­‐born parent and U.S. citizen children are defined as immigrant households. 3. Not all children in immigrant households are U.S. citizens. Our analysis defines immigrant families as having at least one U.S. citizen child age 18 or under (as well as possibly having a foreign-­‐born child or foreign-­‐born children). 4. Formerly known as the Food Stamp Program; see http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap. 5. For each household type (native or immigrant), a quintile includes 20% of the households. If the data for households—
income levels, for example—are arranged from lowest to highest, the first quintile represents the lowest fifth of the data, or the 20% of households with lowest income levels (the “poorest” households). The second quintile includes the next 20% of household income levels, and so on, with the fifth quintile containing the 20% of households with the highest income levels (the “richest” households). v Share of Households Receiving Food Stamps (by quintiles for household type) Food-­‐Stamp use by native households in the lowest quintile is at a higher rate than in immigrant households in this same quintile. Immigrant households in each subsequent quintile use food stamps at greater rates than do native households. Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) •
Immigrant households have more children than do native households. Immigrant households average between 2.2 and 2.6 children across quintiles; native households average between 1.8 and 1.9 children across quintiles. •
A total of 21.7 million children in 11.8 million native households and 8.5 million children in 3.3 million immigrant households live at or below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level. These statistics relate directly to food-­‐stamp use by these households. While these comparisons provide some insight to differences between native and immigrant households in income, household size, and how these affect food-­‐stamp use, there is a limit to how much looking at the data in this way can tell us. Quintiles are arbitrary designations that affect the result of such comparisons. Consequently, this report also contains the results of probit regression analysis examining the probability of household food-­‐stamp use as a function of individual household incomes, household size, the presence of foreign-­‐born parents, and a variety of other factors. This regression analysis indicates the following: •
While immigrant households tend to be larger and have lower incomes than native households, when examining comparable households we find that immigrant households with U.S. citizen children are less likely to use food stamps than similar native households. •
Households located in urban areas and households headed by women are more likely to use food stamps than those in rural areas or those headed by men. •
There are state-­‐specific variations in food-­‐stamp use that are independent of variations in predictor variables such as household income and family size. New York is at the median of such variation and individual states range in usage from 2.8% below the median to 5.6% above the median. vi Introduction This report analyzes incomes, poverty, and reliance on the social safety net by native and immigrant6 households with U.S. citizen children age 18 and under. Native households are those with two native-­‐born parents while immigrant households are those with at least one foreign-­‐born parent. Using data from the Current Population Survey, household income, size, and participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; formerly, the Food Stamp Program) is examined as one measure of use of government-­‐funded public assistance. This analysis was undertaken because an important aspect of debates over immigration policy has been the extent of immigrant use of public assistance and its consequent impacts on public coffers. Such concerns have resulted in widespread calls by members of the public, political leaders, and academic researchers alike for the U.S. immigration system to be structured so as to encourage immigration to the United States by highly skilled and highly educated foreign nationals and to limit immigration by low-­‐skilled persons. Further, the reality that many low-­‐skilled immigrants currently in the United States have entered and are working in the country illegally underscores public concern about immigrant access to public assistance. One result of this has been passage of a number of federal and state laws limiting access by immigrants—legal and illegal—to a wide range of public assistance programs. But, children of immigrants born in the United States are U.S. citizens and are, therefore, entitled to the full range of means-­‐tested social services intended to serve children facing economic hardship. In order to examine households with equivalent eligibility for social services, this analysis focuses on households with U.S. citizen children age 18 and under. The goal here is to conduct an objective analysis to provide results useful to public policy discussions of immigration policy. The report consists of two sections. The first provides basic information on the number, size, and income levels of native and immigrant households. It also examines food-­‐stamp use by native and immigrant households and the extent to which children of immigrants are more likely to be poor than children of native-­‐born parents. The second section presents the results 6. The term “immigrant” is used interchangeably with the term “foreign-­‐born” and its use in this report is unrelated to the legal definition of “immigrant” under federal immigration law. 1 of statistical analysis (probit regression analysis) that estimates the probability that a household will use food stamps in light of its income and its type (i.e., native or immigrant), as well as other factors. This inquiry will accomplish three things: 1. It will provide an indication of the extent to which U.S. citizen children with immigrant parents face greater economic hardship than their counterparts in households where both parents are native-­‐born. 2. It will provide data on the extent to which specific social service costs—in this case, food stamps—are amplified as a result of immigration. 3. Through regression analysis, it will examine whether, at a given income level, there is statistical evidence that the nativity of parents affects the likelihood that a household will make use of public assistance—in this case, food stamps. While the analysis does not attempt to capture all of the social service costs incurred through myriad state and federal programs that are accessed by immigrants to the United States, examining the extent to which children of immigrants participate in SNAP and calculating the share of food stamps that go to immigrant households concretely brackets the extent of immigrant participation in this program and provides clues to other categories of immigrant access to social service programs. This analysis is part of a broader effort to shed light on the demographic, economic, and fiscal consequences of immigration to the United States and builds upon the author’s previous work describing the role of foreign-­‐born workers in the U.S. economy.7 7. Gans, Judith. 2012. The Economic Contributions of Immigrants in the United States: A Regional and State-­‐by-­‐State Analysis. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona; see reports listed at http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/immigration. 2 Overview of Income, Poverty, and Food-­‐Stamp Use Our analysis begins by describing the income distribution, poverty rates, and food-­‐stamp use by households in the United States. Note that throughout this report, the term “native households” will refer to those households with U.S. citizen children where both parents are native born and the term “immigrant households” will refer to those households with U.S. citizen children and at least one foreign-­‐born parent. Because income levels determine eligibility for means-­‐tested public assistance and low-­‐income families have greater need for such assistance, our analysis divided native and immigrant households into quintiles, each of which represent approximately 20% of each household type (see footnote 5). We then compared average incomes, poverty rates, and food-­‐stamp use for native and immigrant households in each quintile. Average Incomes and Poverty Table 1 provides an overview of 2011 average income of native and immigrant households with U.S. citizen children for each 20% (quintile) of households. Table 1. 2011 Income in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Native Households: Two Native-­‐born Parents Number of Households Average Household Income Poorest 20% st
(1 Quintile) Next 20% nd
(2 Quintile) Middle 20% (3rd Quintile) Next 20% (4th Quintile) Richest 20% (5th Quintile) 5,915,857 5,923,937 5,908,004 5,914,623 5,914,823 14,349 38,623 63,449 95,043 191,883 Immigrant Households: At Least One Foreign-­‐Born Parent Number of Households Average Household Income % of Native Household Income Poorest 20% st
(1 Quintile) Next 20% nd
(2 Quintile) Middle 20% (3rd Quintile) Next 20% (4th Quintile) Richest 20% (5th Quintile) 1,649,089 1,646,075 1,646,525 1,647,425 1,646,728 12,036 29,085 49,114 79,644 182,421 84% 75% 77% 84% 95% Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) Average household income for immigrant households is lower than that of native households in each of the quintiles. For example, for the poorest native households (first and second quintiles), average annual income is $14,349 in the first quintile and $38,623 in the second quintile, while immigrant household incomes for these same quintiles are just $12,036 and 3 $29,085 respectively. These income differences reflect the reality that wage earners in immigrant households are undergoing a process of economic integration to the United States that often results in lower wages8. Household incomes for the richest immigrant households (fifth quintile) are closest to parity (at 95%) of that of native households. Figure 1 shows 2011 average household income data and Figure 2 shows the ratio of immigrant-­‐to-­‐native 2011 household incomes. Figure 1. Average 2011 Income in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) Figure 2. Ratio of 2011 Immigrant-­‐to-­‐Native Household Income The greatest difference between immigrant and native household income is in the second quintile, where average incomes of immigrant households are 75 percent of native households. Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) 8. The reasons for this are complex and beyond the scope of this report. For further reading, see The Economic Value of Citizenship for Immigrants to the United States, and Immigrants in the United States: How Well Are They Integrating into Society?, available at http://www.migrationinformation.org/integration. 4 In summary, when considering cohorts (grouped by quintile) of native and immigrant households, each of which represent approximately one-­‐fifth of each type of household, immigrant households have lower incomes, on average, than do native households. The 2011 Federal Poverty Level (FPL) for a family of four was set at $23,021. While the FPL has been indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) since 1969, it does not account for changes in the relative prices of necessities such as food and housing nor does it account for state and regional cost of living differences that exist throughout the United States. Consequently for this report, our analysis employs an often-­‐used poverty threshold defined as 200% of the FPL or 2011 annual income of $46,042 for a family of four. We see that the majority of both native and immigrant households whose incomes are in the bottom two quintiles either nationally or in individual states are at or below 200% of the FPL. The national data mask considerable variation among states in incomes and the number of immigrant households. Data for individual states are provided in Appendix A beginning on page 17 of this report. Family Size and Children in Poverty Table 2 indicates that immigrant households in each quintile have more children than do native households. Immigrant households have between 2.2 and 2.6 children per household, while native households have between 1.8 and 1.9 children per household. Table 2. Children in Native and Immigrant Households Native Households Number of Households Number of Children Children Per Household (Avg.) Immigrant Households Poorest 20% st
Next 20% nd
(1 Quintile) (2 Quintile) 5,915,857 10,953,632 1.9 5,923,937 10,787,661 1.8 Poorest 20% st
Next 20% nd
Next 20% th
(3rd Quintile) (4 Quintile) 5,908,004 10,437,439 1.8 Middle 20% 5,914,623 10,516,839 1.8 Next 20% th
(5th Quintile) 5,914,823 10,466,236 1.8 Richest 20% (2 Quintile) Number of Households 1,649,089 1,646,075 1,646,525 1,647,425 1,646,728 Number of Children 4,325,737 4,135,085 4,019,544 3,846,355 3,606,817 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 Children Per Household (Avg.) Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) 5 (3rd Quintile) (4 Quintile) Richest 20% (1 Quintile) Middle 20% (5th Quintile) As Table 1 shows, both native and immigrant households in the bottom two quintiles—the poorest 40% of all households with U.S. citizen children—have average incomes that are at or below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level. Table 3 details the number of children living in the two poorest quintiles. We see that households with at least one foreign-­‐born parent and U.S. citizen children are home to 27% of children in the United States.9 The percent of children in immigrant households in the two poorest quintiles is slightly higher—42% as opposed to 41%—than in native households, but it is important to remember that average incomes in each quintile are lower for immigrant households than for native households. Thus the 42% of children in immigrant households in the bottom two quintiles are poorer than are the 41% of children in native households in the bottom two quintiles. Note that native households are home to 72% of all children in the two poorest quintiles. Table 3. Children in Poverty In Native Households In Immigrant Households Number of Children 53,161,807 19,933,538 73,095,345 Percent of U.S. Citizen Children 18 and Under Number of Children in Two Poorest Quintiles Percent of Children in Two Poorest Quintiles 73% 21,741,293 41% 27% 8,460,822 42% 30,202,115 Share of All Children in Two Poorest Quintiles 72% 28% Total Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) Food-­‐Stamp Use Given that 21.7 million children in 11.8 million native households and 8.5 million children in 3.3 million immigrant households live at or below 200% of the Federal poverty level, the next topic considered here concerns food-­‐stamp use by households with U.S. citizen children age 18 and under. Table 4 (see page 7) shows the percentage of native and immigrant households receiving food stamps in each quintile. 9. Not all of these children are necessarily U.S. citizens. These data include all children in households with at least one U.S. citizen child. Some children in immigrant households may be foreign-­‐born. 6 Table 4. Food-­‐Stamp Use by Native and Immigrant Households Native Households Poorest 20% st
(1 Quintile) Next 20% (2 Quintile) 5,915,857 58% 3,431,197 5,923,937 22% 1,303,266 Poorest 20% st
(1 Quintile) Next 20% nd
(2 Quintile) Total Households Percent Receiving Food Stamps 1,649,089 52% 1,646,075 31% 1,646,525 13% 1,647,425 4% 1,646,728 2% Number Receiving Food Stamps 857,526 510,283 214,048 65,897 32,935 Total Households Percent Receiving Food Stamps Number Receiving Food Stamps nd
Middle 20% Next 20% th
(3rd Quintile) (4 Quintile) 5,908,004 6% 354,480 Richest 20% (5th Quintile) 5,914,623 2% 118,292 5,914,823 1% 59,148 Middle 20% Next 20% th
(3rd Quintile) (4 Quintile) Richest 20% (5th Quintile) Immigrant Households Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) Food-­‐stamp use among native and immigrant households in the lower quintiles is, to an extent, similar. A full 58% of first quintile and 22% of second quintile native households receive food stamps. For immigrant households in these same quintiles, the percentages are 52% and 31%, respectively. Figure 3 shows the share of native and immigrant households that receive food stamps for all quintiles. Figure 3. Share of Households Receiving Food Stamps Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) While the percentage of households receiving food stamps in each of the three higher quintiles is much lower than that for the lowest two quintiles, the share of immigrant households receiving food stamps in the three higher quintiles is roughly double the share for native 7 households. And, in the case of the third quintile, the difference is dramatic with 13% of immigrant households compared to only 6% of native households receiving food stamps.10 This examination of the share of each type of household that receives food stamps provides important information on the likelihood that native and immigrant households receive food stamps. But, because the number of households in each of these two categories is vastly different—there are about 3.5 times more native households than immigrant households—it is also useful to understand the share of all food stamps that go to each type of household. Table 5 details the total number of native and immigrant households that receive food stamps as well as each household type’s share of total use within each quintile. In the lowest quintile, 80% of households receiving food stamps are native households and 20% are immigrant households. Interestingly, the immigrant household share of all food-­‐stamp use increases in the higher quintiles. A full 39% of food-­‐stamp use in each of the two highest quintiles occurs in immigrant households. This finding is a bit counter-­‐intuitive in light of calls for creating a legal immigration system that favors high-­‐skilled applicants. Table 5. Distribution of 2011 Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households With U.S. Citizen Children Native Households 1st Quintile 2nd Quintile 3rd Quintile 4th Quintile 5th Quintile Number of Native Households Receiving Food Stamps % of Food-­‐Stamp Use within Quintile 3,409,628 1,274,018 378,669 113,435 58,954 80% 71% 64% 61% 61% Immigrant Households 1st Quintile 2nd Quintile 3rd Quintile 4th Quintile 5th Quintile Number of Immigrant Households Receiving Food Stamps % of Food-­‐Stamp Use within Quintile Total Number of Households Receiving Food Stamps 865,739 508,306 214,674 72,882 37,696 20% 29% 36% 39% 39% 4,275,367 100% 1,782,324 100% 593,343 100% 186,317 100% 96,650 100% Source: 2011 Current Population Survey (cps.ipums.org) It is not surprising that the vast majority of food-­‐stamp use occurs in lower-­‐income households. Further, because the designation of quintiles is somewhat arbitrary, examination of the data at 10
Analysis of the reasons for this is beyond the scope of this report. 8 this level can only serve to provide a broad overview of food-­‐stamp use. Consequently, the next section of this report uses more sophisticated analysis of food-­‐stamp use using probit regression analysis. The Bottom Line Overview of Income, Poverty, and Food-­‐Stamp Use Immigrant households have average incomes between 75% and 95% of that of native households in the United States. For the United States as a whole, the share of native households receiving food stamps is higher than that for immigrant households in the first quintile and lower than that for immigrant households in the second through fifth quintiles. Because there are more native households than immigrant households, most food stamps go to native households across all five quintiles; however, the immigrant household share of food-­‐stamp use increases in each successively higher quintile. 9 Probit Regression Analysis of Food-­‐Stamp Use So far, this analysis has examined data for 20% cohorts, or quintiles, of native and immigrant households. It has provided an overview of the income, number of children, and food-­‐stamp use for each quintile of each household type. Within these quintiles, immigrant households, on average, are larger and poorer than native households. In the aggregate, average 2011 income for native households with U.S. citizen children was $80,658. In the aggregate, immigrant households with U.S. citizen children had average 2011 income that was 87% of that of native households. Across quintiles, incomes of immigrant households ranged from just 75% to 95% of that of native households. Further, immigrant households had, on average between 2.2 and 2.6 children while native households averaged fewer than 2 children. In light of these data, it is not surprising that household food-­‐stamp use in most quintiles is higher for immigrant households than for native households. But quintiles are arbitrary designations—there is no a priori reason to make comparisons using groupings of 20% of households as opposed to, say, groupings of 25% or 10% of households—and the results of comparing these sub-­‐groups vary by how the sub-­‐groups are defined. It is necessary to use more sophisticated methods to shed light on the extent to which food-­‐
stamp use in immigrant households does or does not differ from that in comparable native households. Such a method must allow examination of food-­‐stamp use by native and immigrant households with equivalent incomes and measure the probability that, given a level of income and other relevant factors, a household, native or immigrant, will use food stamps. Probit regression analysis is used to examine phenomena that can only have one of two outcomes: “yes” or “no”; “true” or “false”; “use food stamps” or “don’t use food stamps.” It provides estimates of the impacts of changes in specific predictor variables on the probability that the outcome in question—in this case, food-­‐stamp use—will (or will not) occur. Probit regression analysis can be used to ask, “In households with U.S. citizen children, holding other relevant factors constant, does having a foreign-­‐born parent result in higher or lower food-­‐stamp use?” Such analysis can examine food-­‐stamp use by native and immigrant households without relying on arbitrary quintiles and provide a more accurate estimate of how the nativity of parents of U.S. citizen children affects household food-­‐stamp use. 10 Model Specifications This probit regression analysis model uses the sample of 37,813,086 households with U.S. citizen children from the 2011 Current Population Survey. It examines factors—predictor variables—affecting the probability that a household will use food stamps selected based on a review of available research on determinants of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food-­‐stamp program).11 Table 6 lists the variables used in this probit analysis as well as the reason for their inclusion. Table 6. Variables in Probit Regression Analysis of Food-­‐Stamp Use Predictor Variable Reason for Inclusion Household income Household income is a key determinant of eligibility for food stamps (SNAP). Foreign-­‐born parent “dummy” variable Having a value of 0 for native households and 1 for immigrant households, this variable estimates the extent to which the presence of foreign-­‐born parents impacts the likelihood of food-­‐stamp use. Metropolitan area “dummy” variable Having a value of 0 if the household is in a rural area and 1 if the household is in a metropolitan area, this variable estimates whether being in metropolitan areas affects the rate of household food-­‐stamp use. Female head of household “dummy” variable Having a value of 0 if a male heads a household, and 1 if a household head is female, this variable estimates whether households headed by females use food stamps at different rates than do those headed by males. Household size Household size affects the income that determines eligibility for food stamps. Maximum education This variable indicates the maximum educational attainment by a household member and is included to determine whether educational attainment has an impact on food-­‐stamp use separate from income Duration of unemployment The number of continuous weeks of unemployment is included because our literature survey indicates that it is associated with increased food-­‐stamp use. Dummy variables for each of 49 states plus 12
DC Household food-­‐stamp use varies across states for reasons other than differences in income, the presence of foreign-­‐born parents, family size, and so forth. Including “dummy variables” for states allows us to quantify this state-­‐specific variation. Having a value of 1 for households located in a given state and 0 for all other households, these variables measure the extent of differences in food-­‐stamp use across states separate from those quantified by our other predictor variables (see footnote 12). 11. Burstein, N. R., W. L. Hamilton, S. Y Siegel, and S. Patrabansh. 2008. Understanding the Determinants of Food Stamp Program Participation: Literature Survey. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. 12. This type of regression analysis requires that one state be selected as the state against which all other state use be compared. We chose New York since it was the state whose 2011 state-­‐specific food-­‐stamp use was closest to the median. 11 Interpreting the Model Probit regression analysis provides three types of insight: (1) it indicates what factors are important; (2) it indicates in what way a factor is important; (3) and to an extent, it indicates by how much a factor is important. All of the variables in this model have a statistically significant relationship to household food-­‐stamp use. •
Factors affecting food-­‐stamp use. Interpreting the coefficients of non-­‐linear probit regression equations is slightly different than interpreting the results of linear ordinary least squares regression analysis. In linear ordinary least squares models, the coefficients estimate the magnitude of change (marginal effects) in the variable of interest that results from changes to the predictor variables. In probit regression models, the coefficients are used to calculate the marginal effects of the predictor variables. This is accomplished by setting all of the predictor variables at their sample averages and calculating the change in the probability of the outcome in question, food-­‐
stamp use, resulting from the coefficient. •
Type of impact. The directions of the impacts, positive or negative, of the variables in our model are intuitively plausible. •
Magnitude of impacts. Referred to as “marginal effects,” these are changes in food-­‐
stamp use that the model estimates will result from—all other things equal—changes to a given variable. For probit analysis, the often-­‐used phrase “all other things equal” specifically means, “When all other variables are at their average values.” Further, interpreting the effect of changes to a variable such as household income, which can have continuous range of values, is different from interpreting changes to a dummy variable, which can only have a value of 0 or 1. For a continuous variable such as household income, the marginal effect, when all variables including the one of interest are at their sample means, measures the impact of a (very) small change in household income on the probability of food-­‐stamp use. Because probit models are non-­‐linear, the further one moves from data items’ sample means, the less accurate the estimate of the marginal effects. In general, and especially for continuous variables, probit analysis is more useful for understanding which variables are important and for gauging the direction of their impacts. The non-­‐linearity of probit models makes them less useful for measuring the magnitude of impacts of continuous variables. 12 For dummy variables however, each dummy variable’s marginal effect measures the percent change likely to occur in food-­‐stamp use when that the dummy changes from 0 to 1 and all other variables are at their average values. For example, the marginal effect on “female head of household” estimated by the model is 0.0292071. This means that, all other things equal, households headed by females are approximately 3% (2.92%) more likely to use food stamps than households headed by males. This implies that if households change from having a male to a female head, food stamp usage can be expected to increase by approximately 3%. Regression Results Again, probit analysis is most useful for identifying which predictor variables affect the outcome of yes-­‐or-­‐no questions and for identifying the direction, positive or negative, of that impact. Probit analysis is of limited value in measuring the magnitude of the impact of variables such as household income, which can have a continuous range of values. As indicated earlier, however, they do shed light on the magnitude of the impact of so-­‐called “dummy variables” that have a value of 0 or 1. Table 7 (see page 13) lists the predictor variables used in this analysis along with the direction of their impacts as well as the magnitude of the impacts of “dummy variables” on food-­‐stamp use. Because the purpose of this analysis is to examine the impact on food-­‐stamp use of the presence of foreign-­‐born parents in households with U.S. citizen children, it is not intended to predict food-­‐stamp use per se. To this end, the analysis includes factors identified in a literature review as having a key role in determining food-­‐stamp use (see footnote 11). However, because household food-­‐stamp use varies across states for reasons other those enumerated by the predictor variables, the analysis included “dummy variables” for states rather than trying to include variables that explain the reasons for state-­‐by-­‐state variation in use. This allows quantifying the extent of state-­‐specific variation not explained by variation in our other predictor variables without attempting to explain the reasons for such variation.13 13. This type of regression analysis requires that one state be selected as the state against which all other state use be compared. We chose New York since it was the state whose 2011 state-­‐specific food-­‐stamp use was closest to the median. 13 Table 7. Results of Probit Analysis “Continuous” Predictor Variables Direction of Impact Interpretation 2011 household income Negative All other things equal, as household income increases, food-­‐
stamp use declines. Household size Positive All other things equal, larger household are more likely to use food stamps than are smaller ones. Maximum educational attainment Negative All other things equal, the higher the educational attainment of the head of household, the less likely the household will use food stamps. Duration of Unemployment Positive All other things equal, longer periods of unemployment are associated with greater food-­‐stamp use. Direction of Impact Interpretation Foreign-­‐born parent “dummy” variable Negative All other things equal, immigrant households are .6% less likely to use food stamps than native households. Metropolitan area “dummy” variable Positive All other things equal, households in metropolitan areas are 0.06% more likely to use food stamps than households in rural areas. Female head of household “dummy” variable Positive All other things equal, households headed by females are 2.9% more likely to use food stamps than are those headed by males. Dummy variables for each state plus DC Positive and negative State-­‐specific food-­‐stamp use in New York is at the median for all states plus the DC. Refer to Tables 8 for a listing of which states use food stamp at rates above or below that of New York’s median state-­‐specific use. “Dummy” Predictor Variables: Value = 0 or 1 14 Table 8 details which states have state-­‐specific usage that is above that in New York, the median state, and which have state-­‐specific usage that is below New York’s median usage rate. Table 8. State-­‐Specific Food-­‐Stamp Use Relative to the Median (New York) Above the Median Below the Median Alabama (1.9%) Alaska (-­‐1.6%) Arkansas (0.8%) Arizona (-­‐1.8%) DC (0.4%) California (-­‐2.3%) Hawaii (0.9%) Colorado (-­‐1.6%) Idaho (2.4%) Connecticut (-­‐0.1%) Iowa (2.0%) Delaware (-­‐0.8%) Kansas (0.6%) Florida (-­‐.3%) Kentucky (1.4%) Georgia (-­‐1.4%) Maine (5.6%) Illinois (-­‐0.1%) Massachusetts (0.6%) Indiana (-­‐0.6%) Michigan (4.9%) Louisiana (-­‐1.7%) Minnesota (0.9%) Maryland (-­‐1.2%) Mississippi (3.1%) Nebraska (-­‐0.8%) Missouri (1.3%) Nevada (-­‐2.8%) Montana (0.1%) New Hampshire (-­‐2.4%) North Carolina (3.1%) New Jersey (-­‐2.5%) Ohio (2.5%) New Mexico (-­‐2.3%) Oregon (3.4%) North Dakota (-­‐0.8%) Rhode Island (2.2%) Oklahoma (-­‐1.3%) South Dakota (0.1%) Pennsylvania (-­‐0.5%) Tennessee (0.3%) South Carolina (-­‐.3%) Vermont (4.8%) Texas (-­‐0.1%) Washington (4.5%) Utah (-­‐2.2%) West Virginia (1.6%) Virginia (-­‐1.5%) Wisconsin (2.0%) Wyoming (-­‐1.1%) Explanation While Food Stamps/SNAP is a Federal program, there are factors unique to each state that result in differences in food stamp usage across states. There are many reasons for this. For example states vary in how they administer and implement the program, cultural differences across states affect people’s propensity to use food stamps, and so forth. Such variation results in different state rates of household food-­‐stamp use that are unrelated to income, family size, or any of the other variables included in our analysis. By including dummy variables for each state in addition to the predictor variables—
income, family size, female head of household, etc.—
the model estimates variation in food-­‐stamp use that is not explained by state differences in predictor variables themselves. This table indicates which and by what percent individual states have food stamp usage rates above or below New York’s median rate of approximately 28% of 14
households that are independent of state differences in the model’s predictor variables. We see that individual state variation in food-­‐stamp usage ranges from 2.8% below the median in Nevada to 5.8% above the median in Maine. Please refer to the Appendix B beginning on page 69 of this report for technical documentation of the results of this regression analysis. 14. New York’s median rate should not be interpreted to mean that 28% of all households in New York use food stamps. Rather, this is the estimate of food stamp usage in New York that is not explained by the other predictor variables and is the median such estimate for all states. 15 The Bottom Line Probit Regression Analysis of Food-­‐Stamp Use Probit regression analysis indicates that immigrant households with U.S. citizen children are less likely to use food stamps than native households with similar characteristics. All other things equal, households located in metropolitan areas and households headed by women are more likely to use food stamps than are rural households or households headed by men. There are state-­‐specific variations in food-­‐stamp use that are independent of variations in predictor variables such as household income and family size. New York is at the median of such variation. Maine has the highest state-­‐specific usage above the median at +5.6% while Nevada has the lowest state-­‐specific usage below the median at -­‐2.8%. Concluding Comments Immigrant families tend to be larger and poorer than native families. Examining average income, number of children, and food-­‐stamp use in population quintiles of native and immigrant households, Current Population Survey data show that the poorest native households use food stamps at higher rates than immigrant households and immigrant households have higher usage in all other population quintiles. But a more sophisticated analysis that does not rely on arbitrary population groupings reveals that, for households with equivalent characteristics, such as income, the presence of one or more foreign-­‐born parents is associated with lower food-­‐stamp use than that in households with two native-­‐born parents. Having said that, however, that the analysis indicates that immigrant households are poorer than native households and this increases food-­‐stamp use by immigrant households. Examining the share of all food-­‐stamp use in each quintile that occurs in native households and in immigrant households provides context on the extent of this effect. Just 20% of all food-­‐stamp use in the quintile with lowest incomes occurs in immigrant households while 39% of all food-­‐
stamp use in the quintile with the highest incomes occurs in immigrant households. This result is counter-­‐intuitive and suggests that immigration’s impacts on social service costs are more complicated than much of the political debate would indicate. 16 Appendix A: State-­‐Level Data 17 Alabama: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children 2010 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 102,389 102,790 102,491 101,240 101,707 Average Income 11,296 28,146 46,336 68,537 142,439 Number of Children 179,314 213,092 187,513 171,528 173,699 Percent of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 75% 47% 12.4% 6.2% 0% 7,255 4,815 6,135 6,261 5,264 8,353 26,637 34,670 56,216 230,845 20,787 9,630 22,535 11,222 10,528 64% 37% 22% 19% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 96% 90% 84% Na 6% 4% 10% 16% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 107,012 107,314 106,704 105,507 106,514 Average Income 11,605 29,203 49,958 84,152 155,011 Number of Children 169,041 185,543 175,990 176,744 180,869 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 73% 32% 14% 6% 2% 9,515 6,220 6,482 7,588 6,141 13,960 26,093 37,105 92,969 188,423 24,298 13,865 15,638 18,933 13,779 46% 21% 24% 16% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 95% 96% 90% 84% 100% 5% 4% 10% 16% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 18 Alaska: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children 2010 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 15,768 15,657 15,491 15,673 15,545 Average Income 19,647 45,917 71,780 99,947 184,631 Number of Children 30,100 27,609 27,144 27,076 30,565 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 36% 9% 1.3% 2.5% 0% 2,639 2,782 2,586 2,596 2,451 20,930 57,368 85,291 121,505 216,804 8,131 6,202 4,033 4,600 5,305 45% 7% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 83% 88% 100% 100% Na 17% 12% 0% 0% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 14,972 14,974 14,656 14,672 14,759 Average Income 15,796 43,262 72,547 103,444 167,553 Number of Children 28,645 28,703 29,750 27,731 29,094 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 46% 13% 3% 0% 0% 2,979 2,910 3,013 2,893 2,750 20,895 42,829 64,845 88,423 171,409 7,225 6,689 7,507 5,583 5,420 54% 14% 12% 7% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 81% 83% 54% 0% Na 19% 17% 46% 100% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 19 Arizona: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 106,288 106,608 104,028 105,007 104,429 Average Income 11,601 37,045 61,678 92,839 194,714 Number of Children 219,054 210,167 189,421 192,412 193,852 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 63% 28% 5.7% 0.0% 2% 49,675 48,220 49,946 46,817 48,121 5,151 17,283 30,930 49,607 97,221 118,792 114,046 109,473 89,994 93,875 50% 61% 25% 15% 4% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 27% 50% 68% 100% 47% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 73% 50% 32% 0% 53% Number of Households 102,134 101,369 97,951 101,117 98,600 Average Income 14,994 43,185 63,608 86,479 154,066 Number of Children 189,080 216,658 189,535 183,713 175,709 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 51% 15% 8% 0% 2% 54,728 51,762 48,249 51,706 51,017 9,234 20,961 35,497 60,739 118,103 136,207 115,976 98,072 90,867 108,256 57% 19% 7% 12% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 63% 60% 71% 0% 100% 37% 40% 29% 100% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 20 Arkansas: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 68,107 69,244 66,883 68,017 66,991 Average Income 8,006 26,568 44,350 66,664 120,794 Number of Children 105,953 108,526 121,247 117,929 114,958 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 72% 22% 14.0% 1.9% 0% 5,778 3,704 4,883 4,937 4,296 18,739 24,486 35,616 49,979 178,037 10,576 8,188 9,217 8,091 8,630 30% 0% 0% 13% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 3% 0% 0% 34% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 97% 100% 100% 66% Na Number of Households 63,374 61,928 61,554 62,523 61,614 Average Income 13,636 29,666 48,569 70,937 139,948 Number of Children 111,913 101,203 110,638 113,219 94,839 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 62% 34% 19% 2% 7% 7,104 7,327 6,449 5,731 6,446 19,745 30,012 44,127 68,563 150,902 16,087 14,699 9,355 10,348 8,353 19% 44% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 97% 87% 100% 100% 100% 3% 13% 0% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 21 California: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 483,737 472,988 477,048 478,070 476,395 Average Income 19,381 47,554 74,629 111,517 237,269 Number of Children 887,260 878,387 878,440 881,895 803,027 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 38% 9% 0% 0% 1% 432,877 418,414 428,953 421,509 423,836 15,255 33,326 52,534 84,094 177,868 921,969 961,573 863,920 863,808 777,132 38% 25% 7% 4% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 53% 30% 4% 8% 100% 47% 70% 96% 92% 0% 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 494,968 491,304 491,884 493,056 491,975 Average Income 17,361 46,157 73,058 109,176 215,905 Number of Children 945,285 930,136 863,672 880,458 875,443 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 36% 12% 5% 2% 1% 435,595 434,890 435,664 433,463 433,796 13,088 30,737 49,901 80,724 186,145 993,526 895,978 939,342 792,731 785,611 38% 28% 11% 3% 3% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 52% 32% 32% 38% 22% 48% 68% 68% 62% 78% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 22 Colorado: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 105,747 106,540 104,268 105,260 104,756 Average Income 18,681 47,557 74,095 107,203 225,265 Number of Children 210,777 206,022 195,628 195,132 204,275 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 32% 9% 0.9% 0.0% 0% 19,414 18,511 18,800 18,806 18,116 11,254 26,576 43,402 69,248 168,048 45,721 44,719 36,883 28,720 33,268 58% 26% 4% 5% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 25% 33% 45% 100% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 75% 67% 55% 0% Na Number of Households 104,177 102,905 103,554 104,089 102,504 Average Income 18,011 49,821 79,628 111,390 229,131 Number of Children 188,155 185,504 205,206 182,088 212,877 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 35% 11% 4% 1% 0% 21,283 19,057 20,129 20,427 19,429 9,923 24,202 46,410 86,465 188,126 45,885 43,031 49,665 37,853 30,534 42% 44% 13% 8% 12% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 80% 56% 61% 29% 0% 20% 44% 39% 71% 100% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 23 Connecticut: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 66,667 66,461 66,008 66,721 65,969 Average Income 27,414 62,482 92,907 130,286 301,152 Number of Children 122,487 119,709 117,752 127,273 131,346 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 32% 5% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 19,257 19,062 19,311 18,958 18,700 18,401 44,851 72,207 113,834 314,895 32,871 34,288 30,807 35,014 40,377 49% 4% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 31% 18% Na Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 69% 82% Na Na Na Number of Households 65,634 65,616 65,829 65,295 65,195 Average Income 23,725 63,022 93,134 134,363 269,030 Number of Children 110,488 118,679 125,519 117,581 124,468 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 37% 11% 1% 0% 1% 23,025 18,369 20,624 20,304 20,345 13,935 37,383 62,807 103,584 313,276 42,720 37,028 33,967 32,529 34,135 58% 29% 6% 3% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 64% 58% 35% 0% 100% 36% 42% 65% 100% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 24 Delaware: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 20,451 20,313 20,523 20,276 20,244 Average Income 16,553 41,844 66,863 98,335 184,614 Number of Children 44,519 34,770 34,013 32,125 36,578 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 56% 13% 2.2% 0.0% 0% 2,900 2,809 2,739 2,902 2,722 18,444 39,909 62,490 99,937 204,436 5,057 4,383 5,393 5,333 4,949 19% 9% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 5% 9% 0% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 95% 91% 100% Na Na Number of Households 19,576 18,687 18,954 19,078 19,036 Average Income 16,719 40,632 63,491 95,818 160,201 Number of Children 38,536 32,151 31,829 31,910 33,396 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 60% 13% 3% 5% 0% 3,120 3,241 2,890 3,035 2,910 14,629 37,830 73,021 95,740 156,218 7,432 5,781 5,046 6,060 5,279 36% 15% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 91% 83% 100% 100% Na 9% 17% 0% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 25 District of Columbia: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 8,418 8,233 8,218 8,522 7,923 Average Income 6,993 23,781 49,534 101,594 270,779 Number of Children 22,914 18,959 15,149 12,200 14,476 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 79% 48% 10.0% 0.0% 0% 2,545 2,117 2,215 2,417 2,167 12,375 39,129 68,241 112,218 233,412 4,075 5,371 3,462 4,056 3,322 22% 7% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 8% 4% 0% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 92% 96% 100% Na Na Number of Households 9,783 9,643 9,524 9,592 9,566 Average Income 5,912 23,127 45,079 105,948 249,663 Number of Children 20,502 19,321 15,986 16,401 17,315 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 68% 51% 21% 2% 0% 2,085 2,075 2,087 1,952 2,026 8,912 31,859 63,920 135,043 285,247 4,340 3,615 3,199 3,025 4,123 32% 19% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 91% 93% 100% 100% Na 9% 7% 0% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 26 Florida: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 282,659 283,597 282,135 283,778 280,972 Average Income 13,523 37,128 59,741 89,569 178,697 Number of Children 514,706 508,233 497,371 522,069 483,931 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 48% 10% 3.8% 1.8% 0% 129,112 116,942 126,242 117,791 121,969 13,316 30,480 47,811 72,671 140,843 254,785 222,108 221,160 205,808 237,613 36% 21% 8% 3% 1% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 26% 45% 48% 37% 100% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 74% 55% 52% 63% 0% Number of Households 287,328 290,205 290,408 286,824 280,763 Average Income 13,521 35,847 59,758 91,395 181,791 Number of Children 470,857 507,919 499,523 497,964 496,795 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 53% 21% 8% 4% 1% 113,043 111,862 110,901 110,749 111,556 9,414 24,697 45,496 72,015 160,406 231,178 232,726 182,662 193,931 202,981 59% 32% 15% 5% 3% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 69% 63% 57% 68% 35% 31% 37% 43% 32% 65% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 27 Georgia: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 223,901 221,894 222,584 222,844 222,255 Average Income 10,794 32,388 58,737 91,200 197,003 Number of Children 416,056 393,408 395,614 381,837 403,346 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 28% 2.1% 1.4% 0% 40,236 39,540 40,128 38,777 39,579 13,994 25,986 36,469 69,688 173,920 75,984 69,092 77,635 87,098 73,171 44% 21% 19% 6% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 12% 12% 62% 44% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 88% 88% 38% 56% Na Number of Households 215,935 218,638 218,471 208,595 214,943 Average Income 10,695 30,558 54,916 85,361 187,204 Number of Children 443,633 405,898 398,474 377,880 391,335 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 55% 23% 8% 2% 2% 40,167 40,831 40,002 37,918 39,254 13,435 31,162 49,726 73,264 153,930 79,502 75,211 77,871 77,145 78,582 46% 27% 10% 0% 4% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 87% 82% 83% 100% 69% 13% 18% 17% 0% 31% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 28 Hawaii: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 19,157 19,461 18,772 19,021 19,059 Average Income 18,037 44,922 70,824 104,877 217,568 Number of Children 34,961 38,013 32,599 35,370 40,020 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 50% 14% 1.6% 1.1% 0% 9,047 8,993 8,925 9,187 8,518 17,727 41,518 69,449 105,151 180,561 17,512 16,720 19,326 18,149 15,652 46% 6% 7% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 9,047 8,993 8,925 9,187 8,518 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 19,157 19,461 18,772 19,021 19,059 Number of Households 17,883 17,904 17,941 17,976 17,603 Average Income 22,270 47,866 73,863 105,987 192,917 Number of Children 38,458 34,779 33,776 29,836 32,425 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 51% 18% 7% 4% 0% 9,577 9,590 9,146 9,590 9,173 15,868 34,489 55,978 89,541 162,020 20,970 18,937 19,242 18,685 16,532 61% 25% 7% 4% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 61% 57% 65% 65% Na 39% 43% 35% 35% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 29 Idaho: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 38,460 38,293 38,447 38,352 37,869 Average Income 17,824 39,959 56,163 78,286 151,480 Number of Children 86,612 86,403 80,005 86,866 82,497 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 53% 14% 4.5% 1.5% 1% 4,923 4,438 4,976 4,601 4,334 9,351 25,291 35,805 59,794 123,769 10,239 10,083 10,882 7,467 8,261 62% 38% 26% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 13% 23% 43% 0% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 87% 77% 57% 100% 100% Number of Households 36,711 36,439 36,685 36,093 36,390 Average Income 15,631 36,864 55,288 77,501 155,752 Number of Children 71,307 75,876 90,525 82,924 73,570 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 66% 29% 10% 3% 2% 5,625 5,630 5,581 5,199 5,343 11,792 23,412 33,616 45,551 81,510 11,231 12,759 12,087 9,827 10,746 92% 56% 12% 17% 22% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 82% 77% 84% 55% 42% 18% 23% 16% 45% 58% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 30 Illinois: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 259,159 256,748 258,941 256,903 257,157 Average Income 15,038 38,891 63,284 98,504 209,904 Number of Children 443,801 453,578 508,283 492,526 446,771 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 65% 21% 5.6% 0.6% 1% 70,859 67,691 69,984 69,944 67,889 10,593 27,490 45,462 75,079 152,705 172,711 131,216 165,221 146,350 131,805 46% 19% 15% 8% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 16% 19% 42% 78% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 84% 81% 58% 22% 100% Number of Households 243,181 242,739 243,329 244,435 240,859 Average Income 14,373 37,904 66,412 101,105 225,618 Number of Children 463,697 462,951 429,694 437,442 432,459 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 60% 23% 4% 1% 0% 69,836 68,302 69,385 68,486 67,498 13,839 32,082 52,499 79,304 183,607 158,326 166,693 156,488 156,176 128,331 50% 35% 9% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 81% 70% 62% 100% Na 19% 30% 38% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 31 Indiana: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 157,461 154,396 151,645 153,773 152,707 Average Income 10,374 33,228 55,466 81,787 162,769 Number of Children 329,786 275,817 260,684 277,446 294,666 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 66% 25% 5.2% 2.1% 0% 11,589 12,341 8,687 10,003 10,292 7,144 17,523 27,101 50,732 118,259 20,325 32,123 18,267 19,755 15,158 100% 68% 23% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 10% 18% 21% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 82% 79% 100% Na Number of Households 148,775 152,655 142,337 148,516 145,528 Average Income 11,401 35,321 57,116 85,678 156,527 Number of Children 313,118 294,528 261,361 301,614 275,871 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 25% 4% 0% 4% 13,745 12,665 10,794 12,336 12,192 7,380 22,503 38,287 59,334 174,992 27,505 28,876 19,012 37,390 24,594 80% 42% 0% 12% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 89% 88% 100% 0% 100% 11% 12% 0% 100% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 32 Iowa: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 67,337 66,679 66,768 66,796 66,384 Average Income 20,024 46,787 70,641 96,935 172,220 Number of Children 136,476 143,886 126,099 124,988 116,431 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 53% 12% 3.0% 1.0% 0% 9,092 8,509 8,099 8,140 8,257 16,316 29,755 45,254 71,583 125,759 16,364 22,090 15,448 17,463 12,489 46% 51% 13% 14% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 64% 66% 37% Na 10% 36% 34% 63% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 66,367 65,530 65,954 66,015 65,833 Average Income 21,593 45,702 68,148 94,918 147,625 Number of Children 128,400 116,932 123,548 126,982 124,346 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 12% 6% 3% 6% 7,981 7,501 7,257 7,412 7,323 17,881 31,873 47,954 67,995 124,750 13,246 13,223 18,426 12,413 14,408 55% 49% 30% 7% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 69% 63% 76% 100% 10% 31% 37% 24% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 33 Kansas: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 61,805 62,248 61,988 61,162 61,673 Average Income 18,465 39,028 60,657 84,791 178,193 Number of Children 117,051 123,926 120,896 121,980 124,056 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 48% 11% 3.6% 0.0% 0% 8,792 8,782 8,866 8,942 8,548 9,518 25,582 42,976 64,882 209,732 18,783 18,322 20,672 20,244 16,438 64% 32% 6% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 16% 30% 21% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 84% 70% 79% Na Na Number of Households 63,719 65,447 61,589 64,006 63,108 Average Income 14,273 34,005 56,943 88,931 194,572 Number of Children 119,388 118,391 134,801 126,546 113,162 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 59% 20% 6% 5% 1% 8,191 8,075 8,079 8,255 7,108 11,995 26,774 45,431 77,622 140,260 21,443 22,958 20,493 12,707 12,181 77% 61% 17% 0% 9% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 86% 73% 73% 100% 55% 14% 27% 27% 0% 45% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 34 Kentucky: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 106,693 105,912 105,774 107,180 104,057 Average Income 12,354 33,480 52,915 79,295 162,932 Number of Children 176,021 186,986 184,519 192,631 192,494 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 83% 33% 7.3% 2.6% 0% 8,993 7,407 8,031 10,856 4,979 7,359 27,054 47,665 91,447 202,299 21,773 18,180 16,757 17,277 7,802 91% 61% 0% 0% 18% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 92% 89% 100% 100% 0% 8% 11% 0% 0% 100% 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 108,727 105,713 104,387 106,194 106,252 Average Income 11,046 32,891 53,515 79,656 130,033 Number of Children 176,121 195,115 192,601 169,794 205,999 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 58% 39% 10% 3% 3% 8,576 6,401 7,136 7,832 6,783 5,854 17,637 31,216 60,907 99,785 17,107 20,813 12,037 16,218 12,274 89% 82% 23% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 89% 89% 86% 100% 100% 11% 11% 14% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 35 Louisiana: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 117,311 112,375 114,547 114,228 114,421 Average Income 13,107 35,323 58,479 90,806 192,903 Number of Children 230,021 205,034 179,693 200,282 197,297 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 64% 15% 1.7% 0.0% 0% 5,752 3,867 3,809 3,412 3,611 38,008 53,337 70,048 109,813 183,293 10,007 6,017 5,431 6,824 5,149 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 0% 0% 0% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 100% 100% 100% Na Na Number of Households 117,473 116,970 116,469 117,506 115,008 Average Income 9,740 25,325 48,170 82,716 194,775 Number of Children 233,562 203,887 183,414 203,203 202,708 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 59% 31% 7% 2% 0% 5,903 5,687 3,431 5,296 4,275 14,704 29,675 56,275 70,094 182,431 11,806 10,349 9,086 8,995 8,575 38% 0% 0% 30% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 97% 100% 100% 59% Na 3% 0% 0% 41% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 36 Maine: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 26,827 26,440 26,462 26,703 26,358 Average Income 17,110 41,547 63,440 90,552 193,210 Number of Children 46,387 46,338 49,172 49,921 49,213 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 63% 32% 8.9% 3.8% 4% 1,817 1,612 1,719 1,730 1,576 11,542 24,371 38,257 90,369 158,479 3,503 5,921 2,175 2,670 2,657 63% 100% 13% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6% 16% 9% 0% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 84% 91% 100% 100% Number of Households 27,871 27,538 27,433 28,122 27,031 Average Income 17,808 44,265 64,958 91,676 172,817 Number of Children 53,106 50,190 45,105 48,515 50,217 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 64% 29% 8% 1% 6% 1,590 1,306 1,554 1,331 1,427 7,156 18,563 48,723 100,858 177,299 1,988 3,054 2,586 1,865 1,427 62% 82% 31% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 95% 88% 82% 100% 100% 5% 12% 18% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 37 Maryland: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 108,705 107,134 107,872 107,096 107,059 Average Income 20,900 54,444 86,161 126,066 225,985 Number of Children 218,481 188,974 184,757 197,030 189,404 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 41% 6% 0.0% 0.8% 0% 31,932 31,919 30,747 32,528 30,310 22,432 50,152 76,221 107,044 180,569 58,419 51,301 63,671 67,281 58,026 17% 11% 6% 0% 3% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 11% 34% 100% 0% 100% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 89% 66% 0% 100% 0% Number of Households 105,509 104,382 104,235 105,511 103,748 Average Income 18,255 52,966 89,518 130,552 217,894 Number of Children 199,963 199,040 175,980 169,600 180,574 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 45% 10% 3% 0% 0% 33,066 33,539 32,116 34,034 31,662 22,438 52,194 82,644 134,958 232,224 65,351 71,138 55,092 60,977 61,717 28% 13% 7% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 84% 71% 56% Na Na 16% 29% 44% Na Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 38 Massachusetts: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 119,292 120,034 118,355 120,094 118,257 Average Income 23,455 53,644 90,469 130,013 287,745 Number of Children 228,973 190,279 206,751 216,691 221,416 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 39% 3% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 47,911 46,745 47,260 48,101 45,569 12,573 31,410 53,402 91,980 224,294 101,139 100,026 91,292 81,338 74,194 61% 34% 6% 11% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 61% 19% 0% 0% Na 39% 81% 100% 100% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 130,395 128,469 128,456 129,927 127,737 Average Income 23,393 63,587 95,602 136,752 259,234 Number of Children 225,486 233,392 230,516 230,532 221,942 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 37% 0% 1% 3% 3% 42,474 42,241 41,553 42,658 41,476 16,162 35,160 63,873 103,624 186,914 70,327 104,496 71,253 83,584 62,154 78% 28% 4% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 59% 0% 52% 100% 100% 41% 100% 48% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 39 Michigan: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 214,642 212,277 213,359 213,984 211,723 Average Income 13,580 34,420 60,085 90,364 170,320 Number of Children 423,338 380,427 391,617 391,151 385,311 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 79% 31% 2.7% 0.0% 0% 29,557 27,896 30,968 25,696 28,342 11,265 41,067 70,707 112,728 285,315 61,466 49,571 56,901 50,776 55,765 44% 23% 5% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7% 9% 22% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 91% 78% Na Na Number of Households 208,898 207,001 207,948 207,421 206,793 Average Income 13,293 36,315 60,206 90,499 187,354 Number of Children 397,660 380,665 370,441 407,205 409,786 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 75% 41% 7% 2% 1% 33,622 32,001 33,256 33,322 31,676 11,570 27,948 57,346 104,958 210,511 72,256 67,464 76,378 55,054 57,373 90% 66% 8% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 84% 80% 85% 100% 100% 16% 20% 15% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 40 Minnesota: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 111,362 111,876 110,774 110,329 111,040 Average Income 20,817 51,218 73,156 101,154 181,329 Number of Children 240,465 202,588 223,234 213,027 213,522 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 38% 5% 0.8% 0.8% 0% 13,918 14,131 14,127 13,647 13,587 11,561 27,011 47,984 75,156 230,235 33,330 35,539 27,625 27,512 22,176 56% 19% 20% 5% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 16% 33% 76% 42% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 84% 67% 24% 58% Na Number of Households 112,485 111,392 111,463 112,081 110,728 Average Income 23,469 55,134 82,463 111,435 211,826 Number of Children 201,227 216,523 221,850 214,818 212,511 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 48% 4% 1% 0% 2% 16,767 16,486 16,280 16,428 16,034 13,914 34,590 56,046 78,131 180,720 41,737 42,702 34,896 34,796 29,208 83% 47% 11% 11% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 80% 36% 47% 0% 100% 20% 64% 53% 100% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 41 Mississippi: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 78,213 78,062 77,805 78,184 77,672 Average Income 7,835 22,747 37,197 61,622 136,860 Number of Children 147,072 148,101 147,887 139,243 132,208 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 78% 47% 31.9% 6.4% 0% 4,362 1,102 2,175 1,833 2,099 26,747 36,748 61,441 100,012 143,686 7,713 2,204 4,051 4,341 2,099 48% 0% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 97% 100% 100% 100% Na 3% 0% 0% 0% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 76,075 74,356 77,000 73,673 74,901 Average Income 10,204 25,305 48,021 76,469 153,170 Number of Children 166,634 160,185 136,094 130,013 121,504 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 70% 57% 20% 4% 0% 3,660 2,977 2,455 3,070 2,356 22,711 43,182 58,470 78,405 96,710 7,320 2,977 8,294 7,352 2,356 57% 0% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 96% 100% 100% 100% Na 4% 0% 0% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 42 Missouri: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 151,342 149,988 149,417 150,351 149,940 Average Income 14,367 38,058 61,644 89,793 171,785 Number of Children 301,043 286,909 284,045 263,135 275,029 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 66% 23% 1.8% 1.1% 2% 6,952 6,088 6,119 6,244 6,314 6,892 23,660 47,118 91,373 126,746 12,666 16,388 12,245 11,116 16,856 100% 29% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6% 5% 0% 0% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 95% 100% 100% 100% Number of Households 153,045 153,010 153,350 152,043 152,837 Average Income 13,645 37,200 62,697 94,386 175,508 Number of Children 290,052 249,740 273,466 263,995 261,378 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 65% 27% 6% 0% 1% 10,700 10,231 10,664 11,398 9,152 13,970 31,805 48,113 94,457 165,898 20,067 24,285 23,548 20,374 13,741 61% 22% 26% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 95% 77% Na 100% 6% 5% 23% Na 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 43 Montana: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 20,846 20,750 20,847 21,197 20,303 Average Income 12,954 35,094 53,591 77,593 164,689 Number of Children 37,827 38,608 39,486 41,851 39,172 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 68% 16% 7.4% 0.0% 0% 1,397 1,380 1,471 1,741 380 18,673 32,393 53,764 81,629 122,035 4,643 3,023 2,645 2,558 380 20% 27% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 2% 10% 0% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 98% 90% 100% Na Na Number of Households 22,394 22,626 22,271 22,540 22,093 Average Income 13,691 34,208 52,211 74,696 171,356 Number of Children 40,374 42,922 41,928 39,350 36,360 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 60% 31% 4% 6% 0% 1,195 876 954 802 770 22,241 50,300 68,618 122,478 155,154 2,771 1,752 2,862 1,253 770 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 98% 100% 100% 100% Na 2% 0% 0% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 44 Nebraska: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children 2010 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 40,480 40,102 40,059 39,934 39,892 Average Income 22,988 48,436 69,222 94,034 184,429 Number of Children 72,919 75,810 77,789 77,846 79,402 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 33% 6% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 6,869 7,070 6,918 6,756 6,635 10,133 25,993 39,932 57,733 90,044 14,565 14,778 15,281 14,956 15,976 68% 25% 11% 6% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 74% 56% 0% 0% Na 26% 44% 100% 100% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 34,850 34,525 34,986 34,398 34,559 Average Income 24,158 50,418 75,418 102,666 205,300 Number of Children 75,268 64,752 69,926 69,493 64,358 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 47% 6% 3% 1% 3% 8,239 7,766 7,704 7,926 7,834 12,364 27,068 44,257 63,611 121,424 16,647 15,987 21,879 16,033 14,765 58% 25% 25% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 77% 50% 32% 100% 100% 23% 50% 68% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 45 Nevada: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 42,314 38,871 40,214 40,488 40,309 Average Income 15,884 41,317 62,131 91,106 173,723 Number of Children 80,105 68,523 71,131 73,036 72,289 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 49% 17% 3.2% 4.2% 0% 19,320 19,304 19,309 19,165 18,670 17,710 36,602 52,913 78,265 164,931 42,065 37,858 42,456 34,836 34,922 31% 8% 2% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 22% 18% 26% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 78% 82% 74% 100% Na Number of Households 40,898 42,021 40,123 40,702 40,653 Average Income 11,768 39,095 66,372 94,629 173,426 Number of Children 80,356 81,058 70,028 79,560 70,341 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 56% 11% 5% 0% 0% 22,557 20,936 21,764 21,639 21,616 15,127 30,064 48,494 72,951 150,507 48,348 46,946 47,837 48,924 40,213 24% 30% 2% 8% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 81% 42% 80% 0% Na 19% 58% 20% 100% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 46 New Hampshire: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 28,942 29,023 28,701 28,802 28,785 Average Income 22,504 58,017 84,319 110,825 197,653 Number of Children 49,134 51,012 48,164 53,432 54,273 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 38% 5% 0.0% 1.4% 0% 3,690 3,969 3,364 3,818 3,437 23,628 57,819 83,621 132,988 300,293 8,389 8,149 4,326 7,160 5,907 60% 12% 0% 5% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 83% 75% Na 69% Na 17% 25% Na 31% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 27,264 26,783 27,118 26,923 26,985 Average Income 29,855 63,886 92,025 120,021 196,327 Number of Children 43,716 45,693 49,472 49,635 46,051 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 24% 3% 0% 1% 1% 3,687 3,314 3,375 3,575 3,239 22,843 63,896 92,687 129,260 330,121 6,400 4,781 6,505 4,853 5,611 42% 0% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 81% 100% Na 100% 100% 19% 0% Na 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 47 New Jersey: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 149,231 148,025 149,105 147,595 147,829 Average Income 23,660 57,587 92,288 135,261 286,529 Number of Children 282,585 264,479 261,144 266,141 299,579 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 19% 3% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 70,849 68,491 71,597 66,747 68,676 15,796 42,035 69,919 109,131 251,886 147,256 119,190 131,836 110,880 130,233 49% 14% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 56% 67% Na Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 44% 33% Na Na Na Number of Households 136,397 133,486 135,816 134,865 132,948 Average Income 21,979 61,008 98,319 137,026 255,486 Number of Children 240,295 241,168 211,981 224,162 235,074 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 28% 4% 1% 1% 0% 64,655 62,099 63,228 63,932 62,528 20,551 42,063 64,083 110,600 233,109 113,164 140,593 118,068 117,240 121,371 36% 26% 6% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 62% 27% 30% 100% Na 38% 73% 70% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 48 New Mexico: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 46,544 43,197 44,818 45,384 43,665 Average Income 11,531 33,030 53,154 78,693 169,579 Number of Children 90,347 86,497 82,819 84,833 84,760 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 46% 16% 11.0% 0.0% 0% 8,118 7,553 7,958 7,278 7,217 5,828 16,677 36,283 58,974 80,346 22,307 15,910 14,293 16,175 14,156 75% 63% 17% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 22% 40% 22% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 78% 60% 78% Na Na Number of Households 42,077 40,885 40,039 40,972 40,629 Average Income 12,059 32,217 54,498 89,391 168,864 Number of Children 71,374 84,251 75,928 83,685 78,776 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 41% 12% 6% 3% 0% 9,467 8,094 8,799 7,898 8,348 7,478 19,499 31,290 54,399 127,679 28,598 20,473 15,205 18,462 16,528 76% 65% 35% 9% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 70% 49% 44% 64% Na 30% 51% 56% 36% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 49 New York: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 302,957 300,429 300,772 301,972 299,164 Average Income 13,282 40,828 68,380 106,514 212,407 Number of Children 632,334 529,930 522,345 544,919 553,838 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 56% 14% 0.4% 1.8% 1% 161,888 150,701 155,252 155,484 155,224 9,866 27,960 48,821 78,846 188,779 331,535 289,983 283,309 276,892 279,937 52% 32% 12% 2% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 67% 46% 6% 65% 100% 33% 54% 94% 35% 0% 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 287,086 286,106 284,907 285,895 284,631 Average Income 13,491 41,647 68,752 105,158 241,526 Number of Children 549,978 532,638 490,833 530,621 513,352 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 20% 3% 1% 0% 144,836 144,117 143,884 144,013 144,193 10,711 27,546 50,263 81,280 198,711 285,382 290,295 254,288 262,386 214,179 52% 30% 15% 7% 3% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 68% 58% 31% 19% 0% 32% 42% 69% 81% 100% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 50 North Carolina: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 219,916 219,220 217,187 218,542 217,267 Average Income 15,737 36,945 55,176 83,014 176,188 Number of Children 419,533 374,510 394,525 388,706 407,082 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 17% 6.7% 3.7% 0% 28,772 31,187 26,234 29,570 26,877 4,069 18,467 27,674 49,845 136,215 64,247 73,181 51,091 49,657 41,467 60% 33% 32% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 12% 22% 37% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 88% 78% 63% 100% Na Number of Households 207,487 207,970 206,214 207,254 206,907 Average Income 11,619 30,255 51,955 82,327 187,229 Number of Children 392,150 378,427 348,759 357,944 372,456 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 78% 40% 14% 3% 1% 25,967 27,223 26,482 25,372 24,611 7,760 26,715 44,614 70,930 151,488 52,955 64,900 49,838 67,069 46,736 72% 30% 8% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 91% 93% 100% 100% 10% 9% 7% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 51 North Dakota: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 16,040 15,714 15,994 15,959 15,629 Average Income 16,350 42,079 67,317 92,518 158,346 Number of Children 28,228 26,863 27,286 29,562 28,929 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 56% 5% 6.0% 0.0% 0% 569 503 493 413 425 3,266 30,501 60,255 97,368 125,701 1,296 694 1,302 1,270 425 72% 38% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 4% 20% 0% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 96% 80% 100% Na Na Number of Households 15,876 15,741 16,435 15,152 15,688 Average Income 18,085 46,166 71,163 93,863 197,352 Number of Children 27,937 28,749 30,679 29,695 28,977 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 45% 11% 3% 4% 1% 796 637 841 621 661 27,275 48,274 97,033 127,907 213,915 2,388 1,724 1,682 801 1,142 79% 0% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 92% 100% 100% 100% 100% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 52 Ohio: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 274,280 273,872 274,420 273,946 273,717 Average Income 12,585 36,291 56,543 84,053 164,748 Number of Children 519,106 490,527 537,297 525,799 540,406 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 68% 16% 8.3% 1.1% 1% 20,096 18,598 18,888 19,271 18,069 13,136 35,829 49,226 72,924 122,169 40,780 37,657 37,365 41,062 27,790 62% 23% 22% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6% 9% 15% 0% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 91% 85% 100% 100% Number of Households 288,152 283,649 279,886 283,683 283,176 Average Income 12,660 35,859 58,297 87,694 149,723 Number of Children 599,904 480,692 513,091 523,798 570,982 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 75% 29% 8% 2% 1% 16,609 15,167 15,048 13,888 14,518 11,121 23,320 45,180 76,606 135,749 33,277 36,252 23,155 24,316 25,194 70% 44% 13% 10% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 95% 92% 92% 79% 100% 5% 8% 8% 21% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 53 Oklahoma: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 82,042 82,310 81,880 82,706 81,244 Average Income 13,843 38,240 55,374 77,702 196,778 Number of Children 153,356 153,826 140,686 157,364 140,734 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 19% 4.8% 2.6% 0% 8,476 9,858 7,543 8,420 7,649 11,060 31,527 51,581 80,280 298,892 18,845 19,946 19,543 12,945 12,429 65% 28% 12% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 89% 85% 81% 100% Na 11% 15% 19% 0% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 92,956 90,024 91,927 90,417 90,951 Average Income 12,520 31,709 51,702 76,390 135,272 Number of Children 183,195 173,533 178,004 159,033 161,281 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 52% 25% 11% 3% 2% 7,397 7,453 7,263 7,292 6,265 17,343 28,199 50,601 79,131 125,593 21,757 16,928 11,755 16,765 13,188 48% 29% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 91% 100% 100% 100% 7% 9% 0% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 54 Oregon: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 74,102 73,857 71,815 74,087 72,338 Average Income 17,823 41,614 62,955 93,738 197,830 Number of Children 131,975 141,648 137,518 138,880 115,110 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 67% 22% 4.1% 1.1% 0% 17,760 18,078 17,323 18,120 16,643 10,350 27,724 46,150 86,226 175,560 37,015 41,782 30,804 38,650 32,223 57% 24% 15% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 17% 21% 47% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 83% 79% 53% 100% Na Number of Households 69,066 68,130 67,701 67,846 67,757 Average Income 16,683 39,476 64,649 99,073 166,637 Number of Children 130,024 142,652 127,297 113,957 114,358 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 54% 38% 8% 1% 4% 15,291 15,275 15,694 15,022 14,400 16,584 31,307 55,182 91,635 161,767 41,325 41,291 29,041 29,599 22,350 61% 52% 11% 5% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 80% 77% 75% 53% 100% 20% 23% 25% 47% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 55 Pennsylvania: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 270,267 266,248 264,839 267,704 266,257 Average Income 19,706 44,607 68,979 100,629 206,289 Number of Children 457,159 519,211 503,280 488,057 478,796 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 50% 11% 2.7% 0.6% 0% 26,586 26,960 26,995 26,661 25,173 13,046 28,365 44,235 75,732 195,055 52,265 50,589 36,957 54,672 46,577 53% 20% 7% 12% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 85% 79% 35% Na 10% 15% 21% 65% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 265,971 254,789 265,156 256,594 258,966 Average Income 16,954 40,034 62,140 95,255 199,930 Number of Children 472,034 474,095 449,602 472,549 532,819 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 15% 8% 1% 1% 29,443 28,191 27,975 29,054 27,085 13,457 28,638 47,699 78,149 198,879 54,808 39,858 54,128 53,802 61,614 62% 16% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 89% 90% 100% 100% 100% 11% 10% 0% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 56 Rhode Island: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 19,578 19,329 19,623 19,322 19,365 Average Income 18,612 48,607 76,371 107,030 197,970 Number of Children 39,421 35,133 31,992 34,627 31,287 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 60% 9% 0.0% 0.0% 1% 6,998 6,789 6,670 6,874 6,752 10,971 24,523 43,641 69,083 154,618 15,693 13,248 10,710 12,051 14,435 79% 45% 6% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 32% 63% 100% Na 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 68% 37% 0% Na 100% Number of Households 20,126 20,204 19,781 20,194 19,760 Average Income 15,931 44,501 76,030 108,748 193,835 Number of Children 38,821 32,875 32,575 38,909 35,078 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 65% 12% 3% 0% 2% 6,994 6,234 6,610 6,696 6,442 10,449 26,000 48,644 78,947 132,678 12,980 12,262 11,854 11,364 11,074 77% 61% 10% 11% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 71% 39% 45% 0% 100% 29% 61% 55% 100% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 57 South Carolina: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 112,735 112,253 113,237 111,858 111,915 Average Income 12,694 33,830 53,451 78,615 156,579 Number of Children 196,926 187,887 203,592 188,957 210,198 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 61% 33% 4.5% 0.0% 1% 6,004 5,074 4,744 6,279 4,230 32,469 51,051 66,681 80,329 99,405 9,422 7,458 11,950 11,922 6,460 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 0% 0% 0% Na 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 100% 100% 100% Na 100% Number of Households 106,705 105,425 107,105 104,624 105,085 Average Income 10,410 27,767 48,053 74,926 153,531 Number of Children 187,297 174,174 173,135 180,589 168,695 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 62% 33% 21% 0% 0% 7,751 6,610 7,139 7,770 5,943 12,968 30,730 46,630 71,556 151,075 16,677 12,393 11,383 15,025 11,976 12% 32% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 99% 94% 100% Na Na 1% 6% 0% Na Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 58 South Dakota: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 18,672 17,614 18,081 18,212 17,852 Average Income 14,746 38,169 56,789 81,701 155,713 Number of Children 37,246 35,898 37,376 37,464 36,735 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 64% 20% 5.7% 0.0% 0% 1,396 1,233 1,384 1,588 904 8,594 25,351 42,013 83,127 265,117 2,960 2,711 2,561 3,043 1,353 100% 36% 32% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 10% 11% 30% Na Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 89% 70% Na Na Number of Households 18,300 17,827 18,076 17,660 17,936 Average Income 16,549 42,095 64,036 86,819 161,504 Number of Children 36,404 37,286 32,315 31,729 33,280 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 56% 21% 7% 1% 1% 1,500 1,623 1,430 1,470 1,376 11,723 28,160 36,998 52,743 131,717 2,356 3,141 3,562 2,600 2,707 40% 27% 9% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 89% 90% 100% 100% 6% 11% 10% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 59 Texas: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 459,467 458,798 457,929 459,757 457,016 Average Income 13,207 35,790 60,476 88,152 167,562 Number of Children 923,594 920,187 840,815 874,252 879,729 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 26% 6.7% 1.8% 1% 211,362 207,388 208,592 209,344 207,370 11,256 24,660 39,032 64,999 161,848 488,213 425,944 460,310 448,870 391,985 52% 27% 22% 6% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 30% 32% 60% 58% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 70% 68% 40% 42% 100% Number of Households 471,402 472,458 473,756 469,068 470,046 Average Income 13,698 36,552 58,063 85,390 179,782 Number of Children 983,672 930,844 952,248 881,421 841,303 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 62% 24% 11% 5% 1% 228,104 182,928 206,199 207,110 203,056 10,913 25,763 39,248 64,004 147,660 520,950 422,729 467,416 420,481 382,341 52% 45% 22% 4% 5% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 71% 57% 54% 76% 25% 29% 43% 46% 24% 75% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 60 Tennessee: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 155,751 154,679 158,385 155,849 150,538 Average Income 12,879 33,201 54,685 81,623 163,537 Number of Children 275,246 285,747 272,552 260,971 258,487 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 71% 27% 6.9% 2.6% 0% 13,308 10,957 11,443 12,576 10,585 14,557 23,032 42,449 70,123 168,631 38,011 22,426 22,311 19,056 16,751 63% 54% 33% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7% 12% 26% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 88% 74% 100% Na Number of Households 150,634 150,934 149,602 150,762 147,268 Average Income 13,912 32,543 50,911 76,104 138,602 Number of Children 268,208 267,537 242,946 273,649 260,499 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 55% 41% 9% 2% 0% 14,904 10,082 15,177 10,102 11,013 11,703 25,133 37,936 52,143 146,260 36,860 23,932 27,704 22,616 21,385 44% 55% 35% 22% 14% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 92% 71% 61% 0% 7% 8% 29% 39% 100% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 61 Utah: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 68,634 67,806 67,322 68,251 67,085 Average Income 24,842 47,214 64,725 90,134 169,553 Number of Children 162,854 146,505 164,837 167,725 149,944 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 32% 4% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 9,973 9,825 9,516 9,661 9,056 19,180 43,776 63,218 84,277 125,876 22,826 20,922 23,460 23,813 14,118 29% 16% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 88% 62% Na Na Na 12% 38% Na Na Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 69,232 68,286 67,917 69,070 67,636 Average Income 23,645 47,087 65,846 89,322 170,571 Number of Children 152,601 155,406 145,401 153,620 153,847 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 35% 13% 4% 5% 0% 11,253 11,298 10,626 10,963 10,961 11,879 33,567 52,845 81,320 195,318 22,751 29,796 21,552 24,955 23,123 45% 7% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 83% 92% 100% 100% Na 17% 8% 0% 0% Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 62 Vermont: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 14,332 14,199 14,119 14,209 14,016 Average Income 19,906 42,491 63,386 85,362 162,838 Number of Children 25,314 27,451 24,904 23,291 22,878 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 48% 19% 2.6% 1.3% 0% 1,084 687 746 913 673 24,830 35,570 67,766 91,698 180,095 2,783 1,370 929 1,457 1,326 51% 28% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 93% 100% 100% Na 7% 7% 0% 0% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 14,400 14,210 14,253 14,664 13,767 Average Income 18,240 44,076 63,037 89,875 172,553 Number of Children 25,106 25,188 23,156 24,365 24,255 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 69% 19% 9% 7% 5% 1,374 1,387 1,393 1,239 1,310 28,878 55,542 83,044 102,223 177,019 2,195 2,615 2,044 1,977 1,878 47% 0% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 100% 100% 100% 100% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 63 Virginia: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 166,650 166,996 165,431 165,987 165,955 Average Income 17,116 44,037 71,376 107,232 222,425 Number of Children 321,599 293,151 322,396 285,898 301,271 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 50% 7% 2.8% 1.1% 0% 35,163 35,062 34,213 34,502 33,427 22,989 55,844 90,694 142,657 270,918 61,086 72,075 63,186 56,168 58,621 12% 4% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 5% 12% 0% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 95% 88% 100% 100% Na Number of Households 159,057 157,785 150,602 154,844 154,809 Average Income 17,566 48,535 73,447 105,529 207,176 Number of Children 275,076 286,114 253,044 270,069 307,033 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 45% 9% 5% 0% 2% 40,902 40,065 40,254 39,819 38,824 21,720 54,892 84,892 131,255 271,435 71,053 80,681 73,962 72,565 61,747 29% 8% 4% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 86% 82% 80% Na 100% 14% 18% 20% Na 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 64 Washington: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 143,022 140,013 138,021 139,621 139,360 Average Income 17,199 41,617 66,519 96,115 186,704 Number of Children 247,525 239,522 247,995 266,248 259,333 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 56% 23% 4.9% 1.3% 0% 42,371 45,075 39,036 42,945 40,919 16,121 39,529 63,833 101,430 177,762 80,342 89,692 68,212 88,610 75,881 50% 36% 6% 6% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 79% 67% 73% 39% Na 21% 33% 27% 61% Na 2011 Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 134,026 127,308 129,493 130,640 129,309 Average Income 20,686 45,389 68,508 97,953 174,537 Number of Children 228,082 235,679 243,970 234,385 206,399 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 48% 26% 5% 6% 1% 39,982 39,702 39,713 41,054 36,269 13,962 32,194 56,596 105,555 198,684 92,567 96,012 90,391 93,901 70,241 67% 45% 21% 22% 7% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 71% 65% 46% 46% 33% 29% 35% 54% 54% 67% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 65 West Virginia: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 46,059 46,620 46,694 44,885 45,990 Average Income 10,552 34,360 55,596 76,192 129,909 Number of Children 76,379 82,773 77,352 75,673 80,952 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 63% 30% 8.0% 1.4% 1% 3,300 1,194 2,366 1,946 2,198 21,101 36,148 55,711 84,991 113,284 6,038 2,937 4,351 5,786 4,396 62% 49% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7% 4% 0% 0% 0% 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 96% 100% 100% 100% Number of Households 46,278 45,458 46,254 45,719 45,490 Average Income 11,883 32,630 52,433 76,816 156,499 Number of Children 77,172 70,109 80,959 80,464 78,258 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 67% 37% 9% 4% 2% 2,990 1,328 2,398 1,322 1,409 24,750 35,241 55,334 85,574 239,790 7,061 3,992 7,319 2,075 3,558 59% 100% 0% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 95% 93% 100% 100% 100% 5% 7% 0% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 66 Wisconsin: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 131,077 130,960 130,157 131,505 129,862 Average Income 19,290 45,799 66,582 90,497 170,600 Number of Children 250,518 235,616 220,090 252,612 242,962 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 58% 11% 2.1% 1.6% 0% 13,420 12,894 12,675 13,329 12,017 16,754 43,068 63,055 96,775 224,251 29,461 39,244 21,567 26,816 23,205 63% 23% 10% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 10% 17% 30% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 90% 83% 70% 100% Na Number of Households 128,961 128,006 127,765 129,076 127,327 Average Income 20,719 46,093 69,486 94,916 174,955 Number of Children 227,621 226,266 215,584 235,797 218,719 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 57% 19% 4% 1% 1% 16,383 15,009 15,060 15,349 14,300 11,720 29,142 46,616 65,990 115,876 30,242 42,920 31,105 36,667 26,613 93% 57% 28% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 83% 74% 56% 100% 100% 17% 26% 44% 0% 0% † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 67 Wyoming: Average Annual Income and Food-­‐Stamp Use in Households with U.S. Citizen Children Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) Two Native Born Parents Foreign Born Parent(s) 2010 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Number of Households 13,414 13,459 13,542 13,305 13,249 Average Income 25,387 47,480 68,181 91,528 174,996 Number of Children 26,295 29,807 24,648 23,533 25,055 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 28% 6% 1.3% 1.4% 0% 798 706 834 741 656 12,075 29,751 58,729 100,686 192,081 1,583 1,077 2,034 1,199 1,650 36% 16% 0% 0% 0% 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7% 12% 0% 0% Na 2011 Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 93% 88% 100% 100% Na Number of Households 13,361 13,209 13,069 13,297 13,064 Average Income 20,714 44,782 65,687 89,574 152,449 Number of Children 22,509 26,648 25,667 27,953 24,070 % of HHs Receiving Food Stamps 45% 13% 9% 0% 0% 932 929 861 953 697 14,216 38,941 60,058 98,151 238,667 1,985 2,026 1,795 2,031 1,693 39% 13% 14% 0% 0% Food Stamp Distribution by HH Type† 94% 93% 90% Na Na 6% 7% 10% Na Na † This shows the percent of household food-­‐stamp use within each quintile that goes to native households and the percent that goes to immigrant households. 68 Appendix B: Technical Documentation 69 Probit Regression Results Number of observations = 37813086 Log likelihood = -­‐12543227 Food-­‐Stamp Use Variables with continuous values: Household income Family size Maximum educational attainment Weeks unemployed Dummy variables -­‐ value of 0 or 1: Households w/foreign-­‐born parent Households in metropolitan area Households with female head Households in Alabama Households in Alaska Households in Arizona Households in Arkansas Households in California Households in Colorado Households in Connecticut Households in Delaware Households in DC Households in Florida Households in Georgia Households in Hawaii Households in Idaho Households in Illinois Households in Indiana Households in Iowa Households in Kansas Households in Kentucky Households in Louisiana Households in Maine Households in Maryland Households in Massachusetts Households in Michigan Households in Minnesota Households in Mississippi Households in Missouri Households in Montana Households in Nebraska Households in Nevada Households in New Hampshire Households in New Jersey Coefficient LR chi2(57) = 1.095e+07 Probability > chi2 = 0.0000 Pseudo R2 = 0.3038 Std. Err . z P>|z| -­‐0.0000209 1.08E-­‐08 -­‐1939.45 0.1088029 0.0002082 522.5 -­‐0.145955 0.0002228 -­‐655.05 0.0866964 0.0013577 63.86 [95% Conf. Interval] 0 -­‐0.000021 -­‐0.0000209 0 0.1083948 0.109211 0 -­‐0.1463917 -­‐0.1455183 0 0.0840354 0.0893573 -­‐0.053669 0.0007343 -­‐73.09 0 -­‐0.0551083 -­‐0.0522297 0.0056729 0.0007925 7.16 0 0.0041197 0.0072262 0.270839 0.0006022 449.78 0 0.2696588 0.2720192 0.1546143 0.0024478 63.16 0 0.1498166 0.1594119 -­‐0.1697207 0.0066084 -­‐25.68 0 -­‐0.182673 -­‐0.1567684 -­‐0.1976561 0.0023272 -­‐84.93 0 -­‐0.2022173 -­‐0.1930948 0.0694668 0.0029365 23.66 0 0.0637114 0.0752222 -­‐0.2482197 0.0014856 -­‐167.09 0 -­‐0.2511313 -­‐0.245308 -­‐0.1678097 0.0027564 -­‐60.88 0 -­‐0.1732122 -­‐0.1624073 -­‐0.0071325 0.0033297 -­‐2.14 0.032 -­‐0.0136586 -­‐0.0006064 -­‐0.0793809 0.005599 -­‐14.18 0 -­‐0.0903547 -­‐0.0684071 0.0330365 0.0070662 4.68 0 0.019187 0.0468861 -­‐0.0238184 0.0017059 -­‐13.96 0 -­‐0.0271618 -­‐0.0204749 -­‐0.137794 0.0019507 -­‐70.64 0 -­‐0.1416174 -­‐0.1339706 0.0794989 0.0049337 16.11 0 0.069829 0.0891688 0.1910114 0.0036149 52.84 0 0.1839264 0.1980965 -­‐0.0049436 0.0018635 -­‐2.65 0.008 -­‐0.0085961 -­‐0.0012911 -­‐0.0584997 0.0022452 -­‐26.06 0 -­‐0.0629001 -­‐0.0540992 0.165447 0.0030709 53.88 0 0.1594282 0.1714658 0.0536314 0.0030829 17.4 0 0.0475889 0.0596738 0.1203203 0.0024706 48.7 0 0.1154779 0.1251626 -­‐0.1788242 0.0025249 -­‐70.82 0 -­‐0.1837729 -­‐0.1738755 0.3817203 0.0045028 84.77 0 0.3728951 0.3905456 -­‐0.1157649 0.0028179 -­‐41.08 0 -­‐0.1212879 -­‐0.110242 0.0491351 0.0025041 19.62 0 0.0442273 0.054043 0.3511769 0.0019323 181.74 0 0.3473897 0.3549641 0.0752956 0.0027187 27.7 0 0.069967 0.0806241 0.2361257 0.0028098 84.04 0 0.2306185 0.2416329 0.1118675 0.0022768 49.13 0 0.1074051 0.11633 0.0103834 0.0050376 2.06 0.039 0.0005099 0.0202569 -­‐0.082337 0.0042333 -­‐19.45 0 -­‐0.0906341 -­‐0.0740399 -­‐0.3437803 0.0035229 -­‐97.58 0 -­‐0.3506851 -­‐0.3368754 -­‐0.2804289 0.0063923 -­‐43.87 0 -­‐0.2929576 -­‐0.2679002 -­‐0.293281 0.0025381 -­‐115.55 0 -­‐0.2982555 -­‐0.2883064 70 Households in New Mexico Households in North Carolina Households in North Dakota Households in Ohio Households in Oklahoma Households in Oregon Households in Pennsylvania Households in Rhode Island Households in South Carolina Households in South Dakota Households in Tennessee Households in Texas Households in Utah Households in Vermont Households in Virginia Households in Washington Households in West Virginia Households in Wisconsin Households in Wyoming -­‐0.2617662 0.2389019 -­‐0.078029 0.1995776 -­‐0.1271915 0.2573203 -­‐0.0484326 0.1735028 -­‐0.0236774 0.0087703 0.0277121 -­‐0.0102154 -­‐0.2514206 0.3399077 -­‐0.1558088 0.3271076 0.1335335 0.1622475 -­‐0.1116013 0.0036759 0.0019261 0.0067927 0.0018243 0.0027079 0.0028529 0.0019317 0.0049669 0.0024955 0.0057547 0.002175 0.0015011 0.0032512 0.0060508 0.0023616 0.0021526 0.003516 0.0024038 0.0070211 -­‐71.21 124.03 -­‐11.49 109.4 -­‐46.97 90.2 -­‐25.07 34.93 -­‐9.49 1.52 12.74 -­‐6.81 -­‐77.33 56.18 -­‐65.98 151.96 37.98 67.5 -­‐15.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -­‐0.2689709 0.2351268 -­‐0.0913424 0.196002 -­‐0.132499 0.2517288 -­‐0.0522186 0.1637678 -­‐0.0285685 -­‐0.0025088 0.0234492 -­‐0.0131575 -­‐0.2577928 0.3280483 -­‐0.1604374 0.3228886 0.1266422 0.1575361 -­‐0.1253624 -­‐0.2545616 0.2426769 -­‐0.0647155 0.2031532 -­‐0.121884 0.2629118 -­‐0.0446466 0.1832377 -­‐0.0187864 0.0200493 0.031975 -­‐0.0072732 -­‐0.2450485 0.3517671 -­‐0.1511801 0.3313265 0.1404247 0.1669589 -­‐0.0978402 Constant -­‐0.7455911 0.0123185 -­‐60.53 0 -­‐0.7697348 -­‐0.7214474 71 Marginal Effects of Changes in Variables on Food-­‐Stamp Use Note: dy/dx is for discrete changes in dummy variables from 0 to 1 Standard Variable dy/dx Error z P>|z| Variables with continuous values: Household income -­‐2.28E-­‐06 0 -­‐1842.33 0 Family size 0.0118449 0.00002 511.55 0 Maximum educational attainment -­‐0.0158895 0.00003 -­‐597.19 0 Weeks unemployed 0.0094383 0.00015 63.84 0 Dummy variables -­‐ value of 0 or 1: Households w/foreign-­‐born parent -­‐0.0057023 0.00008 -­‐74.91 0 Households in metropolitan area 0.0006156 0.00009 7.18 0 Households with female head 0.0292071 0.00007 428.39 0 Households in Alabama 0.0189666 0.00034 56.5 0 Households in Alaska -­‐0.0161041 0.00054 -­‐29.8 0 Households in Arizona -­‐0.0184416 0.00018 -­‐100.19 0 Households in Arkansas 0.0079876 0.00036 22.44 0 Households in California -­‐0.0232474 0.00012 -­‐193.84 0 Households in Colorado -­‐0.016011 0.00023 -­‐70.08 0 Households in Connecticut -­‐0.0007721 0.00036 -­‐2.15 0.031 Households in Delaware -­‐0.0081068 0.00054 -­‐15.15 0 Households in the DC 0.003693 0.00081 4.55 0 Households in Florida -­‐0.0025488 0.00018 -­‐14.2 0 Households in Georgia -­‐0.0135168 0.00017 -­‐78.74 0 Households in Hawaii 0.0092194 0.00061 15.16 0 Households in Idaho 0.0241533 0.00052 46.09 0 Households in Illinois -­‐0.0005362 0.0002 -­‐2.66 0.008 Households in Indiana -­‐0.0060866 0.00022 -­‐27.28 0 Households in Iowa 0.0204909 0.00043 47.84 0 Households in Kansas 0.0060905 0.00036 16.7 0 Households in Kentucky 0.0143782 0.00032 44.6 0 Households in Louisiana -­‐0.0169126 0.00021 -­‐82.39 0 Households in Maine 0.0557282 0.00084 66.35 0 Households in Maryland -­‐0.0115129 0.00025 -­‐45.18 0 Households in Massachusetts 0.0055545 0.00029 18.92 0 Households in Michigan 0.0494369 0.00034 145.61 0 Households in Minnesota 0.0086893 0.00033 26.19 0 Households in Mississippi 0.0308535 0.00043 71.29 0 Households in Missouri 0.0132665 0.00029 45.3 0 Households in Montana 0.0011398 0.00056 2.04 0.041 Households in Nebraska -­‐0.0083917 0.0004 -­‐20.82 0 Households in Nevada -­‐0.0283954 0.00021 -­‐134.19 0 Households in New Hampshire -­‐0.0243268 0.00043 -­‐56.82 0 72 [ 95% Confidence Interval ] X -­‐2.30E-­‐06 -­‐2.30E-­‐06 78,434.2 0.0118 -­‐0.015942 0.009149 0.01189 -­‐0.015837 0.009728 3.88858 3.74011 8.98337 -­‐0.005852 -­‐0.005553 0.217804 0.000448 0.000784 0.845927 0.029073 0.029341 0.532934 0.018309 0.019625 0.015048 -­‐0.017163 -­‐0.015045 0.002343 -­‐0.018802 -­‐0.018081 0.020063 0.00729 0.008685 0.009099 -­‐0.023482 -­‐0.023012 0.122619 -­‐0.016459 -­‐0.015563 0.016332 -­‐0.001475 -­‐0.00007 0.011378 -­‐0.009156 -­‐0.007058 0.002923 0.002104 0.005282 0.001543 -­‐0.002901 -­‐0.002197 0.052724 -­‐0.013853 -­‐0.01318 0.033712 0.008028 0.010411 0.003607 0.023126 0.025181 0.005546 -­‐0.000931 -­‐0.000141 0.041204 -­‐0.006524 -­‐0.005649 0.021145 0.019651 0.02133 0.00971 0.005375 0.006806 0.009456 0.013746 0.01501 0.015021 -­‐0.017315 -­‐0.01651 0.01608 0.054082 0.057374 0.00384 -­‐0.012012 -­‐0.011013 0.01819 0.004979 0.00613 0.022621 0.048771 0.050102 0.031786 0.008039 0.00934 0.016929 0.030005 0.031702 0.010328 0.012692 0.013841 0.021591 0.000047 0.002233 0.003081 -­‐0.009182 -­‐0.007602 0.005627 -­‐0.02881 -­‐0.027981 0.008275 -­‐0.025166 -­‐0.023488 0.004027 Households in New Jersey Households in New Mexico Households in North Carolina Households in North Dakota Households in Ohio Households in Oklahoma Households in Oregon Households in Pennsylvania Households in Rhode Island Households in South Carolina Households in South Dakota Households in Tennessee Households in Texas Households in Utah Households in Vermont Households in Virginia Households in Washington Households in West Virginia Households in Wisconsin Households in Wyoming Constant -­‐0.0254631 -­‐0.0230821 0.0310542 -­‐0.0079767 0.0251442 -­‐0.0125224 0.0341537 -­‐0.0050855 0.0216571 -­‐0.0025303 0.0009615 0.003082 -­‐0.0011046 -­‐0.022395 0.0481654 -­‐0.0150451 0.0454751 0.0161483 0.0199994 -­‐0.0111014 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ 0.00017 0.00026 0.00029 0.00065 0.00026 0.00024 0.00045 0.0002 0.0007 0.00026 0.00064 0.00025 0.00016 0.00023 0.00107 0.0002 0.00037 0.00047 0.00033 0.00064 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ 73 -­‐148.75 -­‐90.16 105.64 -­‐12.26 95.68 -­‐52.19 75.64 -­‐26 30.79 -­‐9.67 1.51 12.48 -­‐6.85 -­‐96.47 44.88 -­‐74.87 123.24 34.41 60.17 -­‐17.48 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ -­‐0.025799 -­‐0.023584 0.030478 -­‐0.009252 0.024629 -­‐0.012993 0.033269 -­‐0.005469 0.020279 -­‐0.003043 -­‐0.000284 0.002598 -­‐0.001421 -­‐0.02285 0.046062 -­‐0.015439 0.044752 0.015229 0.019348 -­‐0.012346 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ -­‐0.025128 -­‐0.02258 0.03163 -­‐0.006702 0.025659 -­‐0.012052 0.035039 -­‐0.004702 0.023036 -­‐0.002017 0.002207 0.003566 -­‐0.000789 -­‐0.02194 0.050269 -­‐0.014651 0.046198 0.017068 0.020651 -­‐0.009857 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ 0.02618 0.006538 0.030822 0.00218 0.039504 0.01301 0.011006 0.038167 0.003518 0.01492 0.00257 0.021434 0.089496 0.010505 0.002063 0.025837 0.022413 0.006311 0.018968 0.001861 -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐