Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session One:
Monday, April 28, 2008
8:30 a.m.
Section 01 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Nourian
8:30
Introduction
8:40
THE IMPACT OF THE INVASIVE SPECIES LONICERA MAACKII ON SOIL
NUTRIENT LEVELS
Joseph R. Lally, Shannon M. Chambers, Touraj Karkevandian (Dr. Brent Blair)
The invasive species Lonicer Maackii (Amur Honeysuckle) is thought to have a
competitive advantage over native species in Southern Ohio which accounts for its high
distribution. We believe that Honeysuckle alters soil nutrient content and thereby has a
competitive advantage over native species. Our group collected soil samples from
Honeysuckle infested areas and natural areas in Cincinnati forests to observe potential
differences in pH, nitrate and ammonia levels. Honeysuckle demonstrated more acidic
soils compared to native soils while the nitrogen tests were inconclusive and need further
study. The understanding of how Honeysuckle alters its environment for its own success
is important in controlling future invasions of Honeysuckle and other invasive species.
1
9:00
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Katherine Bartholomew, Megan K. Farrell, Jennifer L. Frank, Jamie Gentile,
Omari Jones-Nelson, Kara Knight, Zak Woods (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
9:20
EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H2O2-ASSOCIATED
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND VON HIPPEL LINDAU (VHL) PROTEIN
Danielle Maue, Sarah Gillian, and Ashley Roberts (Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Many environmental factors, including hypoxia, can induce oxidative stress. Cells that
are subjected to oxidative stress often generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which
include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Familial von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease develops
in individuals that are born heterotrophic for the wild-type (wt)VHL gene, and who
subsequently lose the remaining wt-VHL allele due to mutation. Excessive, unregulated
quantities of ROS are known to damage cellular macromolecules, including proteins
lipids and nucleic acids. We are currently examining the oxidative status of cells that
express (wt-VHL) or lack (mut-VHL) the VHL protein, as a decrease in a cell’s ability
to maintain “oxidative homeostasis” may be related to DNA damage, and expression of
VHL pathology. Results from experiments in which H2O2 production was measured in
VHL(+) or VHL(-) cell lines, under either normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2)
conditions, revealed higher, basal amounts of H2O2 in VHL(-) cells in normoxic
conditions, as contrasted to VHL(+) cells. Hypoxia reduced production of H2O2 in both
VHL(+) and VHL(-) cell lines. Evaluation of expression levels of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase, the 2 main enzymes involved in regulating H2O2 levels in the
oxidative stress pathway, continue.
2
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Two:
Monday, April 28, 2008
10:30 a.m.
Section 02 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Tehrani
10:30
Introduction
10:40
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Emmanuel A. Ofori, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis,
Nicholas A. Jabre, Quyen M. Nguyen, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M. Stenger,
Amanda N. Snyder, Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively.
Hypoxic conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type
inhibitors showed an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average
6% relaxation. In the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to
investigate the involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated
oscillations completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine
results support a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery
contractions, mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force
maintenance as well.
3
11:00
MEASURING NITROGEN-FIXING ABILITIES OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) AND THE BACTERIUM
AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE
Katie M. Zak, Maricor K. Docena, (Dr. Linda Finke)
The nitrogen fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense can colonize wheat plant roots and
provide the plant with essential nitrogen in the form of ammonia. While symbiotic
nitrogen fixing relationships are well understood, this experiment explores looser
associations such as the one between A. brasilense and winter wheat, which seems to be
beneficial to plant growth. Plants were grown hydroponically and the experimental
group was inoculated with A. brasilense in the absence of nitrogen in the plant medium.
Plants given a complete nitrogen-containing medium and those given a nitrogen-free
medium without bacteria served as controls. Plant growth was recorded photographically
and by final dry weight. Acetylene reduction assay of plant roots was performed to
measure nitrogenase activity, the enzyme responsible for the nitrogen fixing abilities of
such bacteria. Preliminary photographic results indicated that positive control plants
with nitrogen-containing medium had the best growth while the experimental and second
control group appeared the same.
11:20
NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF FECAL CORTICOSTERONE TO ASSESS
STRESS
Paul Blair, Jon Salman, Tomilyn Thornberry, and Alexis Wickersham
(Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is commonly measured
as an indicator of physiological stress. Accurate quantification of corticosterone levels
typically requires measuring the hormone in blood plasma and may also require the use
of radioisotopes. Because obtaining blood samples from animals is a complicated,
stressful process, which likely increases corticosterone production, and use of
radioisotopes is hazardous, expensive, and requires special training and authorization,
the goal of our project is to develop a non-invasive, non-radioactive method to quantify
corticosterone. Fecal samples were obtained from several birds and mice and conditions
for measurement of corticosterone using an immunometric assay are being standardized.
Once developed, this test will be utilized to quantify the effect of various environmental
stressors in mocking birds.
4
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Three: Monday, April 28, 2008
2:30 p.m.
Section 03 lab
Moderator:
Dr. Matre
2:30
Introduction
2:40
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Megan K. Farrell, Katherine Bartholomew, Jennifer L. Frank, Jamie Gentile,
Omari Jones-Nelson, Kara Knight, Zak Woods (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
5
3:00
ANALYZING LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION RATES OF THE INVASIVE
AMUR HONEYSUCKLE WITH NATIVE SPECIES IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO
FORESTS
Manuel Alvarez, Joseph Dagher, Maya Webb (Dr. Brent Blair)
The Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii), native to Asia, was introduced to
Southwestern Ohio forests in the 1800s, and has become extremely invasive. This multistem shrub has begun to dominate the understory of many forests, preventing many
native saplings to take root. Leaf litter decomposition rates of the honeysuckle were
compared to native species of oak and maple. Litter was collected and air dried, then
placed into 15cm x 15cm mesh bags, and placed on the forest floor to decompose. In all
situations, the honeysuckle decomposed faster than
each of the native species, even when placed on forest floors where honeysuckle was not
present. The data support the hypothesis that the Amur honeysuckle leaf litter would
have a faster decomposition rate than its native counterparts, affecting soil fertility to
enhance its invasiveness in non-native communities.
3:20
VARIATION IN SEASONAL SWIM BEHAVIOR AMONG CAPTIVE FLORIDA
MANATEES
David N. Phillips, Cody Dangelser, Anthony Kurian (Dr. Charles Grossman)
This study attempted to analyze the swim behavior of captive Florida manatees
throughout the four seasons of the calendar year. In the wild, Florida manatees will swim
more frequently during the summer months as food is plentiful and the water
temperature is high. However, wild manatees’ swimming activity decreases greatly as
the temperature declines in the winter months. The alternative habitat provided by the
Cincinnati Zoo, with consistent environmental features, was expected to cause the
captive manatees to deviate from their natural swimming behaviors. The manatees
traversed an average of 12.3 blocks per run during the summer months of June, July, and
August while navigating an average of 3.4 blocks per run during the winter months of
December, January, and February. Though more data seems to be necessary, from the
current results found, it can be concluded as of now, the captive manatees; swim
behavior is similar to those in the wild.
6
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Four:
Monday, April 28, 2008
4:30 p.m.
Section 04 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Pecquet
4:30
Introduction
4:40
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Charles A. Gabis, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Nicholas A. Jabre,
Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M. Stenger,
Amanda N. Snyder, Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
7
5:00
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Jennifer L. Frank, Katherine Bartholomew, Megan K. Farrell, Jamie Gentile, Omari Jones-Nelson,
Kara Knight, Zak Woods (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
5:20
THE EFFECTS OF ZETIA ON 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES
Rosevear, John, Labonte, Eric, Hui, David (Dr. Engle)
Zetia® (ezetimibe) is a plasma cholesterol reducing drug that inhibits dietary cholesterol
absorption in the enterocytes of the gut. While the mechanism of action for ezetimibe
remains controversial, it has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of cellular
cholesterol uptake and may also interfere with cholesterol intracellular trafficking at
higher concentrations. In order to ascertain the importance of cholesterol in
adipogenesis, rat 3T3-L1 carcinoma preadipocytes were treated with ezetimibe.
Ezetimibe treatment (40 μM) of 3T3-L1 cells accelerated lipid vacuole formation and
altered gene expression consistent with adipocyte differentiation. At 100 μM, ezetimibe
induced cell death. The proposed molecular target for ezetimibe, Niemann-Pick C1-like
1 (NPC1L1), has very little mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells (1000-fold less than
intestine) and is unchanged by differentiation or drug treatment. This data suggests that
sterol metabolism contributes to the regulation of adipogenesis and that ezetimibe may
have other targets than NPC1L1.
8
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Five:
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
8:00 a.m.
Section 05 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Nourian
8:00
Introduction
8:10
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Kara Knight, Katherine Bartholomew, Megan K. Farrell, Jennifer L. Frank, Jamie Gentile,
Omari Jones-Nelson, Zak Woods (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
9
8:30
ANALYZING LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION RATES OF THE INVASIVE
AMUR HONEYSUCKLE WITH NATIVE SPECIES IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO
FORESTS
Maya Webb, Joseph Dagher, Manuel Alvarez (Dr. Brent Blair)
The Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii), native to Asia, was introduced to
Southwestern Ohio forests in the 1800s, and has become extremely invasive. This multistem shrub has begun to dominate the understory of many forests, preventing many
native saplings to take root. Leaf litter decomposition rates of the honeysuckle were
compared to native species of oak and maple. Litter was collected and air dried, then
placed into 15cm x 15cm mesh bags, and placed on the forest floor to decompose. In all
situations, the honeysuckle decomposed faster than
each of the native species, even when placed on forest floors where honeysuckle was not
present. The data support the hypothesis that the Amur honeysuckle leaf litter would
have a faster decomposition rate than its native counterparts, affecting soil fertility to
enhance its invasiveness in non-native communities.
8:50
CHANGES IN NFκB p50 SUBUNIT DISTRIBUTION ASSOCIATED WITH
DIABETES PROVIDE A MECHANISM BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ALLODYNIA
Bridget M. Larkin (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
We investigated whether the ubiquitous transcription factor NFκB plays a role in the
development of allodynia in diabetic rats. As NFκB is known to mediate inflammatory
pain and diabetic retinopathy, altered NFκB activity in diabetic dorsal root ganglia
(DRG) might lead to sensory neuropathy. We hypothesized that an upregulation of
NFκB would be seen in the DRGs of diabetic animals that develop allodynia. The
cellular distribution of p50 and p65, NFκB subunits, was investigated via
immunohistochemistry in diabetic and control lumbar DRG. Neither subunit showed
greater activation of the NFκB pathway in diabetic vs. control neurons. However, there
were large, polarized clumps of p50 staining in the diabetic neurons’ cytoplasm that
were not present in control neurons. From the present study, we conclude that there is
clearly a difference in the neuronal distribution of p50 in DRGs between diabetic and
control rats, but further investigation is necessary to determine what this means.
10
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Six:
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
10:30 a.m.
Section 06 lab
Moderator:
Dr. Matre
10:30
Introduction
10:40
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Nilay J. Choksi, Jacqueline K. Baker, Charles A. Gabis, Nicholas A. Jabre, Quyen M.
Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M. Stenger, Amanda N. Snyder,
Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
11
11:00
VARIATION IN WEIGHT AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS OF EUROPEAN
WALL LIZARDS IN TWO LOCATIONS IN CINCINNATI, OHIO
Jason L. Go, Ashlee A. Dieckmann, Thomas P. McComas, Jason W. Westerbeck
(Dr. George Farnsworth)
The European Wall Lizard, Podarcis muralis, is an introduced species in Cincinnati.
The species is well adapted to urban environments consisting of many cracks like
unmortared stone walls. We compared populations in two locations: Eden Park and
Torrence Parkway. Approximately 200 lizards were captured in 2007 and 2008. Lizards
larger than 3 cm snout-to-vent were permanently tagged with subcutaneous RFID tags.
For each of these lizards we also recorded date, time of capture, weather conditions, and
weight. The weight data was assigned to five classes and a G-test was performed to
determine whether or not the weights were independent of the two locations. A t-test
was also performed on the averages of weight and length to compare populations. The
populations were different between sites (P<0.05). Larger lizards were found in Eden
Park compared to Torrence Parkway. This may be due to differences in the structure of
the two habitats.
11:20
THE EFFECT OF ROYAL PEAT INOCULANT ON PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIUS,
AND ITS ABILITY TO FIX NITROGEN
Aaron M. Brooking, Tim M. Burns (Dr. Linda Finke)
Nitrogen fixation is a process required for the biological conversion of atmospheric
nitrogen into usable forms. Nitrogen fixation can occur through a symbiotic relationship
between a legume plant and its nitrogen fixing bacterial symbiont, or in associations
between free-living diazotrophs and plant root systems. The tepary bean (Phaseolus
acutifolius) is a drought-adapted legume from the southwestern U.S whose roots may be
colonized by nodule-producing symbionts in its home range. The main objective of this
experiment was to test for the effectiveness in nodule production of an inoculant that is
used to inoculate other, more commonly grown species of beans, and to measure the
amount of nitrogen fixation, if any occurs. Ten seeds of Phaseolus acutifolius were
obtained and planted in individual pots with the addition of Royal Peat inoculum. Root
systems were inspected for the presence of nodules, and nodulated systems were assayed
for nitrogenase activity by the acetylene reduction method.
12
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Seven:
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
2:30 p.m.
Section 07 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Nourian
2:30
Introduction
2:40
OPTIMIZING LENTIVIRAL PRODUCTION FOR THE VECTOR-MEDIATED
GENE THERAPY TREATMENT OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES I
Jorden L. Arnett (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
This study was conducted in order to determine the most effective way to generate high
titer concentrated lentiviral vectors for use in in vivo gene therapy procedures. Proper
transfection, harvest schedule, and concentration protocol can all greatly impact the titer
of a lentiviral vector. A variety of harvest schedules and concentration protocols
currently exist in an effort to obtain the highest titer lentiviral vectors possible. This
study compared three harvest schedules using three different transfer vectors in each
procedure. Two concentration protocols were also compared in order to determine which
protocol generated the greatest percent change in titer after concentration. I was found
that an alternating 12 and 21 hour harvest schedule yielded the least significant decrease
in titer, compared to the first harvest titer, for each of the three vectors tested. The
incorporation of a sucrose cushion resulted in a percent increase in titer of 5.34x103%,
while the protocol omitting the sucrose cushion resulted in a percent increase in titer of
3.82x104%.
13
3:00
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Omari Jones-Nelson, Katherine Bartholomew, Megan K. Farrell, Jennifer L. Frank,
Jamie Gentile, Kara Knight, Zak Woods (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
3:20
EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H2O2-ASSOCIATED
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND VON HIPPEL LINDAU (VHL) PROTEIN
Ashley Roberts, Sarah Gillian, Danielle Maue (Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Many environmental factors, including hypoxia, can induce oxidative stress. Cells that
are subjected to oxidative stress often generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which
include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Familial von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease develops
in individuals that are born heterotrophic for the wild-type (wt)VHL gene, and who
subsequently lose the remaining wt-VHL allele due to mutation. Excessive, unregulated
quantities of ROS are known to damage cellular macromolecules, including proteins
lipids and nucleic acids. We are currently examining the oxidative status of cells that
express (wt-VHL) or lack (mut-VHL) the VHL protein, as a decrease in a cell’s ability
to maintain “oxidative homeostasis” may be related to DNA damage, and expression of
VHL pathology. Results from experiments in which H2O2 production was measured in
VHL(+) or VHL(-) cell lines, under either normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2)
conditions, revealed higher, basal amounts of H2O2 in VHL(-) cells in normoxic
conditions, as contrasted to VHL(+) cells. Hypoxia reduced production of H2O2 in both
VHL(+) and VHL(-) cell lines. Evaluation of expression levels of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase, the 2 main enzymes involved in regulating H2O2 levels in the
oxidative stress pathway, continue.
14
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Eight:
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
4:30 p.m.
Section 08 lab
Moderator:
Dr. Jaskowiak
4:30
Introduction
4:40
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Quyen M. Nguyen, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis,
Nicholas A. Jabre, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M. Stenger, Amanda
N. Snyder, Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
4:40
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
15
Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis, Nicholas A. Jabre,
Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M. Stenger,
Amanda N. Snyder, Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
See Abstract Listed Above
5:10
VARIATION IN SEASONAL SWIM BEHAVIOR AMONG CAPTIVE FLORIDA
MANATEES
Anthony Kurian, Cody Dangelser, David N. Phillips (Dr. Charles Grossman)
This study attempted to analyze the swim behavior of captive Florida manatees
throughout the four seasons of the calendar year. In the wild, Florida manatees will swim
more frequently during the summer months as food is plentiful and the water
temperature is high. However, wild manatees’ swimming activity decreases greatly as
the temperature declines in the winter months. The alternative habitat provided by the
Cincinnati Zoo, with consistent environmental features, was expected to cause the
captive manatees to deviate from their natural swimming behaviors. The manatees
traversed an average of 12.3 blocks per run during the summer months of June, July, and
August while navigating an average of 3.4 blocks per run during the winter months of
December, January, and February. Though more data seems to be necessary, from the
current results found, it can be concluded as of now, the captive manatees; swim
behavior is similar to those in the wild.
5:30
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON NITROGEN FIXATION IN
WHITE CLOVER
Ryan M. Blandford (Dr. Linda Finke)
This study was undertaken to determine whether desiccation (water deprivation) of white
clover (Trifolium repens) would have an effect on the nitrogen fixing ability of its
symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum – Biovar trifolii, Sinorhizobium meliloti).
It was hypothesized that desiccation would have the effect of reducing nitrogen fixation
activity. Clover was planted in three separate pots at a rate of two hundred seeds per pot,
and plants were regularly watered to enhance germination and early development. Once
seedlings were well-established, the watering regimen was altered so that a different
moisture level was produced in each pot, at levels of one, three, and five as determined
on a Lincoln Irrigation hygrometer. After two weeks of this differential water treatment,
randomly selected plants from each pot were carefully removed and their root systems
were assayed for nitrogenase activity by the acetylene reduction assay.
16
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Nine:
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
8:30 a.m.
Section 01 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Nourian
8:30
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Amanda N. Snyder, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis, Nicholas
A. Jabre, Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M. Stenger,
Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
8:50
AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE NITROGEN FIXATION IN AUXIN INDUCED
PARA-NODULES OF ORYZA
SATIVA L. (WETLAND RICE) UNDER
17
HYDROPONIC CONDITIONS
Adam M. McHenry (Dr. Linda Finke)
A unique symbiotic relationship between Azospirillum brasilense nitrogen-fixing
bacteria and the roots of wetland rice was studied in this experiment. Because this
symbiosis does not occur naturally with grasses, the plant growth hormone auxin was
utilized to mediate this relationship by enhancing the growth of root para-nodules,
similar to those seen in legume roots. Seedlings in the experimental group were both
treated with auxin and inoculated with bacteria, while three control groups were treated
with bacteria, auxin, or neither. A simple hydroponic system enabled the precise control
of nutrient levels as the seedlings were cultivated at 30ºC (±2 ºC) under natural light
conditions. Initial and final plant mass was recorded and acetylene reduction assays
were conducted at the close of the experiment. The acetylene reduction assay quantifies
nitrogen fixation, and it was used to test both the potentially symbiotic root systems of
experimental groups as well as the bacteria alone.
9:10
VOCALIZATION DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CAPTIVE
FLORIDA MANATEES
Melissa M. O’Brien, Gina Mittenzwei, Mary C. Ansbro (Dr. Charles J. Grossman, Ph.D.)
Vocalizations of captive Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) were studied
to determine if there are any differences in the rate of vocalization frequency or length of
squeaks between males and females. Given that the females must communicate with
their young in the wild, we hypothesize that female manatees will vocalize at an
increased rate compared to males, and that the length of squeaks will differ between the
sexes. Two male manatees housed at the Cincinnati Zoo and two female manatees
housed at the Columbus Zoo were studied over the course of eight months. Preliminary
statistical analysis of the data collected suggested that female squeaks are significantly
longer (p= 1.385x10-7) than male squeaks with a mean time of 0.308 seconds for the
females and a mean time of 0.275 seconds for the males. The data has also shown a
highly significant difference (p=6.816x10-6) between the rate of male and female
manatee vocalizations with a mean time between female squeaks of 62.92 seconds and a
mean time of 113.3 seconds between male squeaks. From these preliminary studies, the
results also suggest that vocalizations taking place are complex enough to be used for
communication between animals. Additional data is currently being analyzed in order
to further explore differences in manatee vocalization.
9:10
VOCALIZATION DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CAPTIVE
FLORIDA MANATEES
Gina Mittenzwei, Melissa M. O’Brien, Mary C. Ansbro (Dr. Charles J. Grossman, Ph.D.)
See above listed abstract.
18
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Ten:
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
10:30 a.m.
Section 02 lab
Moderator:
Ms. Tehrani
10:30
VARIATION IN WEIGHT AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS OF EUROPEAN
WALL LIZARDS IN TWO LOCATIONS IN CINCINNATI, OHIO
Jason W. Westerbeck, Ashlee A. Dieckmann, Jason L. Go, Thomas P. McComas,
(Dr. George Farnsworth)
The European Wall Lizard, Podarcis muralis, is an introduced species in Cincinnati.
The species is well adapted to urban environments consisting of many cracks like
unmortared stone walls. We compared populations in two locations: Eden Park and
Torrence Parkway. Approximately 200 lizards were captured in 2007 and 2008. Lizards
larger than 3 cm snout-to-vent were permanently tagged with subcutaneous RFID tags.
For each of these lizards we also recorded date, time of capture, weather conditions, and
weight. The weight data was assigned to five classes and a G-test was performed to
determine whether or not the weights were independent of the two locations. A t-test
was also performed on the averages of weight and length to compare populations. The
populations were different between sites (P<0.05). Larger lizards were found in Eden
Park compared to Torrence Parkway. This may be due to differences in the structure of
the two habitats.
19
10:50
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Jamie Gentile, Katherine Bartholomew, Megan K. Farrell, Jennifer L. Frank,
Omari Jones-Nelson, Kara Knight, Zak Woods (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
11:10
THE IMPACT OF THE INVASIVE SPECIES LONICERA MAACKII ON SOIL
NUTRIENT LEVELS
Touraj Karkevandian, Shannon M. Chambers, Joseph R. Lally (Dr. Brent Blair)
The invasive species Lonicer Maackii (Amur Honeysuckle) is thought to have a
competitive advantage over native species in Southern Ohio which accounts for its high
distribution. We believe that Honeysuckle alters soil nutrient content and thereby has a
competitive advantage over native species. Our group collected soil samples from
Honeysuckle infested areas and natural areas in Cincinnati forests to observe potential
differences in pH, nitrate and ammonia levels. Honeysuckle demonstrated more acidic
soils compared to native soils while the nitrogen tests were inconclusive and need further
study. The understanding of how Honeysuckle alters its environment for its own success
is important in controlling future invasions of Honeysuckle and other invasive species.
20
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Eleven: Wednesday, April 30, 2008
2:30 p.m.
Section 03 lab
Moderator:
Dr. Matre
2:30
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Katherine L. von Brecht, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis,
Nicholas A. Jabre, Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr,
Jaclyn M. Stenger, Amanda N. Snyder (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
21
2:30
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Nicholas A. Jabre, Katherine L. von Brecht, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi,
Charles A. Gabis, Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr, Jaclyn M.
Stenger, Amanda N. Snyder (Dr. Close-Jacob)
See abstract listed above.
3:00
NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF FECAL CORTICOSTERONE TO ASSESS
STRESS
Alexis Wickersham, Paul Blair, Jon Salman, Tomilyn Thornberry
(Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is commonly measured
as an indicator of physiological stress. Accurate quantification of corticosterone levels
typically requires measuring the hormone in blood plasma and may also require the use
of radioisotopes. Because obtaining blood samples from animals is a complicated,
stressful process, which likely increases corticosterone production, and use of
radioisotopes is hazardous, expensive, and requires special training and authorization,
the goal of our project is to develop a non-invasive, non-radioactive method to quantify
corticosterone. Fecal samples were obtained from several birds and mice and conditions
for measurement of corticosterone using an immunometric assay are being standardized.
Once developed, this test will be utilized to quantify the effect of various environmental
stressors in mocking birds.
22
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Twelve: Wednesday, April 30, 2008
4:30 p.m.
Section 04 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Pecquet
4:30
THE EFFECT OF ROYAL PEAT INOCULANT ON PHASEOLUS ACUTIFOLIUS,
AND ITS ABILITY TO FIX NITROGEN
Tim M. Burns, Aaron M. Brooking, (Dr. Linda Finke)
Nitrogen fixation is a process required for the biological conversion of atmospheric
nitrogen into usable forms. Nitrogen fixation can occur through a symbiotic relationship
between a legume plant and its nitrogen fixing bacterial symbiont, or in associations
between free-living diazotrophs and plant root systems. The tepary bean (Phaseolus
acutifolius) is a drought-adapted legume from the southwestern U.S whose roots may be
colonized by nodule-producing symbionts in its home range. The main objective of this
experiment was to test for the effectiveness in nodule production of an inoculant that is
used to inoculate other, more commonly grown species of beans, and to measure the
amount of nitrogen fixation, if any occurs. Ten seeds of Phaseolus acutifolius were
obtained and planted in individual pots with the addition of Royal Peat inoculum. Root
systems were inspected for the presence of nodules, and nodulated systems were assayed
for nitrogenase activity by the acetylene reduction method.
23
4:50
VARIATION IN WEIGHT AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS OF EUROPEAN
WALL LIZARDS IN TWO LOCATIONS IN CINCINNATI, OHIO
Ashlee A. Dieckmann, Jason L. Go, Thomas P. McComas, Jason W. Westerbeck
(Dr. George Farnsworth)
The European Wall Lizard, Podarcis muralis, is an introduced species in Cincinnati.
The species is well adapted to urban environments consisting of many cracks like
unmortared stone walls. We compared populations in two locations: Eden Park and
Torrence Parkway. Approximately 200 lizards were captured in 2007 and 2008. Lizards
larger than 3 cm snout-to-vent were permanently tagged with subcutaneous RFID tags.
For each of these lizards we also recorded date, time of capture, weather conditions, and
weight. The weight data was assigned to five classes and a G-test was performed to
determine whether or not the weights were independent of the two locations. A t-test
was also performed on the averages of weight and length to compare populations. The
populations were different between sites (P<0.05). Larger lizards were found in Eden
Park compared to Torrence Parkway. This may be due to differences in the structure of
the two habitats.
5:10
THE IMPACT OF THE INVASIVE SPECIES LONICERA MAACKII ON SOIL
NUTRIENT LEVELS
Shannon M. Chambers, Touraj Karkevandian, Joseph R. Lally (Dr. Brent Blair)
The invasive species Lonicer Maackii (Amur Honeysuckle) is thought to have a
competitive advantage over native species in Southern Ohio which accounts for its high
distribution. We believe that Honeysuckle alters soil nutrient content and thereby has a
competitive advantage over native species. Our group collected soil samples from
Honeysuckle infested areas and natural areas in Cincinnati forests to observe potential
differences in pH, nitrate and ammonia levels. Honeysuckle demonstrated more acidic
soils compared to native soils while the nitrogen tests were inconclusive and need further
study. The understanding of how Honeysuckle alters its environment for its own success
is important in controlling future invasions of Honeysuckle and other invasive species.
24
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Thirteen: Thursday, May 1, 2008
8:00 a.m.
Section 05 lab
Moderator:
Mr. Nourian
8:00
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Anthony J. Parr, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis,
Nicholas A. Jabre, Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Jaclyn M. Stenger,
Amanda N. Snyder, Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
25
8:20
QUANTIFYING FUNGAL VIABILITY IN AIR AND WATER SAMPLES USING
QUANTITATIVE PCR AFTER TREATMENT WITH PROPIDIUM MONOAZIDE
(PMA)
Chris Hartmann (Stephen Vesper, U.S. EPA)
This study focused on developing a new method that would differentiate between viable
and non-viable fungal cells. The fungal cells used in the study were Aspergillus
fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus stolonifer and
Paecilomyces variotti. These fungal species were chosen because they represent some
of the most harmful and infectious fungi in the United States.
To determine fungal viability propidium monoazide (PMA) was used to stain dead cells.
PMA was able to enter the cell membrane of dead cells and intercalate the DNA. After a
quick incubation time samples were exposed to intense blue LEDs which inactivated
remaining PMA. Mold samples were then quantified using mold specific quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (MSQPCR). It was found that dead and live fungal cells
showed a 100 to 1,000-fold difference in cell viability. These results were consistent
with the findings of traditional culturing methods.
8:40
NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF FECAL CORTICOSTERONE TO ASSESS
STRESS
Tomilyn Thornberry, Paul Blair, Jon Salman, and Alexis Wickersham
(Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is commonly measured
as an indicator of physiological stress. Accurate quantification of corticosterone levels
typically requires measuring the hormone in blood plasma and may also require the use
of radioisotopes. Because obtaining blood samples from animals is a complicated,
stressful process, which likely increases corticosterone production, and use of
radioisotopes is hazardous, expensive, and requires special training and authorization,
the goal of our project is to develop a non-invasive, non-radioactive method to quantify
corticosterone. Fecal samples were obtained from several birds and mice and conditions
for measurement of corticosterone using an immunometric assay are being standardized.
Once developed, this test will be utilized to quantify the effect of various environmental
stressors in mocking birds.
26
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Fourteen: Thursday, May 1, 2008
10:30 a.m.
Section 06 lab
Moderator: Dr. Matre
10:30
VOCALIZATION DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CAPTIVE
FLORIDA MANATEES
Mary C. Ansbro, Melissa M. O’Brien, Gina Mittenzwei (Dr. Charles J. Grossman, Ph.D.)
Vocalizations of captive Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) were studied
to determine if there are any differences in the rate of vocalization frequency or length of
squeaks between males and females. Given that the females must communicate with
their young in the wild, we hypothesize that female manatees will vocalize at an
increased rate compared to males, and that the length of squeaks will differ between the
sexes. Two male manatees housed at the Cincinnati Zoo and two female manatees
housed at the Columbus Zoo were studied over the course of eight months. Preliminary
statistical analysis of the data collected suggested that female squeaks are significantly
longer (p= 1.385x10-7) than male squeaks with a mean time of 0.308 seconds for the
females and a mean time of 0.275 seconds for the males. The data has also shown a
highly significant difference (p=6.816x10-6) between the rate of male and female
manatee vocalizations with a mean time between female squeaks of 62.92 seconds and a
mean time of 113.3 seconds between male squeaks. From these preliminary studies, the
results also suggest that vocalizations taking place are complex enough to be used for
communication between animals. Additional data is currently being analyzed in order
to further explore differences in manatee vocalization.
27
10:50
ANALYZING LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION RATES OF THE INVASIVE
AMUR HONEYSUCKLE WITH NATIVE SPECIES IN SOUTHWESTERN
OHIO FORESTS
Joseph Dagher, Maya Webb, Manuel Alvarez (Dr. Brent Blair)
The Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii), native to Asia, was introduced to
Southwestern Ohio forests in the 1800s, and has become extremely invasive. This multistem shrub has begun to dominate the understory of many forests, preventing many
native saplings to take root. Leaf litter decomposition rates of the honeysuckle were
compared to native species of oak and maple. Litter was collected and air dried, then
placed into 15cm x 15cm mesh bags, and placed on the forest floor to decompose. In all
situations, the honeysuckle decomposed faster than each of the native species, even
when placed on forest floors where honeysuckle was not present. The data support the
hypothesis that the Amur honeysuckle leaf litter would have a faster decomposition rate
than its native counterparts, affecting soil fertility to enhance its invasiveness in nonnative communities.
11:10
NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF FECAL CORTICOSTERONE TO ASSESS
STRESS
Jon Salman, Paul Blair, Tomilyn Thornberry, and Alexis Wickersham
(Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is commonly measured
as an indicator of physiological stress. Accurate quantification of corticosterone levels
typically requires measuring the hormone in blood plasma and may also require the use
of radioisotopes. Because obtaining blood samples from animals is a complicated,
stressful process, which likely increases corticosterone production, and use of
radioisotopes is hazardous, expensive, and requires special training and authorization,
the goal of our project is to develop a non-invasive, non-radioactive method to quantify
corticosterone. Fecal samples were obtained from several birds and mice and conditions
for measurement of corticosterone using an immunometric assay are being standardized.
Once developed, this test will be utilized to quantify the effect of various environmental
stressors in mocking birds.
28
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Fifteen: Thursday, May 1, 2008
2:30 p.m.
Section 07 lab
Moderator: Mr. Nourian
2:30
ROLE OF L- AND T-TYPE CA2+ CHANNELS IN BOVINE CORONARY ARTERY
CONTRACTION
Jaclyn M. Stenger, Jacqueline K. Baker, Nilay J. Choksi, Charles A. Gabis,
Nicholas A. Jabre, Quyen M. Nguyen, Emmanuel A. Ofori, Anthony J. Parr,
Amanda N. Snyder, Katherine L. von Brecht (Dr. Close-Jacob)
L-type and T-type Ca2+-channels mediate contractions in smooth muscle. Studies have
shown that hypoxia inhibits L-type Ca+2-channels, causing relaxation. We investigated
the role of these channels in force maintenance under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
We also explored the role of L-type Ca2+-channels in oscillatory behavior during
sustained contraction. Bovine LAD coronary arteries were isolated and contracted with
5x10-8M U46619. Tissues were then separately subjected to either hypoxic conditions or
treated with nifedipine or mibefradil, L-type and T-type inhibitors, respectively. Hypoxic
conditions showed an average 17% relaxation in arterial force. L-type inhibitors showed
an average 35% relaxation, and T-type inhibitors showed an average 6% relaxation. In
the event of oscillating contractions, NiCl2 or hypoxia were used to investigate the
involvement of L-type Ca2+-channels. Hypoxic conditions eliminated oscillations
completely, while NiCl2 caused no change. While hypoxia and nifedipine results support
a role for L-type channels in sustained force in bovine coronary artery contractions,
mibefradil results indicate a possible role for T-type channels in force maintenance as
well.
29
2:50
EXAMINATION OF THE SEX RATIO OF THE NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD BY
CHD GENE INTRON REGION AMPLIFICATION
Matthew C. Broderick, Dan J. Schoeff, Brett E. Schrand, Christopher C. Stobart
(Drs. Dorothy Engle and George Farnsworth)
The sex ratio of offspring in some species may be different from 1:1. This may arise if
male and female offspring offer different reproductive value. In birds, females are
heterogametic (ZW) and males are homogametic (ZZ). A molecular sexing technique
has been developed which amplifies an intron region homologous to both chromosomes
and can be a diagnostic tool for avian sexing (Griffiths et al. 1998). We successfully
adapted this technique to the molecular sexing of a Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus
polyglottos). We collected feathers from 70 Northern Mockingbird nestlings sampled
over three breeding seasons. We used PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis to visualize
the DNA amplified by primers P2 and P8. In all, 42 chicks were males and 28 chicks
were females, not a significant bias in nestling sex ratio (P > 0.05). Future studies may
use this technique as a means of investigating the sex ratio of other avian species.
3:10
MEASURING NITROGEN-FIXING ABILITIES OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) AND THE BACTERIUM
AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE
Maricor K. Docena, Katie M. Zak (Dr. Linda Finke)
The nitrogen fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense can colonize wheat plant roots and
provide the plant with essential nitrogen in the form of ammonia. While symbiotic
nitrogen fixing relationships are well understood, this experiment explores looser
associations such as the one between A. brasilense and winter wheat, which seems to be
beneficial to plant growth. Plants were grown hydroponically and the experimental
group was inoculated with A. brasilense in the absence of nitrogen in the plant medium.
Plants given a complete nitrogen-containing medium and those given a nitrogen-free
medium without bacteria served as controls. Plant growth was recorded photographically
and by final dry weight. Acetylene reduction assay of plant roots was performed to
measure nitrogenase activity, the enzyme responsible for the nitrogen fixing abilities of
such bacteria. Preliminary photographic results indicated that positive control plants
with nitrogen-containing medium had the best growth while the experimental and second
control group appeared the same.
30
Department of Biology
Senior Research Symposium
April 28, 29, 30, May 1, 2008
Albers Hall - 307
Session Sixteen: Thursday, May 1, 2008
4:30 p.m.
Section 06 lab
Moderator: Dr. Jaskowiak
4:30
CRANIODENTAL MORPHOLOGY IN SKUNKS AND MONGOOSES
Luke J. Rothan (Dr. William Anyonge)
This study was undertaken in order to investigate the generation of bite forces in the
skulls of the common mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), the striped skunk (Mephitis
mephitis), the western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis), and the meerkat (Suricata
suricata) in relation to their dietary preferences. All of these species share an
omnivorous diet, feeding heavily on insects, spiders, small mammals, lizards, birds,
eggs, nuts, and berries. In addition, H. edwardsi and S. suricata are well known for their
swift speed and skill in killing poisonous snakes with a single bite to the neck without
being hurt. Based on these predatory habits of H. edwardsi and the S. suricata, it was
hypothesized that these species would exhibit a larger bite force at the front of their jaws
(where greater force is needed to swiftly kill prey), namely at the first canines, than M.
mephitis and S. gracilis. Four cranial and 7 mandibular measurements were made on
each skull and then used to compute several indices that estimated the size of jawclosing muscles (masseter and the temporalis) and their relative moment-arms. An
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the transformed indices and tested for
significant differences. The results did not support the hypothesis. S. gracilis and M.
mephitis exhibited greater mechanical advantage (larger bite forces) at both the first
lower molars and lower canines in comparison to H. edwardsi and S. suricata. H.
gracilis and M. mephitis displayed also larger temporalis muscles and shorter jaw
lengths. It can be inferred that the latter species have evolved skull morphologies that
are adapted to generating large bite forces.
31
4:50
EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H2O2-ASSOCIATED
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND VON HIPPEL LINDAU (VHL) PROTEIN
Sarah Gillian, Danielle Maue, and Ashley Roberts (Dr. Waltke Paulding)
Many environmental factors, including hypoxia, can induce oxidative stress. Cells that
are subjected to oxidative stress often generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which
include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Familial von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease develops
in individuals that are born heterotrophic for the wild-type (wt)VHL gene, and who
subsequently lose the remaining wt-VHL allele due to mutation. Excessive, unregulated
quantities of ROS are known to damage cellular macromolecules, including proteins
lipids and nucleic acids. We are currently examining the oxidative status of cells that
express (wt-VHL) or lack (mut-VHL) the VHL protein, as a decrease in a cell’s ability
to maintain “oxidative homeostasis” may be related to DNA damage, and expression of
VHL pathology. Results from experiments in which H2O2 production was measured in
VHL(+) or VHL(-) cell lines, under either normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2)
conditions, revealed higher, basal amounts of H2O2 in VHL(-) cells in normoxic
conditions, as contrasted to VHL(+) cells. Hypoxia reduced production of H2O2 in both
VHL(+) and VHL(-) cell lines. Evaluation of expression levels of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase, the 2 main enzymes involved in regulating H2O2 levels in the
oxidative stress pathway, continue.
5:10
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CINCINNATI AREA PODARCIS MURALIS
POPULATION AS A INDICATOR OF ACCURACY IN BOTTLENECK
POPULATION TESTS
Zak Woods, Katherine Bartholomew, Megan K. Farrell, Jennifer L. Frank,
Jamie Gentile, Omari Jones-Nelson, Kara Knight, (Dr. Dorothy Engle)
A small population of Podarcis muralis lizards were brought to the greater Cincinnati
area from Milan, Italy in the 1950’s. The lizards have adapted to the area and continue
to successfully propagate. The Lizard population is known to have experienced a
bottleneck. Therefore by using this population as a control, several mathematical
equations can be analysed, to see if the equations can predetermine if a given population
has experienced a bottleneck. This experiment is intended to use the genetic variability
found in the local wall lizard population to determine the validity of such a test. After
extracting DNA from the tails of the experimental organisms, three different
microsatellite loci were analysed for levels of heterozygosity and observed using
capillary electrophoresis. The results of the capillary electrophoresis will be entered into
the test, and the results should validate the equations being tested for the presence of a
bottleneck population.
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