8
chapter
DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL
CONTROL
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Section 1 - Deviance
Section 2 - Crime
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Section 1: Deviance
█What is Deviance?
– Deviance
• Deviance is behavior that violates the standards
of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
• Examples of deviants:
– alcoholics
– gamblers
– mentally ill
– cheaters
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- bald
- homeless
- “close-talkers”
- loud people
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Deviance
█What is Deviance?
– Sociologically, we are all deviant from time
to time.
– Social vs Criminal Deviance
• “close-talker” v robbery
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Deviance
Deviance
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Deviance
Deviance
Crime
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Deviance
Deviance
Social
Deviance
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Crime
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Deviance
Deviance
Social
Deviance
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Positive
(Success)
Crime
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Deviance
█What is Deviance?
– Standards of deviance vary from one group
(subculture) to another.
– Deviance varies over time. (ex. tattoos)
– Deviance is subjective - subject to social
definitions.
* Therefore, deviance is “socially
constructed”
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Deviance (Time, place, manner)
█ Sociology on Campus: College Binge Drinking
Source: Wechsler et al. 2002:208.
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Deviance
█What is anomie?
– Situation that arises when the norms of
society are unclear or are no longer
applicable.
–Stuck on escalator
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Deviance
Phillies Parade Riot "Alive" - Flight 227
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Flight 227: Social Definitions
Before crash
“Body”
“Sin”
“Duty”
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Dead or alive, the
human body is
sacred
Human
consumption
Protect others.
Follow norms.
After crash
Only the body
that is alive is
sacred.
Not trying to
live.
Giving up.
Survive.
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Deviance
Social Functions of deviance:
1. Helps to clarify norms – Cole Hamels
/Hockey Fights)
2. Unifies groups – (family/sibling
analogy)
3. Diffuses tension – (mosh pit)
4. Promotes social change – (Civil Rights)
5. Provides jobs – (Apple, Inc.)
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Social Functions of deviance:
Applied to HOCKEY
█ Helps to clarify norms
█ Unifies groups
█ Diffuses tension
█ Promotes social change
█ Provides jobs
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Positive Deviance
█Positive Deviants are people,
groups, organizations, companies,
etc. with special attitudes or
behaviors that enable them to
function more effectively than
others with the same resources and
conditions.
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Deviance
Purple Cow by Seth Godin
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Functionalist Perspective
• Deviance is a part of human existence and has
positive and negative consequences for society.
• Five functions of deviance.
• Strain Theory (Robert Merton) – deviance is
explained by whether a person accepts or
rejects the goals and norms of their society.
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Deviance
█ Merton’s “Structural Strain Theory of Deviance” (p.180)
Cultural
Goals
(ex: Wealth)
Nondeviant
Conformity
Deviant
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
Cultural
Norms / Means
(ex: Hard Work)
Accept
Accept
Accept
Reject
Reject
Replace w/ new goals
Reject
Accept
Reject
Replace w/ new norms
Source: Adapted from Merton 1968:194.
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Interactionist Perspective
• Focuses on everyday behavior and why or how
a person comes to commit a deviant act.
• Control Theory - Our bonds to members of
society lead us to conform to society’s norms
– We are bonded through:
» Family, friends, peers
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Interactionist Perspective (continued)
• Cultural transmission theory - one learns
criminal behavior through interactions with
others.
– Differential association - deviance is determined by
the frequency & closeness a person has with deviant
or non-deviant people – especially within primary
groups
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Interactionist Perspective (continued)
• Labeling theory
– attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as
deviants while others are not
– emphasizes how a person comes to be labeled as
deviant and how some accept this label
– Analyzes how being “labeled” may impact
interactions with others (teachers, police, parents,
employers, etc)
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Deviance
█Labeling
– Deviance and Social Stigma
• The term stigma describes the labels society
uses to devalue members of certain social
groups.
• Once members are assigned deviant roles, they
have trouble presenting positive images to
others.
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Deviance
Why was each labeled deviant?
Who labeled them? Have they
accepted the label?
What impact has it had on them?
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Conflict Perspective
• people with power protect their own interests
(power, wealth) and define deviance to suit their
own needs.
• the criminal justice system of the U.S. treats
people differently on the basis of their racial,
ethnic, or social class background.
• deviance is a natural result of unfair competition
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Deviance
█ Social Inequality: Race and the Death Penalty
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Source: Based on Bureau of the Census 2002a; Dieter 1998:13; Snell and Maruschak 2002:10, 11.
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Section 2: Crime
█ Crime - A violation of criminal law for which
some governmental authority applies formal
penalties
█ Statistics:
– Violent crimes have declined significantly
nationwide following many years of increases.
– Crime committed by women has increased.
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Crime
█ Figure 8.3: Victimization Rates, 1973 to 2001
Source: Rennison 2002:12.
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Crime
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Source: United States Bureau
of The
Justice
Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs
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Crime
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Source: U.S. Bureau
of Justice
Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs
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Crime
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Source: U.S.
Bureau
Justice Statistics.http:
//ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs
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Crime
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Source: U.S.
of Justice.
2001. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bsj/cvict.htm#ncvs
©Bureau
2005 The
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Section 2: Crime - statistics
█ About 69% of people arrested are white.
█ 70+% of people arrested are under the age of
35.
█ Most victims of violent crime are AfricanAmerican at the hands of other Af. Americans.
█ 65% of murders are committed by people with
guns. (Gun Control Debate)
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Flaws in crime statistics
█Police discretion at the scene
█Less reporting if it involves family or
friends
█Studies show police are more likely to
file a report if the victim is of a higher
social class.
█Attitude of the complainant.
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Crime and “discretion”
█ Discretion within the Criminal Justice System
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Source: Adapted
from Department
Justice,reserved.
1988:59.
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Crime
█ Types of Crime
– Laws divide crimes into categories based on:
•
•
•
•
severity
age of offender
potential punishment
jurisdiction
– Violent Crime: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated
assault.
– Crime against property: stealing property or
intentionally damaging it.
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Crime
█ Types of Crime
– Professional Crime: Crime pursued as a person’s
day-to-day occupation. (Crime syndicate)
– Organized Crime: The work of a group that is
involved in various criminal enterprises.
(Mafia; loans, drugs, prostitution, extortion)
– White Collar: Illegal acts committed in the course
of business activities, often by affluent people.
– “Victimless” Crimes: The willing exchange
among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods
and services. Such a thing?
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Crime
█Criminal Justice System:
– Police
– Courts
– Corrections
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Crime
█Functions of corrections:
– Retribution: revenge for the victim and/or
society.
– Deterrence: discourage future criminals and
crimes
– Rehabilitation: resocialization
– Social protection: removes criminal
offenders from society for the good of the
whole.
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Crime
█Issues involving corrections:
– recidivism: repeated criminal behavior
• Just under 67.5% return within 3 years
– Source: D.O.J – 1994
• Deterrence & Rehabilitation – do they work?
• Prison socialization
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Crime
Doesn’t work or not used enough?
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Public Issues and Social Control
█ Decriminalizing the use of drugs.
█ “Tried as an adult”
█ Torture & the war on terror
█ Post-911 surveillance
█ Prison v Rehab
█ Character / Affective Education.
█ “Three strikes and you’re out” laws
█ Megan’s Law
█ Death v Life in Jail - costs
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