8
chapter
DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL
CONTROL
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Section 1 - Deviance
Section 2 - Crime
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Section 1: Deviance
█What is Deviance?
– Deviance
• Deviance is behavior that violates the standards
of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
• Examples of deviants:
– alcoholics
– gamblers
– mentally ill
– cheaters
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- bald
- homeless
- “close-talkers”
- loud people
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Deviance
█What is Deviance?
– Sociologically, we are all deviant from time
to time.
– Each of us violates common social norms in
certain situations. (social vs criminal
deviance)
– Deviance involves the violation of group
norms which may or may not be formalized
into law.
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Deviance
█What is Deviance?
– Standards of deviance vary from one group
(subculture) to another.
– Deviance varies over time. (ex. tattoos)
– Deviance is subjective - subject to social
definitions.
* Therefore, deviance is “socially
constructed”
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Deviance
█ Sociology on Campus: College Binge Drinking
Source: Wechsler et al. 2002:208.
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Deviance
█What is anomie?
– Situation that arises when the norms of
society are unclear or are no longer
applicable.
–Stuck on escalator
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Deviance
Phillies Parade Riot "Alive" - Flight 571
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Deviance
Is deviance always bad?
NO !
Social Functions of deviance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Helps to clarify norms
Unifies groups
Diffuses tension
Promotes social change
Provides jobs
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Deviance
Purple Cow by Seth Godin
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Deviance
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Deviance
█How does the NHL deal with fighting in
their sport?
█What purpose does fighting have in
hockey?
█How does this compare to other sports?
█What impact does this deviance have on
others?
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Functionalist Perspective
• Deviance is a part of human existence and has
positive and negative consequences for society.
• Durkheim introduced the term anomie, defined
as a state of “normlessness” that occurs during
periods of profound social change.
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Functionalist Perspective (continued)
• Merton examined how people adapted to the
acceptance or rejection of a society’s goals.
Merton’s Anomie Theory of Deviance examines
how people conform to or deviate from cultural
expectations.
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Deviance
█ Merton’s “Structural Strain Theory of Deviance” (p.180)
Cultural
Goals
(ex: Wealth)
Nondeviant
Conformity
Deviant
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
Cultural
Norms / Means
(ex: Hard Work)
Accept
Accept
Accept
Reject
Reject
Replace w/ new goals
Reject
Accept
Reject
Replace w/ new norms
Source: Adapted from Merton 1968:194.
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Interactionist Perspective
• Focuses on everyday behavior and why or how
a person comes to commit a deviant act.
• Control Theory - Our bonds to members of
society lead us to conform to society’s norms
– We are bonded through:
» Family, friends, peers
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Interactionist Perspective (continued)
• Cultural transmission theory - one learns
criminal behavior through interactions with
others.
– Differential association - deviance is determined by
the frequency & closeness a person has with deviant
or non-deviant people – especially within primary
groups
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Interactionist Perspective (continued)
• Labeling theory
– attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as
deviants while others are not
– emphasizes how a person comes to be labeled as
deviant and how some accept this label
– Analyzes how being “labeled” may impact
interactions with others (teachers, police, parents,
employers, etc)
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Deviance
█Labeling
– Deviance and Social Stigma
• The term stigma describes the labels society
uses to devalue members of certain social
groups.
• Once members are assigned deviant roles, they
have trouble presenting positive images to
others.
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Deviance
Why was each labeled deviant?
Who labeled them? Have they
accepted the label?
What impact has it had on them?
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Deviance
█Explaining Deviance
– Conflict Perspective
• people with power protect their own interests
(power, wealth) and define deviance to suit their
own needs.
• the criminal justice system of the U.S. treats
people differently on the basis of their racial,
ethnic, or social class background.
• deviance is a natural result of unfair competition
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Deviance
█ Social Inequality: Race and the Death Penalty
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Source: Based on Bureau of the Census 2002a; Dieter 1998:13; Snell and Maruschak 2002:10, 11.
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Section 2: Crime
█ Crime - A violation of criminal law for which
some governmental authority applies formal
penalties
█ Statistics:
– Violent crimes have declined significantly
nationwide following many years of increases.
– Crime committed by women has increased.
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Section 2: Crime - statistics
█About 2/3 (66%) of people arrested are
white.
█70+% of people arrested are under the
age of 35.
█ Crime statistics are not as accurate as social
scientists would like. Why?
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Flaws in crime statistics
█Police discretion at the scene
█Less reporting if it involves family or
friends
█Studies shoe police are more likely to file
a report if the victim is of a higher social
class.
█Attitude of the complainant.
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Crime
█ Discretion within the Criminal Justice System
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Source: Adapted
from Department
Justice,reserved.
1988:59.
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Crime
█ Figure 8.3: Victimization Rates, 1973 to 2001
Source: Rennison 2002:12.
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Crime
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Source: United States Bureau
of The
Justice
Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs
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Crime
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Source: U.S. Bureau
of Justice
Statistics, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs
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Crime
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Source: U.S.
Bureau
Justice Statistics.http:
//ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm#ncvs
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Inc. All rights reserved.
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Crime
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Source: U.S.
of Justice.
2001. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bsj/cvict.htm#ncvs
©Bureau
2005 The
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Crime
█ Types of Crime
– Laws divide crimes into categories based on:
•
•
•
•
severity
age of offender
potential punishment
jurisdiction
– Violent Crime: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated
assault.
– Crime against property: stealing property or
intentionally damaging it.
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Crime
█ Types of Crime
– Professional Crime: Crime pursued as a person’s
day-to-day occupation.
– Organized Crime: The work of a group that
regulates relations between various criminal
enterprises.
– White Collar: Illegal acts committed in the course
of business activities, often by affluent people.
– “Victimless” Crimes: The willing exchange among
adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and
services. Such a thing?
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Crime
█Criminal Justice System:
– Police
– Courts
– Corrections
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Crime
█Functions of corrections:
– Retribution: revenge for the victim and/or
society.
– Deterrence: discourage future criminals and
crimes
– Rehabilitation: resocialization
– Social protection: removes criminal
offenders from society for the good of the
whole.
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Crime
█Issues involving corrections:
– recidivism: repeated criminal behavior
• Just under 67.5% return within 3 years
– Source: D.O.J – 1994
• Deterrence & Rehabilitation – do they work?
• Prison socialization
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Crime
Doesn’t work or not used enough?
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Public Issues and Social Control
█ Decriminalizing the use of drugs.
█ “Tried as an adult”
█ Torture & the war on terror
█ Post-911 surveillance
█ Prison v Rehab
█ Character / Affective Education.
█ “Three strikes and you’re out” laws
█ Megan’s Law
█ Death v Life in Jail - costs
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