©2007 Google – Imagery ©2007 NASA
Hadron dosimetry
Hugo Palmans
Acoustics and Ionising
g Radiation Team, National Physical
y
Laboratory, Teddington, UK
hugo.palmans@npl.co.uk
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
O e e
Overview
• Dosimetry: similarities and differences with
photon and electron beams
• Absolute dosimetry:
–C
Calorimetry,
l i t flfluence b
based
d measurements,
t iion
chambers
• Relative dosimetry:
– Ionization chambers, solid state detectors, film,
alanine
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Protons
oo sa
and
d ions
o s – the
e ad
advantages
a ages
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Protons
oo sa
and
d ions
o s – the
e ad
advantages
a ages
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Stopping
S
opp g po
powers
es–p
protons
o o s versus
e sus e
electrons
ec o s
ICRU 49
ICRU 37
1.30
1 20
1.20
102
1.10
proton water
protons air
electrons water
electrons air
sw air protons
sw,air
sw,air electrons
101
1.00
100
0.90
10-6
10-4
10-2
 = Ek/Erest
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
100
102
s w,air
Scoll/ (M
MeV cm 2 g-11)
103
Stopping
S
opp g po
powers
es–p
protons
o o s versus
e sus e
electrons
ec o s
r o,p = 1mm r o,e = 1mm
ICRU 49
ICRU 37
1.30
1 20
1.20
102
1.10
proton water
protons air
electrons water
electrons air
sw air protons
sw,air
sw,air electrons
101
1.00
100
0.90
10-6
10-4
10-2
 = Ek/Erest
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
100
102
s w,air
Scoll/ (M
MeV cm 2 g-11)
103
energy lo
oss per unit dep
pth / MeV cm 2 g-1
High-LET
g
component:
co
po e p
protons
oo s
20.0
total 1H
> 2 eV/nm
15.0
< 2 eV/nm
10.0
1
primary H
> 6 eV/nm
5.0
1
secondary H
> 10
eV/nm
> 20
eV/nm
1
secondary H <10 eV/nm
00
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
depth in water / g cm -2
K
Kempe
ett al.l (2007) Med.
M d Ph
Phys. 34:183-92
34 183 92
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
30
High-LET
g
component:
co
po e ca
carbon
bo ions
o s
energy lo
oss per unit dep
pth / MeV cm 2 g-1
300
250
total 12C
200
12
primary C
150
> 60 eV/nm
> 40 eV/nm
100
> 20 eV/nm
50
1
H
4
10+11
He
C
10+11
B
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
depth in water / g cm -2
K
Kempe
ett al.l (2007) Med.
M d Ph
Phys. 34:183-92
34 183 92
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
35
40
Attenuation
e ua o – Nonelastic
o e as c nuclear
uc ea
interactions
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
1.0
1.0
08
0.8
08
0.8
0.6
0.6
100 MeV protons
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Depth
p (cm)
( )
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Number of protons
PDD
0.0
Definition
e
o o
of range
a ge pa
parameters
a ees
1.0
PDD
D80
0.8
06
0.6
06
0.6
N"50"
0.4
0.4
z80
rcsda
0.2
0.2
Rp
D10
00
0.0
00
0.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
depth / cm
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
8.0
8.5
numberr of protons
s
0.8
1.0
Residual
es dua range
a ge – bea
beam qua
quality
y for
o p
protons
oo s
SOBP
235 MeV
100
z ref
relative do
ose
80
R res
60
40
Rp
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
depth in water / cm
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
30
35
40
Practical
ac ca range
a ge for
o ca
carbon
bo ions
o s
2
energy lloss per unit dep
pth / MeV cm g
-1
1
300
250
200
150
100
50
Rp
0
25 0
25.0
25 5
25.5
26 0
26.0
26 5
26.5
27 0
27.0
27 5
27.5
depth in water / g cm-2
Kempe and Brahme (2008) Med. Phys. 35:159-70
R p  C  E p  R
k
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
28 0
28.0
Practical-range
ac ca a ge sca
scaling
g
-1
RpZ /Eo (g cm MeV )
1.0E-01
2
--2
1.0E-03
electrons
1.0E-05
clinical carbon ions
carbon
ions
protons
1.0E-07
1.0E
07
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
clinical protons
1.0E-02
 = Ek/Eo
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
Scattering
Sca
e g–p
protons
o o s versus
e sus p
photons
oo s
(Palmans 2006
2006, Scope 15:5
15:5-12)
12)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Scattering
Sca
e g – ca
carbon
bo ions
o s versus
e sus p
protons
oo s
broadening of the beam
m  / mm
4.0
photons 21 MeV
C-12 ions 270 MeV/u
protons 148 MeV
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
50
100
depth in water / mm
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
150
Electron
ec o sslowing
o g do
down spec
spectrum
u
1.E+01
-1
particle fluence
e per incident proton / MeV cm
-2
200 MeV proton beam, z = 20 cm
electrons
1.E+00
proton
1 E 01
1.E-01
1.E-02
1.E-03
1 E 04
1.E-04
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
energy / MeV
(Medin and Andreo 1997, Phys Med Biol 42:89-105)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
1.E+03
Absolute
bso u e dos
dosimetry
e y
• Absorbed dose calorimetry
– Water
W t calorimetry
l i t
– Graphite calorimetry
• Fluence based methods
– Faraday cups
– Activation measurement
• Calibrated ion chambers
• Alanine
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Absolute dosimetry – Calorimetry
• Remember:
D  c.T.kh
C
(j kg-1.kk-1)
(j.kg

(m2.ss-1)
T/D
(mk Gy-1)
(mk.Gy
kh
water
4182
1.44x10-7
0.24
0.96-1.02
graphite
704
0.80x10-4
1.42
1.000 (?)
• Main problem in water: chemical heat defect
• Main problem in graphite: thermal diffusivity
+ dose conversion graphite to water
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Water calorimetry / chemical heat defect protons
Experiment
Simulations
60Co
(100 MeV)
protons
(1MeV)
G (100 eV-1)
3,0
H+
OH•
2,0
e¯aq
OH¯
H2
H2O2
10
1,0
H•
0,0
10-1
HO2
102
100
101
LET (keV.m-1)
(-) H2O
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
3,00
H+
OH•
e-aq
2 00
2,00
G
• H20/Ar
• H20/H2
• H20+NaCOOH/O2
((100eV-1)
4,00
OH-H O
2 2
H2 H•
1,00
0,00
0,0
0,2
0,4
t (s)
0,6
0,8
1,0
Water
a e ca
calorimetry
o e y / cchemical
e ca heat
ea de
defect
ec p
protons
oo s
Steady state dose points
1.08
H2O/H2
Dcal/Dcal,sss
H2O/Ar
H2O/H2
1.06
NaCOOH/O2
1.04
60
Co
1.02
85 MeV protons
1.00
H2O/Ar
0.98
0
200
400
600
0
200
Dacc / Gy
Palmans et al (1996) Med. Phys. 23:643-50
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
400
Water
a e ca
calorimetry
o e y / cchemical
e ca heat
ea de
defect
ec p
protons
oo s
1.08
H2O/H2
Dcal/Dcal,sss
H2O/Ar
H2O/H2
1.06
NaCOOH/O2
1.04
60
Co
1.02
85 MeV protons
1.00
H2O/Ar
0.98
0
200
400
600
0
200
Dacc / Gy
Palmans et al (1996) Med. Phys. 23:643-50
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
400
Water
a e ca
calorimetry
o e y / cchemical
e ca heat
ea de
defect
ec ions
o s
7
che
emical heat defect / %
6
5
4
3
2
1
p
d
0
He
C
-1
0
20
40
60
80
LET / keV  m
100
-1
Brede et al. 2006 Phys. Med. Biol. 51:3667-82
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
120
140
Water
a e ca
calorimetry
o e y in spo
spot-scanned
sca ed p
protons
oo s
0.35
temperature incrrease / mK
heat source / arbitrary units
temperature increase
0.30
0.25
0 20
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
00
0.0
05
0.5
10
1.0
15
1.5
20
2.0
25
2.5
30
3.0
35
3.5
40
4.0
45
4.5
50
5.0
time / s
Sassowsky and Pedroni (2005) Phys Med Biol. 50:5381-400
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Graphite
G
ap e ca
calorimetry
o e y
NPL primary standard level proton calorimeter
under development:
Core
Inner jacket
Outer jacket
Annular PCB
Graphite vacuum body
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Graphite calorimetry: water equivalence
interaction cross sections (ICRU49 & ICRU63)
w
L 
Dw ( zw )  Dg ( zg )   
  g
?
1.20
(L/)w,g or (<E>/A)w,g
1 10
1.10
Stopping power ratio
1.00
Emitted protons
0.90
Total non-elastic absorption
0.80
0.70
Emitted deuterons
Emitted alpha particles
0.60
0
50
100
150
proton energy / MeV
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
200
250
Graphite
G
ap e ca
calorimetry:
o e y water
a e equ
equivalence
a e ce
interaction cross sections (ICRU49 & ICRU63)
1 .0 8
1 .0 8
[[D
g-EM
200 MeV
60 M eV
w,g
+D
D
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
0 .9 6
200 MeV
w,g
w
0 .9 6
x(<E>s/A)
60 MeV
g-NN
Dg x (L/ )w,gg / Dw
1 .0 4
x(L/)
1 .0 4
w
]/D
w
 L 0 .2 0
Dw ( zw )  Dg ( zg )     fl
  g
0 .9 2
0 .0
00
0 .4 0
0 .6
60
0 .8
80
0 .9 2
1 .0
00
z /r 0
w
w

L 



Dw ( zw )  Dg EM ( zg )     Dg NN ( zg )    E      fl
A g 


  g

Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Graphite calorimetry: water equivalence
Roos
Roos
Markus
Proton
beam
Plates
1.04
1.040
QGSP
QGSP BERT
QGSP BIC
precompund
1.030
1.020
fluence correctio
on factor
fluence correctio
on factor
Markus
Proton
beam
1.010
1.000
0.990
r0 @ 50% distal
r0 @ 80% distal
r0 from ICRU49
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.980
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
1.0
1.5
2.0
-2
depth (g cm )
water equivalent depth (g cm-2)
simulation
0.5
measurement
2.5
3.0
Absolute
bso u e dos
dosimetry
e y – Fluence
ue ce based
methods
N protons
A
Dmed
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
N S
 ×
A 
med
Absolute
bso u e dos
dosimetry
e y – Faraday
a aday cup
housing
g
entrance
window
collecting electrode
N protons
B
guard
winding
(e.g. Pedroni et al 2005, Phys Med Biol 50:541-61,
y Med Biol 40:1831-40))
Grusell et al 1995,, Phys
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Absolute
bso u e dos
dosimetry
e y – Activation
c a o
measurement
• 12C(p,pn)
C(p pn)11C reaction
• 4 -coincidence counting
(Nichoporov 2003, Med Phys 30:972-8)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Absolute
bso u e dos
dosimetry
e y – Ion
o chambers
c a be s
Dw,Q = Mcorr,Q ND,w kQ
• TRS-398
TRS 398
• ICRU report 78
w


L 
w air     Pwall Pcel Prepl 


  air
p
kQ 
w


L 
Wair     Pwall Pcel Prepl 
 60
  air

Co
•
(wair)p = 34.2 J/C based mainly on calorimetry data
•
 L w 
   from Medin and Andreo 1997, Phys Med Biol 42:89
  air 
p
•
[PwallPcelPrepl]p = 1
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Ion chambers : wair values from calorimetry
y
kQ 
ND,w ,p
ND,w ,c
( air ) p 
(w

w air
Dw ,cal , p Mp 


ND,w ,c

Wair

Dw ,cal ,p
Mp


Wair


L 
    Pwall Pcel Prepl 

  air
p
w

L 
    Pwall Pcel Prepl 
 60
  air
Co
w

L 
    Pwall Pcel Prepl 
  air
 60Co
w
 L w

ND,w ,60 Co     Pwall Pcel Prepl 
  airi

p
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Ion chambers : wair values from calorimetry
y
37,0
et al. (1995)
New ICRU/IAEA – Jones Siebers
2006 (Rad
Phys Chem 75:541-50)
Palmans et al. (1996)
Delacroix et al. (1997)
Brede et al. (1999)
Hashemian et al. (2003)
Palmans et al. (2004)
wair (J/C)
36,0
ECHED
35,0
ICRU 59
AAPM-16
IAEA TRS398
ICRU Report 78
34,0
Medin et al 2006 (Phys Med Biol 51:1503-21)
33,0
0
100
200
E (MeV)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
300
400
Ion
o chambers
c a be s : water to air stopping
pp g p
power ratio
1.160
1.155
w
(S/)air
1 150
1.150
Janni (1982)
1.145
1.140
Medin and Andreo ((1997))
1.135
1.130
ICRU report 49 (1993)
1.125
0
50
100
150
Eeff (MeV)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
200
250
Ion
o chambers
c a be s – pperturbation correction factors
• Gradient correction factors
• Secondary electron correction factors
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Ion chambers – analytical
Integrating the depth dose curve
x
Rsleeve
water
sleeve
wall
i
air
c.e.
Rwa
llRca
v
Rc
el
Proton
z0
(Palmans 2006, Phys Med Biol. 51:3483-501
51:3483 501
& Palmans 2006 NPL report DQL-RD-002)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
z
Ion
o chambers
c a be s – Co
Comparison
pa so with
experiment PDD’s
Mobit et al.
al 2000 Med.
Med Phys.
Phys 27:2780-2787
27:2780 2787
Jäkel et al
al. 2000 Phys.
Phys Med.
Med Biol.
Biol 45:599-607
45:599 607
78 MeV protons
3 GeV 12C
2.5
4.5
2.0
3.5
relative do
ose
normalised do
ose (a.u.)
4.0
15
1.5
1.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
10
1.0
Attix
0.5
Capintec PR06
0.5
Reconstructed
0.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
depth (mm)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
60.0
0.0
115.0
Reference
PTW 30006
PTW-30006
Markus
Reconstructed
120.0
125.0
depth (mm)
130.0
Ion chambers – cavity theory for pcav
protons
-electrons
SA med
Dmed  Dair
 Dair
·
·
S

S

SA med
S
pcav,e 

Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
air
air
med
·
p cav,e
cav e
air
S

med
air
Calculation
Ca
cu a o o
of (S/) from
o ICRU49
C U 9

coll
S

cst · Z · 1 2mc  Wmax
2
 2


 SDBB
ln
2 · 2
 A 2
(1  ) I
2· 2·
·
cst = 0.307075
0 307075 MeV.cm
MeV cm2.g
g-1

col
S

Scol
cst . Z . Wmax
 1
ln
2


2 A
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Scol

Compared
Co
pa ed with Medin
ed a
and
d Andreo
d eo ((1997)
99 )
1.008
cavity model monoE
M di and
Medin
dA
Andreo
d
(1997)
pccav or s  w
w,air
1.006
1.004
1.002
plateau
1.000
0 97 0
0.97.z
0.998
0.5
1.0
1.5
log(Eeff)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
2.0
2.5
Ion chambers – cavity theory for pwall
(cfr Nahum
(cfr.
Nahum, in Dosimetry in Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy. Vienna: IAEA
IAEA, 1988: for electron beams
beams.))
protons
 electrons
-electrons
wall
dll
SA med
S
Dmed  Dair ·

air
med
d
S
·

wall
SA med
S
 Dair ·

S
pwall,e 

Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
med
SA wall
·
wall
S

air
·
p wall,e
air
SA med
S

air
Ion chambers – cavity theory monoenergetic protons
1.010
FWT IC18
FWT-IC18
pcav,e.pwall,e
1.008
1 006
1.006
1.004
1.002
PCAV*PWALL_P_TEP_E_TEE
50 MeV
150 MeV
250 MeV
1.000
0.998
0.01
0.10
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
1.00
Rres
10.00
100.00
Ion chambers – cavity theory modulated
protons
1.010
FWT IC18
FWT-IC18
pcav,e.pwall,e
1.008
1 006
1.006
1.004
1.002
PCAV*PWALL_P_TEP_E_TEE
50 MeV
150 MeV
250 MeV
1.000
0.998
0.01
0.10
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
1.00
Rres
10.00
100.00
Comparison with experiment perturbations
1 020
1.020
Nylon66-Al
D w,NE25711 /D w,Ch
1.015
A150-Al
&NE2581
1.010
1.005
ExrT2
PMMA-Al
&PTW30001
IC18
C-C
&PTW30002
1.000
0.995
0
5
10
Chamber #
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
15
Alanine
a e dos
dosimetry
e y
1.10
NPL1 (range scaled)
ab
bsorbed dose sensitivity
1.00
0.90
0 80
0.80
Bradshaw et al. (1962)
Ebert et al. (1965)
0.70
Hansen and Olsen (1985)
Onori et al. (1997)
0.60
Cuttone et al. (1999)
Bartolotta et al. (1999)
0.50
Fattibene et al. (2002)
0.40
0.00
0.50
1.00
log(E
1.50
eff
)
(Palmans 2003, Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2:579-86)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
2.00
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y
• Lateral profiles in general not problematic
(except for volume averaging in small fields)
• Depth dose profiles: LET dependence!
Resulting in an under response in the Bragg
peak
– Single hit theory (saturation of the sensitive site
with one ionisation), e.g. alanine, film
– Inter-radical recombination
recombination, e
e.g
g gel dosimeters
– More complex models including charge transport,
e.g. TLD
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – ion
o cchambers
a be s
0
50
100
150
200
1.155
34.8
34.6
34 4
34.4
1.145
34.2
1.140
34.0
1.135
33.8
0
50
100
depth / mm
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
150
200
wair (eV)
(L/)w,air
1.150
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – So
Solid
d sstate
a e de
detectors
ec o s :
diamond
(Fidanzio et al 2002, Med Phys 29:669-675)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – So
Solid
d sstate
a e de
detectors
ec o s :
alanine/ESR
4.0
0.60
0.80
0.70
0.60
3.0
response 1
dose per m.u
u. (Gy)
1.00
0.90
0.70
ion chamber measmnt
dose per m.u
u. (Gy)
absorbed dose
a
e sensitivity
1 10
1.10
0.50
Dose < alanine signal
2.0
1.0
0.40
0.30
Bradshaw et al. (1962)
Ebert et al. (1965)
Hansen and Olsen (1985)
0.20
ion chamber measmnt
Onori et al. (1997)
Cuttone et response
al
al. (1999)
0.10
0.50
1
Bartolotta et al. (1999)
Dose < alanine signal
Fattibene et al. (2002)
0.40
0.00
0.0
0.500.0
0.5
1.00
0.00
1.0
0.01.50
log(E eff )
1.5
0.5
2.5
3.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.002.0
depth in alanine (cm)
depth in alanine (cm)
(Palmans
(Palmans
2003, Technol
et al 2009,
Cancer
unpublished
Res Treat.
data)
2:579-86)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
2.5
3.0
Alanine – stack in PMMA
(Palmans 2003 Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2:579)
experimental data from Onori et al 1997 Med.
Phys. 24:447
10.0
Experiment
McPTRAN RZ
McPTRAN.RZ
D (M
MeV-1g)
8.0
6.0
4.0
20
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
depth (cm)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
2.5
3.0
Alanine
a e in a
anti-protons
poo s
N. Bassler, et al, Nucl.
Instr. Meth. B 266
929-936, 2008
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – So
Solid
d sstate
a e de
detectors
ec o s :
mosfet
(Kohno et al 2006, Phys Med Biol 51:6077-86)
51:6077 86)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – Radiochromic
ad oc o c film
(Piermattei et al 2000,Med Phys 27:1655-60)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – Ge
Gel dos
dosimetry
e y
(Gustavsson et al. 2004 Phys. Med. Biol. 49:3847-55)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – TLD
ab
bsorbed-dos
se sensitivity
y
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
02
0.2
0.0
0.1
1
10
100
energy / MeV
(Besserer et al 2001 Phys. Med. Biol. 46:473-85)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
1000
Relative
e a e dos
dosimetry
e y – So
Solid
d sstate
a e de
detectors
ec o s :
diode
(Grusell and Medin 2000 Phys. Med. Biol. 45:2573-82)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Relative dosimetry – Plastic scintillator
(Safai et al. 2004 Phys. Med. Biol. 49:4637-55)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Co c us o
Conclusion
• Absolute dosimetry
–C
Calorimeters
l i t
d
developed
l
d as primary
i
iinstruments
t
t
– Faraday cups, activation
– Ion chambers for clinical reference dosimetry
• Relative dosimetry
– Ion chambers for PDD as well as other detectors
(but LET dependence!!)
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009
Thank you
Hadron Dosimetry – 2009 AAPM Summer School 20-25 Jun 2009