Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: H0472 / Konsep Sistem Informasi
: 2006
:1
Pertemuan 7
Komunikasi dalam mendukung
pengambilan keputusan
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menunjukkan hubungan komunikasi dalam
mendukung pengambilan keputusan
dalam konsep work sistem
2
Outline Materi
• Konsep Dasar komunikasi
• Konsep dasar pengambilan keputusan
• Dukungan IS pada komunikasi dan
pengambilan keputusan
3
Opening Case...
• What do you think?
• Is “mass customization” as mentioned here
going to be a major force?
• What type of information system is this?
• It is:
– an information system that supports communication
and decision making
• Compare & contrast this with online shopping
4
Can we use the WCA to
describe this case?
• Sure!
5
Table 5.1
Customizing Jeans at Levi Strauss
CUSTOMER
Person purchasing jeans
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 5.3
6
Table 5.1
Customizing Jeans at Levi Strauss
PRODUCT
Customized pair of jeans
Measurements representing the best fit
Manufacturing specification for the customized pair of jeans
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 5.4
7
Table 5.1
Customizing Jeans at Levi Strauss
BUSINESS PROCESS
Major Steps:
•Take measurements
•Try on special samples to get perfect fit
•Transmit to factory in Tennessee
•Manufacture jeans
•Mail jeans to customer
•Store specification for reorders
Rationale:
•Sell customized jeans that really fit the customer.
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 5.5
8
Table 5.1
Customizing Jeans at Levi Strauss
PARTICIPANTS
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Customer
Customer’s
measurements
Sample pairs for fitting
the customer
Manufacturing
specifications
Technology for
producing the jeans
Delivery address
Computers and data
communication network
Salesperson
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 5.6
9
How can information systems
improve communication and
decision making?
10
Table 5.2
Ways information Systems Can Improve Communication and
Decision Making Performance within Business Processes
RATE OF OUTPUT
Improve communica tion: Communicate more information or more typ es to more pe ople
Improve decis ion ma king: Make mo re d eci sion s using better, mo re complete informatio n
CONSISTENCY
Improve communica tion: Make sur e di fferent p eople receive the same communication
Improve decis ion ma king: Make su re re petitive decisi ons are made in th e same wa y
PRODUCTIVITY
Improve communica tion: A chie ve more co mmuni cation with less effort
Improve decis ion ma king: Make better decisions with less effort
CYCLE TIME
Improve communica tion: E limi nate un desirable delays in communicatio n
Improve decis ion ma king: E liminate un necessary delays in decision ma kin g
FLEXIBILITY
Improve communica tion: P ermit co mmuni cation in many different forms
Improve decis ion ma king: Main tain decision quali ty a cross a wider rang e of situations
SECURITY
Improve communica tion: Make sur e communicati ons go only to the inte nded recipients
Improve decis ion ma king: Make su re d ecision s are co ntro lled only b y th ose author ized
to make the de cisions
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 5.7
11
Basic Communication
Concepts
• Social Context
• Personal, Impersonal and Anonymous
Communication
• Time, Place and Direction of
Communication
12
Table 5.3
Communication Technologies Classified by Time and Place of Communication
SAME PLACE
DIFFERENT PLACE
Sam e tim e:
Sam e tim e:
•Pre sen tation syste ms
•Typ ical telepho nes
•Gro up d eci sion suppo rt syste ms
(GDSS )
•Computer conferen cin g
•Vid eo telep hones and con fere nci ng
•Nonrecorde d ra dio or TV broa dca st
Diff ere nt time
Diff ere nt time
•Transaction da taba ses
•Transaction da taba ses
•World Wide Web
•Ele ctronic mai l
•Voi ce mail
•World Wide Web
•Ele ctronic data interchang e (E DI)
•Ele ctronic mai l
•Voi ce mail
•Fax
•Pre reco rded radio or TV b roadcast
©1999 Addison Wesle y Longma n
Slide 5.8
13
Basic Communication
Concepts
• Approaches for Improving Communication
– Enhancing communications (presentation
tools)
– Self-service…deal with machines for simple
stuff, let people take the exceptions
– Make things systematic and well-ordered
– A richer language is developing…multimedia
• Can technology help us with the “spatially
and temporally dislocated workforce?”
14
Basic Decision Making
Concepts
•
•
•
•
Steps in a Decision Process
Rationality and Satisficing
Common Flaws in Decision Making
Approaches for Improving Decision
Making
15
Decision-making steps
16
How IT can counteract
problems in the decisionmaking process
POOR FRAMING
Description: Allowing a decision to be influenced excessively by the language used
for describing the decision
How an information system might help: Provide information encouraging different
ways to think about the definition of the issue
RECENCY EFFECTS
Description: Giving undue weight to the most recent information
How an information system might help: Provide information showing how the most
recent information might not be representative
PRIMACY EFFECTS
Description: Giving undue weight to the first information received
How an information system might help: Show how some information is inconsistent
with the first information received
POOR PROBABILITY ESTIMATION
Description: Overestimating the probability of familiar or dramatic events;
underestimating the probability of negative events
How an information system might help: Make it easier to estimate probabilities
based on pertinent data
17
How IT can counteract
problems in the decisionmaking process
OVERCONFIDENCE
Description: Believing too strongly in one’s own knowledge
How an information system might help: Provide counterexamples or models
showing that other conclusions might also make sense
ESCALATION PHENOMENA
Description: Unwillingness to abandon courses of action decided upon previously
How an information system might help: Provide information or models showing how
the current approach might give poor results
ASSOCIATION BIAS
Description: Reusing strategies that were successful in the past, regardless of
whether they fit the current situation
How an information system might help: Provide information showing how the
current situation differs from past situatioins
GROUPTHINK
Description: Bowing to group consensus and cohesiveness instead of bringing out
unpopular bias
How an information system might help: Provide information inconsistent with the
current consensus and prove its relevance
18
Decision-making in action...
• Let’s discuss decisions that you’ve made
recently
• How about your decision to register for
your courseload…how did you decide?
• How does this fit with the the phases and
common flaws we’ve discussed?
19
Roles of Different Types of Information Systems in
Communication and Decision Making
• Office Automation Systems: Supporting General Office
Work
• Communication Systems: Making Communication
Effective and Efficient
• Transaction Processing Systems: Structuring Repetitive
Communication and Decision Processes
• Management and Executive Information Systems:
Providing Information Systems for Management
• Decision Support Systems: Providing Information and
Tools for Analytical Work
• Execution Systems: Helping People do the Work that
Provides Value for Customers
20
Office Automation Systems
•
•
•
•
•
Spreadsheets
Text/Word processing
Presentation (e.g. Powerpoint)
Database systems
Others?
21
Communication Systems
• Teleconferencing (October 12th class will
explore this further)
• Messaging
– Asynchronous (email, vmail)
– Synchronous (chat & instant messaging)
– Fax
• Is fax dead?
• Issues with messaging?
• Groupware
22
Transaction Processing
Systems
• We talked about this during our database
discussions…
• Systems that store data about
transactions, which are business “events”
that generate information in a system
23
Management/Executive
Information Systems
• Support management decisions
– information about organizational performance
and operation
• EIS provides this for senior management
– adds information about external context of
business
– Focus on strategic, not tactical issues
24
Decision Support Systems
• Provide support for analytical work
• Tactical decision support
25
Closing
• Konsep Dasar komunikasi
• Konsep dasar pengambilan keputusan
• Dukungan IS pada komunikasi dan
pengambilan keputusan
26