2.3- Carbon Compounds (Molecules of Life)
Got Lactase?
• Many people in the world suffer from ___________
___________________________
– Lacking an enzyme (lactase) that ________
________________found in milk
– “ase” = ___________
– “ose” = ___________
Ribbon model of the
enzyme Lactase
Structural formula for
Lactose
• Lactose intolerance illustrates the importance of
________________________________
– To the functioning of living cells and to human
health
– ______________________________________
_____________________________________
__________
Fats/Oils/Steroids/Wax
__________________
Glucose/Fructose
Starch/Cellulose
Molecules of Life
Biochemicals
(CHONP)
________
Enzymes/Structure
Movement/Protection
_____________
(DNA/RNA)
Carbon Compounds - Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
All compounds are either organic, containing ____________ bonded to
hydrogen and oxygen, or inorganic. _______________________________
___________________________.
I. Carbon Bonding:
 Has 4 electrons in outer energy level
 Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in outer shell
 ______________________________________________________
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set
of small molecules
The four main classes of biological molecules
– ________________________________________
_____________
• Many of the molecules are gigantic
– And are called ______________________
Cells make most of their large molecules
– By joining smaller organic molecules into chains
called _________
Cells link _____________ to form _______________
– By ___________________________
Polymers are broken down to monomers
–
_______________________________________________
Molecules of Life
A. Carbohydrates - ______________________________________
Monosaccharides are the simplest ______________________.
• The carbohydrate monomers are ___________________
• A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of
CH2O ______________________
Monosaccharides can be shown as ________________________
or as rings.
H
O
H
C
H
C
OH
C
O
C
H
OH
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
H
Glucose
H
Fructose
Monosaccharides can join to form ________________________
– Such as sucrose (table sugar) and maltose
(brewing sugar)
________________________ are long chains of sugar units
Polysaccharides are ___________________________________.
-Linked together by _____________________
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
H
HO
H
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
OH
H
H
H
OH
Glucose
OH
H
OH
Glucose
H2O
CH2OH
H
HO
CH2OH
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
H
O
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
Maltose
Disaccharide – maltose
Polysaccharide – starch
Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides
– ________________________________________
____________ is a polysaccharide found in __________________
______________________
O O
O
O
O
O
GLYCOGEN
O O
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
CELLULOSE
OO
OO
O OH
OO
O OH
OO
O
OO
OO
Figure 3.7
O
O
O
Cellulose
molecules
O
O
O
Glycogen
granules in
muscle
tissue
Glucose
monomer
STARCH
Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
O O
O
OO
O O
B. LIPIDS
_________ are lipids that are mostly _______________molecules
Lipids are diverse compounds
That consist mainly of ________ and _________ atoms
linked by nonpolar covalent bonds
– ______________________ –water fearing
O
Fats, also called ___________________
Are lipids whose main function is energy storage
Consist of ____________ linked to ________
________________ – no double bonds (solid at room temp.)
CH3
CH3
Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids with a variety of
functions
• Phospholipids are a major component of
________________(phospholipid bilayer)
• __________ form waterproof coatings (cuticle on leaf)
• ______________ are often hormones (anabolic steroids
- synthetic)
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
O
O C
CH2
CH2
O C
CH2
C
C
O
O
O
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
________________ – has double bonds (liquid at room temp.)
C. PROTEINS
Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life
A protein:
Is a polymer constructed from _________ monomers
Transport substances and fight disease (antibodies)
As enzymes they regulate ______________________
Proteins are made from amino acids linked by ________________
Protein are based on different arrangements of a common set of 20
H
amino acid monomers
O
H
• Each amino acid contains
N
– A ________________ group
C
C
H
– An ___________ group
OH
R
Amino
group
Carboxyl
(acid)
group
– And an ________ group which makes it unique
• Cells link amino acids together
– By ______________________________
• The bonds between amino acid monomers
– Are called _______________ bonds
Carboxyl
group
Peptide
bond
Amino
group
H
H
H
O
N
H
C
C
+
OH
O
H
N
C
Dehydration
reaction
H
C
H
N
OH
R
R
Amino acid
Amino acid
H2O
H
H
O
C
C
R
H
N
C
H
R
O
C
OH
Dipeptide
A protein’s specific _____________ determines its __________________
A protein consists of one or more ____________chains
-Folded into a unique shape that determines the protein’s function
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Examples of nucleic acids include ______________________ and
________________________.
– Serve as the code for building __________and
thus control the life of a cell
The monomers of nucleic acids are ________________.
– Nucleotides are composed of a ______________,
______________, and _________________ base
H
H
N
N
N
H
OH
O
P
N
O
CH2
O
Phosphate
group
O
H
H
N
Nitrogenous
base (A)
H
H
H
OH
H
Sugar
DNA and RNA
-Segments of a DNA molecule called ______make specific
proteins
-DNA programs the amino acid sequences of proteins. DNA
is _________________ forming a helix
-RNA is a ___________________ polynucleotide