NAME __________________________________________ PERIOD _______ DATE _________________
MODERN MIDDLE EAST TEST REVIEW PACKET
Political Directions
Chapter 27 Section 1
Give the definition/goals for the following:
movement to unite all Arabs
Pan-Arabism
Islamic
returning to a more pure form of Islam and get rid of Western influence
Fundamentalism
Why doesn’t Pan-Arabism work?

Different sects of Islam (Sunni and Shi’ite)

Different ethnic & language groups

Geographic barriers

Nationalism
Changing Economic and Social Patterns
Chapter 27 Section 2
Define:
removes salt form sea water to use for irrigation
Desalination
Describe:
Economic goals of
Middle Eastern
countries
Ending foreign control of industry, Feeding, educating and employing the
population, Modernizing
How countries
expanded
agriculture
Increasing water supplies for irrigation by building desalination plants
Better seeds and fertilizers
Redistributing land to the poor (land reform)
Social changes
urbanization has
brought to the
Middle East
Inadequate housing, greater number of women in the urban work force, more
freedom for women, conflicts between generations caused by differences in
education and attitudes,. Exposure to western cultture
Iran
Define:
Shah
another name for a king
1
Theocracy
A nation led by religious leaders
Identify each person’s goals for Iran and their attitude towards the U.S.
Goals for Iran
Attitude Towards western nations
Modernize and westernize
Friendly
Shah Pahlavi
Ayatollah
Khomeini
Islamic Revolution
To return Iran to traditional values
Unfriendly
President
Rafsanjani
Modernize and renew ties to the west
Friendly
President
Ahmadinejad
Improve the economy, achieve nuclear
energy capability (current president of
Iran)
Unfriendly
What was the Islamic Revolution? Why did it happen? Who was involved? What was the outcome?
How was the U.S. involved?
The U.S. supported the shah and not the democratically elected president; the economy got bad
and the shah was a harsh leader; Shah got sick and the people wanted him to stand trial; Islamic
Revolution wanted to create a government based on the Koran
Iraq
Conflict
Causes
Border skirmishes; Iraq attacked Iran
Effects
Both countries suffered huge losses
and debt
Iraq in debt; Iraq wanted oil revenue
and easy way to Persian Gulf; Iraq
invaded Kuwait
U.S. led coalition removed Iraq from
Kuwait; Iraq had to allow U.N.
weapons inspections
Iraq would not allow UN weapons
inspections
U.S. removed Saddam Hussein from
power
Iran-Iraq War
Persian Gulf War
(a.k.a. Desert Storm)
Operation Iraqi
Freedom
Identify
Saddam
Hussein
Former leader of Iraq
A minority ethnic group in the Middle East
Kurd
2
OPEC
What does OPEC stand for?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Identify
Non-renewable no more can be made
resource
Petroleum
the real name for oil
Monopoly
One company/country controls a resource or product market
Oligopoly
small group of companies/countries that controls a resource or product market
Where are most of the OPEC countries located?
Middle East
How did the creation of OPEC increase the strength of its member countries? Oligopoly allows them to
control the price
Why is the world’s oil use increasing at a faster rate than the US’?
World is becoming modern
Afghanistan
Group that established strict Islamic law in Afghanistan
Taliban
Al Qaeda
Terrorist organization; originally started to help the fight against the Soviet Union, later
focused on elimination of the U.S.; was led by Osama bin Laden
Osama bin
Laden
Leader of al Qaeda; extreme hatred for U.S. caused hi to target U.S. in several terrorist
attacks including 9/11
Why did Afghanistan dislike Western nations? What role did the Cold War play in this hatred?
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to keep the communists in power
Why did the US engage in Operation Enduring Freedom? How did the situation in Afghanistan change?
(What was it like, and what is it like now)
Al Qaeda attacked us on 9/11; Osama bin Laden, leader of al Qaeda, was in Afghanistan. The
Taliban was in charge of Afghanistan and would not turn over Osama bin Laden.
Arab-Israeli Conflict
(CH. 26 SEC. 4 AND CH. 28 SEC.2)
Identify
to spread throughout the world in
Diaspora
hatred of Jewish people
Anti-Semitism
3
movement that worked to create a Jewish homeland
Zionism
Theodore
Hertzl
Organized a Zionist organization
Balfour
Declaration
England agreed that there should be a place for the Jewish people
Palestine
Name given to the area along the Mediterranean Sea (presently known as Israel &
Jordan); name Arab people’s want to give a country of their own
split the region into two
Partition
Identify the cause of the following wars
War
Cause
1948 War Arab nations did not accept the creation of Israel (& desire to gain land)
Suez War
Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal making Israel and Western nations nervous (& desire
to gain land)
Feared invasion, so attacked first (& desire to gain land)
Six Day
War
Yom Kippur Wanted the land back that Israel won in the Six Day War (desire to gain land)
War
Reasons Arabs think land should be Palestine
It was promised to them during WWI
It wasn’t Britain’s to give away
They were already living there
Identify
Camp David
Accords
Reasons Jewish people think land should be Israel
It is where they originally come from
They needed a safe place to live (homeland)
It was given to them by the U.N.
.
first time an Arab nation and Israel talked peace
It was the first time Israel sat down with the Palestinians to discuss peace
Oslo Peace Accords
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization (PLO)
Group whose goal it is to create a nation called Palestine for the Arabs
(Palestinians)
Person forced from their home because of conflict
Refugee
4
Palestinian uprising in Israel protesting their treatment
Intifada
Why is the US involved in the Arab-Israeli Conflict?
Israel’s culture is similar
Strategic advantage
Pro-Israel feelings in U.S.
Miscellaneous
Define:
“Western
Nations”
America and the countries of Europe
When one country takes over another country
Imperialism
Give control of something (like an industry) to the government
Nationalize
Spheres of
Influence
an area of one’s country’s economic control within another country
Who controlled most of the Middle East before WWI?
Ottoman Empire
Who controlled much of the Middle East right after WWI?
British and French
What are some of the reasons for the Middle East’s dislike & distrust of Western nations?
Western nations broke their promise to give the land to Arabs for helping to fight against the
Ottoman Empire during WWI; Instead, Arab lands were put under European control after the
war
The British then gave the land to the Jewish people to create Israel, when the Arabs believed it
wasn’t the British’s to give away
The U.S. then support Israel, a country the Arabs do not think should exist.
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