International Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems (IRJCSIS) Vol. 1(1) pp. 1-9, October 2012
Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJMD
Copyright © 2012 International Research Journals
Review
e-Governance Triangle of Hope (eGToH): A full housed
integrative architecture framework that adapts to
evolved technologies
Jameson Mbale
University of Namibia, Private bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
E-mail: mbalej@yahoo.com; Tel.: +264813403635; Fax: +264612063791
Accepted September 11, 2012
The e-Governance Triangle of Hope (eGToH) a full housed and fledged three tier architecture built on
three distinct application components: triangle of hope, as the upper layer; function blocks that were
the unit strategies with pillars side by side as middle layer; thirdly the lower layer comprised of budget
unit together with the ICT policies as the foundation to the architecture. The triangle of hope was built
as the core driving component of the whole implementation system. The architecture was built with
multiples of interlocking function blocks that interleaving relationships with one another forming a
sophisticated interaction that manoeuvred with information sharing. In view of these, the eGToH
architecture was designed as an integrative and interoperability framework which adapted the evolved
ICT technologies including the past, present and future changing requirements. Therefore, the
architecture would make it possible for the nations build and implement either e-Governance or eGovernment systems.
Keywords: eGToH architecture, function blocks, data centres, network connectivity, scalability, pillars,
interoperability, line ministries, e-Governance and e-Government.
INTRODUCTION
This work envisages the e-Governance Triangle of Hope
(eGToH) a full fledged three tier architecture built on
three distinct application components and these are the:
triangle of hope, as the upper layer; function blocks that
are the unit strategies, as the middle layer and thirdly was
the lower layer composed of the budgetary unit with the
IT/ICT policies as the stepping stairs to the major system.
The triangle of hope is built as the core driving of the
whole implantation of the e-Governance or e-Government
systems. In this work it was treated as the roof of the
entire architecture as it protected and managed the whole
application system. The triangle of hope was also
partitioned in three application set-up mechanism as
shown in Figure 1. These categories are the data
centres, network connectivity and the architecture which
was enhanced with the COBIT technology.
The data centres store all the information from the line
ministries and private sectors whereas the network
connectivity was IT/ICT infrastructure covering both the
urban and the rural communities. The other part was the
architecture which was enhanced with the COBIT
technology.
The second part of the architecture was the function
blocks which were unit strategies of various line
ministries and private sectors as pillars and beneficiaries
to the entire system as shown in Figure 2. The third
component was the budget and IT/ICT policies as the
foundation base to the whole system
The eGToH architecture was designed as an
interoperability framework with present and future
changing ICT technological requirements that was
capable of supporting the system scalability for greater
number of economic circumstances. It was designed to
allow real-life implementation by use of current, widely
accessible ICT technologies. The architecture was built
with multiples of interlocking function blocks that
interleaving relationships with each other forming a
sophisticated interaction mechanisms. These multiples of
interlocking function blocks form the metropolitan of line
ministries and private sectors’ application strategies. The
2 Int. Res. J. Comput. Sci. Inform. Syst.
Figure 1. The triangle of hope set-up mechanism.
ture
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Function Blocks:
Unit Strategies
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Triangle of HopeRoof
Budget
IT/ICT Policies
Function Blocks:
Unit Strategies
Figure 2. eGToH Architecture.
architecture was designed to support the system
scalability to withstand the dynamic environmental trends
and any other economic circumstances. In this way, the
system allowed real-life implementation by use of current,
widely accessible ICT technologies. This system
architecture was adequately equipped to service both the
urban and typical rural environment.
Statement of Problem
Various Governments have realised a vision of building
one merged system that would govern all public and
private applications, of course reaching out both the
urban and rural sectors. Some developed nations have
managed to realise this vision. However, for the third
Mbale 3
world nations this has been difficulty to break through,
especially in the sub-Saharan region. From the survey
carried out in May 2010, on the questionnaire it was
found out that in the sub-Saharan region, countries had
taken a period of an average of between 8 to 10 years
struggling to build one without any success. In this
period, definitely, each nation had been trying to come up
with e-Governance or e-Government systems but to no
avail. A lot of systems discussed in Section 2 below were
developed for both the developed and developing
nations. Still for most of the states or nations in the subSaharan region as indicated from the questionnaire, the
goal was not achieved. In this period, a variety of
hardware, and system software were developed and set
up, still from the questionnaire it showed that it was far
from reaching the goal. This would prompt one to ask a
series of questions such as: One wonders what are the
problems that had lead the projects drag for a long period
without finding the solution? What is really missing? Are
system requirements such as: architecture, hardware,
software, etc adequately addressed? Honestly, such a
length period signifies that the developments of systems
like e-Governance or e-Government were a big challenge
to the Governments. From the survey, no single country
was identified as having succeeded in establishing a full
fledged system. However as discussed in the next
chapter, some researchers looked into some possible
ways of developing sophisticated architectures for eGovernance systems as a solution to the pending
problems. Zakareya E. (2005) emphasized that the
adoption of e-government that it was not straightforward
and could be done in a limited period of time, rather it
required an integrative architecture framework approach
to place government information and services online.
This was one of the reasons why many government
organisations ware still in the infancy stage of egovernment adoption. He further pointed out that another
important reason for this delay was that e-governments
required
significant
changes
in
organisational
infrastructure, which, in turn, could engender resistance.
Literature Review
As many countries have realised that there is a need to
develop a one national system that would reach the
urban and rural community, the effort to build eGovernance or e-Government systems was envisaged.
Though it has been proved that developing the eGovernance was not an easy task and many countries
especially the third world had not achieved this dream.
However, some national planners have realised that one
of the draw backs was failing to design fully-fledged eGovernance architecture. According to the Technical
Standards and E-Governance Architecture, a large
number of E-Governance applications developed in
isolation, resulted in self-contained islands of information.
Every application followed its own standards with the
main objective of delivering process-centric results
irrespective of other applications. Hence, at the outset
there was a need for an architecture that was aimed at
reuse and customization. The Technical Standards and
E-Governance Architecture, emphasized that software
reuse must become a key part in the software. The
continuing need for speeding up the software
development life cycle and reducing the cost of
development to manageable proportions exists in all
large software projects. Component was architecture
enabled efficient reuse of existing application assets,
faster deployment of new applications, and improved
responsiveness to changing business needs. Reusable
software components were the building blocks that made
a system able to respond quickly to change. The
Technical Standards and E-Governance Architecture
cautioned that planning for reuse must begin at the
architecture stage itself, as it delivered the much needed
openness and flexibility.
Libor N. (2005) carried out a study on the architectural
requirements when building the e-Government or eGovernance systems. He designed the ICT eGovernment architecture an interoperability framework
between information systems used in public
administration (PA) also in the pan-European range. His
emphasis were that the principles of the architecture
were selected in order to support long-term flexibility and
the freedom to respond to future developments, to future
technology, to new or changed needs, and to changes in
economic relationships. Thus, the architecture was
designed as a fixed, long-term framework. He stressed
that the architecture was based on the principle of service
oriented architecture (SOA), as such cooperating
partners provided services to each other. In his study, he
further formulated a series of the ICT e-Government
architecture requirements such as:
• support the management of all processes linked with
the innovation, design, implementation and running of all
systems;
• support technology-neutrality and the possibility of
purchasing technology and services from different,
competing providers together with support for
interoperability;
• support a flexible solution, support the adaptation of
the system to changing needs, ICT possibilities and
economic circumstances;
• support system scalability for great number of
instances. The solution must not contain a node or
subsystem that prevents the whole system growing (nor,
in principle, should it involve a quick growth in the charge,
or a rapid increase in the complexity of management,
or other limitations dependent on the number of instances
4 Int. Res. J. Comput. Sci. Inform. Syst.
in the whole system), but to mention a few.
However, Libor N. (2005) went on to emphasise that
the architecture described the solution as a fixed set of
function blocks and their relationships and limits. He
added on that the architecture was an abstract, high-level
description. It was designed to enable real-life
implementation by use of current, widely accessible ICT
technology.
Sharma and Gupta (2002) cited an example that an
e-government portal required a common and integrated
architecture
framework
that
allowed
different
organisations, provinces, and municipalities to share and
exchange data, independent of formats, devices and
underlying architecture. Therefore, organisation must
have a clear understating of architecture frameworks
from both the technical and information management
level. The e-government architecture defined the
standards, infrastructure components, applications,
technologies, business model and guidelines for
electronic commerce among and between organisations
that facilitates the interaction of the government and
promotes group productivity.
Zakareya E. (2005) they proposed architecture
framework for e-government adoption would reduce
confusion surrounding e-government infrastructure in the
public sector through understanding the implementation
processes, identifying requirements of ICT tools,
highlighting the importance of the organisational
management resources and the impact of barriers. The
framework could also help the decision makers to set a
vision statement and strategic action plan for future
direction in the information technology age through
identifying key elements and stages for action.
The E-Government Architecture Document (2001)
stated that the purpose of the e-government architecture
was to facilitate implementation of citizen-centric access
to information and services and support deployment of
other e-government applications. The architecture could
reduce the time and cost of deploying applications, while
making it easier to integrate information and services.
They designed the following principles that could guide
the development of the state's e-government architecture
such as:
• the architecture must promote integrated access and
delivery of information and services in a manner that was
convenient and easy to use;
• the e-government architecture must support the
mission of the agency;
• the e-government architecture must facilitate business
transformation to improve;
• customer service, achieves cost savings, and reduces
complexity;
• the e-government architecture must promote
enterprise requirements including security and privacy,
aggregation of demand, efficiencies, collaboration within
communities of interest, ease of use, and integration of
services;
• the e-government architecture must provide
adaptability to accommodate change and permit fast
deployment of e-government solutions;
• the architecture must encourage creativity, initiative,
and innovation by agencies;
• the e-government architecture must accommodate
change in technology and changing requirements.
eGToH System Architecture
The eGToH shown in Figure 2 was three tier architecture
framework which was divided into three distinct multiple
module components and these are: triangle of hope as
the upper layer, the multiples of interlocking function
blocks that are the varies unit strategies which is the
middle layer and last but not the least was the lower layer
which had the budget combined with ICT policies as
foundation to the architecture.
Upper Layer: Triangle of Hope
The Triangle of Hope (eGToH) was a core application
component of the whole architecture. The eGToH was
composed up of the Data Centre, connectivity and
architecture components.
The data centre was a nation repository used to store
the information for all the line ministries and private
organisation. This information was integrated to
accommodate operability, as this information was coming
from all walks-of-life begin government ministries, private
organisations and non-governmental organisations.
Hence the data had to be formatted to allow operability to
take place. Each organisation ensured that it regularly
updated its information at the data centre. This
information would be accessed by all the stakeholders
and in that way the information would be uniform. This
data centre repository would employ Jameson Mbale et
al., (2002) binary scheme matching which would match
all the fields to be uniform in that way all users in the
country would be able to access information without the
fields miss matching.
The connectivity was required to reach all walks-oflife being rural or urban areas. This system demanded
that in rural areas where government could not manage
or afford to lay the network cable or fibre, other
alternatives could be used. Some of these alternatives
were to deploy the VISAT, wireless, mobile WiMAX, 2.5G
and 3G technologies. According to the questionnaire
responses showed that 80% recommended those
infrastructures such as VISAT, wireless, mobile WiMAX,
2.5G, and 3G could be successfully deployed in the rural
Mbale 5
ed
nc
a
h
en Information
T
I
B
Criteria
CO
H
Domains
Processes
People
Applications
Infrastructure
Facilities
Data
To
et
e
ur
ct
ry y
e
t
lity ucia urit
hi
a
c
r
Qu Fid Sec
-A
IT Processes
r
Pa
f
to
n
po
m
o
C
Tri
an
gle
Ro of Ho
of
pe
-
Activities
IT rces
u
so
Re
Figure 3. eGToH – architecture COBIT enhanced.
sectors. This would be inevitable to complete the
connectivity both from the rural and the urban areas. The
eGToH architecture required a complete connectivity
hence all possible ICT infrastructure be installed covered
all technologies such as dial-up, ISDN, DSL, cable
(wired), fibre, VISAT, WI-FI, WiMAX, 2.5G, 3G, wireless
and mobile WiMAX. All these would be an effort to reach
out the needy areas. The eGToH architecture demanded
that even the remote areas be inclusive. In that way they
would be a sufficient connectivity to cater for the egovernance or e-government systems.
The eGToH architecture component was COBIT
enhanced. This was reinforced by the COBIT framework
because of its IT Governance Institute (2003) defined IT
activities in a generic process model, consisting of a set
300+ Control Objectives that are grouped into 34
Processes of high level Control Objectives. The COBIT
framework classification structure consists of three levels
of IT effort used to manage IT resources, such as the
Domains that groups processes together, the Processes
that groups series of joined activities or tasks and the
Tasks and activities needed to achieve measurable
result. In fact the domains level was divided into four
groups: planning and organization, acquisition and
implementation, delivery and support, and monitoring for
which high level control objectives were provided. The
enhancement of COBIT framework would make the
eGToH architecture versatile, support the adaption of the
system to changing technological requirements, and
support long term flexibility and the freedom to respond to
future technologies and developments. All these would
be possible because of the COBIT process that utilised
its characteristic such as strategic IT plan, monitoring
processes, define the IT organisation, ensure compliance
with external requirement, technology direction,
technology management, technology infrastructure,
procedure management and manage change. In general
the enhancement of COBIT framework would facilitate
the manipulation of IT resources, information critieria and
IT processes as illustrated in Figure 3.
Middle Layer: Function Blocks-Unit Strategies
The middle layer was composed of the multi function
blocks that were unit strategies for the various line
ministries and private sectors. These inter-locking
function blocks or unit strategies interact with one another
in information and technology sharing. These function
blocks draw their strategic policies from the national ICT
police. These function blocks would not work in isolation
but guided by the nation policies that were stepping steps
into the establishment of the e-governance or egovernment systems. These multi function groups
collectively gathers or collects numerous information from
all walks-of-life and be used for day-to-day application
processes. These layers had two special groups of users,
line ministries and private sectors who are the pillars of
the system. These pillars are heavily connected to all
layers. The middle layer has got windows that are
comprised of the ICT regulators and system monitoring
agents. Due to heavy utilisation of system, the data and
information required to be protected from abuse hence
the ICT regulators regulated the utilisation of the ICT
systems, whereas the monitoring agents checked on the
miss use of the resources from both pillars. As a multi
system it required to have had a strong door to guard for
security intrusion. Some of the security issues that
needed attention were to protect from hackers, inversion
from worms, virus and another threats.
Lower Layer: Budget and ICT Policies
Lower layer was composed of the national budget and
policies that formed the foundation of the e-governance
or e-government architecture. Before starting such a
project the budget for connectively, data storage, building
6 Int. Res. J. Comput. Sci. Inform. Syst.
Figure 4. Distribution of ICT infrastructure between the urban and rural sectors.
architecture etc, needed to be acquired and evenly
distributed for implementation. Such a multi architecture
project required adequate funds for purchasing the
relevant equipment and software, operational funds,
capacity building and maintenance cost.
DISCUSSION
The eGToH was a very sophisticated e-governance
system which was architecture driven. In order to build
such a multi complex system a number of issues needed
to be taken into consideration. Some of the issues were:
the government should carryout a feasibility study to
ascertain the need of establishing the e-governance or egovernment systems, provision of IT/ICT resources such
as infrastructure, human resources and the community
mind set.
Infrastructure
In order to establish an e-Governance or e-Government
system the concerned government(s) had to make
deliberate intervention to deploy IT/ICT infrastructure to
both the urban and rural sectors. From the study carried
out on 1st May 2010 from the questionnaire distributed, it
was reported that in the sub-Saharan region it had been
difficult to set up IT/ICT infrastructure in the rural areas.
From Figure 4 it was illustrated that in urban areas there
was at least 59% deployment of ICT infrastructure,
whereas in rural sectors was only 11%. From these
statistical results, if the Governments concerned wanted
to build a comprehensive architecture, then they need
first to install ICT equipment in the rural areas. The
statistics showed a bigger gap of 48% difference in the
distribution of the ICT infrastructure between the urban
and rural sectors. The remaining 30% showed also
another unutilised infrastructure. From this analysis, how
much a sophisticated architecture the Government could
construct, it would not cater for the rural community for
there would be no access to reach out the remote
sectors. In fact such architectures would always remain
uncompleted for they would not be linked to the rural
communities. The argument here was that if a nation had
built e-Governance or e-Government systems saving only
the urban areas then this would not warrant that the
particular state had achieved the intended goal.
In this paper the three tier architecture was designed
to comprise of the three layers and these are the upper
lay which was composed of the triangle of hope, with an
architecture which was COBIT enhanced. The middle lay
was composed of the function blocks and the two pillars.
The lower layer was component that dealt with budget
calculation. It had also modules of the national ICT
policies that were considered as the stepping stairs to
building the unit strategies.
The composition of the upper layer: Data Centres,
connectivity and the architecture which was COBIT
enhanced made it be the core component that drives the
whole architecture to be an interoperability framework
that could support long-term flexibility to give e-Gover-
Mbale 7
nance or e-Government solutions. The Data Centre was
automated to frequently update the information from the
received resources from the line ministries and nonGovernmental organisations (NGO). This was possible
because of the adequate network connectivity that span
from the urban to rural sectors to reach out even the
vulnerable communities. This architecture part was as
versatile as it was enhanced by the COBIT framework
whose mechanisms were dynamic as technology
evolves. This component made the whole architecture be
intelligent had it accommodated changing technology
needs.
The middle layer was composed of a series of multiple
of unit strategies from the line ministries and nonGovernmental organisations as discussed earlier. Each
ministry or NGOs would design and built units strategies
that would be interlocked with others as the system made
interoperability, scalable, support the adaptability with
changing needs and economic circumstances.
Human Resources
For such a sophisticated system architecture would
require adequate trained manpower, or else they would
be no body to manage it. The system would need the
network engineers to manage the connectivity, database
administrators to manage the huge databases that would
frequently be updated, security experts who would put
strictly measures to safeguard the data from attack and
abuse, strategic planners who would design short and
long term unit strategies, but to mention a few. All in all,
without adequate trained manpower the system would
not be operated as expected. This would affect the vision
of the state to implement either the e-Governance or eGovernment that was aimed at delivering resources to
include the vulnerable communities.
Community Mind Set
As discussed in the earlier sections, the e-Governance or
e-Government systems are/were very complex in terms
of applications and huge in terms of capacity. Such
systems required dedication, passion, and perseverance
approach from the users. Therefore, there was a need for
the Governments concerned to carryout the massive,
intensive and extensive ICT campaign awareness to both
the urban and rural sectors. In view of this, empowering
the ICT technology to both communities was fundamental
to the utilisation of the system.
Otherwise, the
established system would be just a white elephant for it
would not be beneficial especially to the vulnerable
communities. According to the questionnaire carried out
st
in 1 May 2010 the response showed that only 3% of the
rural communities in the sub-Saharan region had
received IT/ICT awareness. From this result it was
evident that even if the systems were built now, about
97% population in rural areas were not acquainted with
the IT/ICT knowledge. Therefore, these groups were not
going to have capacity to use such systems. As they
would not be in position to use them, they would also not
accept the systems. Hence, this was where the
Government had to invest on the IT/ICT awareness to the
rural communities, otherwise the system would not be
appreciated by the vulnerable people. In this way, the
concerned Governments needed to prepare the Mind Set
of their people especially those in rural environment.
Budget and National ICT Policies
As discussed above, the e-Governance or e-Government
systems required sophisticated equipments, software,
highly trained manpower, and IT/ICT campaign
awareness to vulnerable communities. Such resources
and activities were very costly. Therefore, the countries
that needed to develop such systems required to
prioritise their budget on the development of either eGovernance and e-Government systems. Of course, all
these activities required funds, hence the nation
concerned needed to plan or budged a head, to avoid
uncompleted projects. Actually, budget was seen has the
foundation to the sustainability of the whole project. Also
at the foundation the countries required effective IT/ICT
policies in place. These made stepping steps to the
development of the heterogeneous unit strategies from
various ministries and NGO’s. These unit strategies were
the aggressive components in interaction with the
relevant stake-holders. There were the inter-locking
components that made the systems to be interoperability.
These unit strategies, if compared to a computer they
could be “operating system”; if compared to a human
body they could be “blood stream”, if compared to a
building they would be “bricks or building blocks”, if
compared to nature they could be “ecosystems” etc.
CONCLUSION
The e-Governance Triangle of Hope (eGToH) was a full
fledged three tier architecture built on three distinct
application components the: triangle of hope, as the
upper layer; function blocks that are the unit strategies
with pillars side by side as middle layer; and thirdly was
the lower layer comprised of budgetary unit together with
the IT/ICT policies as the foundation to the architecture.
In fact IT/ICT policies are treated as the stepping stairs to
the major system in the architecture. The triangle of
hope was built as the pivotal component as the driving
8 Int. Res. J. Comput. Sci. Inform. Syst.
mechanism of the whole implementation systems. In this
work it was treated as the roof because of its mechanism
to manipulate, protect, and support the whole application
manoeuvres. The triangle of hope was also partitioned in
three application set-up mechanism such as the data
centres, network connectivity and the architecture. The
data centre was a central information repository that
stored information from all walks-of-life. In this
component, the data was stored in a dynamic state and
was reusable. The Database Administrators ensured and
was responsible for frequently updating as the fresh
information was received. The network connectivity was a
mesh topology with the sate-of-art technology. This
system required highly skilled network engineers to
handle the complex network. This network is composed
of varies technologies that are deployed according to the
environment settings. In accessible areas the connectivity
such as that of wired and narrow broadband are easily
and affordable deployed. Some of the wired broadband
involves the digital subscriber line, coaxial cables, and
fiber. Whereas, the narrow band includes: telephone lines
and Integrated Service Digital Network. In some remote
areas there was some geographical terrain that made it
difficult and expensive to lay the network cables. In such
circumstances, the Governments concerned had no other
alternatives but to use the VSAT, Wi-FI, 2.5G, 3G and
Mobile WiMAX technologies. In this way it would be
possible to reach out the un-accessible areas, such as
the rural communities. This was also pointed out by
Pentland (2004) that wireless technologies would be the
first viable infrastructure to serve rural and undeveloped
areas. He further argued that the rationale behind this
assertion was that after the invention of the telephone, it
took nearly hundred years for wired telephones to reach
a population of one billion people around the world. He
compared
it
with
the
invention
of
cellular
communications, which took about twenty years to reach
the same one billion people. Hence, the eGToH
emphasises on enhancing the systems with more of
wireless infrastructure deployed especially in rural areas
where laying cables might be a problem. In fact, the
variations of geographical environments compelled the
combinations of different technologies in connectivity.
With a complete network connectivity, it would allow the
Government achieve the goal of implementing either eGovernance or e-Government systems as all
communities are reached and had access to ICT
resources.
As discussed earlier, the architecture component was
enhanced by the COBIT technology. The inclusion of the
COBIT technology was to exploit its vast and the four
main potential controlled objectives that covered high
levels of: planning and organization; acquisition and
implementation; delivery and support and monitoring. The
planning and organization objectives would enrich the
architectural system with: definitions of: strategic IT
planning, information architecture, IT organisation and
relationships, and communication management direction.
The other levels in this objective were management of: IT
investment, human resources, risks, projects and quality.
The second level the acquisition and implementation
would beef up eGToH with the management of: identified
solutions, application software, changing needs, thirdparty services, performance and capacity and continuous
service. The third level the delivery and support would
strengthen the eGToH in managing the: system
configuration, problems and incidents, data, facilities and
attribute costs. The last level but not the least was the
monitoring which would equip the eGToH to manage:
operations, processes, assessment of internal controls,
independent of assurance and audit. All these discussed
attributes of the enhancement of the COBIT technology
would definitely make the eGToH architecture most
intelligent system.
The middle layer was discussed as the part composed
of two major units the pillars and the multiples of unit
strategies in this paper referred to as function blocks.
The function blocks manoeuvres in information sharing
with the rest of the interlocked blocks as shown in Figure
3. In this way, this component makes the eGToH
architecture be interoperability, where the various line
ministries and private sectors, also in this paper referred
to as pillars, could exchange information freely.
The bottom layer is composed of the budget and ICT
policies both formed the foundation to the eGToH
system. The eGToH being a very complex system, it
would require adequate funds for acquisition of state-ofart equipment, software, operation costs, training
facilities, consultancies, insurance, staff salaries, but to
mention a few. It is considered as foundation since the
activities done or resources acquired required funds. The
sustainability of the entire project required adequate
funds as well. In addition to funds, it was also considered
that ICT policies would be required as they are the
stepping stairs to building of strategic units.
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