00_abstract_IRD71_abstract54.qxd 31/10/13 09:44 Page1
Le journal de l'IRD
n° 71 September-october 2013
Translator: Technicis
The future
of potatoes
in the Altiplano
p. 4 Partners
Brazil: at the crossroads of
social and environmental
issues
Earthquakes and people's
organisations in Peru
© Bruno Herve
P
eople's organisations in Lima are an
essential crisis management resource
in the face of seismic risk. Indeed, the
Peruvian capital is located in the Pacific
Ring of Fire and is thus faced with the
permanent risk of devastating earthquakes. To tackle this problem, a team from
the IRD and its partners at the Peruvian
Civil Defence Institute, the body
in charge of preparedness planning for any
potential crisis
situation, are placing their bets
on the civilian
population.
© IRD / Pierre Freon
A
major scientific study carried out in Senegal and
Mali highlights the importance of taking action
regarding hospital practices in order to reduce
maternal mortality.
Death in childbirth is no longer unavoidable in subSaharan Africa! Actions have been carried out and
assessed within the framework of an international
research programme in Senegal and Mali. They aim
to increase the knowledge of healthcare professionals and improve healthcare practices, and have
proven effective.
p. 3 News
A new EDCTP initiative
for clinical trials
D
esperate times call for desperate measures and the major pandemics that ravage
Africa call for major clinical trials. The multilateral, European EDCTP programme actively supports research into new solutions to prevent
and combat AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. The
challenge for the European Commission,
which is behind this initiative, is to support
phase II and III clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa in order to accelerate the development of
medicines, vaccines, microbicides and new or improved diagnostic methods. This crucial
step in developing the drugs of tomorrow deserves to be supported, backed up with technology, and harmonised through the use of common protocols. In short, research needs
to be encouraged in areas that are unappealing to pharmaceutical laboratories with their
economic reasoning. EDCTP, which will celebrate its tenth anniversary this year, can boast
a number of impressive success stories, including the spectacular reduction in motherto-child transmission of HIV thanks to the use of nevirapine at the most timely moment
during pregnancy.
The partnership is getting ready to launch its second phase under the name of EDCTP 2.
Marine protected areas
at a crossroads
T
here are nearly 8,000 marine protected
areas worldwide, the aim of which is to
protect biodiversity in the marine environment
and ensure the sustainable development of
marine activities. How can they be made more
effective? Where should new areas be created and according to which criteria? Answers to these questions have been provided through research carried out at the IRD.
p. 8-9 Research
Urbanisation and health:
a new dilemma for
the southern hemisphere
In the towns of the southern hemisphere,
health issues are arising that are as unprecedented as they are complex. Development is
occurring at an alarming rate and towns are not
able to provide the essential services, infrastructures and economic means necessary to enable all of their inhabitants to remain in good
health and have access to care. Indeed, the built-up areas of developing countries have
been growing very quickly since the second half of the 20th century. Furthermore, unlike
towns in the northern hemisphere, where urbanisation occurred a long time ago, gradually, and on the back of technical developments in industry and agriculture, the process
in the South is recent, sudden and lacks solid economic foundations. The researcher
explains that the new city-dwellers leave the countryside with no guarantee of employment, housing or better living conditions and arrive in inhospitable towns with a socially
and spatially heterogeneous urban fabric and unequal access to facilities. They expand
what are usually informal settlements and thus discover a new type of poverty. As with
the inequalities faced, there is also a huge contrast in the epidemiological tables, with higher incidences of infectious and parasitic diseases, chronic conditions related to excessive
and sedentary lifestyles, and soon, as the population ages, we will see an increase in
degenerative pathologies. Simultaneously, environmental and socio-cultural changes are
contributing to the emergence of new forms of vector-borne diseases which are specific
to urban environments with high population densities. It is with this particularly original
context in mind that policies need to be developed that not only focus on health determinants such as hygiene, sanitation and schooling, but also on healthcare. This unprecedented situation obliges us to reconsider a number of issues.
Between the
water and fire
of Peruvian
volcanoes
p. 5 Partners
p. 7 Research
I
ater and heat
sources coexist
underneath volcanoes.
Deep within the structure of most volcanoes, complex "steam
engines" known as
hydrothermal systems
can be found. This constant bubbling away reflects volcanic activity and also plays an
important role in the dynamics of eruptions; in the long term, it can contribute to destabilising the volcanic edifice. It is therefore important to be familiar with the internal
workings of every active volcano, especially since this can be rather convoluted. Indeed, a
recent study on Tixani and Ubinas in Peru has shown that hydrothermal resurgence can
occur at a significant distance from the crater. Hot springs and fumaroles, with their
characteristic white smoke, can be found over 10 km away from the two summits. Up
until now, researchers were unsure whether or not these phenomena were directly linked
to the volcanic structures.
© IRD / M. Cot
p. 5 Partners
A crackdown on maternal
mortality
n ambitious company should know that
a step-by-step approach is the key to
success, and the sponsors of the MANUSASTRA
master's degree project in Cambodia have clearly understood this. They have created a series of summer universities over three years
which aim to prepare their future students for the course. This teaching programme will
train tomorrow's researchers in anthropology, archaeology, history or linguistics as well as
future experts in heritage management. For Cambodia and Laos, the first two countries
participating in this initiative, the aim is to achieve autonomy in these fields which, to
date, remain dominated by the expertise and knowledge of western specialists. Until
now, despite their extraordinary cultural heritage, these countries have had to rely on the
competence of learned foreigners.
W
L
ogging, intensive cultivation of soya
and extensive livestock farming are
some of the sources of pressure that
have a radical impact on the life of the
Ribeirinhos, who live on the banks of the
Tapajós river in the heart of Amazonia. In
order to help them to continue living on
their land and simultaneously encourage
"sustainable use" of forest resources, the
authorities of the Tapajós National Forest
reserve have been encouraging numerous local development projects since the
early 2000s. However, this policy has
only partly been able to meet the needs
of the Ribeirinhos. A study conducted
as part of the Franco-Brazilian project
"Floresta em Pé" indeed reveals that the
strategy for this pilot protected area,
which promotes forest extractivism for
commercial purposes, can destabilise
village economies if these new activities
are not introduced progressively.
p. 2 News
© IRD / S. Byrdina
© IRD / L. Emperaire
ts body is shiny and black and is
decorated with scales with a yellow
or silver tint. The new species of mosquito Stegomyia pia, discovered in
Mayotte, owes its name to its flattering
appearance, "pia" meaning "pretty"
in Shimaore, the island's indigenous
language. But this belies its menacing
nature. The researchers at the IRD and
their partners at the Indian Ocean
branch of the French Regional Health
Agency (ARS) who identified it, think
that it is a previously unknown vector
of dengue fever and chikungunya.
© IRD / R. Saudegbee
I
A
© IRD / F. Fournet
Dengue fever and
chikungunya: a potential
vector discovered in Mayotte
ow will staple food
plants react to global warming? The answer to this important
question differs from
one region of the planet to another. For the
farmers of the Peruvian
high plateaus, the
variety of potato chosen needs to be able to stand up to the whims of the climate.
Indeed, the simulations carried out for four sites in the Peruvian Altiplano, based upon
two different end-of-century climate scenarios, indicate that yields of the Andean
potato, the most marketed variety, will suffer from global warming in the order of
4°C to 5°C.
Cambodia - Laos: A master's
degree in research and
heritage
© P.-Y. Chouvy
p. 1 News
© Wilfredo Izarra
H
p. 6 Education
p. 10 Research
Development and drug
economy
W
hether in competition or coexistence, the drug economy
and development are both part of the
political and social landscape of the
countries of the southern hemisphere.
Researchers are studying the various,
little-known facets of the often complex and sometimes paradoxical relationships between these two businesses.
p. 13 Planets
An intelligent biographic search
engine
U
ntil now, researchers who wanted to look
into skilled expatriates had to conduct surveys, plough through files, and interview internationally mobile students.This was the price that had to be paid to trace their steps
and to find out which Colombian, Argentinian or Mexican in the world had
written a thesis, was running a company or managing a laboratory. Now an IT tool
called Uno por uno, developed as part of the Cidésal project in which the IRD participates, automatically carries out part of the researchers' work.
© Jorge Garcia Florès
© IRD / V. Robert
p. 2 News
© IRD / J. Thach
Abstracts for the international issue
Consult the articles in full on the IRD Internet site: http://www.ird.fr
00_abstract_IRD71_abstract54.qxd 31/10/13 09:44 Page4
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