International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science (ISSN: 2251-0044) Vol. 1(8) pp. 326-331 October 2011
Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJAS
Copyright ©2011 International Research Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of calcium and phosphorus fertilizer on the
growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Kamara, E.G1, Olympio, N.S2 and *Asibuo, J.Y3
1
Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Njala Agricultural Research Centre, PMB 540, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
2
Department of Horticulture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
3*
CSIR-Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana.
Accepted 05 October, 2011
Two experiments were conducted at the CSIR-Crops Research Institute (CSIR-CRI), Kumasi in Ghana
during the major and minor seasons of 2009 to study the effects of calcium and phosphorus
fertilization on the growth and seed yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). A 2x2x3 factorial design
was used. The factors studied were two varieties of groundnut, two rates of phosphorus (0 and 40 kg
P2O5 ha-1) and three levels of calcium (0, 100 and 200 kg Ca ha-1) were applied. Pod and seed yields
were generally higher in the major season. Dry spell in the minor season affected the results.
Application of calcium fertilizer had a positive effect on the number of filled pods, shelling percentage
and 100 seed weight. Application of 100 kg Ca ha-1 significantly (P≤0.05) out-yielded the control in
number of filled pods, shelling percentage and 100 seed weight which invariably resulted in higher pod
and seed yields. The results also show that phosphorus fertilization significantly (P≤0.05) influenced
vegetative growth and biomass of the two groundnut varieties. Positive relationship was observed
between number of filled pods and shelling percentage (r2=0.97). The results indicated that calcium
and phosphorus fertilization are vital for the growth and seed yield of groundnut.
Keywords: Arachis hypogaea, calcium, phosphorus, growth, seed yield.
INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the most important
food legume in Ghana in terms of consumption and area
under production. It contains 42- 52% oil and 22-30%
protein on a dry seed basis and is a rich source of
minerals like phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and
potassium (Savage and Keenan, 1994). Besides being a
source of income for farmers, groundnut provides an
inexpensive source of high quality dietary protein and oil
in the diets of many Ghanaians (Asibuo et al., 2008).
Despite the importance of this crop, its yields remain low
-1
below 1.0 t ha , which is far less than the potential yield
-1
of 2-3 t ha . This has affected groundnut production, the
income and welfare of groundnut growers. It is not very
clear whether this problem of low yields is as a result of
declining soil fertility or changes in climatic condition.
Calcium is a soil nutrient deficient in Ghanaian soils.
Calcium deficiency leads to high percentage of aborted
*Corresponding author email: jyasibuo@gmail.com
seeds (empty pods or “pops”) and improperly filled pods
(Ntare et al., 2008). It also leads to aborted or shriveled
fruit, including darkened plumules and production of pods
without seed (Singh and Oswalt, 1995). To get good
yields of quality groundnut pods, an adequate amount of
Ca should be present in the soil from early flowering of
crop production onwards. Phosphorus, an essential
nutrient for crop growth and yield with good quality is
deficient in most Ghanaian soils. Although legumes can
fix their own nitrogen, they often need phosphorus and
potassium for good seed formation (Asiedu et al., 2000).
Phosphorus also promotes root growth, enhances
nutrient and water use efficiency and increases yield. The
requirement of phosphorus in nodulating legumes is
higher compared to non-nodulating crops. Due to the
important role played by phosphorus in the physiological
processes of plants, application of phosphorus to soil
deficient in the nutrient leads to increase groundnut yield.
Hence, appropriate Ca combination with P fertilization
may reveal the causes of empty pods, low yields and
seed quality of groundnut in Ghana. Oyster shell, a
Kamara et al. 327
Table 1. The initial physical and chemical properties of the
experimental soil in 2009
Soil Depth
% Organic C
% Organic matter
Total nitrogen
Exchangeable cations (Cmol kg-1)
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
H
Available P (mg kg-1)
pH
% Sand
% Clay
% Silt
natural source of calcium can be used to correct Ca
deficiencies and raise pH in acidic soils. No study has
been conducted on the effect of Ca from oyster shell and
P and their interaction on the growth and yield of
groundnut. The main objective of this study was to
determine the effect of Ca and P fertilization on the
growth and yield (pod and seed) of two groundnut
genotypes in the major and minor raining seasons in the
semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two field experiments were conducted at the Crops
Research Institute at Fumesua during the major and
minor raining seasons in 2009. The soil type was sandy
loam with low organic matter, cation exchange capacity
and calcium, moderate nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil
was acidic in nature with pH range of 4.96 to 5.25 (Table
1).
Total rainfall in the major and minor raining season
was 993.3 and 215.3 mm, respectively. Air temperate
o
varied from 21.1-31.4 C in the major raining season to
o
22-32 C in the minor raining season. Relative humidity
was between 86 and 91% in the major raining season
and 77 and 89% in the minor raining season. The
experimental areas were ploughed to a depth of about 20
cm and harrowed. Two varieties of groundnut, Nkosour
an improved variety and Shitaochi, a local check were
planted at a spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm (between row and
plants respectively) on plots 12 m2 (5 m x 2.4 m), giving a
plant population of 222,000 plants per hectare. Planting
th
was done on 5 May, 2009 in the major raining season
th
and 20 September, 2009 in the minor season. A 2x2x3
0-15 cm
0.94
1.62
0.20
15-30 cm
0.53
0.92
0.19
0.29
0.51
3.13
3.80
1.30
0.73
17.14
5.25
82.0
10.7
7.3
0.17
0.23
2.60
3.07
0.57
0.63
7.82
4.96
75.3
19.3
5.3
factorial experiment laid in randomized complete block
design was used in the study. Two levels of phosphorus
(0 and 40 kg ha-1 P2O5 as triple superphosphate) and
three levels of calcium (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 Ca as
oyster shells) and two groundnut varieties (Nkosour and
Shitaochi) were used. Phosphorus fertilizer as triple
superphosphate was applied at sowing and oyster shell
powder at 40 days after planting during peak flowering
and beginning of pegging.
Emerged seedlings were counted two weeks after
planting. Five plants were taken from each plot to
measure the yield attributes. Plant height was measured
with a meter rule and means expressed in centimeter,
number of leaves and number of branches were recorded
from each plot and mean number expressed as per unit
basis. Dry weight was determined from the penultimate
rows of the lot for destructive sampling at 4, 6, 8 and 10
weeks after planting. Plants were oven-dried at 80⁰C for
48 h and the dry weights measured using an electronic
weighing scale (Doran, scales Inc.). Relative growth rate
was calculated using the following formula:
RGR= InW2 –InW1
T2-T1
where the earlier dry mass of previous sampling was
represented by W1 and the dry mass of the sample that
followed was represented by W2. The corresponding time
of sampling was represented by T1 and T2, respectively.
At harvest, five plants in the middle rows were taken
randomly to determine the yield components as follows:
Number of empty pod, number of filled pods and 100
seed weight. Plants from the two middle rows were used
to calculate the pod and seed yield using the formular:
328 Int. Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 2. Mean percentage field emergence, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity of the
two groundnut genotypes.
Variety
Nkosour
Shitaochi
Mean
LSD (0.05)
CV (%)
Percent field emergence
Major
Minor
70.22b
84.33
89.78a
85.83
81.2
84.8
2.9
NS
5.3
5.1
Days to 50% flowering
Major
Minor
27A
30A
25 B
25B
26
27
0.2
0.5
1.2
5.1
a, b
Days to maturity
Major Minor
109A
113A
92B
89B
100
101
1.9
3.5
2.8
1.3
Different letters in the same row indicate highly significant differences (p<0.01).
letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p<0.05)
A, B
Different
Table 3. The effect of phosphorus fertilization on plant height and leaf number.
Phosphorus
level
0
40
Mean
LSD (0.05)
CV (%)
Major season
Plant height (cm)
Leaf number
37.1a
105A
42.3b
125B
39.7
115
4.9
14.7
17.8
18.5
Pod yield (kg ha-1) = pod yield (kg)
x 10000 m2
Harvested area (m2)
Seed yield (kg ha-1) = seed yield (kg) x 10000 m2
Harvested area (m2)
Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using Genstat Release version 7.2DE.
RESULTS
The results of the study show that the two varieties
differed significantly (P<0.001) in percentage field
emergence during the major (wet) season but not in the
minor season (Table 2). Shitaochi had the highest
percent field emergence (89.77%) whilst Nkosour had the
lowest (70.22%) in the major season. There were
significant (p<0.05) differences between the two varieties
in days to fifty percent flowering and days to maturity.
Phosphorus application significantly (p<0.05) increased
plant height and leaf number (Table 3). The mean plant
height in the major season was 45% higher than the
minor season. Also the number of leaves in the major
season was 36.7% more than the minor season.
Application of phosphorus fertilizer generally increased
total dry weight in both seasons. The highest relative
-1
growth rate of 0.12 gg day was achieved through
phosphorus application between the 6 and 8 weeks after
planting in both seasons (Figure 1). Calcium application
had a positive effect on the number of filled pods per
Minor season
Plant height (cm) Leaf number
27.2
80
27.3
67
27.3
73.4
NS
NS
13.3
22
plant and significantly (p≤ 0.05) affected the two
groundnut genotypes during both seasons. The highest
number of filled pods was obtained in the treatment with
100 kg Ca ha-1 in the major season (Table 4) and was
33.5% more than the unfertilized treatment. Increasing
the rate of calcium from 100 kg ha-1 to 200 kg ha-1 did not
bring significant (p<0.5) increase in number of filled pods.
The number of filled pods was generally higher in the
major season than the minor season. The ratio of filled to
unfilled pods was 3.8:1 in the major season and 0.7:1 in
the minor season.
Calcium application also significantly (p ≤ 0.001)
influenced seed and pod yield in both seasons. The
treatments with 100 kg Ca ha-1 gave the highest seed
-1
yield (2065 kg ha ) and were significantly (p≤0.05)
different from the control but not significantly different
from the 200 kg Ca ha-1 (Table 5). Calcium application
increased seed yield by 49% in the major season whilst
an increase of 26% was obtained in the minor season.
Calcium application also significantly (p ≤ 0.001)
influenced shelling percent, seed and pod yields in both
seasons (Table 5). Application of 100 kg Ca ha-1 resulted
in about 50% higher seed yield than the control in the
major season.
DISCUSSION
Generally, the results show that percentage field
emergence was higher in the minor season than the
major season. This may be due to the fact that fresh pods
Kamara et al. 329
Figure 1. Total dry weight as affected by phosphorus fertilization at
different weeks after planting in the major and minor seasons.
Table 4. The effect of calcium fertilization on filled pods, unfilled pods and 100 seed weight of the two groundnut varieties.
Calcium level
0
100
200
mean
LSD (0.05)
CV (%)
Major season
Filled Unfilled
Branches/plant pod
pod
8.33a
9.35b
9.50b
9.1
0.9
11.7
17.3a
23.1b
21.5b
20.6
3.2
18.3
6.6a
4.9b
4.8b
5.4
1.3
27.8
from the major season were harvested, dried and
replanted in the minor. The major season seeds were
harvested the previous year and may not have the same
quality as a result of long months of storage. In both
seasons, the percentage emergence of Shitaochi was
higher than Nkosour. The difference was significant
(p<0.05) in the major season.
The differences in days to 50% flowering and days to
maturity were due to their contrasting market types. The
results are in conformity with those of Nigam et al. (1990)
who reported that Virginia groundnut group consists of
plants that flower longer and mature later than those of
Valencia and Spanish types. The minor season plants
took longer time to reach maturing probably due to water
deficits during the pod filling stage resulting in delayed
100
seed
weight
(g)
31.8
37.2
33.2
34.1
NS
18.3
Minor season
Filled Unfilled
Branches/plant pod
pod
5.5
10.4
10.2
5.8
NS
18.3
8.4a
5.9b
5.8b
9.6
1.0
12.7
13.0
11.9
13.7
12.9
NS
27.1
100
seed
weight
(g)
28.0
30.5
29.4
29.3
1.2
8.0
maturity and poorly filled pods. Similar findings were
reported by Boote et al. (1976) and Wright et al. (1991).
Phosphorus application significantly increased plant
height, leaf number in the major season and total dry
weight in both seasons whilst application of calcium
increased number of branches. Similar results have been
reported by Sharma and Yaday (1997) and Rahman
(2006). In the minor season, calcium and phosphorus
fertilization did not influence vegetative growth probably
due to inadequate rainfall.
Application of phosphorus fertilizer generally
increased total dry weight in both seasons. The increases
in dry weight due to phosphorus application may be due
to the fact that phosphorus is known to help in the
development of more extensive root system (Sharma and
330 Int. Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.
Table 5. Effect of calcium fertilization on shelling percentage, seed and pod yield (kg ha-1) of groundnut in the
major and minor seasons.
Calcium level
0
100
200
Mean
LSD
CV (%)
Shelling
%
59.1A
67.2B
B
63.6
63.3
1.3
27.8
Major season
Seed
yield
1378A
2065B
B
1881
1775
224.2
14.9
Yaday, 1997; Gobarah et al., 2006) and thus enables
plants absorb more water and nutrients from depth of the
soil. This in turn could enhance the plant’s ability to
produce more assimilates which were reflected in the
high biomass. Similar results have been reported in
previous studies (Tomar et al., 1990; El- Habbasha et al.,
2005; Gobarah et al., 2006).
Applying 100 kg Ca ha-1 and 200 kg Ca ha-1 did not
lead to significant difference in most of the parameters
measured, indicating that 100 kg Ca ha-1 was enough for
the particular soil. The soil used in the current experiment
was originally poor in P and Ca, and as such response to
40 P in combination with 100 and 200 Ca applications
was high. Application of Ca and P fertilizers increased
nutrients available to the crop during the major season. It
led to greater utilization of assimilates into the pods and
ultimately increased number of filled pods and shelling
percentage.
Generally the results of the study show that the seed
and pod yields of the major season were higher than
those of the minor season with or without fertilizer. The
lower yields obtained in the minor season could be
attributed to the low rainfall and high temperatures. The
total amount of rainfall recorded (215.3 mm) in the minor
season was far below the optimum requirement of 500
mm for groundnut production. This is in agreement with
the results of Gadgil (2000) who also observed that
variation in groundnut yield arises to a large extent from
the variation in total rainfall during the growing season.
The reduced plant height and number of leaves in the
minor season might have resulted in reduced
photosynthetic capacity of the two genotypes and
invariably led to reduced number of pods per plant,
number of filled pods, pod and seed weight.
Results of the two experiments suggest that the use of
oyster shell as a source of calcium offers an alternative
source of calcium fertilizer for obtaining higher yield in
groundnut. From the results, application of phosphorus
increased the vegetative growth whilst calcium increased
the number of filled pods and hence the seed and pod
-1
yield. Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha in combination with
-1
100 kg Ca ha resulted in the highest yield in both
Pod
yield
Shelling
%
2328A
3076B
B
2972
2792
367.6
15.6
57.74a
60.25ab
b
63.30
60.3
5.3
8.0
Minor season
Seed
Pod yield
yield
521a
659ab
b
719
633
91.3
15.6
816a
1080b
b
1041
979
220.6
26.6
seasons. For highest yields, it is recommended that
farmers grow their crop in the major season.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by AGRA (Alliance for a Green
Revolution in Africa). Acknowledgements go to the staff
of CSIR-CRI Legumes and Oilseeds Improvement
Division for the assistance in conducting the experiments
and collection of data.
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