The Indo-European wordlists.

The Indo-European wordlists. These are the parallel wordlists of 24 Indo-European (IE) languages used in Ringe, Warnow, and Taylor 2002. The first section (through page 42) is a 207-word version of the Swadesh 200-word list with five of the characters (‘day’ and the 1st- and 2nd-person pronouns) split into two characters each. The second section (numbered 301 to 421) is a list of 120 other basic words and words which appear to be culturally significant in many ancient IE languages, plus the noun ‘tear’, which exhibits an interesting and potentially significant phonological irregularity. In a number of cases the meaning given in the Swadesh lists is ambiguous or vague. We have specified the meanings more precisely as follows. Note that items separated by semicolons in the right-hand column of this table are separated by semicolons in the wordlists; apparent synonyms in the wordlists are separated by commas. character notes on the meaning 10 belly external; internal (in that order, when the distinction is made) 19 breathe breathe in; breathe out (in that order, when the distinction is made) 28a day period of daylight 38 earth most general term available 94 lie stative 114 old of things (rather than people), if a distinction is made 116 other of more than two 117 person human being (most general term) 118 pierce by stabbing (or the like) 125 right correct 131 round spherical (rather than circular), if a distinction is made 144 sit stative 145 skin human: inner skin; outer skin (in that order, when the distinction is made) 158 stand stative 171 thick dimension (not density) 172 thin dimension (not density) 173 think ratiocinate (not opine) 187 wash body or body parts; clothes (in that order, when the distinction is made) 303 ask ask questions (rather than request) 313 bow weapon for shooting 2 character notes on the meaning 318 brother-in-law husband’s brother 336 father-in-law husband’s father 371mother-in-law husband’s mother 379 ox draft bovine (usually castrated) 395 sister-in-law husband’s sister 401 stay stay in a place (not continue to exist) Lexemes are listed as far as possible in comparable citation forms, as follows. Verbs are given in the present indicative 3sg. active unless that form does not exist (e.g. in the case of deponents and perfecta tantum) or does not express the relevant meaning (e.g. when the meaning in the list is expressed by a passive). If the present system of a verb is suppletive, forms representing the other stems are given in parentheses. Suppletive nonpresent stems are not usually given because they introduce too much additional polymorphism into the database. Nouns are normally given in the nominative singular; numerals are normally given in the masculine nominative (if inflected), and other nominals that express gender are normally given in the masculine nominative singular. If the usual citation form of a word is not attested and cannot be inferred with confidence (because the grammar of the language in question is too poorly known), another form of the word is given with an identification of its grammatical category in parentheses. For further grammatical information, as well as for the spelling conventions of each language, the standard grammars of the languages should be consulted. In the Old Prussian wordlist, “E” marks items from the Elbing vocabulary and “G” items from the vocabulary of Simon Grunau; unmarked items are from the catechisms. There are numerous gaps and uncertainties in the lists for the more poorly attested ancient languages. Occasionally related words, or forms from closely related dialects, are adduced (with appropriate identification) in an attempt to extract as much information as possible from marginally adequate data. 3 ⁄ all (pl.) ¤ and ‹ animal › ashes fi at fl back (nn.) ‡ bad ° bark (nn.) · because ⁄‚ belly ⁄⁄ big ⁄¤ bird ⁄‹ bite ⁄› black ⁄fi blood ⁄fl blow [wind] ⁄‡ bone ⁄° breast [wmn’s] ⁄· breathe ¤‚ burn (intr.) ¤⁄ child ¤¤ claw ¤‹ cloud ¤› cold ¤fi come ¤fl count ¤‡ cut ¤° day [¤› hrs] ¤°a day ¤· die ‹‚ dig ‹⁄ dirty ‹¤ dog ‹‹ drink ‹› dry ‹fi dull ‹fl dust ‹‡ ear ‹° earth ‹· eat ›‚ egg ›⁄ eye ›¤ fall ›‹ far (adv.) ›› fat (nn.) Hittite h5mantes -Ca ~ -ya suppalas h3s, h3ss— iskis id3lus — kuit —; sarhuwanz sallis suwais (?) w3ki hanzanas, dankuis 2shar parai hast3i t2tan — ur3ni h3ssas kaddu (?) alp3s ekunanz u2zzi kappuezzi ku2rzi s1waz s1waz aki paddai iskunanz (kuwas ?) ekuzi h3tanz alpanz — ist3man t2kan 2z’zi — s3kuwa (pl.) mauszi duw3n sakan Armenian amenekhean ew anasown moxir a‡ thikownkh çhar ke¬ew zi phor; orovayn mec th‡çhown xacanê seaw ariwn ßnçhê oskr stin phçhê ayri manowk magil amp chowrt gay thowê hatanê awr tiw me‡ani brê, phorê a¬te¬i ßown ∑mpê çhor, gaws, chamakh bowth phoßi ownkn erkir owtê jow akn ankani he‡i çarp Greek pãntew ka€ z«ion t°fra §p€ n«ton kakÒw floiÒw ˜ti gastÆr µ°gaw ˆrniw dãknei µ°law aÂµa pne› ÙstoËn µastÒw pne› ka€etai pa›w ˆnuj n°fow cuxrÒw pros°rxetai (-i°nai) ériyµe› t°µnei ≤µ°ra ≤µ°ra époynÆskei ÙrÊttei, skãptei =uparÒw, aÈxµhrÒw kÊvn p€nei jhrÒw éµblÊw kÒniw oÔw g∞ §sy€ei »iÒn ÙfyalµÒw p€ptei µakrãn, pÒrrv dhµÒw 4 ⁄ all (pl.) ¤ and ‹ animal › ashes fi at fl back (nn.) ‡ bad ° bark (nn.) · because ⁄‚ belly ⁄⁄ big ⁄¤ bird ⁄‹ bite ⁄› black ⁄fi blood ⁄fl blow [wind] ⁄‡ bone ⁄° breast [wmn’s] ⁄· breathe ¤‚ burn (intr.) ¤⁄ child ¤¤ claw ¤‹ cloud ¤› cold ¤fi come ¤fl count ¤‡ cut ¤° day [¤› hrs] ¤°a day ¤· die ‹‚ dig ‹⁄ dirty ‹¤ dog ‹‹ drink ‹› dry ‹fi dull ‹fl dust ‹‡ ear ‹° earth ‹· eat ›‚ egg ›⁄ eye ›¤ fall ›‹ far (adv.) ›› fat (nn.) Albanian gjithë e, dhe kafshë, shtazë hi te, ne kurriz, shpinë keq shkëlbozë sepse bark madh zog kafshon zi gjak fryn kockë gji, sisë merr frymë digjet kalama, √ilimi thua re ftohët vjen njeh pret ditë ditë vdes gërmon ndyrë, fëlliqur qen pi thatë — pluhur vesh dhe ha vezë sy bie larg dhjamë Tocharian B poñc ßp luwo taur, tweye (?) -ne sark yolo, pakw3re enmetre (?) kuce, mäkte k3tso orotstse salamo luwo — erkentyasar pinaßßäµ 3y (pl. 3sta) päΩcane (du.) an3ßßäµ; sat3ßßäµ tsakßtär, pälketär ΩamaΩke — tarkär kroΩce känmaßßäµ ßäµßtär karsnaµ, latkanaµ kauµ kauµ sruketär rapanaµ sal, kraketstse ku yokäµ as3re m3lle (?) tweye, taur klautso keµ Ωuwaµ — ek kloyotär lau, lauke ßalype Vedic Sanskrit víΩv2 ca paΩús £sas — p#ß†hám p3pás tvák hí udáram mah£n v@s dáΩati k#ßƒás ás#k v£ti ásthi stánas ániti dahyát2 kum3rás, ΩíΩus nakhás nábhas, m2ghás Ω1tás £ 2ti, £ gacchati — k#ntáti dyáus áhar mriyát2 khánati — Ωv£ píbati Ωúßkas — r2ƒús kárƒas kß£s átti (aƒ∂am) ákßi pádyat2 d5r@ p!vas, m@das 5 Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic ⁄ all (pl.) vispe v¡si ¤ and ça i ‹ animal — Ωivot∞ › ashes 3trii∑m popel∞ fi at — pri fl back (nn.) parßt4 (xrib¡t∞) ‡ bad ak4, a©4 z∞l∞ ° bark (nn.) — — · because z1 ponjeΩe, jel¡ma, iΩde ⁄‚ belly udar∑m çr™vo ⁄⁄ big maza, masvelij¡, velik∞ ⁄¤ bird v1ß p∞ta, p∞tica ⁄‹ bite da«sgryzet∞, *koπsajet∞ ⁄› black s3m4, sii3uuaçr∞n∞ ⁄fi blood vohuni kr∞v¡ ⁄fl blow [wind] v3iti v™jet∞, dußet∞ ⁄‡ bone as, astkost¡ ⁄° breast [wmn’s] fßt3n4 s∞s∞, s∞s¡c¡ ⁄· breathe andyxajet∞ ¤‚ burn (intr.) daΩiiete gorit∞ ¤⁄ child ap∑r∑n3iiuk4 d™t¡ ¤¤ claw (nail) srauu4 (pl.) nog∞t¡ ¤‹ cloud ma2©∑m, a∫r∑m, snao∂4 oblak∞ ¤› cold aot4, sar∑t4 studen∞ ¤fi come 3 ∆asaiti, 3 a2iti pridet∞, gre®det∞ ¤fl count — çitet∞ ¤‡ cut k∑r∑ntaiti s™çet∞, r™Ωet∞ ¤° day [¤› hrs] aiiar∑ d¡n¡ ¤°a day azand¡n¡ ¤· die miriiete (u)m¡ret∞ ‹‚ dig kanaiti kopajet∞, ryjet∞ ‹⁄ dirty 3hit4 neçist∞ ‹¤ dog sp3 p¡s∞ v ‹‹ drink x araiti pijet∞ ‹› dry hußk4 sux∞ ‹fi dull — toπp∞ ‹fl dust pa«snuß prax∞ ‹‡ ear gaoß4 uxo ‹° earth zå zemlja v ‹· eat x araiti jast∞ ›‚ egg — (j)aj¡ce ›⁄ eye çaßma oko ›¤ fall pataiti padet∞ ›‹ far (adv.) d5ra2 daleçe ›› fat (nn.) p1uu4, 3z5itiß tuk∞ Lithuanian visì i‹ g!volis pelena§ pri¶ nùgara blõgas Ωiev% nès, tod%l, kadángi pi¤vas; ski¤vis dìdelis pa•kßtis kánda júodas kra•jas pùçia káulas kr5tìs kv£púoja d¶ga va§kas nãgas debesìs ßáltas ate§na skaiçiúoja ke‹ta, r$Ωia dienà dienà mìrßta kãsa pu‹vinas, sùterßtas ßuõ g¶ria sa•sas atßìpe®s, bùkas dùlk£s ausìs Ω¶m£ válgo kiaußìnis akìs kreñta tolì riebala§, tauka§ 6 ⁄ all (pl.) ¤ and ‹ animal › ashes fi at fl back (nn.) ‡ bad ° bark (nn.) · because ⁄‚ belly ⁄⁄ big ⁄¤ bird ⁄‹ bite ⁄› black ⁄fi blood ⁄fl blow [wind] ⁄‡ bone ⁄° breast [wmn’s] ⁄· breathe ¤‚ burn (intr.) ¤⁄ child ¤¤ claw ¤‹ cloud ¤› cold ¤fi come ¤fl count ¤‡ cut ¤° day [¤› hrs] ¤°a day ¤· die ‹‚ dig ‹⁄ dirty ‹¤ dog ‹‹ drink ‹› dry ‹fi dull ‹fl dust ‹‡ ear ‹° earth ‹· eat ›‚ egg ›⁄ eye ›¤ fall ›‹ far (adv.) ›› fat (nn.) Old English ealle and d2or asce æt hrycg, bæc yfel rinde for†6 †e wamb micel fugol b1tt sweart, blæc bl4d w7we† b3n br2ost or†a†, 2†a† birn† bearn, cild cl2aw wolcen ceald cym† r1m†, tele† scir†, sn1†† dæg dæg stierf† græf†, dilf† f5l, horig hund drinc† dr6ge 3stynt d5st 2are eor†e itt 7g 2age fiel† feor smeoru Old Irish uili ocus anmandae lúaith oc cúl, druimm olc crocenn úare brú mór én — dub fuil sétid cnáim cích do‚beir anál loscair lelap ingen nél úar do‚tét (do‚tíagat) rímid tescaid lae, laithe lae, laithe at‚baill claidid salach cú ibid tírim máel lúaithred clúas talam ithid og súil do‚tuit in chéin blonac Latin omn2s et animal cinis ad tergum malus cortex quod venter magnus avis mordet 3ter sanguis flat os mamma sp1rat 3rdet puer unguis n5b2s fr1gidus venit numerat secat di2s di2s moritur fodit sordidus canis bibit siccus hebes pulvis auris terra edit 4vom oculus cadit procul adeps 7 Luvian ⁄ all (pl.) p5natinzi, tanimminzi ¤ and -ha ‹ animal huitarsa › ashes — fi at — fl back (nn.) — ‡ bad 3dduw3lis ° bark (nn.) — · because kuiza ⁄‚ belly — ⁄⁄ big urazzas ⁄¤ bird — ⁄‹ bite — ⁄› black dakku1s, marw3y⁄fi blood 3sharsa ⁄fl blow [wind] — ⁄‡ bone h3ssa ⁄° breast [wmn’s] t1tan ⁄· breathe — ¤‚ burn (intr.) — ¤⁄ child nimuwizas ¤¤ claw — ¤‹ cloud — ¤› cold — ¤fi come aw1ti ¤fl count — ¤‡ cut kuwarti, karsti ¤° day [¤› hrs] halli ¤°a day halli ¤· die *walati ‹‚ dig — ‹⁄ dirty — ‹¤ dog zuwanis ‹‹ drink 5tti ‹› dry — ‹fi dull — ‹fl dust pas5riyas (?) ‹‡ ear tumm3n ‹° earth tiyammis ‹· eat azti ›‚ egg — ›⁄ eye t3w1s ›¤ fall — ›‹ far (adv.) — ›› fat (nn.) — Lycian huwedri, punemedezi -ke, se — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — tideimi — — — — — — — — lati — — — — — — — — — — — tawa (coll.) — — — Tocharian A poñΩ, puk Ωkaµ lu tor, twe (?) -aµ — omäskeµ, umpar — kucne, kuyalte k3ts tsopats (pl. Ω3we) salat lu — arkantys3r piw3ß 3y päΩΩäµ (du.) wärsäß tsäknäßtär Ωom — tärkär kuraΩ kumnäß — kärßn3ß, l3tä∫k3ß koµ koµ wälläßtär rpeñc (‹pl.) (kr3ke, nn.) ku yokäß 3sar — twe, tor klots tkaµ Ωw3ß — ak klawatär lo, lok ßälyp 8 ⁄ all (pl.) ¤ and ‹ animal › ashes fi at fl back (nn.) ‡ bad ° bark (nn.) · because ⁄‚ belly ⁄⁄ big ⁄¤ bird ⁄‹ bite ⁄› black ⁄fi blood ⁄fl blow [wind] ⁄‡ bone ⁄° breast [wmn’s] ⁄· breathe ¤‚ burn (intr.) ¤⁄ child ¤¤ claw ¤‹ cloud ¤› cold ¤fi come ¤fl count ¤‡ cut ¤° day [¤› hrs] ¤°a day ¤· die ‹‚ dig ‹⁄ dirty ‹¤ dog ‹‹ drink ‹› dry ‹fi dull ‹fl dust ‹‡ ear ‹° earth ‹· eat ›‚ egg ›⁄ eye ›¤ fall ›‹ far (adv.) ›› fat (nn.) Old Persian Old Prussian vis3 wissay ut3, -ç3 bhe — sw1rins (?; apl.), alne (E) — pelanne (E) — pr2i — rikisnan (E) gasta wargan (?; acc.) — saxtis (E) — beggi — weders (E) — deb1kan (acc.) — pippalins (apl.), pepelis (E) — — — kirsnan (E) — krawia — — — kaulan — kraclan (E) — — — — — malnijks, maldenikis (E) — — — wupyan (E) — salta (G) 3itiy, 3-∆amper2it — — *kart- (?) — rauça deinan (acc.) rauça — mariyataiy aul3ut (inf.) kantiy — — — — sunis (E) — po5t, p5ton (inf.) ußka saus3 (acc.) — — — — gaußa 3usins (apl.) b5miß semm2 — 1st (inf.), wolgeit (iptv., G) — paute (pl., G) çaßma ackis (pl.) — kr5t (inf.) d5raiy — — ta<u>kis, instran, mynsis (all E) Latvian visi ùn dzîvnieks pè®lni pìe mugura slikts, nelabs miza tàd¶l÷ ka, tàpêc ka vê®de®rs li¶ls putns kôΩ me®¤ns asins pùß ka•ls pups, krùts dvaßõ, e®¤põ de®g b8®rns nags mãkônis, padebesis a•ksts, sa›ts nãk skàita griêΩ dìena dìena mi‹st ròk net§rs suns dzer sàuss neass, truls pîßl÷i, putekl÷i àuss zeme ê®d õla acs krìt tâlu tàuki 9 Gothic ⁄ all (pl.) allai ¤ and jah ‹ animal dius › ashes azg4 fi at at fl back (nn.) — ‡ bad ubils ° bark (nn.) — · because unt2 ⁄‚ belly wamba ⁄⁄ big mikils ⁄¤ bird fugls ⁄‹ bite beiti† ⁄› black swarts ⁄fi blood bl4† ⁄fl blow [wind] waii† ⁄‡ bone — ⁄° breast [wmn’s] brusts ⁄· breathe ºani† ¤‚ burn (intr.) brinni† ¤⁄ child barn ¤¤ claw — ¤‹ cloud milhma ¤› cold kalds ¤fi come qimi† ¤fl count gara†ji† ¤‡ cut maiti† ¤° day [¤› hrs] dags ¤°a day dags ¤· die gaswilti†, gadau†ni† ‹‚ dig grabi† ‹⁄ dirty unhrains, un†wahans ‹¤ dog hunds ‹‹ drink drigki† ‹› dry †aúrsus ‹fi dull — ‹fl dust mulda, stubjus ‹‡ ear aus4 ‹° earth aír†a ‹· eat matji†, iti† ›‚ egg — ›⁄ eye aug4 ›¤ fall driusi† ›‹ far (adv.) faírra ›› fat (nn.) — Old Norse allir ok d§r aska at bak illr, vándr boπrkr fyrir †ví at kvi∂r, voπmb stórr, mikill fugl bítr svartr bló∂ blæss bein brjóst andar brennr barn kló sk§ kaldr kømr telr skerr, sní∂r, meitr dagr dagr deyr grefr saurigr, úhreinn hundr drekkr †urr sljór dust eyra joπr∂ etr egg auga fellr fjarri, langt smjoπr Old High German alle inti tior asca zi, az rucki ubil rinta bi diu wanta wamba, b5h mihhil fugal b1zit swarz bluot bl3sit, w3it bein brust 3tum4t brinnit kind cl3wa wolcan calt quimit zelit sn1dit tag tag stirbit, touwit grebit uns5biri, unreini hunt trinkit trocchan, durri sl2o stuppi, stoub, melm 4ra erda izzit ei ouga fellit fer(ro) feizti 10 Welsh Oscan ⁄ all (pl.) i gyd súllus ¤ and a ~ ag íním ‹ animal anifail — › ashes lludw — fi at yn az fl back (nn.) cefn — ‡ bad drwg mallom (acc.) ° bark (nn.) rhysgl — · because achos, am fod, oherwydd i — ⁄‚ belly bol(a), tor — ⁄⁄ big mawr (maimas, sup. fem. gen.) ⁄¤ bird aderyn — ⁄‹ bite cnoi — ⁄› black du — ⁄fi blood gwaed — ⁄fl blow [wind] chwythu — ⁄‡ bone asgwrn — ⁄° breast [wmn’s] bron — ⁄· breathe anadlu — ¤‚ burn (intr.) llosgi — ¤⁄ child plentyn — ¤¤ claw crafanc — ¤‹ cloud cwmwl — ¤› cold oer — ¤fi come d(yf)od cebnust (fut. pf.) ¤fl count cyfrif — ¤‡ cut torri lamatir (?; pf. subj. pass.) ¤° day [¤› hrs] diwrnod zicolom (acc.), iúkleí (loc.) ¤°a day dydd — ¤· die marw — ‹‚ dig palu, cloddio — ‹⁄ dirty brwnt, budr — ‹¤ dog ci — ‹‹ drink yfed pibisus (?; fut. pf. ¤sg.?) ‹› dry sych — ‹fi dull p¢l — ‹fl dust llwch — ‹‡ ear clust — ‹° earth daear teras (gen.) ‹· eat bwyta edum (inf.) ›‚ egg wy — ›⁄ eye llygad — ›¤ fall cwympo, syrthio — ›‹ far (adv.) ymhell — ›› fat (nn.) bloneg, braster — Umbrian — et — — -afl, -kum — — — — — (mestru, comp. fem.) avif (acc. pl.) — atru (nt. acc. pl.) — — — — — — — — — — benust (fut. pf.) — -sekatu (iptv.) ti√el (?) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — aflepes (?; abl. pl.) 11 ›fi father ›fl fear (vb.) ›‡ feather ›° few ›· fight fi‚ fire fi⁄ fish fi¤ five fi‹ float fi› flow fifi flower fifl fly (vb.) fi‡ fog fi° foot fi· four fl‚ freeze (intr.) fl⁄ fruit fl¤ full fl‹ give fl› good flfi grass flfl green fl‡ guts fl° hair [head] fl· hand ‡‚ he ‡⁄ head ‡¤ hear ‡‹ heart ‡› heavy ‡fi here ‡fl hit ‡‡ hold ‡° horn ‡· how °‚ hunt °⁄ husband °¤ I °¤a me (acc.) °‹ ice °› if °fi in °fl kill °‡ knee °° know [facts] Hittite attas n3hi — t2pawes hullezzi pahhur parhus (?) — — 3rszi alil pittai kammaras patas meyawes ek3izzi sesan suus p3i 3ssus w2lku hahlawanz garates tetanas kissar -as harsar istamaszi k2r, kardsuw3rus, nakkis k3 walhzi harzi, pl. harkanzi kar3war m3hhan huwarniskezzi pis2nas 5k ammuk ekan takku andan (adv.) ku2nzi g2nu s3kki Armenian hayr erknçhi phetowr sakawkh martnçhi, paterazmi howr jowkn hing lo¬ay he¬ani ca¬ik th‡çhi mêg otn çhorkh sa‡i, pa¬i ptow¬ li tay bari xot kanaçh ∑nderkh, a¬ikh her je‡n na glowx lsê sirt canr ast harkanê owni e¬∆ewr orpês orsay ayr es is sa‡n ethe i spananê cownr gitê Greek patÆr fobe›tai, d°doike pterÒn Ùl€goi µãxetai pËr fixyÊw p°nte ple› =e› ênyow p°tetai Ùµ€xlh poÊw t°ttarew pÆgnutai µ∞lon, Ùp≈ra plÆrhw d€dvsi égayÒw pÒa xlvrÒw ¶ntera tr€xew xe€r (obl. aÈtÒn) kefalÆ ékoÊei kard€a barÊw §ntaËya tÊptei ¶xei k°raw p«w yhrçi, kunhgete› énÆr §g≈ §µ° krÊstallow efi §n épokte€nei gÒnu o‰de 12 ›fi father ›fl fear (vb.) ›‡ feather ›° few ›· fight fi‚ fire fi⁄ fish fi¤ five fi‹ float fi› flow fifi flower fifl fly (vb.) fi‡ fog fi° foot fi· four fl‚ freeze (intr.) fl⁄ fruit fl¤ full fl‹ give fl› good flfi grass flfl green fl‡ guts fl° hair [head] fl· hand ‡‚ he ‡⁄ head ‡¤ hear ‡‹ heart ‡› heavy ‡fi here ‡fl hit ‡‡ hold ‡° horn ‡· how °‚ hunt °⁄ husband °¤ I °¤a me (acc.) °‹ ice °› if °fi in °fl kill °‡ knee °° know [facts] Albanian atë friket, druan pendë pak lufton zjarr peshk pesë plevat rrjedh lule fluturon mjegull këmbë katër ngrin pemë plotë jep mirë bar gjelbër zorrë flok dorë ai kokë dëgjon zemër rëndë këtu godit mban bri qysh, si gjuan burrë unë mua akull në, po në vret gju di Tocharian B p3cer pr3skaµ paruwa (pl.) totka wit3re (pret. ‹pl.) puwar laks piΩ plußäµ reßßäµ py3pyo plußäµ — paiyye Ωtwer — oko ite aißßäµ kartse (krent-) atiyai (obl.) motartstse — matsi ßar su 3Ωce klyaußäµ arañce kramartse tane karnäßßäµ — kror1yai (obl.) mäkte Ωer1tsi (inf.) petso ñäΩ ñäΩ — krui, ente -ne kaußäµ keni (du.) aiΩtär, kärsanaµ Vedic Sanskrit pit£ bibh£ya parƒám álp3s yúdhyati agnís mátsyas páñca právat2 srávati, kßárati púßpam pátati mihp£t catv£ras — phálam p5rƒás dád3ti vásus t¢ƒam háritas 3ntrám k@Ωas hástas sá Ωíras Ω#ƒ$ti h£rdi gurús ihá hánti dh3ráyati Ω¢∫gam kath£ m#gáyat2 pátis, bhárt3 ahám m£m himás yát — hánti j£nu v@da 13 Avestan ›fi father pita ›fl fear (vb.) bi∫3iia ›‡ feather par∑n∑m ›° few kamna›· fight p∑r∑taite, y5i∂iieiti fi‚ fire 3tarß fi⁄ fish masii4 fi¤ five pança fi‹ float — fi› flow ©Ω3raiti, rao∂aiti fifi flower — fifl fly (vb.) frauuaite (pataiti, Daevic) fi‡ fog dunma fi° foot p3∂a (du.) fi· four ça†∫3r4 fl‚ freeze (intr.) — fl⁄ fruit — fl¤ full p∑r∑n4 fl‹ give da∂3iti fl› good vaµhuß flfi grass — flfl green — fl‡ guts — fl° hair [head] var∑s4 fl· hand zast4 ‡‚ he h4 ‡⁄ head sar4 ‡¤ hear surunaoiti ‡‹ heart z∑r∑d‡› heavy gouru‡fi here i∂a ‡fl hit ∆ainti ‡‡ hold d3raiieiti ‡° horn sruiie (du.) ‡· how ç5 °‚ hunt — °⁄ husband paitiß °¤ I az∑m °¤a me (acc.) ma«m °‹ ice a2x∑m °› if yat °fi in — °fl kill ∆ainti °‡ knee Ωnu°° know [facts] va2∂a, zan3iti Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian ot¡c¡ t$vas bojit∞se• bìjo pero plùnksna mali maΩa§ borjet∞, p¡rit∞ se® kovója, káunasi ogn¡ ugnìs ryba Ωuvìs pe®t¡ penkì plovet∞ pla•kia, pl7duriuoja teçet∞ t¶ka cv™t∞, cv™t¡c¡ g£l% poletit∞ l¶kia m¡gla miglà noga kója çetyre keturì mr∞znet∞ ßáldo, paßã«la ovoßt¡ va§sius ispl∞n∞ pìlnas dast∞ dúoda dobr∞ g¶ras trava Ωol% zelen∞ Ωãlias jelito viduria§ vlas∞ pláukas roπka rankà on∞, jejìs glava galvà slyßit∞ gi‹di sr∞d¡ce ßirdìs teΩ¡k∞ sunkùs s¡de çià udarit∞ mùßa, da•Ωia, (ißtiñka) dr∞Ωit∞ la§ko rog∞ rãgas kako ka§p lovit∞ medΩiója moπΩ∞ v!ras az∞ àß mene manè led∞ l¶das aßte, ali jéigu v∞ §÷ ubijet∞ ùΩmußa, Ωùdo kol™no k¶lis v™st∞, znajet∞ Ωìno, paΩí÷sta 14 ›fi father ›fl fear (vb.) ›‡ feather ›° few ›· fight fi‚ fire fi⁄ fish fi¤ five fi‹ float fi› flow fifi flower fifl fly (vb.) fi‡ fog fi° foot fi· four fl‚ freeze (intr.) fl⁄ fruit fl¤ full fl‹ give fl› good flfi grass flfl green fl‡ guts fl° hair [head] fl· hand ‡‚ he ‡⁄ head ‡¤ hear ‡‹ heart ‡› heavy ‡fi here ‡fl hit ‡‡ hold ‡° horn ‡· how °‚ hunt °⁄ husband °¤ I °¤a me (acc.) °‹ ice °› if °fi in °fl kill °‡ knee °° know [facts] Old English fæder fyrht, forhta† fe†er f2awe fieht, w1g† f6r fisc f1f fl1ett, flota† fl2w† bl4stma fl1eg† mist f4t f2ower fr1est ofett full gif† g4d græs gr2ne guttas, †earm h7r hand h2 h2afod h1er† heorte sw7r, hefig h2r slieh†, b2att hielt horn h5 hunta† wer ic m2 1s gif in slieh† cn2ow w3t Old Irish athair ad‚ágathar cleitte úath, úathad fichid tene, daig íasc cóic snaïd rethid bláth, scoth fo‚luathar céo traig cethair — torad lán do‚beir maith fér úaine — folt lám é cenn ro‚cluinethar cride tromm sund benaid, búalid con‚gaib adarc cía cruth ad‚claid fer mé -maig mai marbaid glún ro‚fitir Latin pater timet penna pauc1 pugnat ignis piscis qu1nque fluitat fluit fl4s volat nebula p2s quattuor gelat p4mum pl2nus dat bonus gr3men viridis intest1na capillus manus is caput audit cor gravis h1c ferit tenet corn5 qu1 (qu4 mod4) v2n3tur mar1tus ego m2 glaci2s s1 in interficit gen5 scit 15 ›fi father ›fl fear (vb.) ›‡ feather ›° few ›· fight fi‚ fire fi⁄ fish fi¤ five fi‹ float fi› flow fifi flower fifl fly (vb.) fi‡ fog fi° foot fi· four fl‚ freeze (intr.) fl⁄ fruit fl¤ full fl‹ give fl› good flfi grass flfl green fl‡ guts fl° hair [head] fl· hand ‡‚ he ‡⁄ head ‡¤ hear ‡‹ heart ‡› heavy ‡fi here ‡fl hit ‡‡ hold ‡° horn ‡· how °‚ hunt °⁄ husband °¤ I °¤a me (acc.) °‹ ice °› if °fi in °fl kill °‡ knee °° know [facts] Luvian t3tis kuwaya— — — p3h5r — — — 3rsi(ya)— — — pat3s (p3tas?) m3winzi — alattarsa — piyai w3sus zuhri hahhaluwantis — tapp3nis 1ssaris -as, ap3s harmahis t5mmantitti z3rza suw3rus, kuwanzus z3wi(n) d5piti — zurni (HL) — — zitis (a)mu (a)mu — m3n 3nta — — un(a)i- Lycian tedi (?) — — — zxxati — — — — — — — — pede — — — — pije, pibiti — — — — — izre -¶, ebñn¶ (acc.) — — — — ebei tubidi — — — — sidi ¶mu emu (dat.) — ¶ ñte — — — Tocharian A p3car praskatär — tsru — por — päñ — tsn3ntr-äµ (?; ‹pl.) py3pi plawar (pret. ‹pl.) — pe Ωtwar — oko ypic eß k3su (krant-) 3ti motarci (fem.) weßkiñc (?) Ω3ku tsar säm lap klyoßtär (pass.) 3riñc kr3märts tßaµ kärnäsm3µ (ptc.) — kror (?) mänt — pats näß, fem. ñuk näß, fem. ñuk — kuprene -aµ koß kanweµ (du.) kn3naß, kärsn3ß 16 ›fi father ›fl fear (vb.) ›‡ feather ›° few ›· fight fi‚ fire fi⁄ fish fi¤ five fi‹ float fi› flow fifi flower fifl fly (vb.) fi‡ fog fi° foot fi· four fl‚ freeze (intr.) fl⁄ fruit fl¤ full fl‹ give fl› good flfi grass flfl green fl‡ guts fl° hair [head] fl· hand ‡‚ he ‡⁄ head ‡¤ hear ‡‹ heart ‡› heavy ‡fi here ‡fl hit ‡‡ hold ‡° horn ‡· how °‚ hunt °⁄ husband °¤ I °¤a me (acc.) °‹ ice °› if °fi in °fl kill °‡ knee °° know [facts] Old Persian Old Prussian pit3 t3was tarsatiy bia — — kamn3 — -∆antiy 5lint (inf.) *3√ipanno (E) — suckans (apl.), suckis (E) — [pi2ncts ‘fith’] — — danu(va)— — — — — — kupsins (E) p3da nage (E) — [kettwirts ‘›th’] — — — — — pilnan (acc.) dad3tiy d3st *vahu-, naiba (?) labs — schokis (E) — saligan (E) — grobis (E) — scebelis (E) dasta r3nkan (acc.) hauv(am) t3ns — gall5, glawo (E) xßnautiy (?) k1rdeiti (iptv.) — s1ran (acc.), seyr (E) — — id3 schai, schien ∆antiy kyrteis (iptv., G) d3rayatiy l3iku — ragis (E) — [kai, rel.] — [medies ‘hunter’ E] — wijrs adam as, es m3m mien — ladis (E) yadiy ickai — 2n ava∆antiy gallintwei (inf.) — klupstis (E) d3n3tiy (xßn3-) waist (inf.) Latvian t¶®vs bîstas, ba§dâs spa¤va mazi cìnâs (kaûjas ?) uguns zivs pìeci pludõ te®k, plûst puk÷e, ziêds laîΩas (skrìen ?) migla kãja çetri sa›st aûglis pi¤ns dôd labs zâle zal÷ß zafina mats ròka vin÷ß ga›va dzìrd sifids smags te, ße§t sit tur rags kâ med§ v§rs es mani le®dus ja — nònâv¶, nògalina celis zina 17 Gothic Old Norse ›fi father atta fa∂ir ›fl fear (vb.) 4g, faúrhtei† hræ∂isk ›‡ feather — fjoπ∂r ›° few fawai fáir ›· fight weihi† bersk, vegr fi‚ fire f4n eldr fi⁄ fish fisks fiskr fi¤ five fimf fimm fi‹ float — fl§tr fi› flow rinni† rennr, fl§tr fifi flower bl4mans (acc. pl.) blóm, blómstr fifl fly (vb.) — fl§gr fi‡ fog — †oka fi° foot f4tus fótr fi· four fidw4r fjórir fl‚ freeze (intr.) ºfriusi† fr§ss fl⁄ fruit akran aldin fl¤ full fulls fullr fl‹ give gibi† gefr fl› good g4†s gó∂r flfi grass hawi gras flfl green — grœnn fl‡ guts — †armr, goπrn fl° hair [head] tagl, skuft hár, skopt fl· hand handus hoπnd ‡‚ he is hann ‡⁄ head haubi† hoπfu∂ ‡¤ hear hausei† heyrir ‡‹ heart haírt4 hjarta ‡› heavy kaúrus †ungr, hoπfugr ‡fi here h2r hér ‡fl hit slahi†, stauti†, bliggwi† slær, l§str, berr, drepr ‡‡ hold habai† heldr ‡° horn haúrn horn ‡· how ¬aiwa hvé, hversu °‚ hunt — vei∂ir °⁄ husband aba verr °¤ I ik ek °¤a me (acc.) mik mik °‹ ice — íss °› if jabai ef °fi in in í °fl kill usqimi†, afdau†ei†, afslahi† dey∂ir, drepr °‡ knee kniu kné °° know [facts] wait veit Old High German fater forhtit federa f4he, luzzile fihtit fiur fisc fimf fliuzit, sweb2t fliuzit, rinnit bluomo fliugit nebul fuoz fior friusit obaz fol gibit guot gras gruoni darm h3r, fahs hant er houbit h4rit herza sw3ri, hef1g hier slehit hab2t horn wuo / wio jag4t, weid(en)4t gomman ih mih 1s oba, ibu in (ar)slehit, git4tit cneo weiz 18 Welsh ›fi father tad ›fl fear (vb.) ofni ›‡ feather pluen ›° few ychydig ›· fight ymladd fi‚ fire tân fi⁄ fish pysgodyn fi¤ five pump fi‹ float nofio fi› flow llifo fifi flower blodeuyn fifl fly (vb.) ehedeg fi‡ fog niwl fi° foot troed fi· four pedwar fl‚ freeze (intr.) rhewi, fferru fl⁄ fruit ffrwyth fl¤ full llawn fl‹ give rho(dd)i fl› good da flfi grass glaswellt flfl green glas fl‡ guts coluddion fl° hair [head] gwallt (coll.), blewyn fl· hand llaw ‡‚ he (f)e ‡⁄ head pen ‡¤ hear clywed ‡‹ heart calon ‡› heavy trwm ‡fi here yma ‡fl hit taro ‡‡ hold dal ‡° horn corn ‡· how (pa) sut °‚ hunt hela °⁄ husband g¢r °¤ I (f)i °¤a me (acc.) mi, (f)i °‹ ice rhew, iâ °› if os, pe °fi in yn °fl kill lladd °‡ knee pen-lin °° know [facts] gwybod, pres. ‹sg. ¢yr Oscan Umbrian patir patre (dat.) — — — — — — — — — pir, pur— — *púmpe *pumpe — — — — *fluus- (?) — — — — — pedú (?; gen. pl.) pefli (abl.) pettiur petur— — — — — plener (abl. pl.) didet [Vestinian] tefla, dirsa (subj.) (ualaemom, sup. nt.) cubrar (gen. fem.) — — — — — arvia — — manim (acc.) manf (acc. pl.) izic erek — — — — — — — — — — — — — tenitu (iptv.) — — — — — — — — íív — — mehe (dat.) — — svaí sve -en -en — — — — — — 19 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Hittite Armenian lulis (?) liç, covak halwammar (noun) cica¬i hurpastas terew — jax, aheak egdu srownkh kitta kay edeal huiszi keay lissi leard dalukis erkayn — o∆il pis2nas ayr m2kkies bazowmkh — mis armas lowsin annas mayr — lea‡n ais, issberan l3man anown hatkus anjowk, ne¬ manninkuwanz (adj.) mawt, merj (kuttar ?) paranoch n2was nor ispanz gißer tititan ownçhkh natta oçh miyahwanz hin º3s mi damais ayl antuhsas mard isk3ri xoçhê, mxê duskzi, hinganiskezzi xa¬ay huettiezzi kharßê, jgê suwezzi m¬ê h2us anjrew mitas karmir kunnas a∆ 3ra ow¬i¬ hapas get palsas çanaparh, ßawi¬ s5rkas armat ishimas paran, malowx, to‡n, çhowan harranz nexeal — bolorak peszi ßphê — a¬ Greek l€µnh gelçi fÊllon éristerÒw sk°low ke›tai z∞i ∏par µakrÒw fye€r énÆr pollo€ kr°aw selÆnh µÆthr ˆrow stÒµa ˆnoµa stenÒw §ggÊw, plhs€on aÈxÆn kainÒw nÊj =€w oÈ palaiÒw eÂw êllow ênyrvpow kente› pa€zei ßlkei »ye› ÍetÒw §ruyrÒw dejiÒw ÙryÒw potaµÒw ıdÒw =€za kãlvw, spãrton saprÒw stroggÊlow tr€bei ëlw 20 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Albanian liqen qesh gjethe majtë, mëngjër këmbë rri shtrirë jeton, rron mël√i gjatë morr burrë shumë mish hënë mëmë mal gojë emër ngushtë afër qafë ri natë hundë nuk, s vjetër një tjetër njeri ther, depërton luan heq shtyn shi kuq djathtë drejtë lumë rrugë rrënjë litar, tërkuzë kalbur rrumbullak fërkon kripë Tocharian B lyam kerpilta Ωw3lyai (adv.) ck3ckai (obl.) lyaΩäµ Ωaiµ wästarye pärkare pärΩeriñ (pl.) (?) e∫kwe m3ka misa meñe m3cer ßale koyµ ñem — akartte, ysape, etsuwai — ñuwe yßiye meli m3 (ktsaitstse ?) ße alyek Ωaumo tsopäµ k3ñmäµ sla∫ktär nätkanaµ swese ratre saiwai (adv.) — cake yt3rye witsako — 3mpau — lyuwetär, kantanatär salyiye Vedic Sanskrit sáras, hradás hásati parƒám savyás já∫gh3 Ω@t2 j!vati yák#t d1rghás (y5k3) n£ bahávas m£s, m3µsám m£s m£t3 girís £s n£ma aµhús antik@ gr1v£ návas, návyas kßap- (nák, RV⁄x) n£s3 ná sánas @kas anyás mánus Ωnáthiti, vídhyati kr!∂ati kárßati tudáti, nudáti varßám r$hitas dákßiƒas #tás, #jús nad!, síndhus pánth3s, ádhv3 m%lam rájjus, d£ma p%tis (vartulas) (gharßati) (lavaƒam) 21 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Avestan vairiß — var∑kahaoii4 paitißt3n∑m sa2te ∆uuaiti y3kar∑ dar∑©4 — n3, v1r4 parauu4 — må m3ta gairiß åµhn3ma — asne manao†ri, gr1uua nauu4 xßapnåµha n4it han4 a2uu4 ainii4 maßii4, maßii3k4 — — †an∆aiiete — v3rraoi∂it4 daßin4 ∑r∑ßuu4 †raot4, rauua pantå, a∂∫a var∑ßa∆iß — p5t4 skar∑n4 — — Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian jezero ¶Ωeras sm™jet∞ se® juõkiasi list∞ lãpas ßuj¡ kairùs gol™n¡ kója leΩit∞ gùli Ωivet∞ g!vas yrà je®tro k¶penos dl∞g∞ ìlgas — ut£l% moπΩ¡ v!ras m∞nog∞ da•g(el) me®so m£sà luna, m™se®c¡ m£nùlis mati mótina gora kálnas usta burnà ime® va‹das oπz∞k∞ sia•ras bliz∞ artì vyja, ßija kãklas nov∞ na•jas noßt¡ naktìs nos∞ nósis ne nè vet∞x∞ s¶nas jedin∞ víenas drug∞, in∞ kìtas çlov™k∞ Ωmogùs (pl. Ωmón£s) bodet∞ pérveria, sme§gia, pérduria (igrajet∞) Ωa§dΩia vl™çet∞ tráukia — stùmia d∞Ωd¡ lietùs çr∞m¡n∞ raudónas desn∞ d¶ßinas prav¡d¡n∞ teisùs r™ka ùp£ poπt¡ k¶lias koren¡ ßaknìs vr∞v¡ vi‹v£, vi‹Ωis gnil∞ supùve®s (o)krugl∞ apvalùs t¡ret∞ trìna sol¡ druskà 22 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Old English mere, s7 hlieh† l2af winestra scanca lig† liofa† lifer lang l5s wer fela, manige fl7sc m4na m4dor beorg m5† nama nearu, enge n2ah heals n1owe niht nosu ne eald 3n 4†er mann prica† plega† t1eh†, dræg† sc6f† regn r2ad sw1†ra riht 2a weg, str7t wyrttruma r3p, s3l, streng f5l sinwealt gn1tt sealt Old Irish loch tibid duille clé coss laigid is béo óa fota míl fer ili féuil ésce máthair slíab giun ainm cóel, cumung i n-ocus brágae nue adaig srón ní sen óen aile duine sáidid im‚beir, cluchigidir srengaid — flechud, bróen rúad, derg dess cert, cóir aub slige, bóthar frém súanem, tét, loman morgthae cruind con‚meil salann Latin lacus r1det folium sinister cr5s iacet v1vit iecur longus p2diculus vir mult1 car4 l5na m3ter m4ns 4s n4men angustus prope collum novos nox n3sus n4n vetus 5nus alius hom4 pungit, fodit l5dit trahit tr5dit pluvia ruber dexter r2ctus fl5men via r3d1x f5nis putridus rotundus fricat sal 23 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Luvian — — — ipalis p3rtas (?) z1yari — — 3rr3yis — z1tis — — *armas 3nnis *ariyattis 3ssa atamanza (?) — — — n3wis — — n3wa — — — z1tis — — — — — — isarwilis — h3pis harwas — — — — k5s3ti — Lycian — — — — — sij¶ni — — — — — — — ar⁄ma ¶ni — — adãma (pl.) — — — — — — ne — — kbi (acc.) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Tocharian A lyäm karpält Ω3lyi — lalku (?; pret. ptc.) Ωoß — pärkär — o∫k, 3täl m3k Ωw3l mañ m3car ßul koyñom — k3tse kñuk ñu wße malañ m3 ktsets (?) sas 3lak napeµ tsopäß — tsäkn3ß nätk3- (?) swase rtär p3ci — — yt3r tsm3r sparp — — — s3le 24 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Old Persian Old Prussian — assaran (E) — — — — — — — nage (E) — — ∆1vatiy giwa — <j>agno (E) darga [ilgi, adv.] — — *narwijrs parava — — mens3 *m3ha- (?) menig (E) *m3t3 m5ti kaufa grabis (E) — austo (E) n3m3 emmens — — aßnaiy — — winsus (E) — nawans xßapnacktien (loc.?) n3h(a)nozy (E) naiy ni — urs (?) aiva ains aniya kittans (apl.) martiya smunents, smonenawi<n>s (E) — [boadis ‘puncture wound’ (E)] — — — — — — — aglo (E) — urminan (acc.), wormyan (E) — tickray (fem. dat.) r3sta tickars (?) rauta ape (E) *pa†i[pintis ‘path’ (E)] — sagnis (E) — wirbe (E) — — — — — — — sali (G) Latvian e®ze®rs smejas lapa krèiss kãja gul÷ dzîvõ aknas garß uts v§rs da•dzi gal÷a m¶ness mãte ka›ns mute v9rds ßàurs tuvu kakls jaûns nakts de®guns ne ve®cs viêns cits cìlv¶®ks dur rõtal÷ãjas, sp¶l¶jas vè®lk stumj, b§da liêtus safikans laba§s pare§zs upe cel÷ß sakne vìrve, ta•va sapuvis, satrun¶jis apal÷ß befiΩ s9ls 25 °· lake ·‚ laugh ·⁄ leaf ·¤ left(hand) ·‹ leg ·› lie [recline] ·fi live (vb.) ·fl liver ·‡ long ·° louse ·· man [male] ⁄‚‚ many ⁄‚⁄ meat ⁄‚¤ moon ⁄‚‹ mother ⁄‚› mountain ⁄‚fi mouth ⁄‚fl name ⁄‚‡ narrow ⁄‚° near (adv.) ⁄‚· neck ⁄⁄‚ new ⁄⁄⁄ night ⁄⁄¤ nose ⁄⁄‹ not ⁄⁄› old ⁄⁄fi one ⁄⁄fl other ⁄⁄‡ person ⁄⁄° pierce ⁄⁄· play ⁄¤‚ pull ⁄¤⁄ push ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) ⁄¤‹ red ⁄¤› right(hand) ⁄¤fi right ⁄¤fl river ⁄¤‡ road ⁄¤° root ⁄¤· rope ⁄‹‚ rotten ⁄‹⁄ round ⁄‹¤ rub ⁄‹‹ salt Gothic Old Norse (mari)saiws vatn hlahji† hlær laufs (lauf)bla∂ hleiduma vinstri — leggr, fótr ligi† liggr libai† lifir — lifr laggs langr — lús waír, guma karl(ma∂r) managai, filu margir mims kjoπt m2na tungl ai†ei mó∂ir faírguni fjall mun†s munnr nam4 nafn aggwus, †raíhans †roπngr, oπngr n2¬(a) nær hals hals, svíri niujis n§r nahts nótt — nasar ni eigi faírneis forn ains einn an†ar annarr manna ma∂r — stingr — leikr at†insi† dregr, togar afskiubi† sk§fir rign regn rau†s rau∂r taíhswa hœgri garaíhts réttr a¬a, fl4dus á wigs vegr, gata waúrts rót — reip, taug, strengr, síma f5ls fúinn — sívalr bnaui† gn§r salt salt Old High German s2o lehhit blat, loub winistar bein ligit leb2t lebara lang (º)l5s man manage, filu fleisc m3no muoter berg mund namo engi n3h hals niuwi naht nasa ni alt, firni ein ander man, mennisco (ana)stihhit spil4t dinsit, ziuhit sciubit regan r4t zeso reht aha, fluz weg wurzala seil, strang, stric f5l sinwelb r1bit, gn1tit salz 26 Welsh Oscan Umbrian °· lake llyn — — ·‚ laugh chwerthin — — ·⁄ leaf deilen — — ·¤ left(hand) chwith, aswy nertrak (fem. abl.) nertru (abl.) ·‹ leg coes — — ·› lie [recline] gorwedd — — ·fi live (vb.) byw — — ·fl liver afu — — ·‡ long hir, maith — — ·° louse lleuen — — ·· man [male] g¢r — — ⁄‚‚ many llawer — — ⁄‚⁄ meat cig — — ⁄‚¤ moon lleuad, lloer — — ⁄‚‹ mother mam maatreís (gen.) matrer (gen.) ⁄‚› mountain mynydd — — ⁄‚fi mouth genau, ceg — — ⁄‚fl name enw numneís (gen.) numem, nome ⁄‚‡ narrow cul, cyfyng — — ⁄‚° near (adv.) yn agos (nessimas sup. fem. pl.) (nesimei sup. adv.) ⁄‚· neck mwnwgl, gwddf — — ⁄⁄‚ new newydd — — ⁄⁄⁄ night nos — — ⁄⁄¤ nose trwyn — — ⁄⁄‹ not d-… d(d)im (< nid …), na nei neip ⁄⁄› old hen — — ⁄⁄fi one un — — ⁄⁄fl other arall allo (fem.) — ⁄⁄‡ person dyn humuns (pl.) homonus (dat. pl.) ⁄⁄° pierce gwanu — — ⁄⁄· play chwarae — — ⁄¤‚ pull tynnu — — ⁄¤⁄ push gwthio — — ⁄¤¤ rain (nn.) glaw anafríss (?; dat. pl.) — ⁄¤‹ red coch, rhudd — rufru, rofu (acc. pl.) ⁄¤› right(hand) de(au) destrst ‘d. est’ destram (fem. acc.) ⁄¤fi right iawn, cywir — mersto (acc.), rehte (adv.) ⁄¤fl river afon — — ⁄¤‡ road ffordd víú via (abl.) ⁄¤° root gwreiddyn — — ⁄¤· rope rhaff — — ⁄‹‚ rotten pwdr — — ⁄‹⁄ round crwn — — ⁄‹¤ rub rhwbio — — ⁄‹‹ salt halen — salu (acc.) 27 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Hittite — t2zzi, pl. taranzi ºarrirrai arunas auszi warwalan — alpus manninkuwanz ishamai 2sa — n2pis seszi kappis — tuhhuwais mius — — kuiesqa allappahhi iskallai sai arta hast2rz pahhis (?) passus — u(n)hzi istanus suwattari — (sisai ?) ap3s apiya -e — maklanz — k3s z1k tuk t2ries pessiezzi, 5ssiezzi Armenian awaz asê kherê cov tesanê sermn karê sowr, chich karç ergê nsti morth erkinkh nn∆ê phokhr hototi cowx harth awj jiwn okh thkhanê herjow, chelow khamê kay ast¬ bir, ∆in khar, vêm ow¬i¬ ccê, diê arew aytnow, ow‡now lo¬ay towtn, jet ayn and nokha stowar anawsr xorhi ays dow khez erekh ∑nkenow, arkanê Greek êµµow l°gei kn∞i yãlatta ırçi sp°rµa =ãptei ÙjÊw, toµÒw braxÊw êidei kãyhstai xrÒa, d°rµa oÈranÒw kayeÊdei µikrÒw ˆzei kapnÒw le›ow ˆfiw xi≈n ¶nioi ptÊei sx€zei pi°zei ßsthke éstÆr =ãbdow, bakthr€a l€yow eÈyÊw yhlãzei ¥liow ofide› ne›, nÆxetai oÈrã, k°rkow §ke›now §ke› (obl. aÈtoÊw) paxÊw leptÒw front€zei otow sÊ s° tre›w bãllei, =€ptei 28 Albanian Tocharian B ⁄‹› sand rërë warañc (obl.) ⁄‹fi say thotë weßßäµ ⁄‹fl scratch gërvish, kruan — ⁄‹‡ sea det samudtär ⁄‹° see sheh lk3ßßäµ ⁄‹· seed farë s3rm, Ωäkt3lye ⁄›‚ sew qep — ⁄›⁄ sharp mprehtë m3tre, akwatse ⁄›¤ short shkurtër — ⁄›‹ sing këndon piyaµ ⁄›› sit rri ndenjur ßamäµ, 3ßßäµ ⁄›fi skin lëkurë ewe; yetse ⁄›fl sky qiell iprer ⁄›‡ sleep fle kläntsaµ ⁄›° small vogël lykaΩke, totka ⁄›· smell (intr.) lëshon erë, kundërmon warßßäµ ⁄fi‚ smoke tym — ⁄fi⁄ smooth lëmuar ßmare ⁄fi¤ snake gjarpër arß3klo, auk ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) borë (*Ωiñc…, cf. adj. Ωiñcatstse) ⁄fi› some (pl.) disa, ca ßemi ⁄fifi spit (vb.) pështyn pitke (nn.) ⁄fifl split √an kautanaµ ⁄fi‡ squeeze shtrëngon klupn3tär, nuskaßßäµ ⁄fi° stand rri më këmbë kaltär ⁄fi· star yll Ωcirye ⁄fl‚ stick shkop, shufër Ωak3tai (obl.) ⁄fl⁄ stone gur kärweñe ⁄fl¤ straight drejtë — ⁄fl‹ suck thith — ⁄fl› sun diell kauµ ⁄flfi swell ënjtet staukkanatär ⁄flfl swim noton n3ßßäµ ⁄fl‡ tail bisht — ⁄fl° that ai su, samp ⁄fl· there aty, atje tane, omp ⁄‡‚ they ata cey ⁄‡⁄ thick trashë — ⁄‡¤ thin hollë — ⁄‡‹ think mëndon pälskanaµ ⁄‡› this ky se ⁄‡fi thou ti tuwe ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ty ci ⁄‡fl three tre trey ⁄‡‡ throw hedh karßßäµ, saläßßäµ Vedic Sanskrit síkat3s vívakti, bráv1ti kßƒáuti, káßati samudrás páΩyati b!jam s!vyati t1kßƒás (hrasvas) g£yati £st2 tvák dyáus sásti árbhas gandhás (nn.) dh5más Ωlakßƒás áhis himás k@ cit ß†h!vati bhinátti p1∂áyati tíß†hati stardaƒ∂ás áΩm3 #jús dháyati svàr, s%ryas Ωváyati právat2 Ω@pas sá tátra t@ sth5rás, bahulás tanús mányat2, d!dh2ti ayám tvám tv£m tráyas kßipáti, ásyati 29 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic — p™s∞k∞ mraoiti, aoxte reçet∞, pov™st∞ — struΩet∞ zraii4 morje va2naiti vidit∞ taoxma, çi†r∑m s™me® — ßijet∞ ti©r4 ostr∞ m∑r∑zukrat∞k∞ — pojet∞ 3ste s™dit∞ suri koΩa asma (diiau-, Daevic) nebo xvafsaiti s∞pit∞ kasuß mal∞ — vonjajet∞ — dym∞ — glad∞k∞ aΩiß zmija vafrasn™g∞ — jeteri, n™kyji sp3ma- (nn.) pljujet∞ dar∑dairii3t (opt.) (c™pit∞) — t™ßtit∞ hißtaiti stojit∞ st3r4 (pl.) zv™zda — — asma kamy ∑r∑zuß prav∞ — s∞set∞ huuar∑ sl∞n¡ce sispimn4 (ptc.) — — plovet∞ dumaopaß¡ (oçes∞, oßib∞) h4 t∞, on∞, je— tu t2 oni, je— debel∞ — t¡n∞k∞ mainiiete myslit∞ a2m s¡, ov∞ t5m ty †∫a«m tebe †r3ii4 tr¡je aµhiieiti, spaiieiti metet∞, vr∞Ωet∞ Lithuanian sm%lis, smiltìs sãko, tãria i÷br$Ωia, §÷dreskia j6ra mãto s$kla siùva aßtrùs tru⁄pas dainúoja s$di óda dangùs mi¶ga mãΩas kv¶pia d6mai glõdnas, gludùs gyvãt£ sni¶gas ka§ kuri¶ spiáuna sk¶lia suspáudΩia stóvi ΩvaigΩd£ lazdà akmuõ tiesùs Ωìnda, çiu¤pia sául£ tìna, brìnksta pla•kia, pla•ko uodegà tàs teñ ji¶ stóras plónas galvója, d5mója ßìs tù tanè tr@s m¶ta 30 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Old English Old Irish sand ganem sæg† as‚beir plicge†, scrip† scrípaid s7 muir, fairrge sieh† ad‚cí s7d síl s1wa† úaigid scearp, hwæs gér, áeth scort gerr, cumair, berr sing† canaid sitt saidid h6d cnes heofon nem sl7p† con‚tuili l6tel, smæl bec stinc† bolad (nn.) r2oc, smoca dé sm2†e réid wyrm, nædre, snaca nathir sn3w snechte sume araile sp7tt, spitt saile (nn.) cl1ef† dlongid †ring† fáiscid stent do‚airisethar steorra rétglu sticca, stæf slatt st3n lie, cloch riht díriuch s6c†, s6g† denait (pl.), súigid sunne grían swil† attaid swim† snaïd tægl err s2 sin †7r tall h1e é †icce tiug, remor †ynne tanae, séim (ge)†enc†, hyg† im‚rádi, smúainid †2s so †5 tú †2 -t†r1e trí wierp† fo‚ceird, sreïd, do‚léici Latin har2na d1cit scabit mare videt s2men suit ac5tus brevis canit sedet cutis caelum dormit parvos olet f5mus l2vis anguis nix aliqu1 spuit findit, scindit premit stat st2lla baculum lapis r2ctus s5git s4l tumet nat cauda ille ibi e1 crassus tenuis c4gitat hic t5 t2 tr2s iacit 31 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Luvian — 3ssatti (?) — alasammis (?) man3ti warwalan — — mannakunas — asti — tappassa — — — — — — — — tapp3tti — wisiti t3i — winal — — — tiwaz — — — ap3s — -ata, apinzi — — maliti z3s t1 t5 tarris — Lycian — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — sttati — — — — — — — — — — — -¶ (acc.), ebtte (dat.) — — — ebe — — tri — Tocharian A w3ry3ñc trä∫käß — s3mudtär lk3ß s3rm, Ωäkt3lyi — — — piy3- (?) ßmäß —; yats eprer klisn3ß lykäly, tsru wräß — — 3rßal — ßome — kotnaß — kälytär Ωreñ (pl.) ßtop p3reµ — — koµ — — — säm tmaµ cem — — pältsä∫k3ß säs tu cu tre worta-µ (pret.) 32 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Old Persian — †3tiy (†ah-) — draya vainatiy — — tigra — — — — asm3 — — — — — — — *kaiçiy (?) — — — st3— — as3, a†anga— — — — — — ava avad3 — — — maniyataiy iyam, hauv tuvam †uv3m *√iahiyatiy Old Prussian sixdo (E) gerdawi (⁄sg.) — i5rin (loc.?), <j>uriay (E) widdai (pret.) semen (E) — — 1nsan (acc.) gr1mons (pret. ptc.) syndens (ptc.) keuto (E) dangan (acc.), dangus (E) meicte (inf., G) likuts — dumis (E) — angis (E) snaygis (E) — — — — stall3 lauxnos (pl., E) laxde (?; E) stabis (E) — — saule (E) — — — stas stwen tennei — — pom1rit (?; inf.) schis to5 tien [t1rts ‘‹rd’] [metis (nn., E)] Latvian smìlts tèic, saka kasa, kaßã j•ra redz s¶®kla ßuj ass îss dziêd sê®d, seΩ âda debess gul÷ mazs ôΩ, smifid d•mi glude®ns ç•ska snìegs daΩi spl÷a•j, spl÷a•da ska›da, ßk÷el÷ spiêΩ stãv zvàigzne spi¶k÷is, n•ja akmens tàisns, tìeßs zîΩ sa•le pàmpst, tûkst pe›d aste tas tùr vin÷i bìezs, re®sns tiêvs dõmã ßis tu tevi trîs me®t, sviêΩ 33 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Gothic malma qi†i† — marei saí¬i† fraiw siuji† º¬ass — siggwi† siti† ºfill himins sl2pi† leitils — — slaíhts waúrms, (?) nadrs snaiws sumai speiwi† — †reihi† standi† staírn4 hrugga stains raíhts — sauil, sunn4 — — — sa †ar eis — — hugji†, fra†ji† sa †5 †uk †reis waírpi† Old Norse sandr segir, kve∂r skefr haf, sær / sjór sér fræ / frjó saumar hvass, skarpr skammr syngr, gelr sitr hú∂, skinn himinn søfr lítill, smár †efr reykr sléttr ormr, na∂r snær / snjór sumir hrækir, sp§tir kl§fr †ryngr stendr stjarna kefli steinn réttr, beinn s§gr sól svellr, †rútnar svimmr hali sá †ar †eir †ykkr †unnr hugsar, hyggr sjá, †essi †ú †ik †rír verpr, kastar Old High German sant quidit, sag2t crazz4t meri, s2o sihit s3mo n3it scarf, was kurz, skemmi singit sizzit h5t, fel himil sl3fit luzzil, smal stinkit rouh sleht, eban n3tra, wurm sn2o sume sp1wit kliubit, speltit drucchit stentit, st2t sterro gerta, ruota stein reht s5git sunna swillit swimmit zagal der d3r sie dicchi dunni denkit dese d5 dih dr1 wirfit 34 ⁄‹› sand ⁄‹fi say ⁄‹fl scratch ⁄‹‡ sea ⁄‹° see ⁄‹· seed ⁄›‚ sew ⁄›⁄ sharp ⁄›¤ short ⁄›‹ sing ⁄›› sit ⁄›fi skin ⁄›fl sky ⁄›‡ sleep ⁄›° small ⁄›· smell (intr.) ⁄fi‚ smoke ⁄fi⁄ smooth ⁄fi¤ snake ⁄fi‹ snow (nn.) ⁄fi› some (pl.) ⁄fifi spit (vb.) ⁄fifl split ⁄fi‡ squeeze ⁄fi° stand ⁄fi· star ⁄fl‚ stick ⁄fl⁄ stone ⁄fl¤ straight ⁄fl‹ suck ⁄fl› sun ⁄flfi swell ⁄flfl swim ⁄fl‡ tail ⁄fl° that ⁄fl· there ⁄‡‚ they ⁄‡⁄ thick ⁄‡¤ thin ⁄‡‹ think ⁄‡› this ⁄‡fi thou ⁄‡fia thee (acc.) ⁄‡fl three ⁄‡‡ throw Welsh tywod dweud (dywedyd) crafu môr gwel(e)d hedyn gwnïo llym, miniog byr, cwta canu eistedd croen wybren cysgu, huno bach, bychan arogli mwg llyfn neidr, sarff eira rhai poeri hollti gwasgu sefyll seren ffon, gwialen carreg, maen union sugno, dyfnu haul chwyddo nofio cynffon hynny yna nhw tew tenau meddwl hyn ti ti, di tri taflu Oscan Umbrian — — deíkum (inf.) deitu (iptv.) — — — — — uirseto (ptc. nt.) — — — — — — — — — kanetu (iptv.) — sersitu (iptv.) — — — — — — malaks (?; acc. pl.) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — staít stahitu (iptv.) — — — percam (?; acc.) — vapefle (abl.) — — — — — — — — — — — — úlleis (gen.) uru (abl.), ulu (adv.) ifei (?) ife, ef, eruk iusc eaf (fem. acc.) — — — — — — ekík (nt.) eso (fem.) tiium — — tiu, tiom trís trif (acc.) — — 35 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Hittite ishai, hamanki lalas gagas t3ru wehzi, n2a d3n (adv.) — iyatta 3nz 3rri, warpzi w3tar w2s anz3s hurniyanz kuit kuwapi kuwapi harkis kuis palhis ºkuwanz huwanz partawar, pattar 3nssi kattiºkuwanz tiessar — sum2s sum3s w1z hahlawanz Armenian kapê lezow atamn ca‡ da‡nay erkow orcay ßr∆i ∆erm lowanay ∆owr mekh mez xonaw zi erb owr spitak o layn kin ho¬m thew ∆n∆ê handerj kin anta‡, mayri ordn dowkh jez am, tari de¬in Greek de› gl«tta ÙdoÊw d°ndron tr°petai, str°fetai dÊo §µe› peripate› yerµÒw loÊei, n€zei; plÊnei Ïdvr ≤µe›w ≤µçw ÍgrÒw, noterÒw t€ pÒte poË leukÒw t€w eÈrÊw gunÆ êneµow pt°ruj époµãttei sÊn gunÆ Ïlh sk≈lhj Íµe›w Íµçw ¶tow, §niautÒw janyÒw 36 ⁄‡° tie Albanian lidh ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow gjuhë dhëmb dru sillet, kthehet dy villet ecën ngrohtë lan ujë ne ne lagët, njomë √ kur ku bardhë kush gjerë grua erë fletë fshin me grua pyll krimb ju ju vit verdhë Tocharian B Ωanmästär, kärkaßßäµ kantwo keme st3m klutta∫ktär, sporttotär wi a∫kaiµ yamaßßäµ yaµ emalle laikanatär war wes wes *kar1tstse kuse ente — 3rkwi kuse aurtstse Ωana yente — lyy3stär Ωle klyiye wartto, kar3Ω yel yes yes pikul tute Vedic Sanskrit badhn£ti, syáti, náhyati, dyáti jihv£ dán v#kßás vártat2, v#∫kt@ dv£ vámiti gácchati ußƒás n@n2kti v£r (ud(á)n-) vayám asm£n 3rdrás kád, kím kad£ kvà, kútra árjunas, Ωv2tás kás p#thús, urús pátn1, j3y£, ján1 v£tas, v3yús pakßás, parƒám m£rß†i smát, sahá ján1 vánam k¢mis y5yám yußm£n vatsarás háris 37 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Avestan hiß3iia (pf.), bandaiieiti hizuua dant3n4 (pl.), d3t3vana uruuisiieiti duua vam∆asaiti gar∑m4, tapt4 snaiieiti, na2niΩaiti 3fß va2m ahma napt4 kat ka∂a k5, ku†ra spa2ta-, auruß4 k4 p∑r∑†uß, pa†an4 n3iri, n3ir1ka v3t4 par∑n∑m — mat, ha∂a ∆ainiß, n3iri, str1 razur∑m — y5Ω∑m v4 (encl.) y3r∑ zairiß, zairit4 Old Ch. Slavonic s∞ve®Ωet∞, povr∞zet∞ je®zyk∞ zoπb∞ dr™vo, doπb∞ obratit∞ se® d∞va bljujet∞ idet∞, xodit∞ topl∞ myjet∞ voda my nas∞ mokr∞ ç¡to kogda k∞de b™l∞ k∞to ßirok∞ Ωena v™tr∞ krilo t¡ret∞ s∞ Ωena l™s∞ çr∞v¡ vy vas∞ l™to Ωl¡t∞ Lithuanian rìßa lieΩùvis dantìs m¶dis ve‹çiasi dù v¶mia e§na ßi¤tas mazgója vanduõ m¶s mùs ßlãpias kàs kadà ku‹ báltas kàs platùs Ωmonà v$jas spa‹nas ßlúosto sù móteris mìßkas kirm£l% j7s jùs m¶tai geltónas 38 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Old English Old Irish bint, t1g† con‚rig, naiscid, cenglaid tunge tengae t4† dét tr2ow crann went sóïd tw2gen dáu sp1w† sceïd gange†, g7† cingid, téit (tíagait) wearm té †wieh†, wæsc† nigid wæter uisce w2 sní 5s -nw7t, f5ht fliuch hwæt cid hwonne cuin hw7r cairm hw1t find, bán hw3 cía br3d, w1d lethan w1f, cw2n ben, sétig wind gáeth fi†eru ette, scíath w1pa† — mid co w1f ben weald, wudu caill, fid, ross wyrm cruim g2 sí 2ow -bg2ar blíadain geolu buide Latin ligat lingua d2ns arbor vertitur duo vomit ambulat tepidus lavat aqua n4s n4s 5midus quid quand4 ubi albus quis l3tus uxor ventus 3la terget cum mulier silva vermis v4s v4s annus fl3vos 39 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Luvian hishiti, h3piti l3lis — — kuwal1ti (?) — — — — 1lh3ti, l3hunti w3rsa — 3nza — ku1 kuwati kuwar(i) (?) — kuis — — — aruti ammassiti — wanattis, w3nas — — — 5nza(s) ussis hahhaluwantis Lycian — — — — — kbi — — — — — — — — ti — teli — ti — lada — — — ese — — — — — uhi — Tocharian A kärkkäntu kam ßt3m sparcwatär wu — yäß s3t likäß wär was was wipo kus änt3, kupre t3 3rki kus wärts Ωäµ want — ly3señc (‹pl.) Ωla kuli wärt, k3r3Ω walyi (pl.) yas yas pkul — 40 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Old Persian bandhaz3na— — vartataiy *duva— — — — 3piß vayam — — — — — — ka — — — — — had3 — — — — — †ard— Old Prussian perr2ist (inf.) insuwis (E) dantis (E) garian (E) wartinna dwai wimbmis (form??; G) — — [aum5snan (nn.)] unds, wundan (E) mes mans (dat. no5mas) — ka kadan quei gaylis (E) kas — gennan (acc.), genno (E) wetro (E) — — sen gennan (acc.), genno (E) median (E) [slayx ‘earthworm’ (E)] io5s wans mettan (E) gelatynan (E) Latvian sìen mèle zòbs kòks v8rß, grìeΩ divi vemj iêt, sta§gã sìlts mazgã ûdens m¶s m•s slapjß kas kad kùr ba¤ts kas plats si¶va v¶jß sp9rns sla•ka ar si¶vi¶te meΩs t9rps j•s j•s gads dze®›te®ns 41 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Gothic bindi† tugg4 tun†us bagms wandei† twai — gaggi† ºwarms †wahi† wat4 weis uns(is) ºnats ¬a ¬an ¬ar ¬eits ¬as brai†s q2ns winds — biswaírbi† mi† qin4 — ma†a j5s izwis j2r, a†n(s?), ata†ni — Old Norse bindr tunga toπnn tré hverfr, sn§r tveir sp§r gengr varmr †vær vatn vér oss vátr hvat hvenær hvar hvítr hverr ví∂r, brei∂r kona vindr vængr — me∂ kona vi∂r, moπrk, skógr ormr, ma∂kr †ér y∂r ár gulr Old High German bintit zunga zan boum wentit, k2rit zw2ne sp1wit gengit, g2t warm waskit wazzar wir unsih naz, f5hti waz wanne w3r w1z wer breit, w1t quena, gimahha wint federah swirbit mit w1b wald, holz wurm ir iuwih j3r gelo 42 ⁄‡° tie ⁄‡· tongue ⁄°‚ tooth ⁄°⁄ tree ⁄°¤ turn (intr.) ⁄°‹ two ⁄°› vomit ⁄°fi walk ⁄°fl warm ⁄°‡ wash ⁄°° water ⁄°· we ⁄°·a us (acc.) ⁄·‚ wet ⁄·⁄ what ⁄·¤ when ⁄·‹ where ⁄·› white ⁄·fi who ⁄·fl wide ⁄·‡ wife ⁄·° wind (nn.) ⁄·· wing ¤‚‚ wipe ¤‚⁄ with ¤‚¤ woman ¤‚‹ woods ¤‚› worm ¤‚fi ye ¤‚fia you (acc.) ¤‚fl year ¤‚‡ yellow Welsh rhwymo, clymu tafod dant coeden, pren troi dau chwydu, cyfogi cerdded cynnes golchi d¢r ni ni gwlyb (pa) beth pryd (< pa bryd) ble (< pa le) gwyn, can pwy llydan gwraig gwynt asgell, adain sychu gyda menyw, gwraig coedwig, gw#dd pryf, abwydyn chwi chwi blwyddyn melyn Oscan Umbrian — — fangvam (acc.) — dunte[s] (abl. pl.?) — — — — couertu (iptv.), vurtus (fut. pf.) — dur — — — amboltu (iptv.) — — — vutu (iptv.) aapam (acc.) utur, un— — — — — — píd pifle — — puf pufe — alfu (pl. nt.) pís pisi — — — — — — — — — — com com usurs (?; acc. pl.) — — — — — uus [Paelignian] — — — akeneí (loc.) acnu (acc.) — — 43 Hittite Armenian Greek ‹‚⁄ arm ishunau (?) bazowk brax€vn ‹‚¤ arrow n3tas net ofistÒw, b°low, tÒjeuµa ‹‚‹ ask punuszi harchanê §rvtçi ‹‚› autumn z2nanz aßown fyinÒpvron ‹‚fi be awake arriezzi (h)skê, arthown kay §grÆgore (pf.) ‹‚fl ax ates, summittanz tapar éj€nh, p°lekuw ‹‚‡ axle — — êjvn ‹‚° be 2szi ê, kay §st€ ‹‚· bear (nn.) hartaggas ar∆ êrktow h ‹⁄‚ beard zamankur mawrowk p≈gvn ‹⁄⁄ bee — me¬ow µ°litta ‹⁄¤ be born hassanz 2szi cnani g€gnetai ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) — a¬e¬n tÒjon ‹⁄› branch alkistas ko¬r, ost klãdow ‹⁄fi break (tr.) duwarnizzi bekanê, phßrê katarrÆgnusi, katãgnusi ‹⁄fl bronze — p¬inj xalkÒw ‹⁄‡ brother negnas e¬bayr édelfÒw ‹⁄° brother-in-law gaenas taygr daÆr ‹⁄· bull — chowl, zowarak taËrow ‹¤‚ buy w3si gnê »ne›tai ‹¤⁄ carry p2dai, udai berê, krê f°rei h ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) — ar∆a‡k bÒew ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) liszi, tarupzi Ωo¬ovê, kha¬e sull°gei ‹¤› comb (nn.) — sandr kte€w ‹¤fi cook (vb.) zanuhasowchanê p°ttei ‹¤fl cow — kov boËw ‹¤‡ darkness dankuyatar xawar, mowth skÒtow ‹¤° daughter — dowstr yugãthr ‹¤· daughter-in-law (gaenas ?) now, harsn nuÒw h ‹‹‚ door arasas (-is ?) dowrk yÊra ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) pennai, 5nnai, nannai — §laÊnei ‹‹¤ duck lahanz — n∞tta ‹‹‹ eight — owth Ùkt≈ ‹‹› elbow — armowk(n) égk≈n ‹‹fi eyebrow ineras yawnkh ÙfrÊw ‹‹fl father-in-law gaenas (s)kesrayr, aner penyerÒw ‹‹‡ field [plowed] A.ß À terippi art, and, aga‡ak égrÒw ‹‹° finger kalulupas matn dãktulow ‹‹· fly (nn.) — mΩi¬, çanç µu›a ‹›‚ follow 3ppanda paizzi z-het (z-kni) gnay ßpetai, ékolouye› ‹›⁄ free arawas azat §leÊyerow ‹›¤ furrow — — aÔlaj ‹›‹ go paizzi erthay, gnay ¶rxetai (fi°nai) ‹›› goat — ayc x€µaira ‹›fi gold — oski xrusÒw 44 ‹‚⁄ arm ‹‚¤ arrow ‹‚‹ ask ‹‚› autumn ‹‚fi be awake ‹‚fl ax ‹‚‡ axle ‹‚° be ‹‚· bear (nn.) ‹⁄‚ beard ‹⁄⁄ bee ‹⁄¤ be born ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) ‹⁄› branch ‹⁄fi break (tr.) ‹⁄fl bronze ‹⁄‡ brother ‹⁄° brother-in-law ‹⁄· bull ‹¤‚ buy ‹¤⁄ carry ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) ‹¤› comb (nn.) ‹¤fi cook (vb.) ‹¤fl cow ‹¤‡ darkness ‹¤° daughter ‹¤· daughter-in-law ‹‹‚ door ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) ‹‹¤ duck ‹‹‹ eight ‹‹› elbow ‹‹fi eyebrow ‹‹fl father-in-law ‹‹‡ field [plowed] ‹‹° finger ‹‹· fly (nn.) ‹›‚ follow ‹›⁄ free ‹›¤ furrow ‹›‹ go ‹›› goat ‹›fi gold Albanian krah shigjetë pyet vjeshtë është i zgjuar sëpatë bosht është ari mjekër bletë lindet (h)ark degë thyen bronc, tunxh vëlla kunat ka blen bart, √on gjedha mbledh krehër gatuan lopë errësirë, terr bijë nuse derë nget rosë tetë bërryl vetull vjehër(r) arë gisht mizë ndjek lirë brazë, hulli vete, shkon dhi ar, flori Tocharian B pokai (obl.) prere, tsaiµ prekßäµ — 3ksau nesäµ peret ßem nesäµ (ßey), mäsketär — — kro∫kΩe tänmastär wäntalyi (obl.) (?) kar3k kautanaµ — procer — kauurße kärn3stär paräµ kewi, oksaiñ kraupnaµ, k3ratsi (inf.) seriñ (?) pakßäµ keu orkamñe tk3cer — twere kalßtär — okt — pärw3ne (du.) — miße pr3ri tanaulykañ (pl.) koloktär — — yaµ (*3s, cf. adj. aßiye) yasa Vedic Sanskrit b3hús íßus, Ωárus p#ccháti Ωarát j3g£ra (pf.) paraΩús ákßas ásti ¢kßas ΩmáΩru mákßas (pl.) j£yat2 dhánva Ω£kh3, vay£ bhanákti l4hám (áyas ?) bhr£t3 d2v£ ukß£, v#ßabhás kr1ƒ£ti bhárati g£vas sám / pári cin4ti ká∫katas pácati gáus, vaΩ£ támas duhit£ snuß£ dv£r3 (du.) ájati — aß†£ aratnís bhr%s ΩváΩuras urvár3, kß@tram a∫gúris mákßik3 (?) sácat2 sv3dh!nas s!t3 @ti, gácchati ajás híraƒyam 45 Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic ‹‚⁄ arm b3z3uß myß¡ca ‹‚¤ arrow ißuß str™la ‹‚‹ ask p∑r∑saiti v∞prosit∞ ‹‚› autumn — jesen¡ ‹‚fi be awake ∆a©3ra (pf.) b∞dit∞ ‹‚fl ax taß4 s™kyra (brady) ‹‚‡ axle — os¡ ‹‚° be asti jest∞ ‹‚· bear (nn.) arß4 medv™d¡ ‹⁄‚ beard — brada ‹⁄⁄ bee — b¡çela ‹⁄¤ be born zaiiete raΩdajet∞ ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) †anuuar∑ loπk∞ ‹⁄› branch fraspar∑©4, frauu3xßv™tv¡, v™ja ‹⁄fi break (tr.) sçandaiieiti lomit∞ ‹⁄fl bronze aii4 (?) m™d¡ ‹⁄‡ brother br3ta brat(r)∞ ‹⁄° brother-in-law — d™ver¡ ‹⁄· bull uxßa byk∞ ‹¤‚ buy — kupit∞ ‹¤⁄ carry baraiti nosit∞ ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) g3uu4 *gove®do (nuta) ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) hançaiieiti s∞beret∞ ‹¤› comb (nn.) — greben¡, çesl∞, çesalo ‹¤fi cook (vb.) paçaiti varit∞ ‹¤fl cow g3uß krava ‹¤‡ darkness t∑m4 t¡ma, mrak∞ ‹¤° daughter du©∂a d∞ßt¡ ‹¤· daughter-in-law — sn∞xa ‹‹‚ door duuar∑ dv¡r¡ ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) azaiti Ωenet∞ ‹‹¤ duck — oπty ‹‹‹ eight aßta osm¡ ‹‹› elbow ar∑†n4 lak∞t¡ ‹‹fi eyebrow bruuatbr∞v¡ v ‹‹fl father-in-law x asur4 svekr∞ ‹‹‡ field [plowed] karßuß vr∞t∞, vr∞tograd∞ ‹‹° finger ∑r∑zuß pr∞st∞ ‹‹· fly (nn.) maxßi m∞xa ‹›‚ follow haçaite v∞ sl™d∞ idet∞ ‹›⁄ free — svobod¡ ‹›¤ furrow karß4 brazda ‹›‹ go a2iti, ∆asaiti idet∞ ‹›› goat — koza ‹›fi gold zaranim zlato Lithuanian rankà str£l%, v@lyçia kláusia ruduõ nemi¶ga, bùda ki‹vis aßìs yrà (es-) lok@s, meßkà barzdà bìt£, bitìs gìmsta lañkas ßakà láuΩia brònza brólis ßvógeris, sváinis bùlius pe‹ka n¶ßa galvìjai reñka ßùkos vérda kárv£ tamsà dukt% martì dùrys vãro, g¶na ántis aßtuonì alk6n£ añtakiai úoßvis dirvà, la•kas pi‹ßtas mus% s¶ka la§svas, liúosas vagà e§na oΩkà áuksas 46 Old English Old Irish ‹‚⁄ arm earm lám, dóe ‹‚¤ arrow earh saiget ‹‚‹ ask frign†, 3sca† imm‚comairc, iarmi‚foig ‹‚› autumn hærfest fogamar ‹‚fi be awake waca† — ‹‚fl ax æcs bïail, túag ‹‚‡ axle eax fertas ‹‚° be is (bi†, b2on/wesan) is, atá (biid) ‹‚· bear (nn.) bera math ‹⁄‚ beard beard fésóc ‹⁄⁄ bee b2o bech ‹⁄¤ be born wier† geboren gainithir ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) boga fidbocc ‹⁄› branch b4g, telga, twig cráeb, géc, géscae ‹⁄fi break (tr.) bric† brisid, con‚boing ‹⁄fl bronze 3r umae ‹⁄‡ brother br4†or bráthair ‹⁄° brother-in-law t3cor cliamain ‹⁄· bull fearr tarb ‹¤‚ buy byg† crenaid ‹¤⁄ carry bir† beirid ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) hr1†eru, n2at boí ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) gadera†, samna†, lis† do‚inóla, do‚ecmalla ‹¤› comb (nn.) camb cír ‹¤fi cook (vb.) gegearwa† fo‚noí ‹¤fl cow c5 bó ‹¤‡ darkness †2ostru temel, dorchae ‹¤° daughter dohtor ingen ‹¤· daughter-in-law snoru — ‹‹‚ door duru dorus ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) dr1f† ad‚aig ‹‹¤ duck ened lachu ‹‹‹ eight eahta ocht ‹‹› elbow elnboga uilenn ‹‹fi eyebrow ofarbr5 brú, forbrú ‹‹fl father-in-law sw2or cliamain ‹‹‡ field [plowed] æcer gort ‹‹° finger finger mér ‹‹· fly (nn.) fl2oge cuil ‹›‚ follow folga† sechithir ‹›⁄ free fr2o sóer ‹›¤ furrow furh etarche ‹›‹ go g7†, fær†, gange† téit (tíagat) ‹›› goat g3t gabor ‹›fi gold gold ór Latin bracchium sagitta rogat autumnus vigilat sec5ris axis est (fu-) ursus barba apis n3scitur arcus r3mus frangit, rumpit aes fr3ter l2vir taurus emit fert bov2s colligit pecten coquit vacca tenebrae f1lia nurus foris, i3nua, 4stium agit anas oct4 cubitus supercilium socer arvom digitus musca sequitur l1ber sulcus it capra aurum 47 ‹‚⁄ arm ‹‚¤ arrow ‹‚‹ ask ‹‚› autumn ‹‚fi be awake ‹‚fl ax ‹‚‡ axle ‹‚° be ‹‚· bear (nn.) ‹⁄‚ beard ‹⁄⁄ bee ‹⁄¤ be born ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) ‹⁄› branch ‹⁄fi break (tr.) ‹⁄fl bronze ‹⁄‡ brother ‹⁄° brother-in-law ‹⁄· bull ‹¤‚ buy ‹¤⁄ carry ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) ‹¤› comb (nn.) ‹¤fi cook (vb.) ‹¤fl cow ‹¤‡ darkness ‹¤° daughter ‹¤· daughter-in-law ‹‹‚ door ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) ‹‹¤ duck ‹‹‹ eight ‹‹› elbow ‹‹fi eyebrow ‹‹fl father-in-law ‹‹‡ field [plowed] ‹‹° finger ‹‹· fly (nn.) ‹›‚ follow ‹›⁄ free ‹›¤ furrow ‹›‹ go ‹›› goat ‹›fi gold Luvian — — — — — — — 3sti — — — — — — m3lh5ti, tatarhti — n3nais — — — patzati (?) — — — — w3w1s — duttariyatis — — paprai — — — kuwannanis — — — — — — — 1ti — — Lycian — — — — — — — esi — — — — — — — — n¶ni — — ije — — — — — wawa — kbatra — — — — aitãta — — — — — — — (arawa ‘freedom’) — — — — Tocharian A poke pär prakäß yäpsant (?) w3wru naß porat — naß (ße), mäskatär — — kro∫Ωe tämnäßtär añcäl karke kotnaß — pracar — kayurß — pärtär kowi kropnaß — pkäß ko orkäm ck3car — — — — okt — pärw3µ — mißi (?*) pr3r — säkn3m3µ (?; ptc.) — — yäß 3s wäs 48 ‹‚⁄ arm ‹‚¤ arrow ‹‚‹ ask ‹‚› autumn ‹‚fi be awake ‹‚fl ax ‹‚‡ axle ‹‚° be ‹‚· bear (nn.) ‹⁄‚ beard ‹⁄⁄ bee ‹⁄¤ be born ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) ‹⁄› branch ‹⁄fi break (tr.) ‹⁄fl bronze ‹⁄‡ brother ‹⁄° brother-in-law ‹⁄· bull ‹¤‚ buy ‹¤⁄ carry ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) ‹¤› comb (nn.) ‹¤fi cook (vb.) ‹¤fl cow ‹¤‡ darkness ‹¤° daughter ‹¤· daughter-in-law ‹‹‚ door ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) ‹‹¤ duck ‹‹‹ eight ‹‹› elbow ‹‹fi eyebrow ‹‹fl father-in-law ‹‹‡ field [plowed] ‹‹° finger ‹‹· fly (nn.) ‹›‚ follow ‹›⁄ free ‹›¤ furrow ‹›‹ go ‹›› goat ‹›fi gold Old Persian Old Prussian — irmo (E) — — parsatiy — — assanis (E) — bud2 isuv3 (?) bile (E) — assis (E) astiy est — clokis (E) — bordus (E) — bitte (E) — gemmons (pret. ptc.) *†anuvan-, *va√a— — wipis (E) — l1mauts (pret.) — — br3t3 br3ti — — *arßa(n)- (?) lonix (E) — — baratiy p1dai — pecku (sg.) — senr1nka — coysnis (E) — — *gavklente (E) — — — duckti — m3rtin (acc.) duvarwartin (acc.), warto (E) — gunnimai (⁄pl.) — antis (E) — [asmus ‘°th’] — alkunis (E) — wubri (?; E) — tisties (E) — laucks, samye<n> (E) — pirsten (E) — muso (E) — r1piaiti (iptv. pl.) — pow1rps — redo (E) aitiy 2it — wosee (E) daraniyam ausin (acc.), ausis (E) Latvian ròka bu¤ta ja•tã, va§cã, prasa rudens ir nõmôdã cìrvis ass ir (e®smu) lâcis b9rda bite pìedze®m, pìedzìmst lòks (stõps ?) zars laûΩ bronza brãlis sva§nis bu¤lis p8®rk ne®s li¶lõpi krãj, lasa, pulcina k÷e⁄me vàra, vàr§ gòvs tùmsa meîta ve®de®kla dùrvis dze®n p§le astôn÷i è®lkonis uzacs v§rat¶®vs, si¶vast¶®vs t§rums, la•ks pìrksts mußa se®kõ br§vs vaga iêt kaza zè®lts 49 ‹‚⁄ arm ‹‚¤ arrow ‹‚‹ ask ‹‚› autumn ‹‚fi be awake ‹‚fl ax ‹‚‡ axle ‹‚° be ‹‚· bear (nn.) ‹⁄‚ beard ‹⁄⁄ bee ‹⁄¤ be born ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) ‹⁄› branch ‹⁄fi break (tr.) ‹⁄fl bronze ‹⁄‡ brother ‹⁄° brother-in-law ‹⁄· bull ‹¤‚ buy ‹¤⁄ carry ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) ‹¤› comb (nn.) ‹¤fi cook (vb.) ‹¤fl cow ‹¤‡ darkness ‹¤° daughter ‹¤· daughter-in-law ‹‹‚ door ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) ‹‹¤ duck ‹‹‹ eight ‹‹› elbow ‹‹fi eyebrow ‹‹fl father-in-law ‹‹‡ field [plowed] ‹‹° finger ‹‹· fly (nn.) ‹›‚ follow ‹›⁄ free ‹›¤ furrow ‹›‹ go ‹›› goat ‹›fi gold Gothic Old Norse arms armleggr, handleggr, hoπnd ar¬azna oπr fraíhni† spyrr, fréttir asans haust (º)wakai† vakir aqizi øx — oπxull ist (wisan) er (vera) — bjoπrn — skegg — b§fluga gabaírada er borinn — bogi asts grein, kvistr briki† br§tr ais eir br4†ar bró∂ir — mágr — †jórr, gra∂ungr, boli bugji† kaupir baíri† berr — naut(fé) (ga)lisi† samnar, less — kambr — matb§r — k§r riqis myrkr daúhtar dóttir br5†s snor, mágkona daúr(4ns), haúrds dyrr, hur∂ dreibi†, draibei† rekr, keyrir — oπnd ahtau átta — oπlnbogi — brún swaíhra verfa∂ir, mágr akrs akr figgrs fingr — fluga laistei† fylgir freis frjáls — — gaggi†, galei†i† gengr, ferr, lí∂r gaits geit gul† gull Old High German arm str3la fr3g2t, eisc4t herbist wahh2t acchus, barta ahsa is (bim, wesan) bero bart b1na, bini ist giboran bogo ast, zwelga, zw1g brihhit 2r bruoder sw3gur far coufit tregit rindir lisit, saman4t camb cohh4t kuo finstarnessi, tunkal1 tohter snura turi tr1bit anut ahto elinbogo br3wa swehur acchar fingar flioga folg2t fr1 furuh gengit, g2t, ferit ziga, geiz gold 50 Welsh Oscan Umbrian ‹‚⁄ arm braich — — ‹‚¤ arrow saeth — — ‹‚‹ ask gofyn, holi — ehueltu (?; iptv.) ‹‚› autumn hydref — — ‹‚fi be awake bod (mae) ar ddi-hun — — ‹‚fl ax bwyall — — ‹‚‡ axle echel — — ‹‚° be bod, pres. ‹sg. mae, yw est (fut. fust) est (fut. fust) ‹‚· bear (nn.) arth — — ‹⁄‚ beard barf — — ‹⁄⁄ bee gwenynen — — ‹⁄¤ be born geni cnatois (ptc. dat. pl.) [Pael.] — ‹⁄‹ bow (nn.) bwa — — ‹⁄› branch cangen, cainc — — ‹⁄fi break (tr.) torri — — ‹⁄fl bronze efydd (aizniv adj. nt. pl.) (ahesnes adj. abl. pl.) ‹⁄‡ brother brawd fratrúm (gen. pl.) frater (pl.) ‹⁄° brother-in-law brawd-yng-nghyfraith — — ‹⁄· bull tarw tauroµ (acc. ) turuf, toru (acc. pl.) ‹¤‚ buy prynu emmens (pf. pl.) emantur (?; pass. pl. subj.) ‹¤⁄ carry cario, cludo feret (pl.) [Marruc.] fertu, portatu (iptv.) ‹¤¤ cattle (pl.) gwartheg — buf (acc.) ‹¤‹ collect (tr.) casglu, cynnull — — ‹¤› comb (nn.) crib — *peten (?) ‹¤fi cook (vb.) coginio — — ‹¤fl cow buwch — — ‹¤‡ darkness tywyllwch — — ‹¤° daughter merch futír — ‹¤· daughter-in-law m.-y.-ngh., gwaudd — — ‹‹‚ door drws — — ‹‹⁄ drive (tr.) gyrru — aituta (iptv. pl.) ‹‹¤ duck hwyad — — ‹‹‹ eight wyth — — ‹‹› elbow penelin — — ‹‹fi eyebrow ael — — ‹‹fl father-in-law tad-yng-nghyfraith — — ‹‹‡ field [plowed] cae, maes — arvam (acc.), ager ‹‹° finger bys — — ‹‹· fly (nn.) gwybedyn, cylionen — — ‹›‚ follow dilyn — — ‹›⁄ free rhydd loufir [Paelignian] — ‹›¤ furrow rhych, cwys — — ‹›‹ go myn(e)d eite (iptv. ¤pl.) [Pael.] etu (iptv.) ‹›› goat gafr — kaprum (acc.) ‹›fi gold aur — — 51 Hittite ‹›fl goose — ‹›‡ grain (coll.) halkis ‹›° grind mallezzi ‹›· half (adj.) taksan ‹fi‚ have harzi, pl. harkanzi ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) munnaezzi, sannai ‹fi¤ honey milit ‹fi‹ horse — ‹fi› house p2r, parn‹fifi hundred — ‹fifl jaw — ‹fi‡ join hapzi ‹fi° king hassus ‹fi· knot — ‹fl‚ lamb — ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) n3i ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) d3lai ‹fl‹ lick lipzi, lilipai ‹fl› lift karpiezzi ‹flfi light (nn.) lalukkimas ‹flfl lip puris ‹fl‡ livestock suppales ‹fl° make i2zzi ‹fl· middle (adj.) istarniyas ‹‡‚ milk — ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law (gaenas ?) ‹‡¤ mouse kaperz ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] sankuwais ‹‡› naked nekumanz ‹‡fi navel — ‹‡fl nine — ‹‡‡ now kinun ‹‡° orphan kurimmas ‹‡· ox — ‹°‚ pig — ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) t2ripzi ‹°¤ pour l3hui, suhhai, lelhuntaezzi ‹°‹ put d3i ‹°› remember karta siya‹°fi roof suhha‹°fl row (vb.) — ‹°‡ send uppai, piezzi ‹°° seven *siptan ‹°· shadow — ‹·‚ sheep iyanz, *pikkus ? Armenian Greek — xÆn h c orean s›tow a¬ay éle› kês ¥µisuw owni ¶xei h h h t ak owc anê, cackê krÊptei me¬r µ°li ji ·ppow town ofik€a hariwr •katÒn cnawt gnãyow zowgê sunãptei arkhay, thagawor basileÊw h hamboyc ëµµa ga‡n, bowc érÆn varê, acê, tani êgei, ≤ge›tai lkhanê, tho¬ow le€pei lizow le€xei ba‡nay a‡rei loys f«w ßowrthn xe›low eramak ktÆnh, boskÆµata a‡nê, gorcê poie› mê∆ (noun) µ°sow kathn gãla h h (s)kesowr, zok anç penyerã mowkn µËw e¬owngn ˆnuj merk guµnÒw — ÙµfalÒw inn §nn°a ard nËn orb ÙrfanÒw ezn boËw xoz w, xo›row jlê éro› he¬ow xe› dnê t€yhsi yißê, mtaberê µ°µnhtai h yark, tanik t°gow, st°gh, ÙrofÆ — §laÊnei h a‡ak ê, y¬ê p°µpei ewthn •ptã hovani, stower skiã oçhxar prÒbaton 52 ‹›fl goose ‹›‡ grain (coll.) ‹›° grind ‹›· half (adj.) ‹fi‚ have ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) ‹fi¤ honey ‹fi‹ horse ‹fi› house ‹fifi hundred ‹fifl jaw ‹fi‡ join ‹fi° king ‹fi· knot ‹fl‚ lamb ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) ‹fl‹ lick ‹fl› lift ‹flfi light (nn.) ‹flfl lip ‹fl‡ livestock ‹fl° make ‹fl· middle (adj.) ‹‡‚ milk ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law ‹‡¤ mouse ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] ‹‡› naked ‹‡fi navel ‹‡fl nine ‹‡‡ now ‹‡° orphan ‹‡· ox ‹°‚ pig ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) ‹°¤ pour ‹°‹ put ‹°› remember ‹°fi roof ‹°fl row (vb.) ‹°‡ send ‹°° seven ‹°· shadow ‹·‚ sheep Albanian patë bereqet, drithë bluan gjysmë ka fsheh mjaltë kalë shtëpi qind nofull bashkon, lidh mbret komb, nyjë qengj prin, udhëheq lë lëpin ngre dritë buzë bagëti bën mesmë qumësht vjehër(r) mi thua lakuriq kërthizë nëntë tani, tash jetim ka derr, thi lëron derdh vë mban mend √ati, pullaz vozit dërgon shtatë hi(j)e dele Tocharian B — Ω3tre, ys3re waltsanaµ yw3rtsa — tukästär mit, caut3µ yakwe ost kante wicuko tsuwäßßäµ walo (l3nt-) — — 3Ωäµ 3rßäµ — musn3tär, taläßßäµ lyuke, läkutsauña lymine (du.) — yamaßßäµ ywarΩk3ññe malkwer — maΩc1tsi (pl.) mekwa (pl.) — kele ñu ñake, tompok — okso suwo rapanaµ kußäµ taßäµ / t3ßäµ epiyac käll3stär ßim, raktsi — lyewetär ßukt skiyo Ωaiyye, eye Vedic Sanskrit haµsás yávas, dh3n£s pináß†i ardhás — g%hati mádhu áΩvas dámas, g#hás Ωatám hánus yunákti r£j3, r£† granthís úr3, úraƒnáyati riƒákti, jáh3ti r@∂hi út sth3payati rúk, bh£s, jy$tis $ß†has paΩús k#ƒ$ti mádhyas páyas, kß1rám ΩvaΩr%s m%s nakhás nagnás n£bhis náva n%, n5nám — gáus s5karás kárßati, k#ßáti siñcáti dádh3ti smárati chadís — prá ißyati saptá ch3y£ ávis 53 Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic ‹›fl goose — *goπs¡ ‹›‡ grain (coll.) yauu4 Ωito ‹›° grind — meljet∞ ‹›· half (adj.) na2m4 pol∞ (nn.) ‹fi‚ have — imat∞ ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) guzaite s∞kryjet∞ ‹fi¤ honey *pa2named∞ ‹fi‹ horse asp4 konj¡ ‹fi› house nm3n∑m dom∞ ‹fifi hundred sat∑m s∞to ‹fifl jaw *z3nuçeljust¡ ‹fi‡ join yun∆inti (‹pl.) s∞çetajet∞ ‹fi° king xßaii4 c™sar¡ (kral¡) ‹fi· knot — (oπzl∞) ‹fl‚ lamb — agne®, agn¡c¡ ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) naiieiti, v3∂aiieiti vedet∞ ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) paiti.irinaxti ostavit∞ ‹fl‹ lick ra2zaite (‹pl.) liΩet∞ ‹fl› lift us.g∑r∑∫n3iti v∞z-dvignet∞, -neset∞, -¡met∞ ‹flfi light (nn.) raoç4 sv™t∞ ‹flfl lip aoßt4 ust¡na ‹fl‡ livestock pasuß skot∞ ‹fl° make k∑r∑naoiti tvorit∞ (d™lajet∞) ‹fl· middle (adj.) mai∂ii4, ma∂∑m4 sr™d¡nj¡ ‹‡‚ milk paii4, xßuu1s ml™ko ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law — svekry ‹‡¤ mouse — mys¡ ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] sruua nog∞t¡ ‹‡› naked ma©n4 nag∞ ‹‡fi navel n3f4 poπp∞(k∞) ‹‡fl nine nauua deve®t¡ ‹‡‡ now n5, n5r∑m nyn™ ‹‡° orphan — sir∞, sirota ‹‡· ox g3uß vol∞ ‹°‚ pig h5ß svinija ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) karßaiti orjet∞ ‹°¤ pour hinçaiti l™jet∞ ‹°‹ put da∂3iti kladet∞, po-loΩit∞, -stavit∞ ‹°› remember paitißmareite po-m™net∞, -m¡nit∞ ‹°fi roof — krov∞, str™xa ‹°fl row (vb.) — grebet∞ ‹°‡ send — s∞lajet∞ ‹°° seven hapta sedm¡ ‹°· shadow *saii3s™n¡, st™n¡ ‹·‚ sheep anumaii4 ov¡ca Lithuanian Ωa«sìs gr5da§, java§ mãla pùs- (pref.) tùri sl¶pia medùs arkl@s bùtas ßi⁄tas Ωándas sujùngia karãlius mãzgas £riùkas, avin%lis v¶da pali¶ka la§Ωo k¶lia ßviesà l6pa g!voliai, bandà dãro vidurìnis píenas úoßv£, an!ta pel% nãgas núogas bámba devynì daba‹ naßláitis jáutis kia•l£ ãria pìla, líeja d¶da, stãto atsìmena stógas ìria siuñçia septynì ßeß$lis avìs 54 Old English ‹›fl goose g4s ‹›‡ grain (coll.) corn ‹›° grind grint ‹›· half (adj.) healf ‹fi‚ have hæf† ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) h6tt, hele†, bed1egle† ‹fi¤ honey hunig ‹fi‹ horse hors ‹fi› house h5s ‹fifi hundred hund ‹fifl jaw c2ace, ceafl ‹fi‡ join f2g† ‹fi° king cyning ‹fi· knot cnotta ‹fl‚ lamb lamb ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) l7tt ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) l7tt ‹fl‹ lick licca† ‹fl› lift hef† ‹flfi light (nn.) l2oht ‹flfl lip lippa, weler ‹fl‡ livestock feoh ‹fl° make wyrc†, maca† ‹fl· middle (adj.) midd, middel ‹‡‚ milk meolc ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law sweger ‹‡¤ mouse m5s ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] nægl ‹‡› naked nacod ‹‡fi navel nafola ‹‡fl nine nigon ‹‡‡ now n5 ‹‡° orphan st2opcild ‹‡· ox oxa ‹°‚ pig sw1n ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) ere† ‹°¤ pour g1ett ‹°‹ put sett, leg† ‹°› remember geman ‹°fi roof †æc, hr4f ‹°fl row (vb.) r2w† ‹°‡ send sent ‹°° seven seofon ‹°· shadow sceadu, sc5wa ‹·‚ sheep sc2ap Old Irish géd ith, arbor meilid lethtáithai ceilid, fo‚lugai mil ech tech cét — ad‚comla rí snaidm úan feidid léicid, fo‚acaib ligid con‚ocaib soilse bél indile, crod do‚gní medónach blicht — luch ingen nocht imbliu noí indorsa dílechtae dam mucc airid do‚essim fo‚ceird (‚cuirethar) cuimnigidir tugae ráïd foídid secht scáth cáera Latin 3nser fr5mentum molit d1midius habet c2lat, occulit, abdit mel equos domus centum m3la iungit r2x n4dus agnus d5cit relinquit lingit tollit l5x, l5men labrum, labium pecus facit medius lac socrus m5s unguis n5dus umbil1cus novem nunc orbus b4s s5s, porcus arat fundit p4nit meminit t2ctum r2migat mittit septem umbra ovis 55 ‹›fl goose ‹›‡ grain (coll.) ‹›° grind ‹›· half (adj.) ‹fi‚ have ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) ‹fi¤ honey ‹fi‹ horse ‹fi› house ‹fifi hundred ‹fifl jaw ‹fi‡ join ‹fi° king ‹fi· knot ‹fl‚ lamb ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) ‹fl‹ lick ‹fl› lift ‹flfi light (nn.) ‹flfl lip ‹fl‡ livestock ‹fl° make ‹fl· middle (adj.) ‹‡‚ milk ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law ‹‡¤ mouse ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] ‹‡› naked ‹‡fi navel ‹‡fl nine ‹‡‡ now ‹‡° orphan ‹‡· ox ‹°‚ pig ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) ‹°¤ pour ‹°‹ put ‹°› remember ‹°fi roof ‹°fl row (vb.) ‹°‡ send ‹°° seven ‹°· shadow ‹·‚ sheep Luvian — — — — — — malli azzuwas (?) parnanza — — — handawatis (?) — — nan3i — — wallitti — — — 3ti — — — — — — — — n3nun — — — — lil5wai duwai — — — harwannitti — — h3w1s Lycian — — — — — — — esbe *prñn... — — — xñtawati — — — — — — — — — adi — — — — — — — nuñtãta — — — — — — tadi, tuweti — — — — — — xawa Tocharian A — ws3r — — — tpukäß — yuk waßt känt Ωanweµ (du.) tsw3ß wäl (l3nt-) — — 3Ωäß 3räß — musn3tär lkäΩ, lukΩone lymeµ (du.) — yaß (‹pl. ypeñc) yw3rck3 (adv.) malke — — maku (pl.) — — ñu t3pärk — opsi (pl.) — p3tar (pret. ‹pl.) kuß t3ß opy3c käll3ß — — lawaß (subj.) ßpät — ΩoΩ (coll.) 56 ‹›fl goose ‹›‡ grain (coll.) ‹›° grind ‹›· half (adj.) ‹fi‚ have ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) ‹fi¤ honey ‹fi‹ horse ‹fi› house ‹fifi hundred ‹fifl jaw ‹fi‡ join ‹fi° king ‹fi· knot ‹fl‚ lamb ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) ‹fl‹ lick ‹fl› lift ‹flfi light (nn.) ‹flfl lip ‹fl‡ livestock ‹fl° make ‹fl· middle (adj.) ‹‡‚ milk ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law ‹‡¤ mouse ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] ‹‡› naked ‹‡fi navel ‹‡fl nine ‹‡‡ now ‹‡° orphan ‹‡· ox ‹°‚ pig ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) ‹°¤ pour ‹°‹ put ‹°› remember ‹°fi roof ‹°fl row (vb.) ‹°‡ send ‹°° seven ‹°· shadow ‹·‚ sheep Old Persian Old Prussian — sansy (E) — arrien (acc.), syrne (E) — — — — — turei apagaudayatiy auklipts (pret. ptc.) — meddo (E) asa camnet (G) *m3nabuttan — — — — — send3uns (pret. ptc.) xß3ya†iya konagis (E) — — — eristian (E) nayatiy wedd2 (pret.) — — — — — erl3ngi — — — warsus (E) gai†3 — kunautiy, dad3tiy tickinnimai (⁄pl.) — — — dadan (E) — — — — — nagutis (E) — — — nabis (E) *nav3 [new1nts ‘·th’] n5ram t2nti — — — kurwan (acc.), curwis (E) — swintian (E) — [artoys ‘plowman’ (E)] — pralieiton (pret. ptc.) dad3tiy saddinna — — — stogis (E) — — *aißayatiy pertengginnons (pret. ptc.) — [septmas ‘‡th’] — — — camstian (E) Latvian zòss lab§ba, graûds mal÷ puse — slèpj, nòglabã me®dus zifigs mãja, nams sìmt(s) Ωôklis saviênõ karalis, k÷¶nin÷ß me®zgls j¶®rs ve®d atstãj, pame®t làiza cel÷ gàisma l•pa lõpi dara vid¶js pi¶ns v§ramãte, si¶vasmãte pele nags kaîls, pliks naba devin÷i paßla§k, patlaban bãrenis v8rsis c•ka ar lej lìek atminas jùmts a§r¶, ir sùta, ra§da septin÷i ¶®na, pav¶nis àita 57 Gothic Old Norse ‹›fl goose — gás ‹›‡ grain (coll.) kaúrn korn ‹›° grind mali† melr ‹›· half (adj.) halfs hálfr ‹fi‚ have habai†, aih hefir, á ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) filhi† felr, hylr, leynir ‹fi¤ honey mili† hunang ‹fi‹ horse (ºaí¬s?) hross, hestr ‹fi› house gards, razn hús ‹fifi hundred taíhunt2hund hundra∂ ‹fifl jaw — kjoπptr ‹fi‡ join gawidi† samlagar, samtengir ‹fi° king †iudans konungr ‹fi· knot — knútr ‹fl‚ lamb wi†rus, lamb lamb ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) tiuhi† lei∂ir ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) l2ti†, bilei†i† lætr, skilr eptir, leifir ‹fl‹ lick bilaig4† sleikir ‹fl› lift hafji† hefr, lyptir, reisir ‹flfi light (nn.) liuha† ljós ‹flfl lip waíril4m (dat. pl.) voπrr ‹fl‡ livestock — (kvik)fé ‹fl° make tauji†, waúrkei† gørir ‹fl· middle (adj.) midjis mi∂r ‹‡‚ milk miluks mjoπlk ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law swaíhr4 vermó∂ir, mágkona ‹‡¤ mouse — mús ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] — nagl ‹‡› naked naqa†s nøkvi∂r ‹‡fi navel — nafli ‹‡fl nine niun níu ‹‡‡ now nu nú ‹‡° orphan widuwaírna foπ∂urlauss ‹‡· ox aúhsus, aúhsa oxi ‹°‚ pig swein svín ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) arji† err ‹°¤ pour giuti† hellir ‹°‹ put (ga)satji†, (ga)lagji† setr, leggr ‹°› remember gaman, and†agkei† sik man, minnisk ‹°fi roof hr4t †ak ‹°fl row (vb.) — rœr ‹°‡ send sandei† sendir ‹°° seven sibun sjau ‹°· shadow skadus skuggi ‹·‚ sheep lamb sau∂r Old High German gans corn melit halb hab2t gibirgit, hilit honag ros h5s zehanzug kinnibahho fuogit, spennit kuning cnopf lamb leitit l3zit lecch4t hefit lioht leffur, lefs fihu tuot, wirkit, mahh4t mitti(l) miluh swigar m5s nagal nacchot nabalo niun n5 weiso ohso sw1n erit giuzit sezzit, legit, stelit gihugit dah — sentit sibun scato, sc5wo sc3f 58 ‹›fl goose ‹›‡ grain (coll.) ‹›° grind ‹›· half (adj.) ‹fi‚ have ‹fi⁄ hide (vb.) ‹fi¤ honey ‹fi‹ horse ‹fi› house ‹fifi hundred ‹fifl jaw ‹fi‡ join ‹fi° king ‹fi· knot ‹fl‚ lamb ‹fl⁄ lead (vb.) ‹fl¤ leave (tr.) ‹fl‹ lick ‹fl› lift ‹flfi light (nn.) ‹flfl lip ‹fl‡ livestock ‹fl° make ‹fl· middle (adj.) ‹‡‚ milk ‹‡⁄ mother-in-law ‹‡¤ mouse ‹‡‹ nail [of finger] ‹‡› naked ‹‡fi navel ‹‡fl nine ‹‡‡ now ‹‡° orphan ‹‡· ox ‹°‚ pig ‹°⁄ plow (vb.) ‹°¤ pour ‹°‹ put ‹°› remember ‹°fi roof ‹°fl row (vb.) ‹°‡ send ‹°° seven ‹°· shadow ‹·‚ sheep Welsh g¢ydd #d malu hanner — cuddio, celu mêl ceffyl, march t# cant gên, cern cydio, cysylltu brenin clwm oen arwain, tywys gadael llyfu c(yf)odi golau gwefus da (gw)neud canol, perfedd llaeth mam-yng-nghyfraith llygoden ewin noeth bogail naw nawr (< yn awr) amddifad ych, eidion mochyn aredig tywallt gosod, dodi cofio to rhwyfo danfon saith cysgod dafad Oscan Umbrian — — — — — kumaltu, comoltu (iptv.) — — hipid (pf. subj.) habetu (iptv.) — — — — — — trííbúm (acc.) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — sumtu (iptv.) — — — — — pequo (acc.) fakiiad (subj.) fa√ia (subj.) mefiaí (fem. loc.) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — nuvis (adv.) — — — — — — — sim (acc.), porca (acc. pl.) — — — — prúffed (perf.) perstu (iptv.) memnim (inf.) — — — — — — — — — — — — uvef, oui (acc. pl.) 59 ‹·⁄ ship ‹·¤ shoulder ‹·‹ silver ‹·› sister ‹·fi sister-in-law ‹·fl six ‹·‡ son ‹·° son-in-law ‹·· spin ›‚‚ spring [season] ›‚⁄ stay ›‚¤ steal ›‚‹ summer ›‚› sweat (vb.) ›‚fi sweet ›‚fl ten ›‚‡ thousand ›‚° twenty ›‚· udder ›⁄‚ wasp ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] ›⁄¤ weave ›⁄‹ wheel ›⁄› widow ›⁄fi winter ›⁄fl wolf ›⁄‡ wood ›⁄° wool ›⁄· yoke ›¤‚ young ›¤⁄ tear [noun] Hittite — palta(na)s, kuttar — negas (gaenas ?) — pullas ? kusas malkiezzi hameshanz 3szi t3iezzi — allaniezzi malittus — — — — — w2sta — h5rkis kurimmas gimmanz wetnas t3ru hulanaiukan ammiyanz ishahru Armenian naw ows arcath khoyr nêr vech ordi, owstr phesay niwthê garown mnay, kay go¬anay ama‡n khrtni anoyß, kha¬chr tasn hazar khsan — brêt zgecheal ê ankanê aniw ayri jme‡n gayl phayt bowrd lowc nor, mata¬ artawsr Greek naËw, plo›on Œµow êrgurow édelfÆ gãlvw ßj uflÒw gaµbrÒw n∞i, kl≈yei ∑r µ°nei kl°ptei y°row fldr«i glukÊw d°ka x€lioi e‡kosi oÔyar, µastÒw sfÆj fore› Ífa€nei troxÒw xÆra xeiµ≈n lÊkow jÊlon, Ïlh ¶rion zugÒn n°ow dãkru 60 Albanian Tocharian B ‹·⁄ ship anije olyi (obl.), kolmai (obl.) ‹·¤ shoulder sup 3ntse ‹·‹ silver ergjënd ñkante ‹·› sister motër ßer ‹·fi sister-in-law kunatë — ‹·fl six gjashtë ßkas ‹·‡ son bir soy ‹·° son-in-law dhëndër — ‹·· spin tjerr — ›‚‚ spring [season] prëndverë — ›‚⁄ stay rri (ndenjur), qëndron wsaßßäµ, woloktär, kaltär ›‚¤ steal vjedh karkatsi (inf.), kälyp1tsi (inf.) ›‚‹ summer verë ßm3ye (adj.) ›‚› sweat (vb.) dërsin sy3tsi (inf.) ›‚fi sweet ëmbël sw3re ›‚fl ten dhjetë Ωak ›‚‡ thousand mijë yaltse ›‚° twenty njëzet ikäµ ›‚· udder gji, mjelm — ›⁄‚ wasp arëz, grerë — ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] mban yäßßitär (ipf.), paräµ ›⁄¤ weave ven, end w3patsi (inf.) ›⁄‹ wheel rrotë yerkwantai (obl.) ›⁄› widow ve — ›⁄fi winter dimër Ωimprai (obl.) ›⁄fl wolf ujk — ›⁄‡ wood dru or ›⁄° wool lesh yok ›⁄· yoke zgjedhë pyorye ›¤‚ young ri maiwe ›¤⁄ tear [noun] lot akr5na (pl.) Vedic Sanskrit náus áµsas rajatám svás3 nán3nd3 ßá† s5nús, putrás j£m3t3 k#ƒátti vasantás tíß†hati, vásati mußƒ£ti gr1ßmás sißv@da (pf.) madhurás dáΩa sahásram viµΩatís %dhar — vást2 váyati cakrám vidháv3 hím3, h2mantás v¢kas d£ru %rƒ3 yugám yúv3 áΩru 61 Avestan ‹·⁄ ship *n3uu‹·¤ shoulder daoß, suptiß ‹·‹ silver ∑r∑zat∑m ‹·› sister xvaµha ‹·fi sister-in-law — ‹·fl six xßuuaß ‹·‡ son pu†r4 (hunuß, Daevic) ‹·° son-in-law z3m3ta ‹·· spin — ›‚‚ spring [season] zar∑ma2m, vaµhar∑ ›‚⁄ stay — ›‚¤ steal t∑r∑fiieiti ›‚‹ summer ham›‚› sweat (vb.) xv1saiti ›‚fi sweet — ›‚fl ten dasa ›‚‡ thousand hazaµr∑m ›‚° twenty v1saiti ›‚· udder — ›⁄‚ wasp *va∫Ωa- (?) ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] vaste ›⁄¤ weave — ›⁄‹ wheel çaxr4 ›⁄› widow vi∂auua ›⁄fi winter ziiå, ai∫ig3m4 ›⁄fl wolf v∑hrk4 ›⁄‡ wood d3uru ›⁄° wool var∑na ›⁄· yoke — ›¤‚ young yauua (*yuua) ›¤⁄ tear [noun] asru- Old Ch. Slavonic ladij¡ ramo, pleßte s¡rebro sestra zl∞va ßest¡ syn∞ ze®t¡ pre®det∞ vesna ostanet∞ se® kradet∞ Ωe®tva, l™to potit∞ se® slad∞k∞ dese®t¡ tysoπßta d∞va dese®ti — — nosit∞ t∞çet∞ kolo v¡dova zima vl∞k∞ dr∞va vl∞na igo (jar¡m∞) jun∞ sl¡za Lithuanian la§vas pet@s sidãbras sesuõ sváin£, móßa ßeßì s5nùs Ωéntas ve‹pia pavãsaris li¶ka vãgia vãsara prakaitúoja saldùs d¶ßimt t6kstantis dvìdeßimt teßmuõ vapsvà d%vi, vi¤kia áudΩia rãtas naßl% Ωiemà vi¤kas m¶dis, málkos vìlnos jùngas jáunas ãßara 62 ‹·⁄ ship ‹·¤ shoulder ‹·‹ silver ‹·› sister ‹·fi sister-in-law ‹·fl six ‹·‡ son ‹·° son-in-law ‹·· spin ›‚‚ spring [season] ›‚⁄ stay ›‚¤ steal ›‚‹ summer ›‚› sweat (vb.) ›‚fi sweet ›‚fl ten ›‚‡ thousand ›‚° twenty ›‚· udder ›⁄‚ wasp ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] ›⁄¤ weave ›⁄‹ wheel ›⁄› widow ›⁄fi winter ›⁄fl wolf ›⁄‡ wood ›⁄° wool ›⁄· yoke ›¤‚ young ›¤⁄ tear [noun] Old English scip eaxl, sculdor siolfor sweostor — siex sunu 3†um spin† lencten b1tt stil† sumor sw7tt sw2te t1en †5sund twentig 5der wæfs were† wif† hw2ol widuwe winter wulf tr2ow, wudu wull geoc geong t2ar Old Irish nau, long gúalu, formnae airget sïur — sé macc cliamain sníïd errach anaid gataid sam allas (nn.) milis deich míle fiche uth — — figid roth, droch fedb gemred fáel fid olann cuing oac dér Latin n3vis umerus argentum soror gl4s sex f1lius gener net v2r manet f5r3tur aest3s s5dat dulcis decem m1lle v1gint1 5ber vespa gerit texit rota vidua hiems lupus lignum, m3teri2s l3na iugum iuvenis lacrima 63 ‹·⁄ ship ‹·¤ shoulder ‹·‹ silver ‹·› sister ‹·fi sister-in-law ‹·fl six ‹·‡ son ‹·° son-in-law ‹·· spin ›‚‚ spring [season] ›‚⁄ stay ›‚¤ steal ›‚‹ summer ›‚› sweat (vb.) ›‚fi sweet ›‚fl ten ›‚‡ thousand ›‚° twenty ›‚· udder ›⁄‚ wasp ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] ›⁄¤ weave ›⁄‹ wheel ›⁄› widow ›⁄fi winter ›⁄fl wolf ›⁄‡ wood ›⁄° wool ›⁄· yoke ›¤‚ young ›¤⁄ tear [noun] Luvian — — — *n3nas(a)ris — — nimuwizas — — — — — — — mitgaimis — — — — — wassatari — — — — ulipnis t3ru *hulanis — — — Lycian — — — — — — tideimi — — — — — — — — — — kbisñtãta (?) — — — — — — — — — — — — — Tocharian A olyi, koläm es nkiñc ßar — ßäk se — — yus3r sakatär, kälytär kärn3ß ßme — sw3r Ωäk wälts wiki — — wäswpatär wärkänt — Ωärme — or — — wir 3kär 64 ‹·⁄ ship ‹·¤ shoulder ‹·‹ silver ‹·› sister ‹·fi sister-in-law ‹·fl six ‹·‡ son ‹·° son-in-law ‹·· spin ›‚‚ spring [season] ›‚⁄ stay ›‚¤ steal ›‚‹ summer ›‚› sweat (vb.) ›‚fi sweet ›‚fl ten ›‚‡ thousand ›‚° twenty ›‚· udder ›⁄‚ wasp ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] ›⁄¤ weave ›⁄‹ wheel ›⁄› widow ›⁄fi winter ›⁄fl wolf ›⁄‡ wood ›⁄° wool ›⁄· yoke ›¤‚ young ›¤⁄ tear [noun] Old Persian Old Prussian *n3v— — pette (E) ardatam sirablan (acc.), siraplis (E) — swestro (E) — — — [wuschts ‘flth’] pu√a so5ns — — — — *v3hara— — pol1nka — r3nctwei (inf.) — dagis (E) — [prak3isnan (nn.)] — — — dessimpts — t5simtons (apl.) — — — — — wobse (E) — — — [tuckoris ‘weaver’ (E)] — kelan (E) — widdew5 — semo (E) *varkawilkis (E) d3ruv malko (G) — — — — — maldai (pl.) — — Latvian ku˙is ple®cs sudrabs mãsa svaîne seßi dê®ls znõts v8rpj pavasaris palìek zòg vasara svîst sa›ds desmit t•kstoß divdesmit tesmenis lapsene n¶®sã, va¤kã aûΩ ritenis, rats atra§tne zìema vìlks kòks vi¤na jûgs jaûns asara 65 ‹·⁄ ship ‹·¤ shoulder ‹·‹ silver ‹·› sister ‹·fi sister-in-law ‹·fl six ‹·‡ son ‹·° son-in-law ‹·· spin ›‚‚ spring [season] ›‚⁄ stay ›‚¤ steal ›‚‹ summer ›‚› sweat (vb.) ›‚fi sweet ›‚fl ten ›‚‡ thousand ›‚° twenty ›‚· udder ›⁄‚ wasp ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] ›⁄¤ weave ›⁄‹ wheel ›⁄› widow ›⁄fi winter ›⁄fl wolf ›⁄‡ wood ›⁄° wool ›⁄· yoke ›¤‚ young ›¤⁄ tear [noun] Gothic skip amsans (acc. pl.) silubr swistar — saíhs sunus m2gs spinni† — wisi† hlifi†, stili† asans — — taíhun †5sundi twai tigjus — — wasji† — — widuw4 wintrus wulfs triu wulla jukuzi juggs tagr Old Norse skip oπxl silfr systir mágkona sex sonr mágr spinnr vár dvelsk stelr sumar sveitisk sœtr tíu †úsund tuttugu júgr — hefir vefr hvél / hjól ekkja vetr ulfr, vargr tré, vi∂r ull ok ungr tár Old High German skef scultira, ahsala silabar swester geswige sehs sun eidum spinnit lenzo bil1bit stilit sumar swizzit suozi tehan d5sunt zweinzug 5tar — w3tit sih wibit rad wituwa wintar wolf holz, witu wolla joh jung zahar 66 Welsh ‹·⁄ ship llong ‹·¤ shoulder ysgwydd ‹·‹ silver arian ‹·› sister chwaer ‹·fi sister-in-law chwaer-yng-ngh. ‹·fl six chwech ‹·‡ son mab ‹·° son-in-law mab-yng-ngh., daw ‹·· spin nyddu ›‚‚ spring [season] gwanwyn ›‚⁄ stay aros ›‚¤ steal lladrata ›‚‹ summer haf ›‚› sweat (vb.) chwysu ›‚fi sweet melys ›‚fl ten deg ›‚‡ thousand mil ›‚° twenty ugain ›‚· udder pwrs ›⁄‚ wasp cacynen, picwnen ›⁄⁄ wear [clothes] gwisgo ›⁄¤ weave gwau ›⁄‹ wheel olwyn, rhod ›⁄› widow gweddw ›⁄fi winter gaeaf ›⁄fl wolf blaidd ›⁄‡ wood pren, coed ›⁄° wool gwlân ›⁄· yoke iau ›¤‚ young ifanc ›¤⁄ tear [noun] deigryn Oscan — — aragetud (abl.) — — — puklum (acc.) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — anei (?; loc.) — — — — — — — — Umbrian — uze, onse (loc.) — — — — — — — — — — — — — desen— — — — — — — — — — — — — iouie (acc. pl.) —

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