Lesson Plan Course Title: Advanced Engineering Design and Presentation Session Title: Career Paths in Engineering ePortfolio - Part 2 Performance Objective: Upon completion of this lesson the student will be able to apply all of the knowledge and skills they have learned to create a career ePortfolio per the rubrics given. Specific Objectives: Prepare a résumé. Assess what are good examples of their work to use in an ePortfolio. Select three examples of their best work artifacts. Prepare three reflection essays for their best work artifacts. Create at least one video slide show over one of their best work artifacts, if not all three. Preparation TEKS Correlations: This lesson, as published, correlates to the following TEKS. Any changes/alterations to the activities may result in the elimination of any or all of the TEKS listed. Advanced Engineering Design and Presentation: 130.366(c)(1)(A)(B)(C)(E)(F)(G)(H)(I)(J) ...distinguish the differences between an engineering technician, engineering technologist, and engineer; ...identify employment and career opportunities; ...investigate and work toward industry certifications; ...identify and use appropriate work habits; ...demonstrate knowledge related to governmental regulations, including health and safety; ...discuss ethical issues related to engineering and technology and incorporate proper ethics in submitted projects; ...demonstrate respect for diversity in the workplace; ...demonstrate appropriate actions and identify consequences relating to discrimination, harassment, and equality; ...demonstrate effective oral and written communication skills using a variety of software applications and media; 130.366(c)(3)(A)(B) ...use time-management techniques to develop and maintain work schedules and meet deadlines; ...complete projects according to established criteria; 130.366(c)(5)(A) ...prepare drawings to American National Standards Institute and International Standards Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 1 Organization graphic standards; 130.366(c)(8)(A)(C)(D) ...use a variety of technologies to design systems; ...research applications of different types of computer-aided drafting and design software; and ...use multiple software applications for concept presentations. Interdisciplinary Correlations: English Language Arts and Reading, English IV: 110.34(b)(1)(A)(E) ...determine the meaning of technical academic English words in multiple content areas (e.g., science, mathematics, social studies, the arts) derived from Latin, Greek, or other linguistic roots and affixes; ...use general and specialized dictionaries, thesauri, histories of language, books of quotations, and other related references (printed or electronic) as needed. 110.34(b)(11)(A)(B) ...draw conclusions about how the patterns of organization and hierarchic structures support the understandability of text; and ...evaluate the structures of text (e.g., format, headers) for their clarity and organizational coherence and for the effectiveness of their graphic representations. 110.34(b)(12)(A)(B)(D) ...evaluate how messages presented in media reflect social and cultural views in ways different from traditional texts; ...evaluate the interactions of different techniques (e.g., layout, pictures, typeface in print media, images, text, sound in electronic journalism) used in multi-layered media; ...evaluate changes in formality and tone across various media for different audiences and purposes. 110.34(b)(13)(A)(B)(C)(D)(E) ...plan a first draft by selecting the correct genre for conveying the intended meaning to multiple audiences, determining appropriate topics through a range of strategies (e.g., discussion, background reading, personal interests, interviews), and developing a thesis or controlling idea; ...structure ideas in a sustained and persuasive way (e.g., using outlines, note taking, graphic organizers, lists) and develop drafts in timed and open-ended situations that include transitions and the rhetorical devices to convey meaning; ...revise drafts to clarify meaning and achieve specific rhetorical purposes, consistency of tone, and logical organization by rearranging the words, sentences, and paragraphs to employ tropes (e.g., metaphors, similes, analogies, hyperbole, understatement, rhetorical questions, irony), schemes (e.g., parallelism, antithesis, inverted word order, repetition, reversed structures), and by adding transitional words and phrases; ...edit drafts for grammar, mechanics, and spelling; ...revise final draft in response to feedback from peers and teacher and publish written work for appropriate audiences. 110.34(b)(15)(B)(C)(D) ...write procedural and work-related documents (e.g., résumés, proposals, college applications, operation manuals) that include: (i) a clearly stated purpose combined with a well-supported viewpoint on the topic; Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 2 (ii) appropriate formatting structures (e.g., headings, graphics, white space); (iii) relevant questions that engage readers and address their potential problems and misunderstandings; (iv) accurate technical information in accessible language; and (v) appropriate organizational structures supported by facts and details (documented if appropriate); ...write an interpretation of an expository or a literary text that: (i) advances a clear thesis statement; (ii) addresses the writing skills for an analytical essay including references to and commentary on quotations from the text; (iii) analyzes the aesthetic effects of an author's use of stylistic or rhetorical devices; (iv) identifies and analyzes ambiguities, nuances, and complexities within the text; and (v) anticipates and responds to readers' questions and contradictory information; ...produce a multimedia presentation (e.g., documentary, class newspaper, docudrama, infomercial, visual or textual parodies, theatrical production) with graphics, images, and sound that appeals to a specific audience and synthesizes information from multiple points of view. 110.34(b)(17)(A)(B) ...use and understand the function of different types of clauses and phrases (e.g., adjectival, noun, adverbial clauses and phrases); ...use a variety of correctly structured sentences (e.g., compound, complex, compound-complex). 110.34(b)(18) - Oral and Written Conventions/Handwriting, Capitalization, and Punctuation. 110.34(b)(19) - Oral and Written Conventions/Spelling. Students spell correctly. 110.34(b)(23)(A)(B)(C)(D)(E) ...provides an analysis that supports and develops personal opinions, as opposed to simply restating existing information; ...uses a variety of formats and rhetorical strategies to argue for the thesis; ...develops an argument that incorporates the complexities of and discrepancies in information from multiple sources and perspectives while anticipating and refuting counter-arguments; ...uses a style manual (e.g., Modern Language Association, Chicago Manual of Style) to document sources and format written materials; and ...is of sufficient length and complexity to address the topic. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 3 Occupational Correlation: (reference: O*NET - http://www.onetonline.org/) Industrial Engineer 17-2112.00 Similar Job Titles: Industrial Engineer, Process Engineer, Engineer, Operations Engineer, Engineering Manager, Manufacturing Specialist, Plant Engineer, Supply Chain Engineer, Tool Engineer, Production Engineer Tasks: Plan and establish sequence of operations to fabricate and assemble parts or products and to promote efficient utilization. Review production schedules, engineering specifications, orders, and related information to obtain knowledge of manufacturing methods, procedures, and activities. Estimate production costs, cost saving methods, and the effects of product design changes on expenditures for management review, action, and control. Draft and design layout of equipment, materials, and workspace to illustrate maximum efficiency using drafting tools and computer. Coordinate and implement quality control objectives, activities, or procedures to resolve production problems, maximize product reliability, or minimize costs. Communicate with management and user personnel to develop production and design standards. Recommend methods for improving utilization of personnel, material, and utilities. Develop manufacturing methods, labor utilization standards, and cost analysis systems to promote efficient staff and facility utilization. Confer with clients, vendors, staff, and management personnel regarding purchases, product and production specifications, manufacturing capabilities, or project status. Apply statistical methods and perform mathematical calculations to determine manufacturing processes, staff requirements, and production standards. Soft Skills: Judgment and Decision Making, Critical Thinking, and Problem Solving Teacher Preparation: You will need to refer back to the copy of the ePortfolio Order and Checklist, ePortfolio (Digital Portfolio) Rubric, you already gave them. Then distribute copies of the Reflection Essay Rubric and Photo Slide Show Rubric. References: O*NET - http://www.onetonline.org/ Refer to the ePortfolio Order and Checklist, ePortfolio (Digital Portfolio) Rubric, Reflection Essay Rubric, Photo Slide Show Rubric and Career Paths in Engineering ePortfolio – Part 2 PowerPoint presentation. Instructional Aids: 1. Career Paths in Engineering ePortfolio - Part 2 PowerPoint presentation Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 4 2. Internet Materials Needed: 1. ePortfolio Order and Checklist handout for each student 2. ePortfolio (Digital Portfolio) Rubric handout for each student 3. Reflection Essay Rubric handout (three for each student) 4. Photo Slide Show Rubric handout for each student 5. ePortfolio they started last week in ePortfolio - Part 1 lesson Equipment Needed: 1. Computer with internet access 2. Printer 3. Scanner 4. Digital camera 5. Data projector for PowerPoint 6. Power Point (or equivalent software ) Learner Preparation: This should be a continuation and/or completion of the ePortfolio they started working on last week. They need to have access to the work they completed last year, be it print or electronic version. Introduction Introduction (LSI Quadrant I): ASK: Can anyone tell me what you think are good to use as examples of your work? (Allow time for discussion.) SAY: Here is the grading rubric for the reflection essays and photo slideshow. SHOW: The Reflection Essay Rubric and Photo Slide Show Rubric and allow time for discussion. SAY: You may decide to put all of your examples into one photo slide show and that is fine. SAY: From here on, I advise that you make a photo slide show for each project we do. Also, be prepared to write a reflection for each project/unit we complete from here on this year. ASK: Why do I want this ePortfolio to keep evolving as we go through the year? SAY: Because it will show your growth and skills. It is not a onetime project, but one we will add to all year long. ASK: How do you use photos of your work? SAY: Save them as images form the software, scan them in, or use the camera to take photos of it. SAY: Remember your timeline and that I will be grading week one assignments Monday, when you should be starting week three of this unit. SAY: Again, the actual ePortfolio will not be graded until the very end. SAY: Time to get to work, next Monday we will go over week three assignments Outline Outline (LSI Quadrant II): Instructors can use the PowerPoint presentation, slides, handouts, and note pages in conjunction with the Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 5 following outline. MI Outline Week 1 = Day 1 = Show rubric and example website; retrieve or create students’ own account. Day 2 = Prepare mission statement, letter of recommendation, provide résumé. Day 3 = Explain what field you want to go into when you graduate from high school and then post-secondary (college, trade school, etc.) Day 4 = Explain difference between a Technician and a Technologist. Find out what is the job prospect and salary you can expect to have in career field of choice. Day 5 = What certifications can you get for this field and what professional organizations are there? Notes to Instructor This is a continuation and completion of the student portfolio created in Engineering Design and Presentation – Portfolio – Part 3. However, this lesson has a more structured outline of questions that must be answered on the ePortfolio website. This is a four part and four week lesson. Week 2 = Day 6-10 = Résumé, 3 examples of work, reflection statement, create video slide show. Week 3 = Day 11 = What colleges do you want to go to and what do you have to do to get into them? Day 12 = Write 2-3 admission essays for college. Day 13-15 = Find two scholarships and apply for them. Week 4 = Day 16 = Explain what soft and hard skills are, compare and contrast them. Day 17 = Explain what diversity in the work place is. Day 18 = Explain what safety in the work place is and why it is important. Day 19-20 = What are some ethical issues you may face and how do you handle them? Week 2 – Day 6 I. Class discussion and résumé A. What are good to use as examples of your work? B. Allow 10 minutes for discussion. C. Students will complete the résumé they started in ePortfolio – Part 1. Begin Career Paths in Engineering ePortfolio - Part 2 PowerPoint presentation. During discussion, as long as students can explain WHY they would select examples, the answers are correct. Do not spend more than 10 minutes discussing this. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 6 . Day 7 II. Pass out grading rubrics and allow time for discussion A. Reflection Essay Rubric handout a. Be prepared to write a reflection for each project/unit you complete this year. b. Prepare three reflection essays for your best work artifacts matching the requirements in the rubric. B. Photo Slide Show Rubric handout C. Allow 10 minutes for discussion Day 8 III. Discuss photo slide show A. Show different options from the PowerPoint presentation. B. You may decide to put all of your examples into one photo slide show. C. From here on, I advise you make a photo slide show for each project/unit. D. Students can combine them all into one or do three different slide shows. E. From now on, every project we do will have a photo slide show. Day 9 IV. Why do we want this ePortfolio to keep evolving as we go through the year? A. It will show your growth and skills. B. It is not a onetime project, but one you will be adding to all year long. Day 10 V. How do you use photos? A. Save them as images from the software. B. Scan in the images. C. Or, use the digital camera to take photos. Day 10 VI. Timeline and grading process A. Teacher will grade week two assignment Monday when you start week three of the Pass out Reflection Essay Rubric and Photo Slide Show Rubric and allow 10 minutes to discuss. Sometimes allowing students to discuss what they will be graded on, stops questions or problems later on when the project is due. Students need to keep photos of their work as they go, for documentation purposes. They go into the engineering notebook. This will become their electronic version of the engineering notebook Students should know this is to document their work and growth over a period of time. Teacher will need to show students how to export or take screen shots of digital work. Have at least one scanner and one digital camera for the students to share (2-4 would be best). Teacher should check randomly to see how students are progressing and give them Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 7 unit. B. ePortfolio will not be graded until the end of ePortfolio – Part 4 lesson. C. Or, use the digital camera to take photos. D. Time to get to work. Verbal Linguistic Logical Mathematical Visual Spatial Musical Rhythmic Bodily Kinesthetic Intrapersonal gentle reminders. Do not do this daily for each student. They need to be self-directed now. InterPersonal Naturalist Existentialist Application Guided Practice (LSI Quadrant III): The teacher will go over the ePortfolio Order and Checklist, ePortfolio (Digital Portfolio) Rubric, Reflection Essay Rubric handout (three for each student), Photo Slide Show Rubric and show photo slide show methods that are available, and the Career Paths in Engineering ePortfolio – Part 2 PowerPoint presentation. Independent Practice (LSI Quadrant III): Students work on three Reflection Essays Rubrics and photo slide show. Summary Review (LSI Quadrants I and IV): Question: Why are we doing ePortfolio at the start of this year? Answer: Because you are all getting ready for college applications, etc. You need to have this ready to share with others. It can be what gets you hired or into the school of your choice. Evaluation Informal Assessment (LSI Quadrant III): Class discussions. Formal Assessment (LSI Quadrant III, IV): The Reflection Essays Rubric (three for each student) and the Photo Slide Show Rubric are major grades. Extension Extension/Enrichment (LSI Quadrant IV): Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 8 Move on to week three if they finish early. It takes a while to do some of the scholarship applications and this may be a good time to schedule a day with your college and career counselor to come and explain. Invite them to come speak on Monday if at all possible or if you have a small class, arrange it so you can go there that day. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 9 ePortfolio Order and Checklist _____ Professional name for your ePortfolio _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Good = First_Last_Year_Portfolio Bad = Fluff-Bunny178-Portfolio-Year Side Bar/Table of Contents has all of the links and requirements given below NOTE: you can change the order to be anyway you would like for all but two (2) of the links. 1st = Home page or welcome message and 2nd = your Mission Statement or Goals Résumé Awards and/or certificates you have earned Letters of Recommendation Letter of Intent and Interest Colleges I want to attend College Admission Essays Scholarships Field of Engineering you want to go into Difference between a Technician and a Technologist Job Salary and Prospects Certifications I can earn Professional Organizations Hard verses Soft Skills Diversity in the Work Place Safety in the Work place Ethical Issues I may face Examples of your work; sort them by subject. Ex: Engineering Design, Art 3, Physics, TSA, etc. _____ Hand drawings (advise you scan them in for digital records and in case you lose the original) _____ Print outs of your computer work _____ Photos of all work that can’t be printed (3D animations, sculpture, prototypes, etc.) _____ Work should show progression: start with your 1st to the last being your best work at the end _____ Submit ONLY your work! Do NOT use other people’s original work. ONLY include projects that you actually helped create or modify! _____ Plan out the organization and design of your portfolio _____ Try to keep the orientation all going in the same direction (nobody likes having to turn the pages so they can see them) _____ Be creative in your design and composition of your portfolio. It should be used to help spark dialogue between you and your interviewer. _____ Be consistent with font style and size. Avoid fancy word art and color combinations _____ Adapt and modify it as you go Misc. your choice Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 10 Name: __________________________________________ Teacher: _______________________________________ Class/P#:___________________________________ Date: ______________________________________ ePortfolio (Digital Portfolio) Rubric CATEGORY Selection of Artifacts Exemplary (15-14 pts. each) All artifacts and work samples are clearly and directly related to the purpose of the ePortfolio. Proficient (13-11 pts. each) Developing (10-7 pts. each) Unsatisfactory (6-1 pts. each) Most artifacts and work samples are related to the purpose of the ePortfolio. Some of the artifacts and work samples are related to the purpose of the ePortfolio. None of the artifacts and work samples is related to the purpose of the ePortfolio. A wide variety of artifacts is included. Reflections All reflections clearly describe growth, achievement and accomplishments, and include goals for continued learning (long and short term). Most of the reflections describe growth and include goals for continued learning. A few of the reflections describe growth and include goals for continued learning. None of the reflections describes growth and does not include goals for continued learning. Use of Multimedia All of the photographs, concept maps, spreadsheets, graphics, audio and/or video files enhance understanding of concepts, ideas and relationships, create interest, and are appropriate for the chosen purpose. Accessibility requirements using alternate text for graphics are included in web-based portfolios. Most of the graphic elements and multimedia contribute to understanding concepts, ideas and relationships, enhance the written material and create interest. Some of the graphic elements and multimedia do not contribute to understanding concepts, ideas and relationships. None of the graphic elements or multimedia contributes to understanding concepts, ideas and relationships. The inappropriate use of multimedia detracts from the content. Documentation and Copyright All images, media and text follow copyright guidelines with accurate citations. All content throughout the ePortfolio displays the appropriate copyright permissions. Most images/media or text elements created by others are cited with accurate, properly formatted citations. Some of the images, media or texts No images, media or text created created by others are not cited with by others are cited with accurate, accurate, properly formatted properly formatted citations. citations. Ease of Navigation The navigation links are intuitive. The various parts of the portfolio are labeled, clearly organized and allow the reader to easily locate an artifact and move to related pages or a different section. All pages connect to the Table of Contents, and all external links connect to the appropriate website or file. The navigation links generally function well, but it is not always clear how to locate an artifact or move to related pages or different section. Most of the pages connect to the Table of Contents. Most of the external links connect to the appropriate website or file. The navigation links are somewhat confusing, and it is often unclear how to locate an artifact or move to related pages or a different section. Some of the pages connect to the Table of Contents, but in other places the links do not connect to preceding pages or to the Table of Contents. Some of the external Most of the graphics include alternate text in web-based portfolios. None of the graphics include alternate text in web-based portfolios. The navigation links are confusing, and it is difficult to locate artifacts and move to related pages or a different section. There are significant problems with pages connecting to preceding pages or the Table of Contents. Many of the external links do not connect to the Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 11 Layout and Text Elements Writing Mechanics 0 links do not connect to the appropriate website or file. appropriate website or file. The ePortfolio is easy to read. Fonts and type size vary appropriately for headings, subheadings and text. Use of font styles (italic, bold, underline) is consistent and improves readability. The ePortfolio is generally easy to read. Fonts and type size vary appropriately for headings, subheadings and text. Use of font styles (italic, bold, underline) is generally consistent. The ePortfolio is often difficult to read due to inappropriate use of fonts and type size for headings, sub-headings and text or inconsistent use of font styles (italic, bold, underline). Some formatting tools are under or overutilized and decrease the readers' accessibility to the The ePortfolio is difficult to read due to inappropriate use of fonts, type size for headings, subheadings and text and font styles (italic, bold, underline). Many formatting tools are under or overutilized and decrease the readers' accessibility to the content. Color of background, fonts, and links enhance the readability and aesthetic quality, and are used consistently throughout the ePortfolio. Color of background, fonts, and links generally enhance the readability of the text, and are generally used consistently throughout the ePortfolio. Color of background, fonts, and links decrease the readability of the text, are distracting and used inconsistently in some places throughout the ePortfolio. Color of background, fonts, and links decrease the readability of the text, are distracting and used inconsistently throughout the ePortfolio. There are no errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. There are a few errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. These require minor editing and revision. There are four or more errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling requiring editing and revision. There are more than six errors in grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling requiring major editing and revision. No work submitted Comments: Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 12 Name: __________________________________________ Teacher: _______________________________________ Class/P#:___________________________________ Date: ______________________________________ Reflection Essay #________ (1, 2, 3, etc..) Rubric Exemplary (13-11 pts. each) Introduction Demonstration of Learning Reflection Convention Best Work Artifact (50 points) 0 Introduces the best work and explains what the work is (context, requirements, goals) , when it was completed, and the class/teacher it was done for • 5+ sentence long Explains what was learned by doing the project • Contains convincing justifications of how this is an example of your best work • At least 8 sentences long Contains critical thinking regarding the best work • Explains why the work was selected • Discusses what the student likes/dislikes, and what it shows about them • Details what the student would do differently and why • At least 8 sentences long Typed, 12 to 14 –point font easyto-read font, 1 inch margins • Correct heading and spacing • Clearly written; avoids spelling or grammatical errors • Word choice appropriate for grade level and audience, and varied and original • Professional sounding voice used Proficient (10-8 pts. each) Developing (7-6 pts. each) Unsatisfactory (5-1 pts. each) Introduces the best work and explains what the work is (context, requirements, goals) , when it was completed, and the class/teacher it was done for • 3+ sentence long Explains what was learned by doing the project • Contains some justifications of how this is an example of your best work • At least 5 sentences long Contains some critical thinking regarding the best work • Explains why the work was selected • Discusses what the student likes/dislikes, and what it shows about them • At least 5 sentences long Introduces the best work and explains what the work is (context, requirements, goals) , when it was completed, and the class/teacher it was done for • 2+ sentence long Explains what was learned by doing the project • Contains little justifications of how this is an example of your best work • At least 3 sentences long Introduces the best work and explains what the work is (context, requirements, goals) , when it was completed, and the class/teacher it was done for •1 sentence long Explains what was learned by doing the project • At least 3 sentences long Contains some critical thinking regarding the best work • Explains why the work was selected • • At least 3 sentences long • Explains why the work was selected • • At least 3 sentences long Typed, 12 to 14 –point font easy-toread font, 1 inch margins • Correct heading and spacing • Clearly written; avoids spelling or grammatical errors • Social sounding voice used Typed, 12 to 14 –point font easy-toread font, 1 inch margins • Correct heading and spacing • Clearly written; avoids spelling or grammatical errors • Random voice used Typed, 12 to 14 –point font easyto-read font, 1 inch margins • Correct heading and spacing • Not clearly written; has spelling or grammatical errors Best Work Artifact (the actual work itself) is included. Without this, this reflection will not be graded and you cannot use it in your ePortfolio. No work submitted Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 13 Comments: Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 14 Name: __________________________________________ Teacher: _______________________________________ Class/P#:___________________________________ Date: ______________________________________ Photo Slide Show Rubric Background Use of Graphics Text - Font Choice and Formatting Spelling and Grammar Best Work Artifact (50 points) 0 Exemplary (13-11 pts. each) Proficient (10-8 pts. each) Developing (7-6 pts. each) Unsatisfactory (5-1 pts. each) Background does not detract from text or other graphics. Choice of background is consistent from card to card and is appropriate for the topic. All graphics are attractive (size and colors) and support the theme/content of the presentation. Font formats (e.g., color, bold, italic) have been carefully planned to enhance readability and content. Background does not detract from text or other graphics. Choice of background is consistent from card to card. Background does not detract from text or other graphics. Background makes it difficult to see text or competes with other graphics on the page. A few graphics are not attractive but all support the theme/content of the presentation. All graphics are attractive but a few do not seem to support the theme/content of the presentation. Font formats have been carefully planned to enhance readability. Font formatting has been carefully planned to complement the content. It may be a little hard to read. Several graphics are unattractive AND detract from the content of the presentation. Font formatting makes it very difficult to read the material. Presentation has no misspellings or grammatical errors. Presentation has 1-2 misspellings, but no grammatical errors. Presentation has 1-2 grammatical errors but no misspellings. Presentation has more than 2 grammatical and/or spelling errors. Best Work Artifact (the actual work itself) is included. Without this, this reflection will not be graded and you cannot use it in your ePortfolio. No work submitted Comments: Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 15