Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1953 Edition.
530
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
Section 16
Science and Technology
This section presents statistics on scientific, engineering, and technological
resources, with emphasis on patterns of
research and development (R&D) funding
and on scientific, engineering, and technical personnel; education; and employment. Also included are statistics on
space program outlays and accomplishments. Principal sources of these data are
the National Science Foundation (NSF) and
the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA).
NSF gathers data chiefly through recurring surveys. Current NSF publications
containing data on funds for research and
development and on scientific and engineering personnel include detailed statistical tables; issue briefs; and annual, biennial, triennial, and special reports. Titles
or the areas of coverage of these reports
include the following: Science and Engineering Indicators; National Patterns of
R&D Resources; Women, Minorities, and
Persons with Disabilities in Science and
Engineering—science and technology data
presented in chart and tabular form in a
pocket-sized publication—Federal Funds
for Research and Development; Federal
R&D Funding by Budget Function; Federal
Support to Universities, Colleges, and
Selected Nonprofit Institutions; Research
and Development in Industry; R&D expenditures and graduate enrollment and support in academic science and engineering;
and characteristics of doctoral scientists
and engineers and of recent graduates in
the United States. Statistical surveys in
these areas pose problems of concept and
definition and the data should therefore
be regarded as broad estimates rather
than precise, quantitative statements. See
sources for methodological and technical
details.
The National Science Board’s biennial
Science and Engineering Indicators contains data and analysis of international
and domestic science and technology,
including measures of inputs and outputs.
The Budget of the United States Government, published by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, contains summary
financial data on federal R&D programs.
Research and development outlays—
NSF defines research as ‘‘systematic study
directed toward fuller scientific knowledge of the subject studied’’ and development as ‘‘the systematic use of scientific
knowledge directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems,
or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes.’’
National coverage of R&D expenditures is
developed primarily from periodic surveys in four principal economic sectors:
(1) Government, made up primarily of federal executive agencies; (2) industry, consisting of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing firms and the federally funded
research and development centers
(FFRDCs) they administer; (3) universities
and colleges, composed of universities,
colleges, and their affiliated institutions,
agricultural experiment stations, and
associated schools of agriculture and of
medicine, and FFRDCs administered by
educational institutions; and (4) other
nonprofit institutions, consisting of such
organizations as private philanthropic
foundations, nonprofit research institutes,
voluntary health agencies, and FFRDCs
administered by nonprofit organizations.
The R&D funds reported consist of current
operating costs, including planning and
administration costs, except as otherwise
noted. They exclude funds for routine
testing, mapping and surveying, collection of general-purpose data, dissemination of scientific information, and training
of scientific personnel.
Scientists, engineers, and technicians—Scientists and engineers are
defined as persons engaged in scientific
and engineering work at a level requiring
a knowledge of sciences equivalent at
least to that acquired through completion
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
531
of a 4-year college course. Technicians are
defined as persons engaged in technical
work at a level requiring knowledge
acquired through a technical institute,
junior college, or other type of training
less extensive than 4-year college training. Craftsmen and skilled workers are
excluded.
Table 774. Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and
Objective: 1970 to 2003
[In millions of dollars (26,271 represents $26,271,000,000) except as indicated. For calendar years]
Objective
(percent of total)
Sources of funds
Year
Total
Federal
government
Univer
Indussities/
try colleges
Nonprofit
Character of work
Nonfederal
Space
Basic Applied
govern- Defense
ment 1 related 2 related 3 Other research research
Development
1970 .
1971 .
1972 .
1973 .
1974 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
26,271
26,952
28,740
30,952
33,359
14,984
15,210
16,039
16,587
17,287
10,449
10,824
11,715
13,299
14,885
259
290
312
343
393
343
366
393
422
474
237
262
282
302
320
33
33
33
32
29
10
10
8
7
7
56
58
59
61
64
3,594
3,720
3,850
4,099
4,511
5,752
5,833
6,147
6,655
7,344
16,925
17,399
18,743
20,197
21,504
1975 .
1976 .
1977 .
1978 .
1979 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
35,671
39,435
43,338
48,719
55,379
18,533
20,292
22,071
24,414
27,225
15,824
17,702
19,642
22,457
26,097
432
480
569
679
785
534
592
662
727
791
348
369
394
443
482
28
27
27
26
25
8
8
7
6
6
65
65
66
68
70
4,875
5,373
6,008
6,959
7,836
8,091
8,976
9,662
10,704
12,097
22,706
25,085
27,667
31,056
35,445
1980 .
1981 .
1982 .
1983 .
1984 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 63,213
. 72,269
. 80,783
. 89,971
. 102,251
29,975
33,715
37,168
41,472
46,477
30,929
35,948
40,692
45,264
52,187
920
1,058
1,207
1,357
1,514
871
967
1,095
1,220
1,351
519
581
621
658
721
24
24
26
28
29
5
5
5
4
3
70
70
69
68
68
8,790
9,830
10,824
12,059
13,484
13,745
16,391
18,280
20,373
22,505
40,678
46,047
51,679
57,540
66,261
1985 .
1986 .
1987 .
1988 .
1989 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
114,685
120,259
126,217
133,880
141,889
52,655
54,633
58,466
60,130
60,463
57,962
60,991
62,576
67,977
74,966
1,743
2,019
2,262
2,527
2,852
1,491
1,647
1,849
2,081
2,333
834
969
1,065
1,165
1,274
30
31
32
30
28
3
3
3
4
4
67
66
65
66
69
14,857
17,247
18,498
19,786
21,889
25,410
27,259
27,915
29,528
32,277
74,417
75,754
79,804
84,566
87,723
1990 .
1991 .
1992 .
1993 .
1994 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
151,990
160,872
165,347
165,723
169,195
61,607
60,780
60,912
60,522
60,769
83,208
92,300
96,229
96,549
99,203
3,187
3,457
3,568
3,708
3,937
2,589
2,852
3,113
3,387
3,664
1,399
1,483
1,525
1,557
1,622
25
22
22
21
20
4
4
4
4
5
71
73
74
74
76
23,028
27,139
27,604
28,739
29,644
34,896
38,629
37,933
37,280
36,615
94,067
95,104
99,810
99,704
102,936
1995 .
1996 .
1997 .
1998 .
1999 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
183,611
197,330
212,134
226,321
243,517
62,959
63,383
64,561
66,356
67,015
110,870
123,416
136,227
147,843
163,229
4,109
4,434
4,836
5,168
5,630
3,924
4,238
4,589
4,984
5,549
1,750
1,860
1,921
1,970
2,095
19
18
17
16
15
4
4
4
4
3
77
78
79
80
82
29,602
32,790
36,918
35,256
38,710
40,932
43,165
46,542
46,353
51,865
113,077
121,375
128,674
144,712
152,941
2000 . .
2001 . .
2002 4 .
2003 4 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
264,634
274,211
276,434
283,795
66,327
73,341
80,490
85,279
183,688
184,892
178,514
179,615
6,211
6,778
7,332
7,944
6,170
6,818
7,550
8,247
2,238
2,382
2,548
2,710
13
14
15
16
2
2
3
3
84
84
82
81
42,321
47,112
50,807
54,103
56,481
64,401
65,559
67,780
165,827
162,698
160,068
161,911
1
Nonfederal R&D expenditures to university and college performers. 2 R&D spending by the Department of Defense,
including space activities, and a portion of the Department of Energy funds. 3 For the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration only. 4 Preliminary.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources, annual. See also <http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/>.
532
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
Table 775. Performance Sector of R&D Expenditures: 1995 to 2003
[In millions of dollars (183,611 represents $183,611,000,000). For calendar year. FFRDCs are federally-funded research and development centers. For most academic institutions and the Federal Government before
1997, began on July 1 instead of October 1]
Industry
Universities and colleges
Funded by—
Year
Total
Federal
government
Total
Federal
government Industry
Other nonprofit institutions
Funded by—
1
Industry
FFRDCs
Total
Federal Nonfederal
governgovernment
ment 2
Industry
Funded by—
UniversiUniversities’
ties &
& colleges’
colleges Nonprofits
FFRDCs 3
Total
Federal
government
Industry Nonprofits
RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
TOTAL
1995 . . . .
1999 . . . .
2000 . . . .
2001 . . . .
2002, prel.
2003, prel.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
183,611
243,517
264,634
274,211
276,434
283,795
16,904
17,851
17,917
21,048
23,788
24,959
129,830
180,672
197,539
198,505
192,379
193,729
21,178
20,496
17,118
16,899
17,085
17,314
108,652
160,176
180,421
181,606
175,294
176,415
2,273
2,039
2,000
2,020
2,235
2,383
22,603
28,135
30,566
33,518
36,846
40,262
13,582
16,223
17,637
19,654
22,052
24,499
1,750
2,095
2,238
2,382
2,548
2,710
1,547
2,077
2,165
2,177
2,150
2,123
4,109
5,630
6,211
6,778
7,332
7,944
1,616
2,110
2,316
2,528
2,764
2,986
5,367 5,827
5,652 8,175
5,742 9,404
6,225 10,702
7,132 11,766
7,421 12,661
2,847
3,761
4,447
5,302
5,910
6,323
671
975
1,103
1,110
1,070
1,077
2,308
3,440
3,854
4,290
4,786
5,261
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
29,602
38,710
42,321
47,112
50,807
54,103
2,689
3,347
3,765
4,317
4,617
4,463
5,569
6,560
6,942
7,911
7,671
7,725
190
1,198
925
754
762
773
5,379
5,362
6,017
7,157
6,908
6,952
530
557
547
552
611
651
15,139
20,900
22,726
24,862
27,369
29,940
9,629
12,773
13,836
15,299
17,122
19,022
1,069
1,429
1,539
1,643
1,765
1,877
945
1,417
1,488
1,501
1,489
1,470
2,509
3,841
4,271
4,675
5,079
5,503
987
1,439
1,592
1,744
1,915
2,069
2,702
2,765
2,873
3,041
3,484
3,625
2,899
4,185
4,852
5,518
6,105
6,709
1,170
1,734
2,099
2,520
2,854
3,190
390
541
612
616
594
598
1,338
1,910
2,140
2,382
2,657
2,921
BASIC RESEARCH
1995 . . . .
1999 . . . .
2000 . . . .
2001 . . . .
2002, prel.
2003, prel.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
APPLIED RESEARCH
Science and Technology
1995 . . . .
1999 . . . .
2000 . . . .
2001 . . . .
2002, prel.
2003, prel.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40,932
51,865
56,481
64,401
65,559
67,780
4,952
5,530
6,105
7,164
8,083
8,837
26,919
36,418
38,812
43,486
42,140
42,434
3,164
3,109
2,682
3,603
3,643
3,691
23,755
33,309
36,130
39,883
38,497
38,743
535
274
269
916
955
1,040
5,655
5,843
6,661
7,366
8,146
8,927
2,775
2,740
3,349
3,839
4,418
4,954
559
546
573
606
642
683
494
542
554
554
542
535
1,311
1,467
1,591
1,724
1,848
2,002
516
550
593
643
697
753
1,050
1,251
1,330
1,548
1,938
1,968
1,692
2,419
3,087
3,570
3,933
4,215
934
1,300
1,831
2,202
2,448
2,609
170
247
279
281
271
273
589
872
977
1,087
1,213
1,333
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
113,077
152,941
165,827
162,698
160,068
161,911
9,262
8,974
8,047
9,567
11,088
11,658
97,342
137,694
151,784
147,108
142,569
143,569
17,824
16,189
13,510
12,542
12,680
12,850
79,518
121,505
138,274
134,566
129,889
130,719
1,208
1,208
1,185
552
669
692
1,810
1,392
1,179
1,290
1,331
1,395
1,178
711
452
516
512
523
123
120
126
133
141
150
108
119
122
122
119
117
288
322
349
378
406
439
113
121
130
141
153
165
1,616
1,636
1,540
1,636
1,710
1,828
1,236
1,570
1,461
1,614
1,728
1,736
744
726
513
581
608
524
111
187
211
212
205
206
381
658
737
821
916
1,006
DEVELOPMENT
1995 . . . .
1999 . . . .
2000 . . . .
2001 . . . .
2002, prel.
2003, prel.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
Includes all non-federal sources of industry R&D expenditures.
government.
2
Includes all non-federal sources.
3
Includes all R&D expenditures of FFRDCs administered by academic institutions and funded by the federal
533
Source: National Science Foundation. Data derived from: Research and Development in Industry, annual; Academic Research and Development Expenditures, annual; and Federal Funds for Research and
Development, annual. Also see <http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nprdr/start.htm>.
Table 776. National R&D Expenditures as a Percent of Gross Domestic Product
by Country: 1985 to 2001
Total R&D
Year
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
Nondefense R&D
United
States
Japan
Unified
Germany
France
United
Kingdom
Italy
United
States
Japan
Unified
Germany
France
United
Kingdom
Italy
2.76
2.65
2.51
2.55
2.58
2.60
2.65
2.72
2.82
2.54
2.78
2.69
2.77
2.83
2.94
2.94
2.98
(NA)
2.68
2.67
2.26
2.26
2.29
2.31
2.44
2.49
2.53
2.22
2.37
2.31
2.30
2.22
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.24
2.15
1.95
1.88
1.81
1.80
1.88
1.85
(NA)
1.12
1.29
1.00
1.01
1.05
1.07
1.04
1.10
(NA)
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.9
3.0
(NA)
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
(NA)
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
(NA)
NA Not available.
1
Estimated.
Source: National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources, annual; and Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development.
Table 777. Federal Obligations for Research in Current and Constant (1996)
Dollars by Field of Science: 1980 to 2003
[In millions of dollars (11,597 represents $11,597,000,000). For fiscal years ending in year shown; see text, Section 8.
Excludes R&D plant]
1980
1985
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002,
prel.
2003,
prel.
11,597
4,674
6,923
16,133
7,819
8,315
21,622
11,286
10,337
28,434
13,877
14,557
33,528
17,444
16,084
38,471
19,570
18,901
44,714
21,958
22,756
49,809
24,174
25,635
53,377
25,977
27,400
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4,192
199
2,001
1,261
241
2,830
524
350
6,363
327
3,046
1,404
575
3,618
460
342
8,830
449
3,809
2,174
841
4,227
630
664
11,811
623
4,278
2,854
1,579
5,708
679
902
15,422
633
4,066
3,095
1,981
6,263
855
1,212
17,965
1,627
4,788
3,329
2,206
6,346
1,050
1,160
23,057
742
4,601
3,252
2,611
8,197
1,009
1,246
25,868
839
5,145
3,668
2,751
8,951
1,027
1,559
28,673
955
5,200
3,879
2,866
9,161
1,050
1,593
Research, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,713
8,348
12,365
21,953
10,640
11,314
25,127
13,116
12,013
29,002
14,154
14,848
32,011
16,655
15,356
35,988
18,307
17,681
40,872
20,071
20,800
44,954
21,817
23,136
47,569
23,150
24,419
7,487
355
3,574
2,252
430
5,054
936
625
8,658
445
4,145
1,910
782
4,923
626
465
10,261
522
4,426
2,526
977
4,912
732
772
12,047
635
4,364
2,911
1,611
5,822
693
920
14,724
604
3,882
2,955
1,891
5,980
816
1,157
16,805
1,522
4,479
3,114
2,064
5,936
982
1,085
21,076
678
4,205
2,972
2,386
7,493
922
1,139
23,347
757
4,644
3,310
2,483
8,079
927
1,407
25,553
851
4,635
3,457
2,554
8,164
936
1,419
Field of science
CURRENT DOLLARS
Research, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental sciences . . . . . . . . .
Mathematics and computer sciences
Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other sciences, n.e.c. 1 . . . . . . . . .
Life sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental sciences . . . . . . . . .
Mathematics and computer sciences
Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other sciences, n.e.c. 1 . . . . . . . . .
Not elsewhere classified.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
CONSTANT (1996) DOLLARS
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, annual. See also <http://www.nsf.gov
/statistics/publication.cfm>.
Table 778. Federal Budget Authority for R&D in Current and Constant (1996)
Dollars by Selected Budget Functions: 2001 to 2004
[In millions of dollars (86,756 represents $86,756,000,000). For year ending September 30. Excludes R&D plant. Represents
budget authority. Functions shown are those for which $1 billion or more was authorized since 1995]
Current dollars
Function
2
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
National defense . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Space research and technology . .
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General science . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources and environment
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Constant (2000) dollars
2001
2002
2003
2004,
prel.
86,756
45,713
20,758
6,126
1,314
5,468
2,096
1,640
1,657
97,624
53,016
23,560
6,270
1,327
5,753
2,160
1,838
1,606
112,544
63,048
26,517
7,355
1,403
6,129
2,151
1,869
1,708
122,045
69,852
28,188
7,597
1,441
6,388
2,220
1,908
1,747
Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.
2
1
2001
2002
2003
2004,
prel.
84,772
44,668
20,283
5,986
1,284
5,343
2,048
1,602
1,619
93,734
50,904
22,621
6,021
1,274
5,524
2,074
1,765
1,542
106,324
59,564
25,052
6,948
1,325
5,790
2,032
1,766
1,614
113,805
65,136
26,285
7,084
1,343
5,957
2,070
1,779
1,629
Includes other functions, not shown separately.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function, annual. See also <http://www.nsf
.gov/statistics/nsf04329/htmstart.htm> (released December 2004).
534
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
Table 779. R&D Expenditures in Science and Engineering at Universities and
Colleges in Current and Constant (1996) Dollars: 1990 to 2002
[In millions of dollars (16,286 represents $16,286,000,000). Totals may not add due to rounding]
Current dollars
Characteristic
Total . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic research 2 . . . . . .
Applied R&D 2 . . . . . . . .
Source of funds:
All governments . . . . .
Institutions’ own funds .
Industry. . . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fields:
Physical sciences . . . .
Environmental sciences
Mathematical sciences .
Computer sciences . . .
Life sciences . . . . . . .
Psychology . . . . . . . .
Social sciences. . . . . .
Other sciences . . . . . .
Engineering . . . . . . . .
...
...
...
Constant (1996) dollars
1
1990
1995
2000
2002
1990
1995
2000
2002
16,286
10,643
5,643
22,170
14,808
7,362
30,063
22,243
7,820
36,333
26,959
9,374
18,926
12,368
6,558
22,613
15,104
7,509
28,134
20,815
7,318
32,943
24,443
8,499
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9,638
1,324
3,006
1,127
13,331
1,689
4,047
1,489
17,518
2,198
5,940
2,153
21,834
2,501
7,109
2,188
11,200
1,539
3,493
1,310
13,598
1,723
4,128
1,519
16,394
2,057
5,559
2,015
19,797
2,268
6,446
1,984
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1,807
1,069
222
515
8,726
253
703
336
2,656
2,256
1,434
279
682
12,188
371
1,019
427
3,515
2,711
1,764
341
876
17,468
516
1,298
535
4,554
3,008
2,022
387
1,126
21,404
671
1,583
627
5,504
2,100
1,242
258
598
10,141
294
817
390
3,087
2,301
1,463
285
696
12,432
378
1,039
436
3,585
2,537
1,651
319
820
16,347
483
1,215
501
4,262
2,727
1,833
351
1,021
19,407
608
1,435
568
4,990
1
Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator. 2 Basic research and applied R&D statistics were re-estimated for
FY 2001 and forward. These data are not directly comparable to those from earlier years.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges,
annual.
Table 780. Federal R&D Obligations to Selected Universities and Colleges:
2001 and 2002
[In millions of dollars (19,390.2 represents $19,390,200,000), except rank. For years ending September 30. For the top 40 institutions receiving Federal R&D funds in 2002. Awards to the administrative offices of university systems are excluded from totals
for individual institutions because that allocation of funds is unknown, but those awards are included in ‘‘total all institutions’’]
Major institution ranked by total
2002 Federal R&D obligations
Total, all institutions 1 . . . . . . . .
Johns Hopkins University . . . . . . . . .
University of Washington . . . . . . . . .
University of Pennsylvania . . . . . . . .
University of Michigan . . . . . . . . . . .
University of California—Los Angeles .
Stanford University . . . . . . . . . . . . .
University of California—San Diego . .
University of California—San
Francisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington University . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Pittsburgh . . . . . . . . . .
Columbia University—Main Division . .
University of Wisconsin—Madison . . .
Duke University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Harvard University . . . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Colorado . . . . . . . . . . .
Yale University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Minnesota . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania State University . . . . . .
Cornell University . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001
2002
19,390.2
838.0
474.5
412.0
403.4
363.9
351.1
333.9
21,117.9
974.7
525.6
447.2
419.7
415.7
381.0
373.6
344.9
314.7
300.8
305.8
290.2
274.1
321.7
290.7
276.2
361.0
348.0
335.8
330.2
327.9
327.5
313.4
308.3
306.9
275.9
273.1
253.6
271.9
297.9
291.9
287.1
283.1
Major institution ranked by total
2002 Federal R&D obligations
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baylor College of Medicine . . . . . . .
University Southern California . . . . .
University of Alabama—Birmingham .
Vanderbilt University . . . . . . . . . . .
Case Western Reserve University . .
University of Illinois—Urbana in
Champaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Scripps Research Institute . . . .
University of Rochester . . . . . . . . .
University of California—Berkeley . .
University of California—Davis . . . .
Boston University . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emory University . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio State University. . . . . . . . . . .
Northwestern University . . . . . . . . .
University of Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Arizona . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Florida . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Texas SW Medical
Center Dallas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
University of Chicago. . . . . . . . . . .
2001
2002
.
.
.
.
.
.
252.5
231.7
232.5
201.6
166.1
200.0
268.8
266.8
254.3
224.2
215.5
213.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
186.9
157.4
171.2
210.6
166.2
154.4
161.9
156.6
164.0
163.9
166.9
157.4
194.0
193.6
189.2
187.3
185.3
182.9
180.6
174.7
174.0
172.7
168.5
167.1
.
.
146.9
160.1
162.3
161.5
1
Includes other institutions, not shown separately.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Federal S&E Support to Universities and Colleges and Nonprofit Institutions,
annual.
Table 781. Graduate Science/Engineering Students in Doctorate-Granting
Colleges by Characteristic and Field: 1990 to 2003
[In thousands (397.8 represents 397,800). As of fall. Includes outlying areas]
Characteristic
Field of science or
engineering
Total, all surveyed fields .
Science/engineering . . . . . . . .
Engineering, total . . . . . . . .
Sciences, total . . . . . . . . . .
Physical sciences . . . . . .
Environmental . . . . . . . . .
Mathematical sciences . . .
Computer sciences . . . . .
Agricultural sciences . . . .
Biological sciences. . . . . .
Psychology. . . . . . . . . . .
Social sciences . . . . . . . .
Health fields, total. . . . . . . . . .
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Female
Foreign
Part-time
1990
2000
2003
1990
2000
2003
2000
2003
1990
2000
2003
397.8
350.6
99.9
250.7
32.5
12.9
17.3
27.7
10.9
46.0
35.8
67.7
47.2
433.3
366.7
98.4
268.3
29.3
12.7
13.8
39.5
11.2
52.3
37.7
71.8
66.6
507.2
428.0
119.3
308.7
33.3
13.5
17.4
46.7
12.4
60.6
41.8
82.8
79.3
149.7
113.4
13.6
99.8
7.6
3.8
5.3
6.4
3.2
21.0
23.6
29.0
36.3
195.3
145.6
19.6
126.0
8.7
5.2
4.9
11.4
4.7
27.4
27.0
36.8
49.6
233.4
174.2
25.5
148.7
10.4
6.0
6.3
12.5
5.6
33.4
30.8
43.8
59.2
122.3
116.9
46.1
70.8
11.5
2.6
5.7
19.3
2.4
11.5
2.1
15.7
5.4
148.0
141.0
58.2
82.7
13.9
2.7
7.1
21.6
2.5
14.5
2.8
17.6
7.0
123.2
100.7
35.9
64.8
3.6
3.0
4.0
12.9
2.0
6.8
10.3
22.1
22.5
118.2
94.7
27.8
66.9
3.2
2.6
2.7
16.3
2.3
7.2
9.5
23.0
23.5
135.5
107.8
31.6
76.2
3.3
2.5
3.5
18.4
2.9
8.2
11.6
25.9
27.6
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Survey of Graduate Science Engineering Students and Postdoctorates, annual.
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
535
Table 782. Science and Engineering Degree Recipients, 1999 and 2000, and
Post-Graduate Employment Status, 2001
[In thousands (758.3 represents 758,300). FT represents full-time. Based on a survey and subject to sampling error; see source
for details]
2001
Degree and field
Bachelor’s recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All science fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and information sciences . .
Mathematical sciences . . . . . . . . . . .
Life and related sciences . . . . . . . . .
Physical and related sciences . . . . . .
Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social and related sciences . . . . . . .
All engineering fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace and related engineering . .
Chemical engineering . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil and architectural engineering . . .
Electrical, electronics, computer
and communications engineering . . .
Industrial engineering. . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical engineering . . . . . . . . . .
Other engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Master’s recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All science fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical sciences .
Mathematical sciences . . . . . . . . . . .
Life and related sciences . . . . . . . . .
Physical and related sciences . . . . . .
Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social and related sciences . . . . . . .
All engineering fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace and related engineering . .
Chemical engineering . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil and architectural engineering . . .
Electrical, electronics, computer
and communications engineering . . .
Industrial engineering. . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical engineering . . . . . . . . . .
Other engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Graduates
1999 and
2000
(1,000)
In
school 2
In S&E 34
($1,000)
1
In other
Not
employed
or not FT
students
Median
salary 4
($1,000)
Employed
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
758.3
649.0
61.5
24.4
159.4
32.2
152.9
218.7
109.2
2.2
10.8
16.8
168.4
154.5
(B)
4.3
52.9
10.1
41.0
44.2
13.8
0.4
2.2
1.5
171.5
94.7
35.6
3.8
17.8
10.6
11.1
15.9
76.8
1.3
6.4
12.5
373.8
358.4
19.5
14.6
81.6
9.9
91.2
141.7
15.3
0.4
1.7
2.2
44.6
41.4
4.4
(B)
7.1
1.6
9.6
17.0
3.3
(B)
(B)
(B)
34
31
51
33
29
34
28
30
49
44
50
42
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
34.2
6.9
25.8
12.6
160.1
115.3
24.3
6.2
16.2
8.6
33.0
27.1
44.8
1.2
2.0
6.3
4.3
(B)
2.7
2.3
29.5
23.9
1.6
1.6
4.7
3.2
5.8
7.1
5.6
0.2
0.6
(B)
25.8
4.6
18.8
7.5
77.3
44.1
17.1
2.5
5.9
3.9
9.1
5.6
33.2
0.8
1.2
5.1
3.3
1.7
3.6
2.2
45.9
41.4
4.4
2.0
5.0
1.1
16.1
12.8
4.5
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
7.4
5.8
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
2.0
1.5
1.5
(B)
(B)
(B)
54
49
48
45
51
45
65
45
37
45
35
43
60
62
58
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
16.4
3.2
6.1
9.5
1.7
(B)
1.0
1.6
13.0
2.4
4.5
6.3
1.0
(B)
(B)
1.2
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
66
62
60
61
B Base figure too small to meet statistical standards of reliability of a derived figure. 1 As of April. 2 Full-time students.
3
In science and engineering. 4 For the principal job. Excludes full-time students, the self-employed, and persons whose principal
job is less than 35 hours per week. For definition of median, see Guide to Tabular Presentation.
Source: National Science Foundation, National Survey of Recent College Graduates: 2001.
Table 783. Doctorates Conferred by Characteristics of Recipients:
2000 and 2003
[In percent, except as indicated. Based on the Survey of Earned Doctorate Awards; for description of methodology, see
<http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/ssed/sedmeth.htm>]
2003
Characteristic
2000,
total
Total conferred
(number). . . .
Male . . . . . . . . .
Female. . . . . . . .
Median age 5. . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CITIZENSHIP 6
Total conferred
(number). . . . . .
U.S. citizen . . . . . . .
Foreign citizen . . . . .
RACE/ETHNICITY 7
Total conferred
(number). . . . . .
White 8 . . . . . . . . . .
Black 8 . . . . . . . . . .
Asian/Pacific 8 . . . . .
Indian/Alaskan 8 . . . .
Hispanic . . . . . . . . .
Other/unknown 9 . . .
All
fields
1
Engineering
Physical sciences 2
Earth
sciMathences ematics
Computer Biologisci- cal sciences ences 3
Agri- Social
culsciPsycholtural ences 4
ogy
41,368
56.0
43.8
33.6
40,710
54.5
45.2
33.3
5,265
83.0
17.0
31.4
3,284
73.2
26.8
31.8
783
66.9
33.1
32.7
994
73.5
26.5
30.3
866
79.8
20.2
32.5
5,694
54.3
45.6
30.4
922
66.1
33.9
33.4
4,139
55.4
44.6
33.8
3,275
31.9
67.1
32.2
39,485
75.6
24.4
38,629
72.6
27.4
4,807
39.5
60.5
3,011
59.6
40.4
702
67.5
32.5
910
51.6
48.4
763
50.3
49.7
8,183
46.2
17.1
835
53.1
46.9
3,748
67.5
32.5
2,973
93.4
6.6
29,837
79.3
5.9
7.8
0.6
4.3
2.2
28,044
76.6
6.4
7.2
0.5
5.1
4.2
2,166
71.8
3.5
15.8
0.5
4.8
3.6
1,949
78.7
2.8
9.5
0.1
3.7
5.2
514
83.5
3.3
5.1
0.4
3.5
4.3
516
78.9
3.1
9.9
0.4
3.1
4.7
443
68.6
3.8
18.5
0.5
2.3
6.3
4,065
75.1
2.7
13.3
0.3
4.3
4.3
481
82.3
3.3
4.8
0.8
4.6
4.2
2,690
75.8
7.0
6.6
0.6
5.7
4.4
2,853
79.0
5.9
4.4
0.8
5.9
4.0
1
Includes other fields, not shown separately. 2 Astronomy, physics, and chemistry. 3 Biochemistry, botany, microbiology,
physiology, zoology, and related fields. 4 Anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, international relations and related
fields. 5 For definition of median, see Guide to Tabular Presentation. 6 For those with known citizenship. Includes those with
temporary visas. 7 Excludes those with temporary visas. 8 Non-Hispanic. 9 For the year 2003, includes Native Hawaiians
and Other Pacific Islanders, respondents choosing multiple races (excluding those selecting an Hispanic ethnicity), and
respondents with unknown race/ethnicity.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, annual. See also
<http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/pubseri.cfm?TopID=2&SubID=5&SeriID=11> (released December 2004).
536
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
Table 784. Doctorates Awarded, by Field of Study and Year of Doctorate:
1995 to 2003
2002
2003
Grand total, all fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41,748 42,645 41,090 41,357 40,808 39,964
1995
40,710
Science and engineering, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26,535 27,278 25,932 25,966 25,540 24,571
25,258
Engineering, total . . . . . . .
Aeronautical/astronautical
Chemical . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial/manufacturing .
Materials/metallurgical . .
Mechanical . . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Science, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biological/agricultural sciences .
Agricultural sciences . . . . . .
Biological sciences . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences, total
Atmospheric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other environmental sciences. . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
780
130
454
115
81
814
125
504
112
73
805
124
452
130
99
758
143
386
134
95
749
116
393
121
119
785
117
428
128
112
783
139
373
133
138
Mathematical/computer sciences, total. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,187
997
1,190
2,104
927
1,177
1,938
855
1,083
1,909
859
1,050
1,833
826
1,007
1,725
807
918
1,860
866
994
Physical sciences, total.
Astronomy . . . . . . .
Chemistry . . . . . . . .
Physics . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
3,841
173
2,162
1,479
27
3,824
206
2,216
1,378
24
3,579
159
2,132
1,271
17
3,407
185
1,989
1,204
29
3,393
186
1,980
1,197
30
3,209
144
1,923
1,124
18
3,320
167
2,037
1,080
36
Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,429
3,675
3,668
3,618
3,442
3,198
3,275
Social sciences, total . .
Economics . . . . . . .
Political science . . . .
Sociology . . . . . . . .
Other social sciences
3,878
1,152
894
555
1,277
4,055
1,156
959
579
1,361
4,064
1,075
1,016
572
1,401
4,156
1,086
987
637
1,446
4,078
1,081
984
577
1,436
4,003
1,023
938
565
1,477
4,139
1,051
1,026
612
1,450
15,213 15,367 15,158 15,391 15,268 15,393
6,650 6,571 6,546 6,429 6,337 6,487
1,329 1,500 1,407 1,591 1,620 1,655
4,691 5,116 5,034 5,213 5,160 5,009
2,543 2,180 2,171 2,158 2,151 2,242
15,452
6,627
1,633
5,015
2,177
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Non-science and engineering,
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Humanities . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional/other/unknown .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
total
....
....
....
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6,008
252
708
656
1,731
284
588
1,025
764
5,924
241
776
650
1,596
229
565
1,022
845
5,330
206
674
584
1,478
211
469
855
853
5,321
214
725
556
1,544
176
451
864
791
2001
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2000
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1999
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1998
5,502
203
728
594
1,576
205
497
953
746
5,071
208
705
625
1,392
230
396
827
688
5,265
199
643
672
1,463
211
473
814
790
20,527 21,354 20,602 20,645 20,038 19,500
6,412 6,882 6,548 6,797 6,543 6,580
1,036 1,037
966
943
853
893
5,376 5,845 5,582 5,854 5,690 5,687
19,993
6,616
922
5,694
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, annual. See also
<http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf05300/start.htm> (released December 2004).
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
537
Table 785. R&D Funds in R&D-Performing Manufacturing and
Nonmanufacturing Companies by Industry: 2000 to 2002
NAICS
code
Industry
All industries, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All manufacturing industries, total . . . . . . .
Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper, printing, and support activities . . . . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastic and rubber products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral products . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliances, and
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles, trailers, and parts . . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace products and parts . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All nonmanufacturing industries, total. . . . .
Transportation and warehousing services . . . . . .
Software publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and relelated services .
Computer systems design and related services . .
Scientific R&D services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises . . . .
Total R&D funds as a
percent of net sales
1
Company R&D funds as a
percent of net sales
2000
2001
2002
2000
2001
2002
3.8
3.6
(D)
(D)
(D)
5.9
(D)
1.8
0.5
1.4
3.9
4.1
4.0
0.5
(D)
(D)
4.9
(D)
2.4
0.7
1.7
4.3
3.9
3.6
(D)
(D)
(D)
6.0
(D)
(D)
0.7
1.5
4.4
3.4
3.3
0.4
1.6
0.3
5.9
1.8
1.8
0.5
1.4
3.8
3.8
3.6
0.5
2.1
0.3
4.8
2.9
2.3
0.7
1.6
4.2
3.6
3.2
0.6
1.3
0.4
5.9
1.8
1.2
0.7
1.4
4.3
. . 3345
12.0
12.6
8.7
8.0
7.3
5.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(D)
(D)
7.3
4.1
(D)
20.5
10.8
12.3
42.9
4.4
3.1
(D)
5.7
4.3
2.5
19.4
7.5
17.4
47.7
7.8
2.8
(D)
4.1
4.4
(D)
21.5
7.8
16.5
21.3
7.6
2.1
3.2
2.8
3.3
0.4
1.6
0.3
5.9
1.8
1.8
2.9
3.5
3.0
4.0
2.4
19.3
5.2
16.5
36.5
7.8
2.7
3.1
2.3
4.1
0.5
21.4
5.3
14.3
17.6
7.6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(X)
(X)
311
322, 326
324
325
326
327
331
332
333
335
3361-3363
3364
(X)
48, 49
5112
5413
5415
5417
55
D Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of information pertaining to a specific organization or individual. X Not applicable.
North American Industry Classification System 1997 (NAICS); see text, Section 15.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Research and Development in Industry, annual. See also <http://www.nsf.gov/statistics
/pubseri.cfm?TopID=2&SubID=5&SeriID=26>.
1
Table 786. Civilian Employment of Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians
by Occupation and Industry: 2002
[In thousands (6,703.1 represents 6,703,100). Based on sample and subject to sampling error. For details, see source]
Wage and salary workers
Occupation
Total
1
Scientists, engineers,
and technicians, total . . . . . . 6,703.1
Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical scientists . . . . . . .
Life scientists . . . . . . . . . .
Mathematical science
occupations . . . . . . . . . .
Social scientists and related
occupations . . . . . . . . . .
Mining
2
Professional,
scientific
and
techniConManu- Informa- cal serstruction facturing
tion
vices
42.2
86.8
1,301.9
.....
.....
.....
998.6
251.1
214.0
7.0
6.8
(NA)
1.4
(NA)
(NA)
99.3
47.7
23.5
.....
107.0
(NA)
0.2
.....
426.4
0.2
1.2
Computer specialists
Engineers 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil engineers . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical/electronics engineers
Mechanical engineers . . . . . .
Drafters, engineering, and
mapping technicians 5 . . . . . . .
Electrical/electronics
engineering technicians . . . .
Other engineering technicians .
Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surveying and mapping
technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social
science technicians . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Other
serviceprovidGoving
ern- indusment
tries
Selfemployed 3
529.8 1,799.2 1,075.1 1,544.3
304.7
29.4
1.3
0.1
210.0
77.4
43.4
323.6
84.3
90.1
224.3
22.4
38.9
93.5
10.2
9.6
9.7
7.4
24.0
20.7
39.8
5.1
18.3
20.6
65.2
128.4
123.3
68.6
2,911.2
5.0
11.9
269.6
407.9
853.4
313.8
916.9
131.5
. 1,478.3
. 228.1
. 291.9
. 215.1
16.0
0.7
0.5
0.7
42.5
19.8
5.5
5.2
565.6
4.1
106.7
116.2
59.8
0.8
34.1
2.4
354.5
106.2
62.3
44.8
191.6
72.0
31.6
12.8
192.9
9.1
41.9
26.4
54.8
15.3
9.3
6.6
...
904.8
5.0
27.6
297.7
31.3
268.9
119.5
133.9
20.2
...
...
...
203.6
274.7
216.1
0.9
1.3
0.6
3.5
5.4
14.3
82.9
105.6
60.5
22.0
3.5
1.9
26.3
70.7
105.4
17.0
51.4
6.7
49.9
35.6
18.6
0.9
1.1
8.1
...
60.1
0.7
1.0
(NA)
0.4
38.7
11.0
3.9
3.3
...
345.9
8.3
0.3
69.6
0.9
66.3
118.0
73.3
2.4
Surveyors, cartographers, and
photogrammetrists . . . . . . . . . . . .
64.3
0.8
3.1
0.1
0.4
46.1
8.6
2.9
2.2
NA Not available. 1 Includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing not shown separately. 2 Includes oil and gas extraction.
3
5
Includes secondary jobs. 4 Includes kinds of engineers and technicians not shown separately.
Includes other drafters,
technicians, and mapping technnicians not shown separately.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Industry-Occupation Employment Matrix, February 2004. (Data collected
biennially.)
538
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
Table 787. Funds for Performance of Industrial R&D by Selected Industries:
2000 to 2002
[In millions of dollars (199,539 represents $199,539,000,000). For calendar years. Covers basic research, applied research,
and development. Based on the Survey of Industry Research and Development]
2002
2000
2001
Total
Percent
from
company
funds
Industry
NAICS
code
1
CURRENT DOLLARS
Total funds 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemicals and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments .
Electrical equipment, appliances, and components . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace products and parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONSTANT (1996) DOLLARS
.
.
.
.
.
.
(X)
325
333
3345
335
3364
199,539
20,918
6,580
15,116
(D)
10,319
198,505
17,892
6,404
12,947
4,980
7,868
190,809
20,641
6,429
13,729
2,039
9,654
91.4
98.8
99.0
62.3
97.0
55.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(X)
325
333
3345
335
3364
186,677
19,570
6,156
14,142
(D)
9,654
181,416
16,352
5,853
11,832
4,551
7,191
172,491
18,659
5,812
12,411
1,843
8,727
91.4
98.8
99.0
62.3
97.0
55.4
3
2
Total funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments .
Electrical equipment, appliances, and components . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace products and parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
D Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of information pertaining to a specific organization or individual. X Not applicable.
North American Industry Classification System, 1997; see text, Section 15. 2 Includes other industries not shown separately.
Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Research and Development in Industry, annual.
Table 788. R&D Scientists and Engineers—Employment and Cost, by Industry:
2000 to 2002
[1,037.5 represents 1,037,500]
NAICS
code
Industry
2000
All industries 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliances, and components
Motor vehicles, trailers, and parts . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace products and parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing services . . . . . .
Software publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related services. . .
Computer systems design and related services. . .
Scientific R&D services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cost per scientist
or engineer,
Constant (1996) dollars
($1,000)
Employed scientists
and engineers 2
(1,000)
1
(X)
325
333
335
3361-3363
3364
48, 49
5112
5413
5415
5417
55
2001
3, 4
2002
2000
2001
2002
1,037.5 1,050.8 1,063.2
82.0
81.4
84.2
51.9
53.8
56.2
23.3
11.4
7.0
75.4
74.4
78.4
40.2
22.1
25.8
1.5
1.3
0.4
79.7
82.2
81.0
33.0
28.9
28.0
41.6
54.6
76.8
52.4
58.4
55.0
0.4
0.9
1.5
179.9
238.6
118.7
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
148.3
95.9
116.2
230.3
124.4
172.7
200.9
108.8
(D)
(D)
325.9
(D)
145.8
107.3
153.2
223.1
386.1
170.9
225.3
108.7
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
153.6
143.8
125.5
245.1
157.9
D Withheld to avoid disclosure. X Not applicable. 1 North American Industry Classification System 1997 (NAICS); see
text, Section 15. 2 The mean number of full-time equivalent R&D scientists and engineers employed in January of the year
shown and the following January. 3 Based on gross domestic product implicit price deflator. 4 Represents the arithmetic mean
of the numbers of R&D scientists and engineers reported in each industry for January in 2 consecutive years divided into total R&D
expenditures in each industry. 5 Includes other industries not shown separately.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, Research and Development in Industry, annual.
Table 789. Space Vehicle Systems—Net Sales and Backlog Orders: 1970 to 2003
[In millions of dollars (1,956 represents $1,956,000,000). Backlog orders as of Dec. 31. Based on data from major companies
engaged in manufacture of aerospace products. Includes parts but excludes engines and propulsion units, except where noted]
Net sales
Year
1970 .
1975 .
1980 .
1985 .
1990 .
1995 .
Backlog orders
NonTotal Military military
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 1,956
.
2,119
. 3,483
. 6,300
. 9,691
. 11,314
1,025
1,096
1,461
4,241
6,556
4,782
Total Military
931 1,184
1,023 1,304
2,022 1,814
2,059 6,707
3,135 12,462
6,532 15,650
786
1,019
951
4,941
8,130
5,872
Nonmilitary
398
285
863
1,766
4,332
9,778
D Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies.
including parts.
Net sales
Year
1998 . .
1999 . .
2000 . .
2001 . .
2002 1 .
2003 1 .
1
Backlog orders
NonTotal Military military
.
.
.
.
.
.
9,490
9,022
8,164
5,112
7,946
7,392
4,227
5,107
3,723
3,605
(D)
(D)
5,264
3,915
4,441
1,507
(D)
(D)
Total Military
Nonmilitary
20,371 7,970 12,402
22,356 10,666 11,690
21,395 8,942 12,453
18,893 8,039 10,854
21,968
(D)
(D)
14,365
(D)
(D)
Includes engines and/or propulsion units for space vehicles,
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Industrial Reports, M336G, Civil Aircraft and Aircraft Engines, annual. See also
<http://www.census.gov/industry/1/m336g0313.pdf>.
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
539
Table 790. Federal Outlays for General Science, Space, and Other Technology,
1970 to 2004, and Projections, 2005 and 2006
[In billions of dollars (4.5 represents $4,500,000,000). For fiscal years ending in year shown; see text, Section 8]
Current dollars
Total
Space and
other
technologies
4.5
5.8
8.6
14.4
16.7
18.6
19.7
20.7
20.8
23.0
23.9
23.8
0.9
1.4
2.0
2.8
4.1
6.2
6.5
7.2
7.9
8.3
9.0
8.9
3.6
4.5
6.6
11.6
12.6
12.4
13.2
13.5
12.9
14.6
14.8
14.9
Year
1970
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005,
2006,
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
proj. .
proj. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Constant (2000) dollars
General
science/
basic
research
Total
General
science/
basic
research
Space and
other
technologies
19.3
12.0
13.7
20.0
18.7
18.6
19.3
19.7
19.3
20.9
21.2
20.8
4.0
2.8
3.2
3.9
4.6
6.2
6.4
6.9
7.4
7.6
8.0
7.8
15.2
9.1
10.5
16.1
14.1
12.4
12.9
12.8
12.0
13.3
13.2
13.0
Source: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States, Historical Tables, Fiscal Year 2006, annual. See
also <http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy06/hist.html>.
Table 791. U.S. and Worldwide Commercial Space Industry Revenue by Type:
2000 to 2003
[In billions of dollars (35.4 represents $35,400,000,000). For calendar years]
U.S.
Industry
Revenue, total . . . . . . . . . .
Satellite manufacturing 1 . . . . . . . .
Launch industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Satellite services 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ground equipment manufacturing 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
World
2000
2001
2002
2003
2000
2001
2002
2003
35.4
6.0
2.7
11.8
10.7
20.8
3.8
1.1
15.9
(NA)
22.7
4.4
1.0
16.6
(NA)
24.9
4.6
2.1
18.2
(NA)
73.7
11.5
5.3
39.2
17.7
78.6
9.5
3.0
46.5
19.6
86.1
12.1
3.7
49.1
21.2
91.0
9.8
3.2
55.9
22.1
NA Not available. 1 Includes revenues from the construction and sale of satellites to both commercial and government.
Includes revenues derived from transponder leasing and subscription/retail services such as direct-to-home television and
satellite mobile and data communications. 3 Includes revenues from the manufacture of gateways and satellite control stations,
satellite news-gathering trucks, very small aperture terminals, direct-to-home television equipment and mobile satellite phones.
2
Source: Satellite Industry Association/Futron Corporation, Bethesda, MD, 2002-2003 Satellite Industry Indicators Survey
(copyright). See also <http://www.sia.org/>.
Table 792. World-Wide Successful Space Launches: 1957 to 2004
[Criterion of success is attainment of Earth orbit or Earth escape]
Country
Total . . . . . . . .
Soviet Union/Russia
United States . . . .
Japan . . . . . . . . .
ESA 2. . . . . . . . . .
China . . . . . . . . . .
France . . . . . . . . .
India . . . . . . . . . .
Israel . . . . . . . . . .
Ukraine 1 . . . . . . .
Australia . . . . . . . .
United Kingdom . . .
2
..
1
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total,
1957-04
195764
196569
197074
197579
198084
198589
199094
19952002
2003
2004
4,358
2,723
1,293
60
155
83
10
15
4
13
1
1
289
82
207
-
586
302
279
4
1
-
555
405
139
5
2
3
1
607
461
126
10
1
6
3
-
605
483
93
12
8
6
3
-
550
447
61
11
21
9
1
-
466
283
122
9
33
15
3
1
-
586
217
227
11
85
31
6
2
7
-
61
21
23
2
4
6
2
3
-
53
22
16
3
8
1
3
-
1
Launches conducted by the former Soviet Union are listed separately as Russia or Ukraine.
- Represents zero.
European Space Agency. Includes launches by Arianespace.
Source: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Science Policy Research Division, Space Activities of the
United States, CIS, and Other Launching Countries/Organizations 1957-1999; thereafter, Resources, Science, and Industry
Division, 2004.
540
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
Table 793. National Aeronautics and Space Administration—Budget
Appropriations, 2005 and Projections, 2006 to 2010
[In millions of dollars (16,070.4 represents $16,070,400,000). Figures may not add due to rounding]
Item
Appropriation, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Science, exploration, & aeronautics . . . . . . . . . . .
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
16,070.4
16,456.3
16,962.0
17,305.9
17,611.9
18,027.1
9,334.7
9,661.0
10,549.8
11,214.6
12,209.6
12,796.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5,527.2
1,858.1
1,513.2
2,155.8
5,476.3
1,900.5
1,512.2
2,063.6
5,960.3
2,347.7
1,531.5
2,081.2
6,503.4
2,831.8
1,539.4
2,132.2
6,853.0
2,998.9
1,495.0
2,359.0
6,797.6
3,066.1
1,406.7
2,324.8
Exploration systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Constellation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exploration systems research & technology
Prometheus nuclear systems & technology
Human systems research & technology . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2,684.5
526.0
722.8
431.7
1,003.9
3,165.4
1,120.1
919.2
319.6
806.5
3,707.0
1,579.5
907.3
423.5
796.7
3,825.9
1,523.7
989.2
500.6
812.4
4,473.7
1,990.9
1,050.3
614.0
818.5
5,125.5
2,452.2
1,078.5
779.0
815.8
Aeronautics research & technology . . . . . . . . . .
906.2
852.3
727.6
730.7
727.5
717.6
Education programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216.7
166.9
154.9
154.7
155.4
155.4
Exploration capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,704.4
6,763.0
6,378.6
6,056.7
5,367.1
5,193.8
Space operations . . . . . . . .
International space station
Space shuttle . . . . . . . . .
Space & flight support . . .
Inspector General. . . . . . . . .
6,704.4
1,676.3
4,543.0
485.1
31.1
6,763.0
1,856.7
4,530.6
375.6
32.4
6,378.6
1,835.3
4,172.4
370.9
33.5
6,056.7
1,790.9
3,865.7
400.0
34.6
5,367.1
2,152.3
2,815.1
399.7
35.2
5,193.8
2,375.5
2,419.2
399.1
37.3
Science . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solar system exploration.
The universe . . . . . . . .
Earth-sun system . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Source: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Fiscal Year 2006 Budget <http://www.nasa.gov/pdf
/107486mainFY06high.pdf (accessed June 2005).
Table 794. Nobel Prize Laureates in Selected Sciences: 1901 to 2003
[Presented by location of award-winning research and by date of award]
1901−2003
Country
Total . . . . .
United States . .
United Kingdom .
Germany 1 . . . .
France . . . . . . .
Soviet Union . . .
Japan . . . . . . .
Other countries .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
Physics
494
219
76
63
25
12
8
91
171
74
21
19
11
9
4
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
- Represents zero.
1
Chem- Physiology/
istry
Medicine
143
51
27
29
7
1
4
22
1901−
1930
1931−
1945
1946−
1960
1961−
1975
1976−
1990
1991−
2002
2003
93
6
15
27
13
2
30
49
14
11
11
2
11
74
38
14
4
4
1
13
92
41
20
8
5
3
2
13
98
63
9
7
2
1
1
15
82
54
5
4
3
1
4
4
7
5
1
1
-
180
90
28
15
7
2
39
Between 1946 and 1991, data are for the former West Germany only.
Source: U.S. National Science Foundation, unpublished data.
Science and Technology
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006
541