> Glacial stream biodiversity study / Bolivia
international
partners
worldwide
events
14
18
Working
in partnership
In 2012, the IRD strengthened its position with research
and higher education establishments in Southern countries,
while maintaining its firm links with its Northern and
primarily European partners.
AnnuAl report 2012 • IRD
page 13
Working in partnership • internAtionAl pArtners
international
partners
FOCUS
The IRD has a unique network of 30 representations
grouped into six regional coordination units outside
Metropolitan France and Europe: the Mediterranean,
West and Central Africa, Southern Africa,
East Africa and the Indian Ocean, Latin America
and the Caribbean, South-East Asia and the Pacific.
the fight against desertification
A tripartite programme between Africa, Brazil and France
on desertification control in Africa was launched during the
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development,
Rio+20. It was initiated by the AIRD, the APGMV (Agence
panafricaine de la grande muraille verte / Pan-African Agency
of the Great Green Wall), the CGEE (Centre de gestion et
d’études stratégiques du Brésil / Brazilian Strategic Research
and Management Centre) and the CNPq (Conseil national
de développement scientifique et technologique / National
Council for Scientific and Technological Development)
during the Sixth World Water Forum in Marseille.
contact
geostrategie@ird.fr
page 14
IRD • AnnuAl report 2012
> Taza protected marine area / Algeria
T
he IRD has two joint representations, one with the CNRS
in Chile and South Africa and one with the Conference
of University Presidents in Brussels. It shares its premises
with the Cirad in Brazil and Cameroon and shares pooled scientific equipment with the founding members of the AIRD in Asia
and Africa with the Institut Pasteur.
> In the Mediterranean
The IRD has been working with Mediterranean countries for
over 50 years. Despite the events that mark the region, it continues
to invest in the major themes of water, health, social sciences
and innovation with the PACEIM Aide à la création d’entreprises
innovantes en Méditerranée (Supporting the Creation of Innovative
Businesses in the Mediterranean) programme.
Several agreements have been signed or renewed with local
science players, such as the Al-Balqa’ Applied University in Jordan,
the Institut national de recherche halieutique in Morocco, the
École nationale d’ingénieurs de Tunis and the Institut national
agronomique in Tunisia.
The seventh FPRD project, INCO-NET MED SPRING, aims to
contribute to the quality of the research in the Euro-Mediterranean region and focuses on three main themes: the shortage of
resources, sustainable food and energy. The IRD has therefore
undertaken to analyse the observatories in which Mediterranean and European third countries work. This analysis will
bring the observatories’ actions together and enable reliable
indicators to be put in place to monitor them and assess the
services they provide in the fields of science, technology and
innovation.
> Meeting with the President of Senegal
The cooperation with Algeria has also been reaffirmed and
the IRD’s partners are taking part in research, training and technology transfer activities dedicated to understanding and managing the region’s major ecosystems1.
Moreover, the Les intérieurs du Maroc (Inland Morocco) seminar was organised in Rabat by the LMI (international combined
laboratory) Environnement, Patrimoine, développement (Environment,
Patrimony, Development) on social organisations, territorial
configurations and the management of rural resources.
> In West and Central Africa
With a great historic presence in this region which is its top
priority, the IRD works together with 21 countries and almost
400 agents. The main scientific themes are in line with the major
development challenges: climate change and natural hazards,
geosciences, ecosystems and natural resource management,
poverty reduction, international migration and health. The
Institute has also implemented an original South-South-North
cooperation initiative to strengthen Africa’s scientific capacities.
Sustainable biodiversity management is an important
research area. Scientists have, for example, demonstrated the
importance of protected marine areas in West Africa and have
studied the impact of small-scale fishing on the depletion of grouper stocks in the open seas of Senegal. The study of cereals is also
important for food security, and in Sahel the aim is to improve
genetic resources and millet and sorghum yields.
1. PPR SICMED - Surfaces et interfaces continentales en Méditerranée (Continental interfaces and surfaces
in the Mediterranean) carried out as part of the MISTRALS - Mediterranean integrated studies at regional
and local scales initiative.
Working in partnership • internAtionAl pArtners
At the Science, Enseignement et Technologie pour le Développement
de l’Afrique (Science, Education and Technology for African Development) international conference, the President of the Republic
of Senegal asked the IRD to take up the challenge of research in
the country, thanks to excellence laboratories and the training
of management staff.
In addition to creating four LMI on climate, soil ecology, plant
adaptations to environmental stresses and water territories and
heritage, new framework agreements have also been signed, linking Dakar’s Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Université Paris Ouest
and the IRD on the one hand, and the Groupe de recherche et de
réalisations pour le développement rural (Research and action
group for rural development), an international NGO governed
by French law, and the IRD, on the other.
During the launch of the collegial expertise for the preservation of Lake Chad, a framework cooperation agreement was
signed with the Lake Chad Basin Commission for the implementation of hydrogeologic and hydrogeochemical studies.
In Burkina Faso, the Forum AfricaTechno, aimed at building
innovation capacities, was organised in partnership with the
Cirad and the company ASTRIUM.
The Institute has also signed a joint agreement with Université de Lomé and Université de Kara in Togo and several collaborations have been set up in Cameroon with Université de
> Agronomy, component of the ERAfrica programme / South Africa
Ngaoundéré and the Organisation de coordination pour la lutte
contre les Endémies en Afrique centrale (Coordinating Organisation for endemic Disease Control in Central Africa).
As part of its participation in the INCONTACT One World
and CAAST- NET European projects, training sessions on the
initiatives and European financing were organised along with
a workshop on research infrastructures.
>Social habitat / Mexico
> In Southern Africa, East Africa
and the Indian Ocean
Almost 80 agents work in this region, specifically in the fields
of climate, infectious diseases, biodiversity and heritage. The problems caused by sharks in Réunion have led researchers to work
on the ecology and habitat of two species under the CHARC programme, to help the government prevent the risks associated
with these selachians.
New programmes have also been developed in the extended
sphere of competence of Réunion’s representation. A study on
the role of mangroves was initiated in Mayotte along with a programme on emerging or resurging infectious diseases such as
malaria and leptospirosis. In the Scattered Islands, the IRD is taking
part in the “Biodiversité, ressources et conservation des récifs coralliens aux glorieuses” (Biodiversity, resources and conservation
of coral reefs in the Glorioso Islands) programme.
New collaborations have been set up with the International
Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology in Kenya and the University of Nairobi.
The IRD representation’s sphere of competence in Nairobi has
been extended to Djibouti, Burundi and Rwanda.
Through dialogue with African regional economic
communities2 on the theme of food security, a workshop was jointly
organised by the MOHEST3, the German Aerospace Centre and the
Senegal Ministry of Research in Arusha in Tanzania.
In South Africa, the IRD coordinates the Africa-EU ERAfrica
platform for the joint financing of collaborative research projects.
With a budget of 11 million euros, they will finance projects in
fields such as agriculture, health, climate change and energy. The
IRD has also facilitated the coordination of European initiatives
on science, technology and innovation under the ESATAP+ programme for bilateral dialogue between South Africa and Europe.
In partnership with Université de la Réunion, the Institute
is involved in the SEAS-OI (Satellite-Assisted Environmental
Surveillance in the Indian Ocean) project. The station receives
financing of ten million euros by the European Union, the
government and the Réunion region with the support of the
town of Saint-Pierre. The IRD has also signed an agreement with
the Madagascan Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research, Université d’Antananarivo and Université de la Réunion
for the development of scientific programmes in the fields of land
use planning, marine and coastal environment, management
of natural hazards, epidemiological surveillance, biodiversity
monitoring and climate change.
Université de la Réunion has also joined its overseas counterparts, the IRD, the Cirad and the Institut Pasteur in the CVT
“Valorisation Sud” (Southern Promotion).
> In Latin America and the Caribbean
The IRD has 8 representations in Latin America and covers
20 countries. The research themes focus on the region’s primary
development concerns: climate variability, tropical glaciers,
the geodynamics of the Andes, natural hazards, poverty reduction and marine resources. The Institute’s great participation in
Rio+20 was one of the year’s major events with the official launch
of the first tripartite Africa-Brazil-France research programme
on desertification control in Africa.
2. REC – regional economic communities.
3. Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology.
AnnuAl report 2012 • IRD
page 15
Working in partnership • internAtionAl pArtners
> Khmu ethnic group - Laos
FOCUS
The bilateral cooperation project B.BICE+ was launched,
which concerns the promotion of multilateral “Europe – Brazil”
programmes on science, technology and innovation.
Appointed by the government, the AIRD is heavily involved
in rebuilding the higher eduction system in Haiti following the
earthquake that struck the region in January 2010, specifically
through a PENDHA distance e-learning programme and a research capacity building workshop bringing together Haitian,
Canadian and French experts. A framework cooperation agreement between the IRD and Université d’État d’Haïti was signed
in Port-au-Prince in the presence of the Haitian President of the
Republic and members of the Haitian government. It provides for
the creation of a high-resolution remote sensing platform that
will enable applications to be developed for land use planning
and the prevention of seismic risks in Haiti and the Caribbean.
the smiling project
SMILING is a European project that began in 2012 whose
aim is to improve the nutrition security of vulnerable
populations in South-East Asia. Coordinated by the IRD’s
NUTRIPASS research unit “Prevention of malnutrition
and associated pathologies”, SMILING groups together
partners from both South-East Asian countries and
European university partners.
page 16
IRD • AnnuAl report 2012
In Martinique, the Cirad, the IRD, the Irstea and Université
des Antilles et de la Guyane have engaged in a new partnership
for the creation of a Campus agro-environnemental Caraïbe (Caribbean
agro-environmental campus) which follows on from the PRAM4.
Several framework agreements have also been signed, in
particular with the CNPq in Brazil, Universidad de Antioquia in
Columbia, the South-American regional bureau of the International Union for Conservation of Nature in Ecuador, the Instituto
Politécnico Nacional in Mexico, and the Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú.
The IRD is also taking part in discussions begun by Mexico
on social habitat and sustainable urban development.
Furthermore, in order to study the atmosphere’s chemical composition, the GAW station, the result of a partnership
between several South-American laboratories and the IRD, was
opened in Chacaltaya in Bolivia.
A Franco-Peruvian Doctoral School of Life Sciences was also
set up.
Finally, the SELPER symposium on spatial observation for
the environment was organised in Cayenne with the support of
the Guiana region, the CNES and European funds.
> In Asia
With four representations covering 8 countries, the IRD’s
spheres of competence in this region have been extended to
India and the Philippines. The research themes mainly cover
health, natural hazards and the environment. Several studies
have also been carried out on soil degradation. Hydrological
monitoring, agronomic tests and socio-economic studies have
been conducted with participation from local communities,
political bodies and the authorities. Alternative cultivation
methods have been tested.
In Indonesia, the IRD’s partnership has been diversified by the
signing of framework agreements with the National Geological
Agency for the supervision of a new volcanological surveillance
programme, and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. The IRD is
therefore working with the Indonesian Volcanic Risk Reduction
Centre which monitors 76 active volcanoes in the archipelago, including Merapi, one of the most active and most explosive volcanoes
in Indonesia.
The partnerships with the Research and Development Agency
for the Sea and Fishing and the Archaeology Office of the Ministry
of Culture and Tourism have also been reaffirmed.
The European SMILING project, which aims to improve the
nutrition security of vulnerable populations in South-East Asia
has been launched.
In China, an agreement has been signed with the Canton University of Chinese Medicine in the fields of AIDS research.
The AIRD, the Alliance pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé
(Alliance for Life Sciences and Health) and the Institut Pasteur of
Cambodia also organised a seminar on Infectious Encephalitides
in Asia which brought together around fifty international experts.
Submission of research on ethnic diversity was organised in
Laos and a museum was created on this theme in the province of
Phongsaly, in collaboration with the local authorities.
Two workshops were held in Thailand, one on mosquitoes as
vectors of Dengue fever and the Chikungunya virus and the other
on the ecology of rodents and diseases transmitted to humans such
as leptospirosis.
> In the Pacific
Present in the Pacific since 1946 on the themes of the environment, the climate, natural hazards and biodiversity, particularly
coralline, the IRD has set up new collaborations in Oceania with the
École des hautes études en sciences sociales (School for Advanced
> Reef fish / New Caledonia
Working in partnership • internAtionAl pArtners
> In Metropolitan France
> Opening of Bond’innov / Bondy
Studies in Social Science), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie and
the Vanuatu Cultural Centre on human and social science research
and training projects.
The signing of a framework agreement between the University
of Papua New Guinea, the University of California and the IRD has
enabled a campaign to be carried out under the CLIVAR5 project on
climate variability. Being able to better describe and understand
global changes is a major priority for the IRD. The teams have therefore
shown that global warming is increasing the risks of extreme
climatic events like floods, droughts and cyclones. Other work
indicates that a recent increase in upwellings of nutrient-dense
waters could have an impact on the fish in the South-East Pacific.
Climate change also affects the local climate and the development
of diseases like Dengue fever, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in the
South-West Pacific. Explanatory and predictive models have been
developed by IRD researchers and their partners and then integrated
by the Caledonian public health authorities.
The GOPS (South Pacific Integrated Observatory for Environment and Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity) went international
by signing a protocol with the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research to encourage joint research on the environment
in the region.
In Tahiti, the IRD, Université de la Polynésie française, the Institut Louis Malardé and the Ifremer launched the first Polynesia
Joint Research Unit, EIO6. The interactions between humans and
their environment in the Oceanic insular ecosystems are the central
focus of its research.
To facilitate the collaborations between Europe and the Pacific,
the IRD and the German Aerospace Centre have organised, together
The two metropolitan centres: IRD-France North in Bondy
and IRD-France South in Montpellier group together all of the
disciplines covered by the IRD. They take an active part in the
territorial structuring of higher education and research by getting involved in mechanisms like the PRES (Research and Higher
Education Centres), the campus plans and future investments.
The E-ReColNat project was therefore selected in the call for
projects on “National Infrastructures in Biology and Health” of
the Future Investments programme, it will receive 16 million
euros over 5 years. Coordinated by the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle in partnership with Université Montpellier 2,
the Clermont-Université PRES, Université de Bourgogne, the
IRD, the INRA, the CNAM, Tela Botanica and Agoralogie, this
project will gather all of the data from French natural history
collections in the same IT platform, to support research and
expertise on biodiversity.
Two new developments have been unveiled in Montpellier,
namely the extension of the Centre for Biology and Management
of Populations which centralises the bioagressor collections
used by researchers, and a genetic experimental platform which
gives the scientific community access to high-throughput phenotyping capacities for national, European and international
projects.
Several seminars have been held, including the international E-Sove conference on vector-borne diseases, the Ethnobiology seminar in Montpellier and the international conference
of the AMMA programme on the African monsoon in Toulouse.
The Bond’innov innovative business incubator and the
Alysés experimentation platform, dedicated to the study of
tropical soils, were unveiled at the Bondy site. Furthermore,
30 projects were selected during the second meetings of the
PACEIM programme. The winners were offered personalised
support over an 18-month period to help them carry out the
essential stages leading to the creation of their business.
Carried out in partnership with the Île-de-France region, the
e-campus project NumeriSud is continuing in Bondy. Its goal
is to help improve the dissemination of scientific information
and audiovisual production to Southern countries and offer
targeted services for students and young researchers.
4. Pôle de recherche agro-environnementale de la Martinique (Martinique Agro-environmental Research Centre).
5. CLImatic VARiability and predictability.
6. Écosystèmes insulaires océaniens (Oceanic Insular Ecosystems).
7. PACE-NET integrates 11 research institutions from the European Union (France, Italy, Germany, Malta)
and the Pacific (Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea).
FOCUS
with the other partners of the consortium, the second bi-regional
platform of the PACE-NET network7. The Institute took the initiative
to create a new consortium to respond to the 2012 INCO-NET call
for proposals in the Pacific region and proposes to extend the PACENET activities to the region’s major societal challenges: adaptation
to change, health and food security.
european strategy
In preparation for the H2020 framework programme being
launched in 2014, the IRD began considering its strategy with
Europe back in 2012. It reorganised its mechanism with a joint
CPU/IRD representation in Brussels, and a European Affairs
Coordinator at the head office. This Coordinator coordinates,
for the supervisory bodies, the group of European experts on
“science” within the eighth partnership of the Africa-Europe
strategy. The IRD proposes a long-term vision of a European
Research Space that is open to the world and responsible
in the face of major global challenges. It is developing its
European dimension in accordance with its founding principles
of cooperation with Southern countries and with the values
of its partnership charter. This European dimension primarily
concerns the Directorate of Research and Innovation’s
programmes on cooperation with Southern countries,
although it also concerns all of the science, innovation and
training programmes implemented in the other General
Directorates. The IRD is additionally involved in setting up
and carrying out certain cooperation projects using European
development funds with extensive expertise, observation
and/or training components. In 2012, European Commission
funding amounted to €7,022K. It receives €113K (1.6%) from
the Directorate-General of Development and Cooperation
(EuropeAid), €2,453K (34.9%), from the European Regional
Development Fund and €4,456K (63.5%) from the
Seventh FPRD.
AnnuAl report 2012 • IRD
page 17
Working in partnership • World-Wide events
in latin america and the caribbean
8 sites 175 staff members 32 individual grants awarded
5 young Southern research teams supported 200 joint publications
world-wide
events
in southern africa, east africa and the indian ocean
4 sites 65 staff members 9 individual grants awarded 6 young
Southern research teams supported 81 joint publications
in the mediterranean
3 sites 75 staff members 16 individual grants awarded
8 young Southern research teams supported 72 joint publications
> Satellite view of the coast / Guiana
> Rural market / Madagascar
> South Africa
• ERAfrica: Agreement on the joint financing of research projects
between Europe and Africa.
> Tarbat N’Tirsal Valley / Morocco
• Cooperation agreement with the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education
and Research.
• Submission of the collegial expertise financed by the Egyptian Court
of Cassation.
• PACEIM: Third edition of the Aide à la création d’entreprises innovantes
en Méditerranée (Supporting the Creation of Innovative Businesses in
the Mediterranean) programme.
• MédiTer LMI (International Combined Laboratory) seminar on Les
intérieurs du Maroc. Organisations sociales, configurations territoriales et
gestion des ressources rurales : entre permanences et adaptations (Inland
Morocco. Social organisations, territorial configurations and management of rural resources: between continuity and change) in Rabat,
Morocco.
page 18
IRD • AnnuAl report 2012
> Madagascar
• Launch of the NOPOOR poverty reduction project.
• Several scientific cooperation agreements.
• Launch of the IRD website in Madagascar.
> Réunion
• First results of the CHARC programme - Connaissances de l’écologie
et de l’habitat de deux espèces de requins côtiers (Knowledge of the
ecology and habitat of two shark species) on the west coast of Réunion.
• Opening of the SEAS-OI satellite station.
• Signing of new agreements with Université de la Réunion.
• Launch of new research programmes in Mayotte and the Scattered
Islands.
> Latin America
• Creation of the IRD-EPN LMI (Earthquakes and Volcanoes in the
Northern Andes) in Ecuador.
• Creation of the JEAI (young team associated with IRD) (Molecular
epidemiology and experimental evolution of Trypanosoma cruzi,
focusing on Ecuadorian strains) in Ecuador.
• Development of a technology centre of excellence for Tuxpan
marine sciences and technology in Mexico.
• Scientific cooperation agreement with the Mexican National
Assembly.
• Creation of the EPIMAIZE (Epigenetic Inheritance in Maize) and
NANOBIOSA (Nanotechnology: targeting active molecules for the treatment of tuberculosis) JEAI in Mexico.
• Participation of the Great Ice LMI in a climate change observation
network in the Andes.
• Opening of the first Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station at
Mount Chacaltaya (5,240-m altitude) in Bolivia.
• Filming of a 52-minute documentary on the retreat of glaciers in the
Peruvian and Bolivian Andes.
• Launch of the Franco-Peruvian Doctoral School of Life Sciences.
• Rio+20 conference and launch of the joint French-Brazilian-African
call for projects on the African drylands.
• Launch of the European BBICE+ programme for cooperation in
science, technology and innovation between the European Union
and Brazil.
• Creation of the COPEDIM (copper and pediments) LMI in Chilli.
> Guiana
• 2012 SELPER symposium - Earth Observation for a Green Co-developed
World - Cayenne, French Guiana.
> Martinique
• Creation of the Caribbean agro-environmental campus.
• Meeting of the Caribbean HYCOS project steering committee, a
hydrological observatory covering all of the islands of the Lesser and
Greater Antilles.
Working in partnership • World-Wide events
in asia
4 sites 175 staff members 15 individual grants awarded
4 young Southern research teams supported 100 joint publications
in the pacific
2 sites
130 staff members
5 joint publications
in west and central africa
6 sites 393 staff members 52 individual grants awarded
13 young Southern research teams supported 243 joint
publications
> CERoPath workshop / Thailand
> AMMA weather station / Mali
• AMMA-CATCH Analyse multidisciplinaire de la mousson africaine
- Couplage de l’atmosphère tropicale et du cycle hydrologique
(African Monsoon Multi-disciplinary Analysis - Coupling of the Tropical
Atmosphere and the Hydrological Cycle) seminar, in Niger.
• Third forum of the GVal-Food Security project in Niamey, Niger.
• National water and sanitation forum in Niamey, Niger.
• Feedback workshop “10 years of research on water and the climate
in Benin” as part of the AMMA-CATCH observatory and the AMMA
programme in Cotonou, Benin.
• GRIBA African Union/European Union project: a programme
dedicated to knowledge of underground water resources in difficult
hydrogeologic areas, Cotonou, Benin.
• Scientific film week in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
• INNODEV incubator opened in Dakar, Senegal.
• MicroTrop training workshop on tropical ecology in Dakar, Senegal.
• Creation of 4 new LMI (LAPSE, IESOL, ECLAIR, PATEO) in Senegal.
• CEEAC-AIRD agreement: CRIFDAC (Creation of a Consortium for
Research, Innovation and Training in Central Africa).
• HYDRARIDE field school on Hydroscience and Geoscience of the
arid environments of Ngaoundere in Cameroon.
• ECOTROP field school on Tropical Ecology in Lopé in Gabon.
• Creation of the SELTAR PPR (regional pilot programme) in South and
South-East Asia.
• Launch of the LUSES LMI (Thailand, Laos, Vietnam) in Bangkok and
the CEFIRSE LMI in India.
• Creation of the VECTHAI JEAI for vector research in Thailand.
• Launch of the COME&SEA JEAI (Biogeochemistry and ecology of
tropical COastal Marine Ecosystems in South-East Asia) in Vietnam.
• Launch of the PEERS ACCLIMATE (Adaptation to Climate Change:
Land-use Innovative Models Applied to Environmental Management)
in Vietnam
• Launch of the regional “Encephalitis” network as part of the SEAe
(South-East Asia encephalitis) research project in Cambodia.
• Launch of the European SMILING and NOPOOR projects.
• Regional CEROPATH workshop in Bangkok.
• Launch of the ESTAFS network on aquaculture in South-East Asia.
• Several scientific cooperation agreements in Vietnam and Indonesia.
• International ID-BIO (Infectious Diseases, Biodiversity and Health
Risk in South-East Asia) congress in Hanoi, Vietnam.
• Set up of the MEGAVOL programme for volcanic monitoring in
Indonesia and incorporation of volcanology modules in the Masters
in Earth Sciences at the Bandung Institute of Technology.
• Filming of a documentary, “Le triangle vert” on the Conservatoire
du bambou at the bamboo conservation research centre in Phu An in
Vietnam.
• Launch of the MEGHA-TROPIQUES research programme on the
water cycle in India.
• Creation of the CEFIPRA bilateral programme - Indonesian-French
Centre for Advanced Research.
> French Polynesian fish
• Creation of an EIO (Oceanic insular ecosystems) mixed research unit
in French Polynesia.
• New Caledonia Atlas published.
• Bi-regional conference of the PACE-Net network in Noumea.
• International seminar “Mangroves de demain” (Mangroves of the
future) in Noumea.
• International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology
and Oceanography (ICSHMO) in Noumea.
• Signing of the agreement on the CVT (thematic promotion consortium) Valorisation Sud (Southern Development) with Université de la
Nouvelle-Calédonie and Université de la Polynésie française.
• Set up of the AeDenPac project for the implementation of an early
warning system that would help anticipate dengue fever and chikungunya virus epidemics in the South Pacific.
AnnuAl report 2012 • IRD
page 19