55 Appendices • Structure of the IRD • Central services • Research and service units • IRD establishments around the world Annual report 2005 Structure of the IRD Board of Trustees (at 1 July 2006) Scientific council (at 1 July 2006) Chair Daniel Le Rudulier Appointed members Chair Jean-François Girard Ministry representatives Ministry of Education and Research Marc Lalande Research Directorate Pierre Méry Scientific adviser Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Jean-Christophe Deberre Development policy director Antoine Grassin Director of scientific and academic cooperation Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry Thierry Kalfon Budget Directorate Ministry for Overseas Territories Corinne Desforges Deputy Director for employment and economic, social and cultural affairs External members Monique Capron Alain Arconte Bouli Ali Diallo Patrice Debré Souad Lyagoubi Catherine Bréchignac Jean-Michel Severino Chair of the Board of Trustees, Inserm President of Antilles-Guyane University Rector, University of Niamey Chair, Cirad Former Health Minister of Tunisia Chair, CNRS Director General, French Development Agency Staff representatives Alain Froment Marie-France Lange Christian Valentin Pascal Grebaut Irène Salvert Patrick Zante Faculty member, University of Nice, microbiology SNCS/FSU, MD, representing research staff, Orléans STREM/SGEN/CFDT, sociologist, director of UR 105, representing research staff, Bondy STREM/SGEN/CFDT, soil scientist, representing research staff, Laos SNTRS/CGT/IRD, biology technician, representing support staff, Montpellier STREM/SGEN/CFDT, head of in-service training, representing support staff, Paris SNPREES/FO, soil scientist, representing support staff, Montpellier Jean-Louis Arcand Netji Ben Mechlia Pascale Delécluse Stéphane Doumbe-Bille Jacqueline Heinen Newton Paciornik Rémi Pochat Jean-Luc Redelsperger Sergio Revah Jean-Pierre Reveret Barbara Romanowicz Mamadou Souncalo Traore Rodolphe Spichiger Faculty member, University of Clermont Ferrand, economics Faculty member, National Institute of Agronomy, Tunisia (INAT), agro-climatology Research Director, CNRS, oceanography Faculty member, public law, Jean Moulin university (Lyon 3), international law Faculty member, university of Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, sociology Technical adviser to the Ministry of Research, Brazil, energy, environment Scientific director, central laboratory of the Public Works Dept., engineering, evaluations Research Director, CNRS, climatology Faculty member, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico, microbiology biotechnology Faculty member, University of Quebec, ecology, environment Faculty member, University of Berkeley, USA, geophysics National Director of Health, Mali, parasitology Faculty member, University of Geneva and Director of the Geneva Botanical Gardens, biology et plant ecology Elected members College I: IRD research directors Jean Albergel hydrology Pierre Chevallier hydrology Georges de Noni geography, research management Jean-Paul Gonzalez human virology Emmanuel Grégoire geography Michel Tibayrenc genetics of infectious diseases College II: IRD researchers Sylvain Bonvalot geophysics Dominique Buchillet anthropology of health Marie-Hélène Durand economics Michel Petit remote sensing, hydrobiology Yves Goudineau anthropology Yann Moreau hydrobiology College III: IRD engineers and technicians Odile Fossati hydrobiology Yann Hello geophysics Michel Larue research management, IRD representative in Indonesia Scientific commissions Chairs of sectoral scientific commissions (CSS) and research and applications management commissions (CGRA) Yves Gaudemer CSS1: Physics and chemistry of the planetary environment Dominique-Angèle Vuitton CSS2: Biology and medical science Pierre Auger CSS3: Science of ecological systems Emile Le Bris CSS4: Human and social sciences Jean-Philippe Chippaux CGRA 1: Engineering and consulting François Jarrige CGRA 2: Administration and management 56 Central services at 1 July 2006 Chairman Director General Secretary General Jean-François Girard Michel Laurent Vincent Desforges Earth and environment department Living resources department Societies and health department Capacity-building support Consulting and industrial liaison Information and communication Jacques Boulègue Patrice Cayré Jacques Charmes Alain Leplaideur Eva Giesen Marie-Noëlle Favier Finance Personnel International relations French overseas dependencies Scientific programming and regional action Evaluation and indicators Information systems Hervé Michel Jean-Charles Linet Daniel Lefort Roger Bambuck Christian Marion Benoît Lootvoet Gilles Poncet Legal affairs Head office administration Accounting office Mathias Guérin Gaëlle Bujan Jean Fohrer Annual report 2005 57 Research units (UR) and service units (US) (at 1 July 2006) Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources UR 32 GREAT ICE - COUDRAIN Anne Glaciers and high altitude water resources climatic and environmental indicators coudrain@ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/hydrologie/greatice/ UR 55 PALEOTROPIQUE - ORTLIEB Luc Tropical paleo-environments and climate variability luc.ortlieb@bondy.ird.fr UR 82 UMR GEOAZUR - CHARVIS Philippe Géosciences Azur direction@geoazur.unice.fr www-geoazur.unice.fr UR 157 UMR LGIT - JAULT Dominique Tectonophysics and internal geophysics laboratory Direction-LGIT@ujf-grenoble.fr www-lgit.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr UR 144 UMR LISAH - VOLTZ Marc Laboratory for the study of soil/agrosystem/hydrosystem interactions voltz@ensam.inra.fr www.sol.ensam.inra.fr/ UR 182 UMR LOCEAN - EYMARD Laurence Laboratory for oceanography and climate: experiments and numerical approaches laurence.eymard@lodyc.jussieu.fr UR 185 Bio Trans - ROUSSOS Sevastianos Biodiversity and functional ecology of micro-organisms for processing recalcitrant compounds s.roussos@univ.u-3mrs.fr UR 161 UMR CEREGE - HAMELIN Bruno European centre for research and education in the environmental geosciences hamelin@cerege.fr US 18 VALPEDO - BROSSARD Michel Updating and utilisation of data on tropical and Mediterranean soils. Contributions to research, consultancy and resource management assistance michel.brossard@mpl.ird.fr www.valpedo.mpl.ird.fr UR 163 UMR - MERLE Olivier Magmas and volcanoes laboratory merle@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr US 25 Observatoire Océanique - GOURIOU Yves Ocean observing systems and operations at sea yves.gouriou@ird.fr www.brest.ird.fr/us025/ US 127 OGSE - JUSTE Gilbert Geophysics and environmental monitoring systems gilbert.juste@bondy.ird.fr US 122 UMA - DUPREY Jean-Louis Analytical resources unit duprey@cayenne.ird.fr www.cayenne.ird.fr US 166 - D’HERBES Jean-Marc Evaluation and monitoring of desertification dherbes@mpl.ird.fr Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems UR 65 UMR LEGOS - MONFRAY Patrick Laboratory for studies in geophysics and oceanography from space directeur@legos.obs-mip.fr www.obs-mip.fr/legos 58 UR 113 CESBIO - MENAUT Jean-Claude Centre for the study of the biosphere from space jean-claude.menaut@cesbio.cnes.fr www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr UR 40 UMR LSTM - DREYFUS Bernard Laboratory for the study of tropical and Mediterranean symbiosis dreyfus@mpl.ird.fr UR 097 ECO-UP - FREON Pierre Structure and functioning of exploited upwelling ecosystems: comparative analyses for an ecosystem approach to fisheries pierre.freon@ird.fr www.sea.uct.ac.za/marine/idyle/ UR 109 THETIS - MARSAC Francis Tropical tuna and pelagic ecosystems: taxis, interactions and exploitation strategies marsac@ird.fr www.brest.ird.fr/ur109/index.htm UR 123 UMR AMAP - BARTHELEMY Daniel Botany and bioinformatics of plant architecture barthelemy@cirad.fr www.amap.cirad.fr/ UR 148 UMR - LE GUYADER Hervé Systematics, adaption, evolution herve.le-guyader@snv.jussieu.fr UR 168 - MICHON Geneviève Environmental dynamics between forest, agriculture and biodiversity: from local practices with nature to conservation policy genevieve.michon@mpl.ird.fr UR 180 MicroBiotech - THOLOZAN Jean-Luc Microbial ecology of natural and manmade environments jltholoz@esil.univ-mrs.fr US 4 ACAPPELLA - JOSSE Erwan Hydro-acoustics applied to fishery and aquatic ethology and ecology Erwan.Josse@ird.fr www.brest.ird.fr/us004/index.htm US 7 OSIRIS - CHAVANCE Pierre Monitoring and information systems for tropical fisheries Pierre.Chavance@ird.fr www.ird.sn/activites/sih/index.htm US 28 CHRONOS - MORIZE Eric Age and chronophysiology in fish and molluscs Eric.Morize@ird.fr US 84 Biodival - MORETTI Christian Knowledge of tropical plant resources and their uses Christian.Moretti@orleans.ird.fr www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/biodival/index.htm Continental and coastal waters UR 12 UMR LTHE - CREUTIN Jean-Dominique Laboratory for the study of transfers in hydrology and environment Jean-Dominique.Creutin@hmg.inpg.fr www.lthe.hmg.inpg.fr UR 50 UMR HSM - SERVAT Eric HydroSciences Montpellier Eric.Servat@msem.univ-montp2.fr www.hydrosciences.org/ UR 103 CAMELIA - FICHEZ Renaud Characterisation and modelling of exchanges in lagoons under terrigenous and human influences fichez@com.univ-mrs.fr www.ird.nc/CAMELIA/ UR 131 AMAZONE - OBERDORF Thierry Macro-ecological approach to aquatic biodiversity in the continental zone oberdorf@mnhn.fr US 19 OBHI - THEBE Bernard Hydrological monitoring systems and engineering thebe@mpl.ird.fr www.usobhi.net/ UR 154 UMR LMTG - DUPRE Bernard Laboratory for mechanisms and transfers in geology dupre@lmtg.obs-mip.fr www.lmtg.obs-mip.fr UR 183 G-EAU - GARIN Patrice Water management: actors and uses patrice.garin@cemagref.fr UR 70 RAP - LAE Raymond Adaptive responses of fish shoals and populations to environmental pressure Raymond.Lae@ird.fr www.ird.sn/activites/rap/index.htm UR 128 CoRéUS - FERRARIS Jocelyne Ecosystemics of reef communities and their uses on Pacific islands jocelyne.ferraris@ird.fr www.ird.nc/COREUS/ UR 167 CYROCO - ARFI Robert Cyanobacteria of shallow tropical waters. Roles and controls arfi@ird.sn www.com.univ-mrs.fr/cyroco/index.htm UR 175 CAVIAR - LEGENDRE Marc Characterisation and utilisation of fish diversity for integrated aquaculture Marc.Legendre@mpl.ird.fr 59 Food security in the South UR 22 CBGP - RASPLUS Jean-Yves Centre for population management and biology rasplus@ensam.inra.fr www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP UR 60 CLIFA - LHOMME Jean-Paul Climate and agro-system functioning lhomme@cefe.cnrs.fr UR 72 BEI - SILVAIN Jean-François Biodiversity and evolution of plant/insect-pest/antagonist complexes silvain@pge.cnrs-gif.fr www.cnrs-gif.fr/pge/index.html UR 8 - OUAISSI Ali Molecular factors in the physiopathology, prevention and epidemiology of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis ali.ouaissi@montp.inserm.fr UR 10 - COT Michel Mother and infant health in tropical environments: genetic and perinatal epidemiology Michel.Cot@ird.fr UR 16 - FONTENILLE Didier Characterisation and control of vector populations didier.fontenille@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/vecteur/ UR 121 UMR - DELSENY Michel Plant development and genomics delseny@univ-perp.fr UR 24 Epiprev - SIMONDON François Epidemiology and prevention: environment and efficacy of interventions simondof@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/epiprev UR 137 UMR BIOSOL - LAVELLE Patrick Soil functioning and biodiversity Patrick.Lavelle@bondy.ird.fr www.bondy.ird.fr/biosol UR 77 - TRAPE Jean-François Malaria in tropical Africa trape@ird.sn http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr UR 141 UMR DGPC - HAMON Serge Diversity and genomes of cultivated plants hamon@mpl.ird.fr www.dgpc.org UR 145 UMR - DELAPORTE Eric HIV/AIDS and associated diseases Eric.Delaporte@mpl.ird.fr UR 142 UMR BEPC - DOSBA Françoise Developmental biology of cultivated perennial plants dosbaf@ensam.inra.fr www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-bepc UR 176 SOLUTIONS - VALENTIN Christian Soils, land use, degradation and rehabilitation valentinird@laopdr.com UR 179 SeqBio - CHOTTE Jean-Luc Carbon sequestration and soil bio-functioning: effects of tropical agro-system management methods Jean-Luc.Chotte@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/SeqBio UR 106 NALIS - DELPEUCH Francis Nutrition, food, societies Francis.Delpeuch@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr Public health and health policy UR 2 ASSA - GRUENAIS Marc-Eric Health in Africa: health systems and actors gruenais@up.univ-mrs.fr www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/shadyc/accueil.html UR 152 UMR - NEPVEU Françoise Pharmaceutical chemistry of natural substances and redox pharmacophores nepveu@cict.fr UR 165 UMR - RENAUD François Genetics and evolution of infectious diseases renaud@mpl.ird.fr UR 174 IRD-PHPT - LALLEMANT Marc Clinical epidemiology, mother-and-infant health and HIV in Southeast Asia ird@phpt.org UR 177 - CUNY Gérard Host - vectors - parasites interactions in trypanosomiae gerard.cuny@mpl.ird.fr UR 178 CTEM - GONZALEZ Jean-Paul Territories and conditions for the emergence of diseases frjpg@mahidol.ac.th US 9 - ARDUIN Pascal Demographic, epidemiological and environmental monitoring arduin@ird.sn www.ird.sn/activites/niakhar/ Globalisation and development UR 79 GEODES - AUGER Pierre Mathematical and computer modelling of natural, biological and social complex systems Pierre.Auger@bondy.ird.fr www.ur079.ird.fr/ US 140 ESPACE - HUYNH Frédéric Assessments and spatialisation of environmental data huynh@ird.fr www.espace.ird.fr UR 63 UMR C3ED - REQUIER-DESJARDINS Denis Centre for economics and ethics for environment and development Denis.Requier-Desjardins@c3ed.uvsq.fr www.c3ed.uvsq.fr UR 136 - FOURNIER Anne Protected areas, ecosystems, management and peripheral functions Anne.Fournier@orleans.ird.fr www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/ur136/cadres/mosaique.htm UR 3 Tem - SELIM Monique Globalisation and labour Monique.Selim@bondy.ird.fr www.ur003.ird.fr UR 95 REFO - COLIN Jean-Philippe Land tenure regulations, public policy and stakeholder reasoning colin@ensam.inra.fr UR 102 - BARE Jean-François Societies, spaces, public intervention jfbare@free.fr UR 105 - LANGE Marie-France Knowledge and development marie-france.lange@bondy.ird.fr www.ur105.ird.fr/ UR 107 Cim - JOLIVET Marie-José Globalisation and identity construction jolivet@bondy.ird.fr UR 135 UMR CELIA - QUEIXALOS Francisco Centre for the study of indigenous languages of America qxls@vjf.cnrs.fr UR 151 LPED - LIVENAIS Patrick Population-environment-development laboratory livenais@up.univ-mrs.fr www .lped.org UR 169 - CORMIER-SALEM Marie-Christine Natural heritage, territories and identities cormier@mnhn.fr UR 13 MMP - DELAUNAY Daniel Migration, mobility, settlement dynamics and territorial dynamics daniel.delaunay@bondy.ird.fr www.ur013.ird.fr UR 23 DEVLOC - FAURE Yves-André Local urban development. Dynamics and regulations yafaure@yahoo.fr UR 29 URBI - COURET Dominique Urban environment couretdo@bondy.ird.fr www.ur029.ird.fr UR 47 DIAL - HERRERA Javier Development, institutions and long-term analysis herrera@dial.prd.fr www.dial.prd.fr/ UR 88 SETLAS - PARIS François Long-term society-environment dynamics in northern Africa francois.paris@ird.fr UR 92 ADENTHRO - GUILLAUD Dominique Human adaptation to tropical environments during the Holocene Dominique.Guillaud@orleans.ird.fr www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/adentrho.htm DME : units in the Earth and Environment Department DRV : units in the Living Resources Department DSS : units in the Societies and Health department Annual report 2005 IRD establishments around the world France Head office 213, rue La Fayette 75 480 Paris Cedex 10 Tel: + 33 (0)1 48 03 77 77 Centre de Bretagne Claude Roy BP 70 - 29280 Plouzané Cedex Tel. + 33 (0)2 98 22 45 01 irdbrest@ird.fr Centre d’Ile de France Maurice Lourd 32, avenue Henri Varagnat 93143 Bondy Cedex Tel. + 33 (0)1 48 02 55 75 Direction.Centre@bondy.ird.fr Centre de Montpellier Georges De Noni 911 avenue Agropolis BP 64501 - 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 Tel. + 33 (0)4 67 41 61 00 Directeur.Centre@mpl.ird.fr Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale Philippe Cury BP 171 - 34203 Sète cedex Tel. + 33 (0)4 99 57 32 34 Philippe.Cury@ird.fr Centre IRD d’Orléans Yveline Poncet 5 rue du Carbone 45072 Orléans Cedex 2 Tel. + 33 (0)2 38 49 95 00 Yveline.Poncet@orleans.ird.fr French overseas territories French Guiana Patrick Séchet BP 165 - 97323 Cayenne Cedex Tel. (05 94) 29 92 92 dircay@cayenne.ird.fr Martinique - Caribbean Daniel Barreteau 60 BP 8006 - 97259 Fort de France cedex Tel. 05 96 39 77 39 representant@ird-mq.fr New Caledonia Délégué IRD pour le Pacifique Sud Fabrice Colin BP A5 - 98848 Nouméa Cedex Tel. (687) 26 10 00 Dir.Noumea@noumea.ird.nc French Polynesia Jacques Iltis Congo Claude Laveissière Centre DGRST/IRD BP 1286, Pointe-Noire Tel. (242) 94 02 38/37 45 ird-pnr.dir@cg.celtelplus.com Côte d'Ivoire BP 529 - 98713 Papeete - Tahiti Tel. (689) 50 62 00 dirpapet@ird.pf IRD/SCAC Ambassade de France à Abidjan 128 bis rue de l’université 75351 Paris 07 SP La Réunion Jean-François Daniel Egypt Jean-Yves Moisseron IRD - BP 172 97492 Sainte-Clotilde Cedex Tel. (02 62) 29 56 29 jean-françois.daniel@la-reunion.ird.fr P.O. Box. 26 - 12 211 Giza, Egypt Tel. (202) 362 05 30 irdegypt@idsc.gov.eg Africa IRD BP 1984, Conakry South Africa Jean-Marie Fritsch IRD auprès de l'IFAS - P.O. Box 542 Newtown 2113 Johannesburg 66, Margaret Mcingana Street (Market Theatre Precinct) Tel. (27 11) 836 05 61/64 irdafsud@iafrica.com Benin Bruno Bordage (au 01/09/06) IRD/SCAC Ambassade de France à Cotonou 128 bis rue de l’université 75351 Paris 07 SP Tel. (229) 30 03 52/54 Representation.Benin@ird.fr Burkina Faso Jean-Pierre Guengant 01 BP 182 - Ouagadougou 01 Tel. (226) 50 30 67 37 direction@ird.bf Cameroon François Rivière BP 1857 Yaoundé Tel. (237) 220 15 08 Francois.Riviere@ird.fr Guinea Kenya Bruno Le Ru Représentation IRD Kenya, ICRAF United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 30677 00100 Nairobi Tel. (254 20) 722 4758 ird@icraf.exch.cgiar.org Mali Gilles Fédière IRD - BP 2528 - Bamako - Mali Tel. (223) 221 05 01 gilles.fediere@ird.fr Morocco Henri Guillaume IRD - BP 8967 - 10000 Rabat Agdal Tel. (212) 037 67 27 33 irdmaroc@menara.ma Niger Francis Kahn BP 11416 - Niamey Tel. 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(51 1) 441 32 23 ird@amauta.rcp.net.pe Asia Indonesia Michel Larue Wisma Anugraha Jalan Taman Kemang 32 B Jakarta 12730 Tel. (62 21) 71 79 21 14 ird-indo@rad.net.id Laos Daniel Benoit BP 5992 - Vientiane République du Laos Tel. (856 21) 45 27 07 rep_vientiane@irdlaos.org Thailand Michel Tibayrenc IRD Representative Office French Embassy 29, Thanon Sathorn Tai Bangkok 10120 Tel. (66 2) 627 21 90 ird_th@ksc.th.com Vietnam Jacques Berger Ambassade de France - service culturel 57 Than Hung Dao - Hanoi Tel. (84-4) 972 06 29 repird@fpt.vn Indian Ocean Madagascar Christian Feller BP 434 - 101 Antananarivo Tel. (261 20) 22 330 98 irdmada@ird.mg European Union Jean-Michel Chassériaux CLORA - 8 avenue des Arts B1210 Bruxelles - Belgique Tel. 32 2 506 88 48 jean-michel.chasseriaux@clora.net IRD RA 05 COUV GB + SP 6/09/06 11:27 Page 2 Photo credits for this 2005 annual report Contents Baobabs, Madagascar Cover left to right ©IRD-Olivier Barrière ©IRD-Gilles Domalain ©IRD-Patrick Wagnon ©IRD-Sébastien Velut ©IRD-Pierre Evin ©IRD-Olivier Barrière ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Pierre Laboute Contents (2 photos) ©IRD-Bernard Moizo page 3 ©IRD-Olivier Dargouge page 4 © Christophe Lepetit page 5 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Raffaillac page 6 ©IRD-Patrick Wagnon page 7 ©IRD-Thierry Lebel page 8 ©IRD-Pascal Podwojewski page 9 ©IRD-Alain Leplaideur page 10 ©IRD-Joel Orempuller ©IRD-Guy Cabioch page 11 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 12 ©IRD-Thierry Ruf ©IRD-Richard Escadafal page 13 ©IRD-Arnaud Bertrand page 14 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 15 ©IRD-K. Chalikakis page 16 ©IRD-Sylvain Gilles page 17 ©IRD-Patrice Cayré page 18 ©IRD-Olivier Barrière page 19 ©IRD-Alain Borgel ©IRD-Jacqueline Thomas page 20 ©IRD-Annick Aing page 21 ©IRD-Cheikh Sokhna ©IRD-Michel Dukhan page 22 ©IRD-Alain Fournet page 23 ©IRD-Élisabeth DeliryAntheaume page 24 ©IRD-Paul-André Calatayud ©IRD-Marie-France Lange page 25 ©IRD-Frédéric Sandron page 26 ©Christophe Lepetit page 27 ©IRD-Spot page 28 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Raffaillac ©IRD-F. Ampe page 29 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Montoroi page 30 ©IRD-Esther Katz page 31 ©IRD-Bernard Lortic page 32 ©IRD-Dominique Levèvre page 33 ©IRD-Samuel Cordier ©IRD-Véronique Fédière ©Académie d’Amiens-José Mulot page 34 ©IRD-Cheikh Sokhna page 36 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 37 ©IRD-Patrice Baby page 38 ©IRD-Amadou Tahirou ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Edmond Bernus page 39 ©IRD-Patrick Blanchon page 40 ©IRD-Olivier Evrard page 41 ©IRD-Pierre Laboute page 42 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Ronan Lietar page 43 ©IRD-Pierre Laboute ©IRD-Christophe Maes ©Jean-Yves Meyer page 44 ©IRD-Annick Aing page 48 ©IRD-Olivier Barrière page 49 ©IRD-Renaud Fichez page 50 ©IRD-Sylvain Bonvalot ©IRD-Joël Orempuller page 55 ©IRD-Olivier Hourton ©IRD-Yves Blanca Document produced by the Information and Communication Department dic@paris.ird.fr © IRD July 2006 - Coordinator: Marie-Noëlle Favier - Editing and production monitoring: Claire Roussel - Pictures from Indigo Base: Claire Lissalde and Danielle Cavanna - Maps: Elizabeth Habert and Rainer Zeis - Graphic design: Mazarine Image - Printing: Imprimerie Henry, Montreuil-sur-Mer - Distribution: IRD dissemination unit, Bondy - English translation: Harriet Coleman The following people took part in the editing: Catherine Aubertin, Roger Bambuck, Frédéric Bergot, Samuel Cordier, Sylvain Dehaud, Marie-Noëlle Favier, Eva Giesen, Eloïse Gransagne, Mélanie Lanoisellé, Daniel Lefort, Benoît Lootvoet, Gilles Poncet, Alain Poulet, Marie-Christine Rebourcet. Scientific examples: Arnaud Bertrand, Sophie Bertrand, Alain Borgel, Guy Cabioch, Richard Escadafal, Pierre Fréon, Sylvain Gilles, Mansour Ioualalen, Marie-France Lange, Xavier Lazzaro, Anatoli Legtchenko, Jean-Loup Lemesre, Frédéric Sandron, Jean-François Trape. The IRD would like to thank the following for their testimonies: Chidchanok Lursinsap, Heitor Evangelista, Lahoucine Hanich, Renato Guevara, Abdallah Al-Zoubi, Papa Doudou Yerim Fall, Djibril Sane, Pascal Arduin, Gérard Papierok, Maxime Compaoré N° ISBN : 2-7099-1609-6