Annual report 2005
advertisement
IRD RA 05 COUV GB + SP 6/09/06 11:27 Page 1 Annual report 2005 IRD RA 05 COUV GB + SP 6/09/06 11:27 Page 2 Photo credits for this 2005 annual report Contents Baobabs, Madagascar Cover left to right ©IRD-Olivier Barrière ©IRD-Gilles Domalain ©IRD-Patrick Wagnon ©IRD-Sébastien Velut ©IRD-Pierre Evin ©IRD-Olivier Barrière ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Pierre Laboute Contents (2 photos) ©IRD-Bernard Moizo page 3 ©IRD-Olivier Dargouge page 4 © Christophe Lepetit page 5 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Raffaillac page 6 ©IRD-Patrick Wagnon page 7 ©IRD-Thierry Lebel page 8 ©IRD-Pascal Podwojewski page 9 ©IRD-Alain Leplaideur page 10 ©IRD-Joel Orempuller ©IRD-Guy Cabioch page 11 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 12 ©IRD-Thierry Ruf ©IRD-Richard Escadafal page 13 ©IRD-Arnaud Bertrand page 14 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 15 ©IRD-K. Chalikakis page 16 ©IRD-Sylvain Gilles page 17 ©IRD-Patrice Cayré page 18 ©IRD-Olivier Barrière page 19 ©IRD-Alain Borgel ©IRD-Jacqueline Thomas page 20 ©IRD-Annick Aing page 21 ©IRD-Cheikh Sokhna ©IRD-Michel Dukhan page 22 ©IRD-Alain Fournet page 23 ©IRD-Élisabeth DeliryAntheaume page 24 ©IRD-Paul-André Calatayud ©IRD-Marie-France Lange page 25 ©IRD-Frédéric Sandron page 26 ©Christophe Lepetit page 27 ©IRD-Spot page 28 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Raffaillac ©IRD-F. Ampe page 29 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Montoroi page 30 ©IRD-Esther Katz page 31 ©IRD-Bernard Lortic page 32 ©IRD-Dominique Levèvre page 33 ©IRD-Samuel Cordier ©IRD-Véronique Fédière ©Académie d’Amiens-José Mulot page 34 ©IRD-Cheikh Sokhna page 36 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 37 ©IRD-Patrice Baby page 38 ©IRD-Amadou Tahirou ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Edmond Bernus page 39 ©IRD-Patrick Blanchon page 40 ©IRD-Olivier Evrard page 41 ©IRD-Pierre Laboute page 42 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Ronan Lietar page 43 ©IRD-Pierre Laboute ©IRD-Christophe Maes ©Jean-Yves Meyer page 44 ©IRD-Annick Aing page 48 ©IRD-Olivier Barrière page 49 ©IRD-Renaud Fichez page 50 ©IRD-Sylvain Bonvalot ©IRD-Joël Orempuller page 55 ©IRD-Olivier Hourton ©IRD-Yves Blanca Document produced by the Information and Communication Department dic@paris.ird.fr © IRD July 2006 - Coordinator: Marie-Noëlle Favier - Editing and production monitoring: Claire Roussel - Pictures from Indigo Base: Claire Lissalde and Danielle Cavanna - Maps: Elizabeth Habert and Rainer Zeis - Graphic design: Mazarine Image - Printing: Imprimerie Henry, Montreuil-sur-Mer - Distribution: IRD dissemination unit, Bondy - English translation: Harriet Coleman The following people took part in the editing: Catherine Aubertin, Roger Bambuck, Frédéric Bergot, Samuel Cordier, Sylvain Dehaud, Marie-Noëlle Favier, Eva Giesen, Eloïse Gransagne, Mélanie Lanoisellé, Daniel Lefort, Benoît Lootvoet, Gilles Poncet, Alain Poulet, Marie-Christine Rebourcet. Scientific examples: Arnaud Bertrand, Sophie Bertrand, Alain Borgel, Guy Cabioch, Richard Escadafal, Pierre Fréon, Sylvain Gilles, Mansour Ioualalen, Marie-France Lange, Xavier Lazzaro, Anatoli Legtchenko, Jean-Loup Lemesre, Frédéric Sandron, Jean-François Trape. The IRD would like to thank the following for their testimonies: Chidchanok Lursinsap, Heitor Evangelista, Lahoucine Hanich, Renato Guevara, Abdallah Al-Zoubi, Papa Doudou Yerim Fall, Djibril Sane, Pascal Arduin, Gérard Papierok, Maxime Compaoré N° ISBN : 2-7099-1609-6 1 Introduction The IRD around the world Editorial Highlights of 2005 The IRD in a nutshell 2 3 4 5 Research programmes for the South Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems Continental and coastal waters Food security in the South Public health and health policy Globalisation and development 8-10 11-13 14-16 17-19 20-22 23-25 Training, sharing, finding applications Strengthening Southern countries’ research capacities Finding applications Working for sustainable development Sharing information and knowledge Promoting a research ethic for the South The IRD around the world International mission for the South Action in the French overseas territories Research in metropolitan France Resources for developing research in the South Financial resources Human resources Information systems Evaluation Appendices Rice terraces Structure of the IRD Central services Research and service units IRD establishments around the world 28-29 30 31 32-33 34-35 38-40 41-43 44-47 50-51 52-53 54 54 56 57 58-59 60 The IRD around the world Sweden @ Belgium @ Spain Switzerland @ @ @ Algeria MoroccoAlgéria @ Tunisia Mali Syria Lebanon Niger Laos Egypt Senegal India @ Burkina Faso Benin Mexico Martinique Colombia Ecuador @ French Guiana @ Guinea @ Cameroon Thailand @ Togo Côte d’Ivoire Gabon Seychelles Congo @ Vietnam @ Kenya Indonesia Peru Madagascar Bolivia Brazil Zimbabwe Chile French Polynesia @ @ La Réunion @ New Caledonia Australia Argentina South Africa See page 60 for list of IRD centres worldwide Other assignments IRD centres Local staff Staff on assignment* *tenured, expatriate, doctoral students, volunteers 1-3 4-6 7-12 13-25 26-50 51-62 105 133 @ @ 1 2 @ @ 3 8 Distribution of budgeted staff at 31/12/05 3 EditOrial For the IRD, 2005 was a year of continued hard work in pursuit of its established priorities. Scientific output increased and new projects, in line geographical priorities, began. There were also some crucial strategic changes. On the research side, there was more than one publication per researcher - the rate has been increasing by 7% a year for three years - and some widely noted results, such as the discovery of an Ebola virus reservoir in bats in Gabon. Two campaigns, Amadeus and Esmeraldas, explored major earthquake zone off the coasts of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. As regards international research programmes in priority geographical areas, the Institute was an active partner in the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses programme (AMMA) and the Water programme of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), for which it is now the coordinating agency. It developed regional dynamics in the South, for example in the Andean countries, and started to promote South-South partnerships. The IRD’s presence in the Mediterranean region was also intensified, with a centre opening in Morocco. The Institute was also working to strengthen research capacities in the French tropical overseas territories, as witness its support for the SEAS Guyane remote sensing platform and its involvement right from the start of the chikungunya epidemic that hit La Réunion and neighbouring Indian Ocean countries. The IRD immediately mobilised its scientists and reinforced its resources to combat the illness, playing its part in the structures set up by the authorities. Most important, in 2005 the IRD was examining strategic issues and working on a new contract with the State, its contrat d’objectifs or action plan for 2006-2009. Scientific and geographical priorities were set in accordance with the recommendations of the Strategic Audit Committee, in the light of development challenges and with a view to affirming the IRD’s role as a major actor in national and international policy for the South. In this connection the Interministerial Committee for International Cooperation has appointed the IRD as lead agency to mobilise all French universities and research bodies. With its recent, tighter organisation into 79 research and service units including 28 joint units, the IRD can respond to major development challenges as it focuses on its scientific priorities: poverty reduction, international migration, emerging infectious diseases, climate change, water resources and access to water, and ecosystems and natural resources. On the strength of this strategic repositioning, its network of centres around the world, its 2,256 staff, its recognised work in partnership with the South and its role in training for the Southern scientific community, the IRD is well placed today to fulfil the extended mission the government has given it. Jean-François GIRARD Chairman Michel LAURENT Director General Highlights of 2005 IRD partners 25th international population congress At the 25th international population congress in Tours, France, on 18-23 July, attended by over 2000 researchers from 108 countries, the IRD took an active part in discussions about the challenges of world demography in the 21st century. Exploratory surveys study major South American earthquakes Two marine geophysics surveys, Amadeus and Esmeraldas, were conducted off the coasts of Ecuador and Colombia. Their purpose is to improve understanding of major earthquakes and make simulations of tsunami propagation more reliable. Satellite observation of the Amazonian environment Ebola virus research in Gabon New objectives contract Evaluating overfishing The IRD and the responsible authorities drew up the Institute’s new objectives contract for 20062009. The contract defines scientific and geographical priorities for addressing the world’s major development challenges. The IRD was entrusted with a new function: as lead agency for development research, it is responsible for stimulating research in this field and drawing together the entire French scientific community, in research organisations and universities alike. According to IRD scientists, stocks have crashed in a quarter of the world’s fisheries over the past fifty years. In 21% of cases the collapse is preceded by a plateau of stable production and is therefore not foreseeable. These unpredictable collapses are a result of increasingly efficient fishing equipment technology and the difficulty for depleted fish populations to regenerate. Morocco: new IRD centre in Rabat African monsoon: first assessment of the AMMA programme Continuing its commitment to Mediterranean countries, the IRD opened its new centre in Morocco on 30 June. The IRD took part in the AMMA programme’s first international conference in Dakar. Over 250 researchers met to review ongoing work and discuss future directions for this huge programme, which is designed to improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying the African monsoon and its impact on climate and population. Ebola fever: bats a reservoir for the virus In Gabon, IRD scientists and their partners have identified bats as one of the natural reservoirs for the Ebola fever virus. Since 2001 this virus has caused several violent epidemics of haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo and Gabon. IRD helps fight Chikungunya epidemic Building on its experience in medical entomology the IRD mobilised its researchers to combat the Chikungunya epidemic in la Réunion, as part of the Chikungunya epidemic control support mission launched by the French health and overseas territories ministries. 4 SEAS Guyane, an environmental monitoring platform for Amazonia, based on satellite remote sensing, was set up in Cayenne in French Guyana. The IRD will run the image receiving and processing station. IRD leads NEPAD water programme As part of the boost for research in Africa initiated by NEPAD, The New Partnership for Africa’s Development, the French foreign affairs ministry commissioned the IRD to coordinate all French research on water science and technology. The IRD was one of the organising bodies for a meeting of French and African experts, held in Nairobi, to start building a network of African centres of excellence in this field. 5 The IRD in a nutshell Key figures of 2005 167.35 195.2 Research for development Founded in 1944, the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement is a French public research institute under the joint authority of the French ministries responsible for research and for overseas development. The IRD works in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, Latin America and the Pacific, conducting multidisciplinary research for the purposes of economic, social and cultural development in Southern countries. Its work is focused on the relations between humans and their environment in tropical and Mediterranean regions, with a view to sustainable development. Lead agency in research for the South Through its role as a government agency, the IRD mobilises the French scientific community for research that will assist development. Continuous assessment ensures excellence in the research the IRD conducts, as witness its scientists’ increasing participation in national, European and international programmes in Southern countries. Dynamic partnership The IRD’s research projects are conducted in partnership with Southern institutions. The Institute also designs and provides training to build the capacities of the Southern countries’ own scientific communities. It works to transfer knowledge to economic and social actors and to find applications for its research results. Its dissemination of scientific and technical information is a further contribution to knowledge sharing. 2 256 M€ total budget staff 971 staff outside mainland France (43%) 79 research and service units 205 760 grants and fellowships awarded to scientists from the South (studentships and appointments) publications recorded in the Science Citation Index (excl. social sciences) 13.34 72 % Incl 794 797 665 34 % 71 % 155 Incl 28 105 53 43 4 M€ government subsidy M€ own resources, mainly from research contracts allocated to payroll researchers engineers and technicians local and non-tenured staff of staff in mainland France work in partner institutions’ structures of staff abroad work in Africa long-term missions joint research units with other French research organisations and universities thesis grants scientific exchange fellowships in-service training grants post doctorals’ grants Over 1 publication per researcher per year 40 % of articles jointly signed with Southern partners Annual report 2005 Research programmes for the South Palaeoclimate research in Peru 6 7 1 Programme 2 Programme 3 Programme 4 Programme 5 Programme 6 Programme Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems Continental and coastal waters Food security in the South Public health and health policy Globalisation and development African monsoon Annual report 2005 1 Programme Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources: impacts on Southern populations and the environment Strategies for adapting to climate change The aim of this research is to acquire basic knowledge of the effects of climate change in order to adopt strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and making the adaptations required to deal adequately with the impact of climate change. The IRD’s work in this field is based on the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change under the United Nations climate change programme. Natural and environmental hazards: prevention and management Natural hazards include geological hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes and climatic hazards such as drought and desertification. Other hazards, such as atmospheric and environmental pollution, are caused by human activity. The IRD’s work is to understand all these hazards and to propose solutions for forecasting, reducing and managing risk. 8 9 1 Programme Modelling the tsunami in Thailand the time with a 94% correlation. The error margin on wave heights was less than 4%. The model’s accuracy confirms the usefulness of comparing seismic data with hydrodynamic data and shows the importance of developing hydrographic measurement networks in these regions to improve knowledge of seismic hazards. The tsunami risk map obtained gives an accurate snapshot of the event, showing not only the vulnerable areas of Thailand but also the areas that do not need a warning system. Finally, the researchers were able to identify the physical processes explaining certain patterns in the tsunami’s propagation along the Thai coast. For example, the Khao Lak region suffered 10- to 15-metre waves because offshore bathymetric features - the shape of the sea floor - changed the tsunami’s direction and focused it as it approached the shore. In Patong, on Phuket island, the depth of the bay trapped the wave, which had been amplified by local wave reflection. And for Phi Phi island, the simulations clearly reproduce how the wave crossed the isthmus between the island’s two rocky hills. While no one can tell precisely how often such an event may recur, the mapping can contribute to better long-term management of the coastal zone, especially for urbanisation planning and the maintenance or re-establishment of natural protective features such as mangroves and forest. The IRD will be extending this work to other coastal areas around the Bay of Bengal affected by the tsunami, in India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Collaboration with Madras University is already beginning. Shortly after the devastating tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok started collaborative work with IRD researchers to make computer simulations and map the tsunami risk in Thailand, which was hard hit by the disaster. The December 2004 tsunami was triggered by an undersea earthquake off the island of Sumatra, which measured 9.2 on the Richter scale. Study of this tsunami is one of the top priorities for the Surface Waves and Tsunamis programme run by the Géosciences Azur joint research unit, one of whose main objectives is to study the close link between submarine earthquakes or landslides and tsunamis, particularly in the neighbourhood of subduction zones and areas of acute gravitational instability. The propagation of a tsunami wave fluctuates according to ocean depth and coastal topography, so the researchers assembled the available hydrodynamic data on the Bay of Bengal: tidal curves showing sea level variations and satellite measurements of sea level anomalies. To model the propagation of the wave, they then compared their model with these data and the available data on the seismic source. Contact: Mansour Ioualalen - mansour.ioualalen@geoazur.obs-vlfr.fr A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Chidchanok Lursinsap, Director, Department of Mathematics, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. The collaborative work between our department and the IRD on computer simulations of the December 2004 tsunami was very effective and is proving very promising. The results on the tsunami’s impact along the Andaman coast were widely circulated in the scientific community and to communities hit by the event. They are valuable both for the future development of the Andaman coast and for drawing up tsunami risk assessment plans. The IRD’s involvement in our department’s Master’s programme is another key aspect of the success of this scientific collaboration. The methodological and numerical elements resulting from the work are now well established in our department. We will use them to further develop the studies and protocols for tsunami warning systems based on future simulations. Running the model in prognostic mode the researchers obtained the maximum variations in wave height all along the Andaman Sea coast. The data reproduced the variations actually recorded at Annual report 2005 1 Programme Climate change and coral reef formation This research is taking place under national and international programmes, with numerous French and local partners. Partnerships have been formed with the Australian National University in Canberra and the University of Tucson, Arizona (USA). In New Caledonia, geochemical analysis of core samples from recent and fossil corals reveal that variations in the nutrient composition of the reefs’ environment over the past 6,000 years has played a major role in their growth; an excess of nutrients, for example, can slow their spread. The researchers have also shown that the New Caledonia barrier reef formed as a stack of reefs that successively built up during the most recent interglacials (warming periods occurring every 100,000 years, associated with high sea levels). This pattern of reef building is similar to that found in Australia. Another important finding is that the last interglacial, 125,000 years ago, shows the strongest climatic similarities with our own period but proves to have been highly productive of carbonate, making it one of the most significant reef-building periods. More specifically, the study of reefs that have formed as sea levels have risen over the past 20,000 years should provide crucial information for answering questions about disruption of reef growth in connection with rapid climate change over this period. This will require futher international core-drilling operations. Island states are now seriously worried about the future of their coral reefs. Such reefs make up a large part of these countries’ territories, protecting islands from storms and swell and constituting a major resource for fishing and tourism. What is the impact of global climate change on reef growth? This is an important question, and the IRD’s Paléotropique research unit has set out to answer it. In particular, Paléotropique is analysing patterns of climate variability in the tropical zone since the start of the Quaternary and assessing its impact on tropical marine and terrestrial environments, coral reefs in particular. The study of Pacific coral reefs - in New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Wallis and French Polynesia - is now providing vital information on variations in environmental parameters and patterns of coral reef growth. From their one-month-resolution analysis of the composition of massive corals in such trace elements as uranium, strontium and barium and the stable isotopes oxygen and carbon, scientists can reconstitute variations in sea surface temperature, salinity and nutrient content over a continuous period of several decades. Meanwhile temporal analysis of the succession of symbiotic associations of algae and corals provides information about reef growth and environmental changes. 10 Contact: Guy Cabioch - guy.cabioch@ird.nc A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Prof. Heitor Evangelista, State University of Rio de Janeiro The coast of Brazil has the most biologically diverse coral reefs in the entire South Atlantic. The State University of Rio de Janeiro has found a unique opportunity in its cooperation with the IRD’s Paléotropique team to reconstitute global and regional climate processes by studying these corals. It is the IRD’s internationally recognised experience in this field that made this possible. This bilateral cooperation, through CNPq/IRD projects and those conducted with the joint environmental research laboratory LAMIRE, will help our university’s teachers, PhD students and undergraduates. It will certainly produce an expert team of coral scientists that will strengthen our country’s multidisciplinary palaeoclimate research capacity. 11 2 Programme Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems Biodiversity and the management of living resources Overexploitation of ecosystems whose use is traditional, deforestation for agriculture, business or building, cultivation of vulnerable marginal lands - all these activities reduce biodiversity. In the light of this it is important to inventory and describe the biodiversity and dynamics of terrestrial and marine ecosystems in all the complexity of their interactions Remote sensing and sustainable environmental management Measurements taken from sea and land surfaces are now regarded as important operational research data. In fact they highlight the extent of human impacts on the environment. The tropical and equatorial oceans are studied particularly, because they are the main site of energy exchange. The amount of water available on land and in the ground is directly dependent on these exchanges. Researchers’ measurements and analyses of physical, chemical and soil data improve our understanding of ecosystem functioning, a necessary step towards sustainable ecosystem management. The IRD proposes useful technologies aiming for Southern countries to quickly take over the technology and data in order to sustainably manage their own environments. Research findings raise major questions for environmental policy and local practices in face of the sustainable development challenge. Annual report 2005 2 Programme Towards rational water resource management in Morocco humidity, wind speed and direction - and incorporated into physical models that can be used to precisely calculate actual water consumption by crops, in space and time. From this work, the researchers have developed a decision aid for irrigation in the Haouz plain - a software developed in partnership with the Haouz region agricultural development board ORMVAH, which is responsible for water management and distribution. The software produces maps of crop water demand and consumption almost in real time, making it possible to switch from water supply management to demand management and apply optimum strategies for supervising irrigation. The CESBIO team, in collaboration with ORMVAH, has already shown that an input of water precisely during the growing period of a wheat crop can increase crop yields by 40% per overall quantity of irrigation water. In the light of these results, the Sudmed researchers have been invited to take part in the European programme PLEIADeS, along with Moroccan and Mexican partners, to develop a complete management system including farming system structure and farmer participation in the process. The idea is to achieve a system in which detailed information on water requirements, field by field, is delivered directly to farmers. Contact: Richard Escadafal - richard.escadafal@cesbio.cnes.fr Ghani Chehbouni - ghani.chehbouni@cesbio.cnes.fr The region of Marrakech Tensift-El Haouz in Morocco has a semi-arid climate and must cope with ever-increasing water demand due to population growth, economic development and fastexpanding tourist trade infrastructures. The water available, much of it coming from snowmelt on the Atlas mountains, is already used to the full, largely for irrigating crops. Only rigorous, rational water management will enable the region to develop while ensuring that water resources are used sustainably. The French-Moroccan research programme Sudmed is conducting a comprehensive study of the region’s water resources. The programme is led by the Centre for the Study of the Biosphere from Space (CESBIO) in Toulouse, in collaboration with Cadi-Ayyad University, Moroccan government departments and the Moroccan national meteorological office. The goal is to achieve a more thorough knowledge of the current state of water reserves and possible future trends, so as to design efficient long-term management tools. The researchers have developed original methods coupling field data, satellite data and process models. They use satellite remote sensing to record information on the melting of the Atlas mountains’ snow cover and hence water reserves, but also on crop development over time. These data are processed and combined with micro-meteorological data - temperature, air turbulence and 12 NEW IRD PARTNER TEAM CREMAS (Centre for research on water in arid and semi-arid environments) Prof. Lahoucine HANICH, Director. In the light of Morocco’s urgent need for training and expertise in water science, researchers from Cadi Ayyad University in Marrakech formed CREMAS to develop the scientific groundwork for rational management of the region’s water resources. Our research concerns the water reserves held in the Moroccan Atlas mountains’ snow cover, recharge of the aquifer in the plains and water consumption by irrigated crops. Since 2001 our team, supported by the IRD, has benefited from our university’s scientific partnership with CESBIO. The groundwork of a shared scientific culture has been laid, thanks to our doctoral students’ research training, the experiments we conducted together in the field, and the missions between Marrakech and France. Our team is now in a position to conduct new experiments, for example on improving irrigation efficiency. And the partnership with our colleagues at CESBIO also means that our research can be incorporated into European projects. hanich@fstg-marrakech.ac.ma 13 2 Programme Fish and fishermen in South America: a game of hide and seek the different links in the ecosystem, right down to the fishermen’s behaviour. If these results are confirmed, it means that the spatial organisation of fish resources can be predicted months in advance by observing these waves. Meanwhile, 3D models of the coastal ocean coupled with models of the anchovies’ lives at the larval stage are providing a deeper understanding of the spatial distribution of the breeding stock, commensurate with larval survival probabilities. These results, the fruit of collaboration between several IRD departments and units, open up immediate prospects for improving fishery management. IRD scientists are also investigating the jack mackerel, a species much fished in Peru and Chile and whose annual catches, though very variable, sometimes exceed a million tonnes. Although these fish are usually scattered throughout the south Pacific, they sometimes congregate in confined coastal waters and so become accessible to fishing boats. The researchers have shown that this occurs because the mackerel collectively adopt an atypical strategy to attack their prey. During the day, the mackerel dive down to the inhospitable depths of the ocean, where the water is cold and low in oxygen. There they rest in a state of lethargy. At dusk, when the prey species rise in large numbers to the surface, the mackerel quickly gather for the attack. This strategy enables them to exploit a resource that is abundant in the world’s oceans and is not accessible to other predators - but it also makes them vulnerable to the fishing fleets. Contact: Sophie Bertrand - sophie.bertrand@ird.fr Arnaud Bertrand - arnaud.bertrand@ird.fr Pierre Fréon - pierre.freon@ird.fr The world’s largest single-species fishery is based on a fish less than eight inches long: the Peruvian anchovy. The annual catch is very variable, and has oscillated between 0.1 and 15 million tonnes since the 1960s. Daily catches can be as much as 170,000 tonnes (for comparison, the French daily catch is 600,000 tonnes for fish of all species). Following a catastrophic collapse in the 1970s, Peruvian anchovy stocks are now closely monitored by scientists. Fishing is controlled day by day, partly thanks to real-time satellite monitoring of the position of every ship. Researchers from the IRD and the Peruvian Institute of the Sea (IMARPE) have shown that the movements of fishing boats are a good indication of spatial patterns of fish aggregation and give realtime information on the vulnerability of the anchovy stocks. These movements can therefore be used to alert the authorities to a critical situation and prompt them to act quickly to prevent overfishing. Other findings suggest a correlation between the amplitude of the equatorial Kelvin waves (which arise in mid-Pacific and are associated with El Niño episodes) and the meandering paths of the fishing boats off the Peruvian coast six months later. These waves are thought to have a domino effect on A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Renato Guevara, Scientific Director, IMARPE, Peruvian Institute of the Sea IMARPE is a state-run institute for research into Peru’s hydrobiological resources. Its role is to advance knowledge and develop the necessary tools for an overall understanding of the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem, and to advise the government on rational exploitation of fishery resources and conservation of the marine ecosystem. IMARPE has a long tradition of international cooperation, based mainly on scientific exchange and training of researchers, engineers and technicians. Our cooperation with the IRD is very productive. Several joint research projects involving Peruvian, French and other scientists are planned for the next four years. They will further IMARPE’s work in developing an ecosystem approach to national fishery management. Annual report 2005 3 Programme Continental and coastal waters: resources and their uses in the South Integrated water management One billion people around the world have no access to clean drinking water and two and a half billion have no sanitation. Locating reserves, providing the conditions to make them available and solving water management problems are vital keys to development. Access to water depends on a complex chain of actors and often involves disrupting social equilibria that have lasted for thousands of years. Using the integrated water management approach, which requires a sound knowledge of the water cycle, the problem of access to water can be addressed at a range of relevant scales, from village to catchment to territory. Sustainable development of coastal environments This research focuses on the ecosystems of coral reefs, lagoons, estuaries, mangrove forests and inland areas where human activity is intense. Ecosystems and their biological resources are studied to identify the impacts of changes brought about by human activity, including increasingly intense resource use, degradation, pollution etc. The aim is to reduce the impact on natural aquatic ecosystems and their resources, the better to protect them and identify sustainable ways of using them. 14 15 3 Programme Groundwater flow accelerates land subsidence around the Dead Sea Over the past fifteen years and more, land has been collapsing into sinkholes in hundreds of places along the Dead Sea coast in Israel, Jordan and Palestine, endangering human lives and infrastructures. The region’s potassium factories are now in jeopardy. The deterioration in soil conditions is thought to be due to the steady drop in the level of the Dead Sea - twenty metres since 1960 - and to underground water flow. What is causing the subsidence? Which areas are at greatest risk? In partnership with the Geophysical Institute of Israel, Al-Balqa' Applied University in Jordan and the joint research unit UMR 7619 at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, IRD scientists are trying to understand the local soil degradation process and develop a risk assessment method. The research is part of NATO’s Science for Peace programme. To study the correlation between groundwater flow and the spread of subsidence, the scientists took geophysical measurements in Dead Sea coast areas of Israel and Jordan. They used protonic magnetic resonance (PMR), an original technology capable of locating a body of underground water from the surface and determining the hydraulic permeability of the surrounding rock. It is based on the principle that the protons (hydrogen nuclei) in water molecules resonate in response to electromagnetic signals emitted from the surface. The response is directly proportional to the amount of water present underground. Initially developed in Russia in the 1980s, the technology has been improved in France in a collaborative effort involving the Russian Academy of Science, the BRGM, IRD and the French company IRIS-Instruments. The researchers conducted a series of measurements at precise locations where boreholes had been drilled in 1999 and 2001 and subsidence had occurred since then. In the places where drilling had revealed an 11-metre thick layer of poorly permeable rock salt in which groundwater was circulating, the PMR measurements revealed a karst cavity not detected by the drilling five years earlier, in which the groundwater is able to circulate much faster. The scientists concluded that the cavity had formed between 1999 and 2005 through dissolution of the salt layer by circulating groundwater. In general terms, this work validates one of the current hypotheses about the processes involved in soil degradation in the region. On this theory, groundwater flowing down from the mountains to the Dead Sea is gradually dissolving the underground salt layer, creating cavities and causing the ground above to cave in. By taking PMR measurements regularly at the same site, the scientists should be able to estimate the rate at which underground dissolution and cavity formation are advancing. The data will then be used to produce a computer model of the phenomenon. Contact: Anatoli Legtchenko - anatoli.legtchenko@hmg.inpg.fr A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Dr. Abdallah Al-Zoubi, Associate Professor of Geophysics Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Salt, Jordan Understanding the formation of sinkholes along the Dead Sea coast is an essential step for defining a risk management strategy. Under the NATO programme our university is collaborating with the Geophysical Institute of Israel, the University of Paris-VI and the IRD. The PMR method brought to us by the IRD researchers should help to improve our understanding of the role of groundwater in these land subsidences. Several Jordanian technicians and engineers received training in PMR technology during the last field survey. And the measurements have produced impressive results, especially as the Dead Sea basin is considered one of the most complex geological zones in the Middle East. We hope to strengthen this collaboration in the near future, to help us solve Jordan’s water problems - short supply, environmental problems. Annual report 2005 3 Programme Towards sustainable fish farming with tilapia system, a closed circuit in which unused feed and the excreta from the fish are mineralised and used as fertiliser for phytoplankton. The phytoplankton are consumed by herbivorous zooplankton, these in turn being used to feed the juvenile tilapia. This total recycling system, called SARI (Système Aquacole à Recyclage Intégral), is protected by an IRD patent. A prototype has been set up at the IRD centre in Mbour, 80km from Dakar. The tropical climate is ideal for maximising this type of production in phytoplankton-rich water (“green water”). SARI has several advantages. It requires only one-third of the usual amount of fish feed; being a closed system it releases no effluent and no organic pollution into the environment; it protects the fish from contamination by pathogens, from competitors and from genetic pollution by related species in the surrounding waters. It also conserves freshwater, requiring only 1% renewal per day compared to 10% in a conventional semi-intensive fish farm. A dynamic model of the system incorporating the hydraulic, physico-chemical, ecological and bioenergetic aspects will enable the researchers to optimise the management protocol. SARI should reduce tilapia production costs to less than €1/kg, making it competitive on the international market. In Senegal, where there is no tradition of village fish farms, it is the professional fish traders who are interested in the technology. These first developments will then spread to cooperatives and small-scale local producers. Developing aquaculture is a major priority for meeting future food needs worldwide. Even now, 30% of all food from aquatic sources is produced by aquaculture. However, farming carnivorous fish such as salmon and turbot conflicts with the logic of sustainable development. It takes 6kg of herring to produce 1 kg of salmon, a low feed conversion ratio which makes the system costly. The fish meal used is manufactured in Northern countries and can concentrate pollutants such as dioxin. Intensive fish farming also consumes large amounts of water and releases effluent rich in organic matter, causing environmental damage. Whence the interest in developing production of omnivorous fish such as carp and tilapia. As they feed mainly on plant matter and detritus in the wild, they can be fed vegetable protein, which costs less and has little tendency to accumulate pollutants. For some twenty years now the IRD has been conducting aquaculture research in West Africa with tilapia, one sub-species of which, Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii, shows promise for fish farming. This fish, which resembles sea bream and has a pleasant flavour, feeds mainly on algae, phytoplankton and organic matter in sediment, whereas the juveniles feed on zooplankton. The researchers at IRD research unit UR 167 (CyRoCo, tropical aquatic cyanobacteria), have designed an original brackish-water farming system to suit these feeding patterns. The fish are raised under cover in a total recycling 16 Contact: Sylvain Gilles - sylvain.gilles@ird.sn Xavier Lazzaro - xavier.lazzaro@ird.sn A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Papa Doudou Yerim FALL, Managing Director, La Ligne Océane, Dakar When we heard about the IRD’s fish farming work, our seafood marketing company La Ligne Océane decided to set up a fish farm for marine tilapia. We have the support of the IRD, the FAO and the continental fishing and aquaculture department at the Senegalese Ministry for Maritime Economy. A production unit with an annual output capacity of 120 tonnes, designed for expansion to over 200 tonnes, is being considered. From December to March, the cool season in Senegal, sea water temperatures are around 18°C. With the IRD’s total recycling fish farming system we can have marine tilapia reproducing all year round, even though the alevins and juveniles are extremely sensitive to low temperatures. And the recycling of the effluent will provide optimum growing conditions. Programme 17 4 Food security in the South Farming system productivity In many parts of the world, low yields combined with rapid population growth has forced farmers to cultivate new land that is not suitable for farming. The result is deforestation and soil degradation. The challenge today is to continue to increase food production to meet future needs, but without damaging the environment. Food security and sustainable development - the two notions are intimately linked are major challenges for Southern countries. IRD teams working on agricultural issues focus their work, including basic research, on the prospect of improving yields from farmland under sustainable conditions, i.e. while maintaining soil fertility, minimising soil erosion and reducing inputs. By identifying genetic mechanisms and developing biological and physiological knowledge they make it possible to breed new crop varieties much faster than was possible before. Food policy Eliminating hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition while managing natural resources in a sustainable way is a key development challenge. Rapid scientific and technological progress in molecular biology, communications, information and energy has highlighted the need for government policies to simultaneously take into account the needs of farmers, consumers and the environment. The IRD’s food policy research is focused on identifying appropriate policies (incentive measures) that local policy makers can introduce to improve the efficiency of food systems and encourage farmers to increase their output while managing natural resources sustainably. Annual report 2005 4 Programme Rodent population biology in flood areas of the Sahelo-Sudanian zone Rodent pest control is vital for protecting crops and improving farm yields. In response to partners in Mali and Senegal who want to adopt affordable, effective and non-polluting rodent control strategies, IRD researchers are conducting research to improve understanding of the population dynamics and distribution of rodents in West Africa. influenced not only by day length but also by factors unrelated to light, such as temperature, humidity and food availability. The mechanisms behind this are still unknown. The results show that the rodent’s body clock is probably the transmission relay for environmental signals associated with the start of the breeding and dispersal phases observed in nature. Modelling the effects of pluriannual flood patterns on pest rodent population dynamics in floodplains and seasonal wetlands has important economic implications for farming. It is also a very suitable model for studying survival mechanisms in a habitat with a marked seasonal pattern subject to wide inter-annual variations. The research has already improved knowledge of the systematics, interrelations and distribution of African rodents, particularly such highly prolific ones as Arvicanthise and Mastomys species. Study of different species’ physiological capabilities for managing water requirements confirmed that resistance to dehydration is a key factor in their distribution, especially Arvicanthis in Mali, and also in the changes in distribution observed since the Sahel’s climate started to become drier in the late 1970s. For example, this drought resistance explains the recent dominance of Gerbillus in Senegal. Long-term ecological monitoring in Burkina Faso, Mali and northern Senegal show that rodent outbreaks are often the result of inter-annual climate variations: a year of normal rainfall after several consecutive drought years in areas not prone to flooding, or several years of moderate floods in floodplains and seasonal wetlands. These climate fluctuations affect the food chain and so impact on the rodents’ annual cycles of reproduction, dispersal and mortality. In areas not prone to flooding, the start of the annual breeding season correlates with such seasonal signals as day length, temperature, humidity and food resources. The researchers modelled the risk of population explosions according to a typology of atypical rainfall situations and the reproductive characteristics of each species. A similar approach was taken in the floodplain of the Niger River’s inland delta, where atypical floods have a major impact on the annual breeding and dispersal periods of the two main rodent species, Arvicanthis niloticus and Mastomys huberti. The research on Arvicanthis has revealed that the diurnal mammals of the tropics and the nocturnal mammals of temperate regions have similar molecular mechanisms for light synchronisation of the circadian clock governing the 24-hour biological cycle. The mechanisms that control melatonin production in the brain at night - melatonin being the hormone that regulates biological rhythms - are identical in tropical and temperate rodents. Variations in melatonin induced by changes in day length significantly alter the daily activity rhythm of Arvicanthis. By monitoring biosynthesis in the pineal gland of Arvicanthis in the field, the researchers showed that seasonal variations in melatonin production by the pineal gland are 18 Contact: sicard@ird.ml 19 4 Programme Biotechnology to the aid of Saharan date palms The IRD’s Mauritanian, Senegalese and Djiboutian partners selected some forty varieties adapted to local environmental and climatic conditions. Basic research designed to understand the different stages leading from the undifferentiated cell to the embryo and from there to the plantlet was conducted in partnership with the Dakar and Algiers laboratories. In 2005 the entire protocol for producing date palm plantlets by somatic embryogenesis using cell cultures in a liquid medium was validated. The first clones of several dozen plants are in a nursery in Dakar. Larger-scale production trials are under way in the laboratory. With these results, the product of five years’ North-South partnership, date palm nursery plants should soon be in production to help rehabilitate degraded land and sedentarise communities as they take up date farming. This is the purpose of the new plant biotechnology laboratory at the Djibouti Research Centre (CERD), which was set up with the help of IRD expertise and with which the IRD should continue scientific collaboration long term. Contact: Alain Borgel - alain.borgel@mpl.ird.fr NEW IRD PARTNER TEAM The date palm is widely cultivated as a village crop in arid regions of the Middle East, Egypt, the Maghreb and northern to central Mauritania. But it is not grown in semi-arid regions around the Sahara, even though it is a major economic resource and extending date cultivation is a vital part of national anti-poverty policies in some places, such as the Republic of Djibouti. There are several biological factors that hinder the spread of date production. The date palm’s varietal characteristics can only be preserved by vegetative multiplication. To produce identical nursery plants, farmers traditionally use suckers growing out from the main plant, but these are not sufficiently numerous to meet countrywide demand. In the Sahel and Djibouti, the spread of the crop is also limited by a lack of varieties adapted to local climates and soil conditions. To overcome these biological obstacles, Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar began a research programme in 2002, in partnership with IRD researchers specialising in biotechnology methods applicable to the date palm. The main aim is to optimise the protocols for cloning date palms by somatic embryogenesis, to multiply high-quality nursery plants. The clones will be assessed to select the most suitable date palm varieties in terms of fruit production, flowering and fruiting cycles and adaptation to local climates. Dr Djribril SANE, team leader, Developmental Physiology of Tropical Perennial Plants research team, Dakar In 2003 our collaboration with the IRD was consolidated in the form of a New IRD Partner Team. Our research theme is the production of clones by in vitro culture and analysis of genetic diversity in filao and date palm, two forest species of great importance to Senegal. Our team has benefited from the Montpellier unit’s acknowledged expertise in molecular physiology and developmental physiology of tropical perennials. Since then we have contributed to a better understanding of the development of both these species and the genetic basis of the varieties selected for their agronomic characteristics. With proficiency in the cloning techniques developed by the Montpellier unit, we can now transfer the technology to our biotechnology laboratory in Dakar. This research is a response to a serious concern expressed by the Senegalese authorities. The end results should provide an effective way of combating erosion and the sanding up of cultivated inter-dune valleys in the Niayes area, and should also reduce Senegal’s date imports; we should be able to disseminate cultivars that are well adapted to the Sahelian climate and also produce high-quality dates. Contact: djisane@refer.sn Annual report 2005 5 Programme Public health, health policy and access to healthcare Access to healthcare is a cross-cutting issue that should systematically accompany the research undertaken. It is a priority field for the IRD’s health and social science research. Combating major diseases linked to poverty: AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis These severe, widespread diseases have major economic impacts and seriously hamper development by the morbidity and mortality they entail. To combat them it is essential to make such treatments as exist more accessible, develop new methods of diagnosis and treatment and improve research quality. Environment and emerging diseases In developing countries, taking into consideration the impact of the environment on health is a recent preoccupation for citizens and policy makers alike. The emergence and transmission of many diseases depends on local environments and environmental change. The IRD therefore takes an ecosystemic approach to human health. It aims to design policy approaches that are applicable in local contexts and are also open-ended, leading to solutions that will be viable in the long term. Developing countries are no longer sheltered from the diseases of civilisation, but at the same time changes in human and environmental conditions make them the incubators of newly emerging diseases such as SARS, bird flu and West Nile fever that represent global hazards. Mother and infant health Women’s health is particularly vulnerable because of the risks connected with pregnancy and childbirth. Furthermore, by the care they give their children they ensure the health of future generations. Reproductive health, the risk of mother-to-infant transmission of the AIDS virus and other factors affecting the health of mothers and infants are important research strands at the IRD. The role and work that society allocates to women - a long neglected factor - and the issue of gender inequality should be essential strands of social science research, particularly with regard to their impact on health. 20 21 5 Programme Intermittent preventive treatment against malaria: fresh hope for children treatment has the advantage of keeping the number of drug doses to a minimum, administered on precise dates according to the seasonal transmission pattern. The idea is to step in just before the infection arrives, to achieve an optimum cost-efficiency ratio without augmenting the selection of drug resistant parasite strains. The study was a random, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 1,136 children aged between two months and five years living in the seasonal malaria transmission zone, in Niakhar, a rural area 150 km from Dakar. Once a month during the three-month peak period (September to November), half the children received a combination of the malaria drugs artenusate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and the other half received a placebo with no active ingredient. The treatment was administered without prior testing for malarial infection. The trial was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. During the 13 weeks the children were monitored, only 39 episodes of malaria were recorded among the treated children, compared to 222 in the control group - a reduction of 86% in the number of malaria attacks. Tolerance to the drugs was excellent. The results show that this new approach confers excellent protection against malaria in young children in the particular environment of the Sahel. These results in young children are especially promising because, with so few doses delivered, the cost of the operation is low despite the use of two malaria drugs in combination. This also makes it possible to apply the strategy on a large scale without risking rapid selection of drug-resistant parasite strains. A project involving 100,000 children should start in Senegal in late 2006, to assess the efficiency of this type of operation when run by the community. Malaria kills one to three million people a year worldwide, most of them in tropical Africa. It is the foremost cause of infant death in the Sahelian zone, especially among under-fives, and increasing drug resistance is making this situation worse. New anti-malaria treatments and fresh approaches to preventing infection are badly needed. In the Sahelian zone, malaria transmission is highly seasonal, with an annual peak towards the end of the rainy season: over 90% of annual malaria morbidity and mortality among under-fives occurs in a period of just three months. To prevent this annual peak, scientists from IRD research units UR 77 (Malaria research in tropical Africa) and UR 24 (Epidemiology and prevention), Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine tested a new approach: seasonal intermittent preventive treatment. This consists of administering therapeutic doses of antimalaria drugs to children at fixed intervals. While the WHO advises against conventional chemoprophylaxis in Africa because it is difficult to practice on a large scale and favours the spread of drug-resistant strains, intermittent preventive Contact: trape@ird.sn and sokhna@ird.sn SERVICE UNIT ASSISTS CLINICAL TRIAL Pascal Arduin, Director, US 9 Projects in the Niakhar area are coordinated by service unit US 9 (Demographic, epidemiological and environmental monitoring), which is based in Dakar and is equipped with technical and data processing facilities. US 9 provides research teams with methodological expertise and records and structures data to produce high-grade information readily available to researchers. For the clinical malaria trial, the service unit used software to select the sample base and divide the children randomly between the treatment group and the control group. It also designed the system for entering and analysing the questionnaire data. The unit’s field team helped to inform the local community and health workers. Annual report 2005 5 Programme Visceral leishmaniasis: successful dog vaccine trial trypanosomatides) in Montpellier, in collaboration with the biopharmaceutical company Bio Véto Test, have developed a new type of vaccine for dogs, consisting entirely of proteins excreted by the parasite. The trials, conducted in partnership with Bio Véto Test and in collaboration with the Lyon National Veterinary School and a network of veterinarians, showed very good tolerance to the vaccine, absence of toxicity and excellent protection. It proved 100% effective in twenty dogs infected with the parasite after being vaccinated. Clinical trials were then performed with over 400 dogs, which were vaccinated and then subjected to natural infection during two transmission seasons in endemic areas of southern France. The effectiveness rate was nearly 90%. These results strongly support the idea that this candidate vaccine protects dogs against visceral leishmaniasis. Besides their value for veterinary medicine, they give promise of a reduction in transmission to humans and offer a major opportunity to accelerate development of a human vaccine. In this regard current research is designed to define precisely which parasite factor or factors in the vaccine are capable of conferring a high level of protection in the canine model. Contact: Jean-Loup Lemesre - j-loup.lemesre@mpl.ird.fr Leishmaniasis is an orphan disease that is endemic in 88 countries on four of the world’s five continents, mainly in developing countries but also in Brazil, India and southern Europe. Between 2 and 2.5 million new cases appear each year and nearly 12 million people around the world are thought to be carrying the parasite. Leishmaniasis is a complex set of parasite infections with a wide spectrum of cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral clinical signs. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form. No vaccine for it exists, and if not treated it quickly leads to death. It affects 500,000 people a year, killing 59,000 of them. The therapeutic arsenal is old and extremely limited, offering only long, toxic, costly treatments that in many cases fail to prevent relapse. The situation is now even more worrying, with the appearance of a growing number of coinfections with HIV and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Combating the disease simultaneously in humans and in dogs, its main reservoir, is an effective public health strategy against leishmaniasis. If a canine vaccine is developed it could reduce the population of infected dogs and so limit transmission of the disease to humans. So far, a variety of candidate vaccines have proven poorly effective. Scientists at IRD research unit UR 08 (Pathogenics of 22 A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Gérard Papierok, CEO of Bio Véto Test Our company specialises in veterinary diagnosis and began working with the IRD in 1992, to develop a quick diagnostic test for visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. A contract for the supply of biological material was signed, in order to produce a diagnostic kit. The canine vaccination project was set up in 1997, with support from the French innovation agency ANVAR. It was based on the shared desire of the IRD and Bio Veto Test to drive forward knowledge of the main natural reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis, the dog. As there was no immunological tool available at the time, we had to develop new tests to identify the type of immune response involved in protection by the vaccine. Although we provided our expertise in running clinical trials and our collaboration with a network of 18 veterinary clinics in southern France, the IRD’s experimental research support was decisive throughout the project. These tests were an example of first-rate synergy between a public institute and a business enterprise. The excellent results should speed up development of a vaccine against human leishmaniasis. 23 6 Programme Globalisation and development: socio-economic, spatial and identity dynamics Reducing poverty and inequality Poverty and inequality reduction are major strands in development policy and the international community’s global objectives. They are studied from a number of angles: the multidimensional aspects of poverty (monetary, human, time-related); access to public services such as education, healthcare, water and transport; labour market functioning; and the impact of official and private development aid. International migration and development The globalisation process has accelerated the movement of all production factors, but restrictions remain on the free movement of labour. Intensification of population movements along the world’s main fracture lines, where the income gap is widest (the axis from Europe through North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa), makes international migration a major issue in modern development and its problems. IRD research in this field focuses on the determinants of migration; its consequences for societies and their environments; measuring mobility and examining its impact in terms of territorial and social recomposition at town, region and country scales; the formation of networks and diaspora organisations; and the identity reconstructions that result from migration. Better governance for sustainable development This research lies at the interface between societies and nature and also at the interface between local practices and official and international policy on biodiversity conservation and environmental management. It seeks to provide facts and ideas for the debate on sustainable development - on how to combine the economic development of developing countries’ populations with environmental protection. Local knowledge and practices are taken into account and are often useful for defining the dimensions of a better form of governance, one that would be appropriate, accepted and efficient. Two aspects are particularly emphasised: access to and conservation of resources, and access to services and urbanisation. Annual report 2005 6 Programme Education policy and strategy in Southern countries The research is being conducted in Africa and Asia, with a variety of in-country partners. These include the Higher Institute for Population Science at the University of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), the Institute for Economic Research in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) and the Institute for Educational Strategy and Programmes in Hanoi (Vietnam). It also benefits from international networks such as the Famille et Scolarisation en Afrique network and international partnerships with UN agencies and international NGOs. The work has enabled the IRD and its partners to make a fresh study of the relations between education supply and demand and to show that, even in countries like Vietnam where a high proportion of children go to school, pockets with no schooling persist. In Burkina Faso, some children still live more than 20km from the nearest primary school. Similarly, although progress has been made, gender inequality is still acute. Lastly, the wide discrepancy between families’ education demands and those supported by education policy persists: education supply falls far short of demand. Contact: Marie-France Lange - marie-france.lange@bondy.ird.fr Despite the international community’s renewed interest in education over the past decade and the increased involvement of international organisations in defining and implementing development policies, the current situation falls far short of expectations. Progress towards the “Education for All” goal is lagging far behind, gender inequality persists, poverty has worsened in some countries and social, economic and educational inequalities have increased significantly. Why is success in the drive for education for all proving so elusive? What are the mechanisms behind the increasing inequalities in schooling and the divergences in education strategy? How much autonomy do poor countries have in defining their education policies? What are the obstacles and opportunities for skills training? Several programmes at UR 105 (Knowledge and development) are seeking answers to these questions through research on five themes. Researchers are analysing the different factors that govern relations between family structure and children’s school enrolment; studying the forms in which school demand and the institutionalisation of school are expressed; looking at changing perceptions of school and changes in family strategies; seeking to determine how policies on schooling are drawn up and implemented; examining relations between education supply and demand; and studying human resource training and national capacity building. 24 A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT Maxime Compaoré, Institute of Social Sciences (INSS), Burkina Faso The Education Science Department at the INSS has been working with the IRD since 2000, with numerous joint actions such as setting up a research workshop on education in Burkina Faso, organising seminars and symposia and conducting research or consultancy work at the request of international NGOs. Various research programmes have given NGOs’ education managers and Ministerial policy makers scientific input on aspects of education that had not been recognised before. For example, a study of evening classes by the joint Franco-Burkinabe team drew the attention of education actors to this parallel education system, which targets those without access to the school system. Measures were then taken to help the evening class teachers, who have also formed a teachers’ association. At present, we are working with the IRD on a project on the challenge of universal primary education in Burkina Faso, supported by the French Cooperation Agency. This study is analysing the relations between education supply and demand. All this work is helping to extend and develop education in Burkina Faso. 25 6 Programme Population dynamics and sustainable development in Madagascar Through painstaking field surveys, and with researchers from a variety of disciplines working together, the team has shed light on the importance of a number of variables in the socio-economic dynamics of Malagasy society and its relations with the environment. The land tenure system, the precise location of a household, the difficulty of obtaining loans, membership of a social network: all these play crucial roles. The findings show that emigration is accelerating and the birth rate beginning to decline, owing to a lack of local agricultural and economic opportunities as land holdings, divided among heirs at each generation, become progressively smaller. The surveys also revealed that many children had never had their births registered with the authorities, limiting factors being the cost of registration and distance from the town hall. A humanitarian support project enabled all these children to be registered and ran a campaign among Malagasy couples to raise awareness of the importance of this step. Researchers had numerous meetings to exchange views with policy makers and administrators from government ministries, international organisations and NGOs. In Ampitatafika district a local procedure for issuing official titles to land, giving small farmers greater security of tenure, was set up on an experimental basis. Meetings were held locally with the Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Fishery and local authority officers to facilitate procedures for adopting new techniques for fish farming and persimmon growing. The 4D programme’s results are particularly significant because Madagascar is entering a phase of political and economic decentralisation that offers real possibilities for implementing local development policies. Contact: Frédéric Sandron - frederic.sandron@ird.fr Madagascar, one of the world’s poorest countries, has a fast growing population, serious economic difficulties and major environmental problems with forest and brush clearance, soil erosion and many endangered species. There is an urgent need for research into sustainable development for the country, taking full account of the complex interactions between demography, economy, cultural practices and environment. This is the aim of a programme on population dynamics and sustainable development in the Madagascar highlands, called 4D (Dynamique Démographique et Développement Durable). The programme has been running since 2003, in collaboration with Malagasy and French institutions. It is coordinated by IRD research unit UR 151 (Population Environment - Development) and the Catholic Institute of Madagascar. The programme focuses on the rural district of Ampitatafika, 100 km south of the capital Antananarivo. The dynamics observable in this district probably prefigure those to come elsewhere in rural Madagascar, with high population density, a high proportion of people living below the poverty line, small farms, no spare farmland and scarce natural resources. Bénédicte Gastineau - bgastineau@ird.mg www.ird.mg/4d BUILDING RESEARCH CAPACITY The collaboration between the Catholic Institute of Madagascar (ICM) and the IRD goes far beyond the research work proper. In 2005 the two partner institutes set up a postgraduate course in Population and Development. Two-thirds of the teaching work is done by French and Malagasy research lecturers from the 4D programme. When the first intake graduated, three of the Malagasy students were able to enrol for doctoral theses at French universities. With support from the University of Paris-V and the IRD’s Department for Capacity-Building Support, this partnership should become even closer in the coming years as the ICM switches to the Bachelor’s-Master’sDoctorate teaching system. This capacity-building aspect is also important within the 4D programme, which has nine doctoral students - five Malagasy, one Algerian (through South-South cooperation) and three French. Annual report 2005 Training, sharing, finding applications 26 27 • Strengthening • Finding applications • Working • Sharing Southern countries’ research capacities for sustainable development information and knowledge • Promoting a research ethic for the South Guinea : satellite image Annual report 2005 Strengthening Southern countries’ research capacities Among the imperatives on which IRD support is based are high quality in research projects and lasting partnerships. Support is usually provided through joint actions with other scientific cooperation organisations. The IRD offers the following types of support to promote research capacity in the South: Support for teams The IRD helps newly-formed research teams in the South who are working on developmentrelated issues to get established, giving them financial support for three years and allocating an IRD research unit to act as incubator. So far 26 such Jeunes équipes associées IRD (JEAI) have received the Institute’s support. The IRD also runs the executive secretariat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ CORUS programme. The purpose of CORUS is to promote scientific partnerships between French universities and research institutions and those in France's "priority solidarity zone”. Microtrop: strengthening microbiology competencies One of the original features of the IRD’s missions compared to other French research bodies is that it is committed to strengthening scientific capacity in the tropical countries it works with. Having stable, self-managing scientific communities producing knowledge and building their own consulting capabilities is of great importance for Southern countries and their development. The IRD has several missions in this regard. One is to promote the formation of research teams in the South and consolidate their competencies for the long term. One is to foster these teams’ selfmanagement capability and their integration in the international scientific community. The third is to train people in research methods and such skills as project management, fund-raising, organising scientific meetings and promoting and disseminating results. This work must take account of each country’s particular needs and the local situations in which researchers have to work. While the least developed countries need strong, overall support to structure and strengthen their research potential, the more advanced countries are seeking to establish competency hubs in particular fields and diversify their scientific partnerships. 28 The Microtrop microbiology summer school was held at the Dakar centre on 28-30 May. Organised by the IRD, Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar and the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research, this original programme is intended to strengthen Southern communities’ capacities for diagnostic analysis and intervention in microbial ecology, an essential field for understanding the full complexity of ecological issues in tropical environments. As well as training recently-qualified researchers, Microtrop aimed at setting up a microbial ecology information and research network of researchers in Southern and Northern countries. The network is currently being organised by research unit UR 179 (SeqBio). Microtrop is more than just a summer school. It is a test laboratory for consolidating training courses and facilitating the network. 29 Support for individuals Support and training: In 2005 the IRD had a portfolio of: • 150 three-year doctoral thesis grants. These are intended to enable young Southern researchers to obtain their initial training. The grantees are integrated in and supervised by IRD research teams. • 5 two-year postdoctoral grants enabling newly qualified PhDs to continue research and help them integrate into Southern research teams. These grants are jointly financed by the IRD and the Southern host institution. • 42 twelve-month in-service training grants to encourage in-service training or to help researchers, engineers and technicians upgrade their careers through partnerships with the IRD. • 53 twelve-month short-term scientific exchange fellowships, designed to encourage Southern researchers' mobility through partnerships with the IRD. Support for institutional projects The IRD ran 19 operations in support of institutional projects. For this type of support the Institute takes a case by case approach, offering advice, mediation and scientific support to create or strengthen structured projects with a partner institution or to help partners wishing to develop a competency they lack. For example, the IRD helps design teaching courses in liaison with local teams and Northern universities, supports summer schools (see box, Microtrop) and helps establish networks. Number of individual support grants 2o5 Thesis grants In-service training Scientific exchanges Postdoctoral grants 105 42 53 5 Support for teams (operations) 125 New IRD partner teams (JEAIs) CORUS-Campus AIRE Développement 26 79 20 Support for institutional projects: 192,000 euros, 19 operations Individual support grants by research programme Programme 1 Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources Contact: dsf@paris.ird.fr 5% Grants to individuals, by region, 2005 Asia: 8 Latin America and Caribbean: 71 Maghreb and Middle East: 18 East Africa and Indian Ocean: 13 Central Africa: 20 West Africa: 75 New IRD partner teams (JEAIs) by topic and region Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources: 3 (3 LA) Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems: 5 (4M, 2SA) Continental and coastal waters: 2 (1LA, 1SA) Food security in the South: 3 (3SA) Public health, health policy: 6 (3LA, 3SA) Globalisation and development: 6 (2LA, 3SA, 1M) Sub-Saharan Africa (SA): 12 Maghreb (M): 5 Latin America (LA): 9 Programme 6 24% 19% Globalisation and development Programme 5 Programme 2 Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems 15% 20% Public health and health policy Programme 3 Continental and coastal waters 17% Programme 4 Food security in the South Annual report 2005 Finding applications The IRD continued to accomplish its missions on the applications side. These are: finding economic applications, company formation, consulting, expert group reviews and quality management. A network of expertise and applications correspondents was formed to expand the Institute’s capability and to help forge closer ties with others involved in research. Economic applications The IRD won two “Emergence and maturation of biotechnology projects” contracts from the National Research Agency, for work on leishmaniasis. These contracts, which were introduced for the first time in 2005, are intended for projects with a high potential for economic application. With 50 patents do far, the IRD is constantly adding to the list. Nine new patent applications were filed in 2005, including six jointly owned with other public-sector research bodies or industrial firms. Growth was fastest in biotechnology, health and agronomy. There is also a growing demand for contracts in the environmental protection field. Industrial liaisons established in the past few years were consolidated. In Mexico, the consortium formed by CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre), the IRD, Pioneer HilBred, Limagrain and Syngenta to work on maize apomixis has been extended for five years. The agreement between the IRD and biotechnology firm Proteus to develop industrial products from micro-organisms, mainly micro-organisms found in extreme environments, has also been extended. Consulting and innovation seeding The IRD assists researchers who want to form a company to exploit their research results. IRD staff who undertake consulting work, whether for institutions or the private sector, are given help on contractual aspects. Quality management The IRD continues to apply quality management in its laboratories, continuously improving the traceability and reliability of its results and improving the laboratories’ internal organisation. A university diploma in “research laboratory quality management” was set up in collaboration with the Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, and a series of introductory training sessions on quality was designed. To guide its quality management approach, the IRD has adopted the ISO 9001 standard; applying this standard, staff share an organisational culture that is well suited to research in North and South, on all continents. The IRD assists its laboratories when they undertake the ISO 9001 certification process, as a growing number of them are doing. The Montpellier centre in France organised its third summer school on “Quality in the Languedoc-Roussillon region” and formed a local Quality group. Expert group reviews Four expert group reviews have been conducted so far, to provide policy makers with analyses of existing scientific knowledge on an issue with major implications for public policy: • Invasive species in the New Caledonia archipelago: a major environmental and economic hazard, sponsored by New Caledonia’s three Province authorities • Managing the resources of the Niger River, conducted mainly at the request of the Rural Economics Institute of Mali and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) • Organic agriculture in Martinique, sponsored by the Martinique regional authority • Trachoma control in Sub-Saharan Africa is in process of publication Contact: dev@paris.ird.fr Applications correspondents Two applications correspondents, in Dakar and Montpellier, help and advise staff at IRD centres in all aspects of promoting and exploiting research results: intellectual property rights (patents, copyright, plant breeders’ rights), economic exploitation (licence contracts, looking for partners, business seeding) and quality management (ISO 9001 certification projects for laboratories, platforms or services). 30 31 Working for sustainable development By the very nature of its mission, the IRD’s work is central to sustainable development. By producing knowledge in partnership with scientists in the South, the Institute addresses major problems confronting these countries and examines them as part of the environmental, economic, social and cultural challenges of development. In 2005 the IRD appointed a sustainable development adviser to refine its research approach to sustainable development. This approach incorporates several imperatives: partnership-based conception of projects, a long-term perspective taking the environmental aspect into account, and comprehensive, integrated action. The IRD’s commitment is also reflected in its contribution to national and international discussions to define what shape sustainable development should take. Action research: three examples Towards sustainable development in Laos In Northern Laos, deforestation, shorter fallow periods and the gradual abandonment of rain-fed rice farming have led to soil erosion, which is now a serious problem. Most forest conservation and land reforestation policies have proven incompatible with poverty reduction among the highland populations. The IRD has been working with the National Agricultural and Forestry Institute and the International Water Management Institute on this problem. This involves working with farmers to try out food production systems that will improve their incomes but also respect the environment; strengthening the Laotian partners’ research capacity though region-wide training workshops and daily collaboration in field and laboratory; and training Laotian students, who work in pairs with European students. Towards sustainable city management in Addis-Ababa Addis-Ababa, capital of Ethiopia with a population of 3 million, has all the usual economic difficulties and lack of infrastructure of a developing country’s metro area. Forty per cent of the population is under-employed, 50% earn less than 40 € a month, only 60% have direct connection to the water mains and only 3.7% to the sewer system. IRD researchers, in partnership with Ethiopian research bodies and French universities, are currently making a diagnostic analysis of the urban environment. The aim is to improve understanding of how the city functions, assess its viability and vulnerability, define priorities and make recommendations for city management with a view to sustainable urban development. Another aspect of the project involves providing the City Government with much-needed information and teaching students at the Ethiopian Civil Service College town planning department. Bolivia: sustainable income from biodiversity Among the vast floristic diversity Bolivia enjoys are many plants such as romillero, llave t’ika and muña negra that are traditionally used for medical or religious purposes, as biocides or for their aromatic properties. How can this biological diversity best be used for the benefit of rural communities? With the IRD’s support, Bolivian and French partners, NGOs, farmers and indigenous communities have joined forces in the Biodesa project, led by the Agro-industrial Technology Centre at the University of Cochabamba. The aim of the project is to improve knowledge of Bolivia’s biodiversity by means of inventories, plant collections and analysis of plants’ biological properties. Once plants with potential for industry have been selected, farmers’ groups distil the essential oils themselves. Plant collecting is organised in a sustainable way and marketing channels are organised to bring in additional income for local farmers and to fund efforts to halt the environmental degradation. Contact: Catherine Aubertin - catherine.aubertin@orleans.ird.fr Annual report 2005 Sharing information and knowledge The IRD’s information and knowledge sharing missions are to ensure a high profile for the Institution and its scientists, to disseminate information to scientists and professionals, and to improve relations between science and society. The IRD’s external visibility increased in 2005 through press reports (1700 of them), its periodical Sciences au Sud which is circulated in 120 countries, scientific news sheets, the reach of its website, which receives an ever-growing number of hits, especially the short Canal IRD videos. The Indigo image base, which has a stock of nearly 32,000 numbered and documented pictures, is increasingly widely used now that it can be accessed on the Internet. Regular television appearances enable the institute to promote its results among the general public. To provide effective support for scientists, the IRD subscribes to an ever-increasing number of online science information services, with more subscriptions in its centres outside France, and also supplies access to the impact factors of the main scientific journals. Publications by the Institute’s researchers were systematically monitored in 2005 - a first step towards setting up bibliometric analysis tools and indicators. 32 A new documentation system was deployed in 13 IRD documentation centres, giving widespread access to the researchers’ 65,000 publications (65% of which are available in electronic form) and the documentary resources the Institute has been amassing for the past 60 years, particularly in its documentation centres in the tropical zone. Some fifty books and atlases were published in 2005, including Représenter la nature? ONG et biodiversité, the expert group review Organic agriculture in Martinique (in English and French) and Le territoire est mort, vive les territoires. To disseminate results in the language of the partner country, preference was given to co-publication and delegated publishing in Southern countries. Synthesis reports of symposia and seminars were published or made available on-line for easier access. 33 the help of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, mobile exhibitions travelled around France and some thirty other countries. A travelling exhibition entitled Sciences au Sud, about French research in Southern countries, was on show in the Indian Ocean region, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs commissioned the Institute to implement a programme to promote scientific and technical culture in ten countries in France’s priority solidarity zone, mostly in Africa, at a cost of € 2.8 M. Nearly fifty initiatives received financial and technical support, based on competitive bidding. On the cartography side, apart from training and actions in support of Southern partner research teams, output was enriched with CD-ROMs compiled from the IRD’s map collection, based on work conducted over many years and in many countries. The main map publication events of 2005 were Vingt ans de cartographie régionale au Cameroun, Atlas régional de la province Extrême Nord et du Sud Cameroun, Carte morpho-pédologique intéractive de Guinée and Atlas environnementaux au Viêt-Nam. To address society’s expectations of science, the IRD raised public awareness through its young people’s clubs and some hundred lectures, debates and informal science discussion groups. With Contact: dic@paris.ird.fr The JRD Clubs at Unesco During the conference on “Biodiversity: science and governance” at the Unesco building in Paris, the IRD held a video conference on “biodiversity for tomorrow”, in which nearly 150 young people from North and South took part. They were from IRD-run clubs called Jeunes Recherche pour le Développement (JRD Clubs) in Cameroon, Madagascar, Senegal and France. With their teachers and an IRD scientific adviser to assist the discussion, they talked enthusiastically about biodiversity issues and challenges. This project, launched at the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was organised in partnership with the research Ministry. Meanwhile JRD Clubs in schools in the Amiens area shared the work they had been doing all year long on the ecosystems of Picardy. Their work was impressive enough for three of the youngsters to be invited to draw conclusions from their workshop at a plenary sessions of the Unesco conference. Annual report 2005 Promoting a research ethic for the South The Consultative Committee on professional conduct and ethics Chair Dominique Lecourt, Professor of philosophy, Denis Diderot University (Paris 7) Members from developing and emerging countries Rafael Loyola Diaz Researcher, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Autonomous National University, Mexico Isabelle Ndjole Assouho Tokpanou Honorary President, Forum for African Women Educationalists, Cameroon IRD staff members Sandrine Chifflet Research engineer, CAMELIA unit (UR 103), Marseille Maurice Lourd Director, IRD Centre, Bondy François Simondon Director, Epidemiology and Prevention research centre (UR 024), Montpellier Members from the scientific community Jean-Claude André Director, European Centre for Research and Advanced Training in Scientific Computation Roger Guedj Professor, joint director of the Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, CNRSUniversity of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UMR 6001) Vladimir de Semir Associate Professor of Science Journalism, Pompeu Sabra University, Barcelona 34 35 T he work of the IRD’s consultative committee on professional conduct and ethics was more diverse this year and there was more activity. About fifteen research projects and questions raised by IRD staff were examined and the Committee continued its discussions with ethics committees in other French institutions - discussions that are soon to result in an inter-institution Web portal on ethics in science. The Institute took part in some twenty outside events and added more information to its Website. The undoubted high points of the year were the production of a Guide to Good Practice in Development Research (see box) and the holding of a first international seminar at the Collège de France on the question “Is there an ethic specific to research for development?”, with Southern countries participating. Is there an ethic specific to research for development? The seminar at the Collège de France included three round tables, on vaccination, humans in their environment and conflicts of value. The purpose was to: • bring to light research-related ethical issues that can give the notion of partnership its full value as a universal sharing of intellectual resources • reflect, discuss and together suggest some partial answers to questions raised. The seminar was a great success, with 180 participants. Partners from Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Madagascar took part alongside people from the IRD, other French research bodies and universities, Unesco, the French national consultative committee on ethics, the pharmaceuticals industry and ministries. The opening speech summed up the different aspects of development to be taken into account - social, environmental, economic and ethical - while clearly demarcating the concept of development from that of growth. The debates highlighted: • the importance of the dialogue of knowledge between North and South and the reappropriation by the South of universal values, the “ethical attitude” being fundamentally common to North and South • the role of multidisciplinarity in research, by which different approaches can be reconciled, the ethics of research being inseparable from the ethics of sustainable development • the need to define the partnership clearly, to teach and encourage ethical practice, ethical practice being a horizon rather than a doctrine. Contact: ccde@paris.ird.fr www.ird.fr/ccde GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE IN RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT • How should a research project for development be conceived, elaborated and constructed? • How should the programme be set up and conducted with full respect of the culture of each partner and in conditions that are acceptable to all? • How should the results be exploited, disseminated and promoted for the benefit of all partners? • What action should be taken to ensure that the results are translated as quickly as possible into policy decisions, in such a way as to enhance the well-being of the population and respect for the environment? These were the questions the ethics committee aimed to answer with its Guide de bonnes pratiques de la recherche pour le développement, which spells out 15 principles representing the “ethical horizon” to be attained, starting from questions raised in the field. The guide is the fruit of the Committee’s first mandate and is intended as a tool to bring implicit ethical questions to light, facilitate application of the rules of professional ethics and help researchers think more clearly about their practice. In its second mandate the Committee will be taking the guidelines further, with the help of all IRD staff and partners and for the benefit of all. Annual report 2005 The IRD around the world Planting out rice, Madagascar 36 37 • International • Action mission for the South in the French overseas territories • Research in metropolitan France Fitzcarrald expedition, Peruvian Amazon Annual report 2005 International mission for the South The IRD’s work with other institutions around the world is guided by several preoccupations: establishing partnerships with emerging and less advanced countries, adapted to each case; promoting actions of regional and transcontinental scope, and defining its own place in the French and European system of research for development. In 2005 the Institute was involved in a number of joint activities requested by Southern countries. One example was providing assistance and advice for evaluating research in Algeria, in conjunction with the CNRS and Inserm. Another was the joint French-Brazilian mission exploring the possibility of cooperation between Brazil and Africa. This mission went to Senegal and Guinea Bissau, with the IRD, CIRAD and the Pasteur Institute on the French side and the Fiocruz Foundation and Embrapa for Brazil. CIRAD and the IRD jointly organised an international conference in Brussels on the subject of “The international dimension of research: issues common to Europe and the world”. This was aimed at drawing attention, on the eve of discussions over the 7th European Framework Programme, to the necessity of international cooperation for European research. An example of the ever-closer partnerships the IRD centres are forging in Africa was in Dakar. Here the IRD’s institutional representation was installed off the Hann campus, which opened up to the laboratories and research teams of Cheikh Anta Diop University. Altogether these trends are putting the IRD in a better position to fulfil its mission as lead agency mobilising French and European research for Southern countries and make its science research system more closely relevant to development challenges. Bilateral partnerships with Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Benin, Madagascar, Cameroon and the Republic of Congo continued smoothly. In South Africa the FrancoSouth-African Centre for water science and technology was created with the help of the French foreign affairs ministry. North Africa and the Middle East The IRD is working on European projects in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. In Tunisia it is lead partner in the internationally-known MERGUSIE programme on integrated water management in the Merguellil catchment. This has already led to spin-off programmes, including the Sirma project and the European projects Wademed, Aquastress and Comprehensive Assessment of Water IRD leads NEPAD’s Water Sciences and Technology programme Africa and Indian Ocean The Institute consolidated its presence in Africa, especially in Kenya and Ethiopia, and the partnership with South Africa continued. A visit to Mozambique by the Chairman of the IRD laid the basis for a partnership that will be incorporated in the Mozambique government’s new strategic plan for research. Cooperation with Mozambique will be developed in a regional context, and indeed a transcontinental one involving the IRD’s Brazilian partners. 38 In Niger, the Chairman of the IRD spoke at a special sitting of the National Assembly, about the need to develop suitable ways of introducing science to the general public. A cooperation framework agreement was signed between the Niger government and the IRD. The links between the IRD and NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development) were strengthened, thanks to efforts by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At NEPAD’s request, the IRD was chosen as lead agency for all French research on “Water sciences and technology” theme. The Institute seconded a hydrologist for several months in an advisory capacity and supported a meeting of African and French experts in Nairobi, aimed at starting to build a network of African centres of excellence. At a workshop in Dakar, an action plan was proposed to NEPAD member countries’ ministers responsible for water. 39 Management in Agriculture. In Morocco, national reforms are providing a major stimulus for cooperation work, much of it European and Euro-Mediterranean. In Egypt, the second collaboration meeting with the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Research took place, at which framework agreements with Cairo University and Senghor University and some research agreements were signed. In Algeria, the IRD conducted projects on desertification, earthquake hazards, and water resources. It also took part in discussions about the science evaluation system in connection with the reform of the legislation governing research. Projects in the Lebanon mainly concern water resources. In Syria, ongoing projects concern water management and irrigation techniques. Latin America In Latin America the IRD is at work in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru. In 2005 it continued to strengthen its presence in the Andes region and enhance the regional dimension of its work. Transcontinental collaboration with Africa was initiated. In Bolivia, an agreement was signed with the Bolivian Ministry for Health and Sport to equip a national laboratory for the control of major endemic diseases. Seven new projects started up in Brazil, four of them concerning Amazonia. A joint French-Brazilian environmental research laboratory opened, called LAMIRE. It involves Fluminense Federal University, the University of Brasilia and the IRD. In Chile, CONICYT and the IRD held their fourth collaboration meeting and signed an additional memorandum of understanding on doctoral and post-doctoral education. Much of the IRD’s work in Ecuador still focuses on natural hazards. A seminar for the whole Andes region was held in Quito, on “Crisis management for natural disasters”. In Mexico, new research programmes on health and social science issues were set up. A programme began with the National Autonomous University of Mexico, to study volcano hazards. In Peru the IRD started two new programmes, one on “Natural substances with anti-malarial and anti-leishmaniasis properties” and one on “Fish diversity in the Peruvian Amazon”. The regional dimension was strengthened, through contacts with OTCA (see box) and the Andean Community of Nations. Asia In Thailand, after the tsunami that hit South and Southeast Asia on 26 December 2004, the IRD took part with Cirad and Kasetsart University, Bangkok, in an evaluation mission to refurbish a badly damaged marine science station. The French embassy provided support. In Sri Lanka and Indonesia, a joint cooperation action with the NGO Action Contre la Faim was programmed, to sustainably improve access to drinking water for people in South Asia. In Vietnam, the government granted official status to the IRD and Cirad. This is the first full government approval granted to an IRD centre in Asia. In Laos, collaboration agreements were signed with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In India, the water programm being conducted with the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore was one of the projects selected for the foreign affairs ministry’s Networking Research Programme. In China, an AIDS research programme was established with the Peking Academy of Medical Science. Closer links with OTCA The IRD strengthened its links with the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organisation (OTCA) in 2005, taking part in official meetings of the organisation in Lima, Brasilia and Iquitos. Meetings with the Secretary General of OTCA were helds in Brasilia and Paris. OTCA took part in the opening session of the first scientific meeting of ORE-HYBAM, the environmental research observatory on the Amazonian river system. That meeting was organised by the IRD and held in Lima. Several of the OTCA’s priority action strands are in fields the IRD is working on in the region. Water resources might be a first subject of collaboration. Annual report 2005 Multilateral cooperation The IRD consolidated its collaborations with various United Nations agencies operating in fields important to the IRD, particularly the World Bank, FAO, WHO, WMO (World Meteorological Organisation), Unesco and IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). On health issues, collaboration with various departments of the WHO concerned vector research and control of parasite diseases and transmissible diseases. The Institute made significant contributions to the fourth pan-African conference of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria and the fifth forum of the Faire reculer le paludisme initiative in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The IRD was closely involved in preparing and taking part in the International Biodiversity Conference in Paris, jointly organised by Unesco and France, with the research and foreign affairs ministries, the National Natural History Museum, the French Biodiversity Institute and Cirad. Lastly, the IRD was closely involved in discussions about strengthening French cooperation with the CGIAR (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research). Jointly with the research ministry, Cirad and Agropolis it organised a seminar followed by a meeting of directors of ministerial departments and chairpersons and directors general of research institutions. It was the coordinating body for the consultation meeting between the French research institutions and one of the CGIAR centres, the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia. And it took part in preparing the CGIAR’s medium-term plan for West and Central Africa. Cooperation with the European Union The IRD has been working with European Commission since 1989. In 2005 existing actions continued and others began. The Institute was extensively mobilised on the 6th Framework Programme’s priority themes. It is taking part in eight projects in priority fields connected with water, AIDS, emerging diseases connected with climate change, marine ecosystems, climate, desertification and irrigation systems. The IRD finds the EU’s international cooperation programme (INCO) a particularly useful channel. Sixteen projects submitted by the Institute have been chosen, on themes connected with cultural heritage, health, climate change, environment, marine resources, sustainable development and international coordination. The IRD is partner of Euro-Medanet and Asbimed, two institutional multilateral coordination projects for the Mediterranean basin. The Institute is involved in the New and Emerging Science and Technology programme (NEST), conducting an obesity study. Its work under the Research Policy Support component currently concerns fishery. It is involved in ERA-Net China, ERA-Net Latin America (EULANEST) and the Eurosocial programme for social cohesion in Latin America (EuropeAid). And this year it chaired CLORA, the Club of Associated Research Organisations in Brussels. Contact: dri@paris.ird.fr 40 41 Action in the French overseas territories Coral, New Caledonia Annual report 2005 The IRD in the French overseas territories For its work in the French overseas territories, the IRD has centres in New Caledonia, French Guiana, Martinique, La Réunion and French Polynesia. It has more than 57 researchers and 122 engineers, plus about thirty temporary staff, grantees etc., working there. A highlight of 2005 was the first meeting of overseas delegates and representatives from the six research establishments that are members of the inter-organisation committee for the French overseas territories, known as B2C3I. The organisations concerned are the BRGM, Cirad, Cemagref, Ifremer, Inra and IRD. The meeting pinpointed research themes that are of concern to all the member organisations and on which collaboration could help to address development issues more effectively. Martinique - Caribbean An international seminar on racial mix, Regards croisés sur le métissage : rencontres eurocaribéennes, was jointly organised by the IRD and the Martinique Council for Culture, Education and the Environment, with the collaboration of Antilles-Guyane University (UAG). A research workshop was set up to coordinate research on the teaching of Creole and French in the American-Caribbean zone. It was open to research lecturers, students, education managers, teachers and NGOs in Creole-speaking countries. The organisations involved were GEREC-F, a research group on French - and Creole - speaking areas, the UAG and the Applied Linguistics faculty of the State University of Haiti. The final report of the expert group review on organic farming in Martinique, which had been ordered by the island authority, was published in the Expertise collégiale series. In order to take better account of relations between agriculture and the environment, in 2005 the Martinique agronomy research centre PRAM, which involves teams from Cemagref, Cirad and the IRD, became the Martinique Agro-Environmental Research Centre. 42 The IRD was taking part in the CARAIBE-HYCOS regional cooperation project to establish a network of hydrological observation stations. It also collaborated on drawing up a multistream training programme on “Satellite imagery and sustainable development” at Antilles- Guyane University. La Réunion As soon as the chikungunya epidemic hit La Réunion - where more than 200,000 people were infected - and neighbouring Indian Ocean countries, the IRD mobilised its researchers and injected additional resources to combat the disease. The teams from the research unit working on characterisation of vector populations took an active part in research and control initiatives, both locally and nationally. They launched multidisciplinary research and took part in the support mission launched by the ministries for health and overseas territories to fight the epidemic. They analysed the environmental consequences of mosquito eradication and took part in the institutional arrangements set up by the authorities. The IRD was involved in producing an atlas of health in La Réunion - Atlas de la Santé à La Réunion - in collaboration with the regional health and social affairs authority and the University of La Réunion, and also in a project to upgrade the SEAS satellite observation station. French Guiana The SEAS Guyane Amazonian environment monitoring technology platform was installed in Cayenne. It is used to directly exploit images from the Spot and Envisat earth observation satellites. This project is the fruit of a close partnership between the IRD and the company SpotImage, and was jointly funded by the French Guiana regional authority, the CNES, the French government and Europe. The other partners are the French Guiana General Council, the UAG, French Guiana University Centre, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Guyane Technopole. 43 New Caledonia With 236 staff, the Nouméa centre is the largest IRD centre in the overseas territories. It coordinates research on seven major themes: climate; inland, coastal and marine ecosystems; geodynamics and natural hazards; geosciences of the environment; terrestrial environment and biodiversity; aquatic ecology and fishery; identities and representations; and health and major epidemics. The IRD played a part in a technological first: in a FrancoAmerican experiment, a remotely controlled submersible glider designed by the Scripps Institute - one of the most important oceanography laboratories in the USA - was used to map and study ocean currents between New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Pierre Cabalion, the ethnopharmacologist who heads the Terrestrial Natural Substances and Traditional Knowledge Laboratory (US084 Biodival) was awarded the 2005 Terra Ficaria prize by the Yves Rocher Foundation / Institut de France, for his work on bringing to light pharmacologically useful substances derived from plants in the dry forest of the far north of New Caledonia. Several teams working on mining environments ran workshops on their target subjects: endemic terrestrial biodiversity, impact of mining activity on the lagoon, lagoon biodiversity, water management. This research brings private operators and the local authorities together to discuss New Caledonia’s development, and also has an educational role, training doctoral students and managers in the private and public sectors. French Polynesia At the request of the French Polynesian fishery department, IRD research unit UR 128 COREUS mapped the coral reefs of French Polynesia’s island groups and produced an atlas of them. The work was based on high-resolution satellite imagery made available by the Institute for Marine Remote Sensing at the University of South Florida, USA. The IRD, the Ministry for Youth, Culture and Heritage and the Ministry for the Development of the Archipelagos signed an agreement to set up an archaeological study of models of spatial conceptions and land use in the Marquesas Islands. This agreement is in compliance with the government’s policy of heritage rehabilitation, conservation and utilisation. An IRD expert group review on Natural Substances in French Polynesia was conducted and the report published. IRD EXTENDS GLOBAL ARGO OBSERVATION NETWORK IN THE PACIFIC For the Frontalis survey aboard the IRD’s oceanographic vessel Alis, a team from the remote sensing oceanography and geophysics research laboratory LEGOS deployed about twenty autonomous floating robots (called profiling floats) in the tropical West Pacific, then along the equator. The floats are designed to drift at a depth of 1,000 m, but once every ten days they dive to 2,000 m, then rise slowly to the surface recording precious data on water temperature and salinity in the ocean depths - information that is essential for ocean and climate research. The data are transmitted by satellite to receiving stations, to be used in worldwide research efforts. This is the first French contribution to the deployment of the international Argo network in the Pacific. www.ird.nc www.argo.net Contact: dom@paris.ird.fr Annual report 2005 Research in metropolitan France Tropical soils ecology laboratory, Bondy 44 45 More action in French regions The IRD’s newly-formed scientific programming and regional action commission has a dual mission. It monitors cross-functional activities, particularly under general research programmes, and it implements and monitors structuring activities and regional tools under partnerships with higher education and research establishments and local and regional authorities. In 2005 the IRD continued to strengthen its partnership links in the regions, in joint units with universities and other French research institutes, inter-establishment structures such as the federative research institutes (IFRs), partnership structures and investment agencies of various kinds (GIS, GIP, GIE, GDR), and national programmes. One key event this year was the government’s establishment of competitiveness hubs, designed to stimulate national-level science and so help to bring greater consistency and structuring potential to the regional research etablisments actions. Examples are the PRES (research and higher education hubs), RTRAs (thematic advanced research networks), cancer research hubs and site projects. National Research Agency The purpose of the National Research Agency (ANR) is to encourage scientists to put forward research projects, which are then judged on scientific criteria and their economic relevance for private enterprise. This was the ANR’s first year, and 59 IRD applications were accepted. Apart from the nonthematic programme, the main programmes in which IRD researchers’ projects were selected were Young researchers; Health, environment and work; the French Institute of Biodiversity; Agriculture and sustainable development, and Tsunamis and telluric disasters. The funds obtained cover periods of one to five years for an approximate total of €3.5 M. Joint research units The increasing focus on creating joint research units and renewing their mandates, with other French research organisations and universities continued. The IRD now has 28 joint research units in Montpellier, Perpignan, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse, Grenoble, Clermont-Ferrand and Ile-de-France (see map, p. 47). Contact: dpr@paris.ird.fr This year three new joint research units were created: Competitiveness hubs • Water management: actors and uses (G-Eau), with Cirad, Engref and Cemagref; • Microbial ecology of natural and manmade environments, with the universities of Aix-Marseille 1 and Aix-Marseille 2; • Prehistoric environments, economics and societies (ESEP), with the university of Aix-Marseille 1, the CNRS and the Ministry of Culture. A competitiveness hub brings together in the same geographical area private companies, training centres and public or private sector research units, in order to create synergy around innovative projects. The government issued a call for proposals, and at the end of the process the interministerial regional development and competitiveness committee selected 67 competitiveness hubs out of the 105 proposals submitted. Federative Research Institutes The research ministry runs a programme of “federative research institutes” (IFRs), in which the IRD plays a part. The IFRs bring together on one site research units of different institutions around a common scientific strategy, committed to developing of social and economic partnerships. The IRD is involved in 12 IFRs in Montpellier, Sète, Perpignan, Marseille, Lyon and Paris. This year it joined a new IFR, the Institute for the Science of Medicines, in Paris. The IRD is a member of six such hubs, two of which have world scope: • Mer-Bretagne (Sea-Nergie), in Brittany ; • Q@limed, on food and quality of life in the Mediterranean region, in Languedoc Roussillon; • RISQUES, on risk management and local/regional vulnerability, in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur; • Mer Sécurité Sûreté (MSS): sea, safety, security and sustainable development, in Provence-AlpesCôte-d’Azur; • Orpheme, on emerging and orphan diseases, in Languedoc Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur; • Agronutrition en milieu tropical, on food and agriculture in tropical regions, in la Réunion. The IRD is fully committed to this partnership approach and its dual purpose of making French industry more competitive and transferring results to Southern communities. Annual report 2005 The IRD in Metropolitan France Paris and Paris region • Université Paris I : 3 • Université Paris VI : 29 • Université Paris X, Nanterre : 2 • Université Paris XI, Orsay : 1 • Centre d'études des langues indigènes d'Amérique (Celia) : 2 • Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle : 16 • École normale supérieure : 3 • École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales : 6 • Cirad : 1 • GIE DIAL : 11 • Agence nationale de recherche sur le sida (ANRS) : 1 • Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin : 9 • Faculté de pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry : 1 • Centre population et développement (Ceped), Nogent : 6 CNRS • Laboratoire des sciences du climat et environnement (lsce), Gif-sur-Yvette : 2 • Laboratoire populations, génétique et évolution, Gif-sur-Yvette : 6 • Lacito UPR 3121 Villejuif : 1 • Préhistoire et technologie, Meudon : 1 Montpellier / Saint-Christol-lès-Alès / Sète • Université Montpellier II Maison des sciences de l’eau : 20 Laboratoire Génomes et populations : 1 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires : 2 • Agropolis : 2 • Centre de biologie et de gestion des populations INRA : 13 • Cemagref : 7 Aix Marseille / Nice • Université Aix-Marseille I : 18 • Université Aix-Marseille II : 30 • Université Aix-Marseille III : 4 • UMR GéoAzur, Villefranche-surMer, univ. de Nice-Sophia Antipolis : 16 Le Havre 28 (at 31/12/05) Paris 4 Bondy Île-de-France Brest Rennes 268 168 5 Strasbourg Nancy 101 1 29 Orléans Strasbourg / Nancy • Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg I : 4 • CNRS/Centre de recherches pétrographiques et géochimiques : 1 ClermontFerrand Lyon 3 4 Grenoble Thonon Le Bourget 19 8 Lyon • Université Lyon I : 4 Clermont-Ferrand • Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire magmas et volcans : 3 Grenoble • Université Joseph Fourier : 15 Thonon-Le Bourget • INRA - Station d'hydrobiologie lacustre, Thonon : 1 • Université de Savoie, Le Bourget du Lac : 3 46 Bordeaux Pessac Montpellier 267 Nice Villefranche-sur-Mer Sophia Antipolis Toulouse 52 32 Perpignan Marseille Aix 6 at 31/12/05 IRD Centre Other placement (UMR,EPST,Universités) Bordeaux • CNRS - Maison des Sud, Pessac : 3 • Université Montesquieu Centre d'Économie du développement : 4 Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur les Dynamiques Économiques (Ifrede) : 1 Toulouse • Centre d'étude spatiale de la biosphère (Cesbio) : 5 • Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3 - LMTG : 19 • GIP Mercator Océan : 1 • Medias France/Cnes : 2 • Pierre Fabre médicaments : 1 • Laboratoire d’études géophysique/océanographie spatiale (Legos) : 11 Perpignan • Université : 2 • École Pratique des Hautes Études : 4 16 101 Sète 39 • Cirad : 3 • Ensam - Sciences du sol : 9 • Laboratoire Matières organiques des sols tropicaux (Most) : 6 • Laboratoire symbioses tropicales/méditerranéennes (Lstm) : 9 • École nationale du génie rural (Engref) : 4 • Centre écologie fonctionnelle évolutive (Cefe) : 3 • Institut Bouisson-Département maladies Infectieuses : 7 • Maison de la télédétection : 12 • Laboratoire pathologie comparée Inra Université : 1 • Centre de recherche halieutique méditerranéenne à Sète : 32 Competitiveness hub Toulon Le Havre / Brest / Rennes • Station de météorologie : 1 • Ifremer à Brest : 4 • Inra à Rennes : 1 47 IRD participation in scientific partnerships and investment agencies Groupements d’Intérêt Scientifique (GIS) Ceped Linkages between population and development Sol Sustainable management of soil heritage Curare University discussion centre for an environmental hazards agency BRG Genetic Resources Bureau Silvolab Tropical rainforest ecosystems in French Guiana IFB French Biodiversity Institute Génoplante Plant genomics Estet Environment, earth and water sciences, territories Pisciculture tropicale Fish farming in Mediterranean and tropical regions et méditerranéenne PCSI Joint programme on irrigated systems Amérique latine Information dissemination and facilitation of French social and human sciences research on Latin America GRISCYA Cyanobacteria Aire développement Scientific and financial support for scientific communities in the South Groupements d’intérêt public (GIS) Renater Ecofor Médias France Mercator Océan ANRS OST National telecommunications network for technology, teaching and research Temperate forest ecosystems Global change and regional impacts Ocean and climate forecasting National AIDS Research Agency Science and technology monitoring unit Groupements d’intérêt économique (GIE) Edctp European clinical trials platform Dial Development of investigations into long-term adjustment Génavir Management of oceanographic survey vessels Ecart European Consortium for Agricultural Research in the Tropics Regional programmes ZONECO Marine resources in the New Caledonia exclusive economic zone ZEPOLYF Inventorying and mapping of sea mounts in the French Polynesian exclusive economic zone Federative Research Institutes (IFR) Lyon IFR 41 Ecology, genetics, evolution Marseille IFR 86 Agro-industrial biotechnology (BAIM) IFR 134 Economics and human and social sciences of health, Aix-Marseille Montpellier IFR 119 Tropical and Mediterranean continental biodiversity IFR 122 Montpellier Institute of Biology –University of Montpellier 1 IFR 123 Languedoc Institute for Water and Environment Research (ILEE) IFR 124 Ecosystem - functioning and management of tropical and Mediterranean natural and cultivated ecosystems IFR 127 Daphné - Plant development, diversity and adaptation - genes and phenotypes IFR 129 Aquatic ecosystems: human impact, functioning, products Paris IFR 71 ISM - Institute for the science of medicines IFR 101 Pure and applied ecology IFR 106 EGER - Environment and management of rural areas The IRD’s joint research units Bondy UMR 137 - Biosol Clermont Ferrand UMR 163 - Magmas et Volcans Grenoble UMR 012 - LTHE UMR 157 - LGIT Société par action simplifiée (SAS) Génoplante Valor Management and exploitation of intellectual property rights resulting from the Génoplante programme. Marseille UMR 151 - LPED UMR 161 - Cerege UMR 180 - Microbiologie et biotechnologie UMR 184 - Economies, sociétés et environnement Groupements de recherche (GDR) Marges Dynamics of continental margins ACOMAR Analysis, understanding and modelling of marine biological archives Montpellier UMR 022 - CBGP UMR 040 - LSTM UMR 050 - HSM UMR 123 - AMAP UMR 141 - DGCP UMR 142 - BDPPC UMR 144 - LISAH UMR 145 - VIH/SIDA UMR 165 - Gemi UMR 183 - G-Eau National programmes PNEC LEFE PNTS AMMA ECCO RELIEFS Coastal environments Environment and Earth’s fluid envelopes Remote sensing national programme Inter-organisation action programme for AMMA Continental ecosphere: environmental hazards Earth reliefs national programme Paris UMR 135 - Celia UMR 148 - Systématique UMR 182 - Locean Nice UMR 082 - Geosciences Azur Toulouse UMR 065 - Legos UMR 113 - Cesbio UMR 152 - Pharmacologie UMR 154 - LMTG Perpignan UMR 121 - Génomique Versailles Saint-Quentin UMR 063 - C3DED Annual report 2005 Resources for developing research in the South Sheaves of sorghum 48 49 • Financial • Human resources resources • Information systems • Evaluation In 2005 the administration staff worked hard to put into practice the Sorgho software package that came into operation at the start of the year and France’s new budgeting and accounting system. The IRD is the first public sector research establishment to implement the new regulations. Thanks to the wholehearted involvement of its managers, the Institute was able to achieve a slightly better rate of budget execution than in 2004, as can be seen from the year-end financial statements. As regards pay and administrative management of personnel, four modules for administrative management of personnel and pay, posts and hours began in mid-December and all the necessary tests were performed to ensure that the first pay to use this package, in January 2006, went smoothly. Meanwhile, the first phase of the information systems master plan (2002-2005) was successfully completed. Camecal 2 oceanographic survey Annual report 2005 Financial resources The new presentation of the budgeting and accounting system gives a clearer visibility of budget choices. It distinguishes between the research and service units’ own activities (broken down by scientific department and by the six general research programmes), the Institute’s cross-cutting activities, and the support functions. The new typology of expenses provides a better basis for responsible spending by managers. Sustained financial resources that reflect the nation’s commitment to research The IRD’s budget was fixed at 195.24 M euros, with the following priorities: • continue to support scientific activity, increasing the resources of the research and service units; • implement a plan for property assets maintenance and increase resources for scientific equipment; • stabilise incentive credits, which now come mainly from the National Research Agency; • replace the fleet of research vessels, in collaboration with the other research bodies concerned. The Institute’s income was €180.69 M : €167.35 M in the form of a State grant, €10.6 M from research contracts (nearly 17% of European contracts) and €2.74 M in miscellaneous earnings. Staff pay accounted for €131.2 M, 72% of the budget. Increasing the research and service units’ resources Two-thirds of IRD financial resources were allocated to the units, which accounted for 71.7% of budgeted staff pay and 41.6% of overall budget allocation for operating costs and investment. The Institute spent €30.6 M on expatriation - with researchers working in nearly forty different countries, this remains a priority. Joint actions reflect the Institute’s commitment to partnership Investment in major equipment items represented €2.75 M. The Institute financed the creation of a stable isotope measurement laboratory, contributed to the purchase of an absolute gravimeter and completed the installation of a multi-satellite image receiving station in French Guiana. A major financial commitment was the modernisation of the fleet, especially renovation of the ocean-going vessel Antéa. Contributions to partnerships amounted to €1.24 M, illustrating the Institute’s commitment to working in partnership with other French research bodies and international organisations. Investment in property The Institute undertook several real estate property operations, amounting to a total of €1.18 M. These operations included completion of the extension to the LEGOS laboratory in Toulouse (geophysics and satellite-based oceanography); the start of work on an extension to the reception building at the Ile de France centre in Bondy; and, in Montpellier, completion of work on the transgenic greenhouses and construction of a plant biology building. Strategic investment in information systems The Institute invested a large sum - €10.6 M - to complete the first phase (2002-2005) of the information systems master plan. The IRD’s new absolute gravimeter 50 Oceanographic survey vessel Alis Contact: df@paris.ird.fr Resources of the IRD (€M) TABLE 0.57 1.07 0.59% Expenditure of the IRD, by type (€M) 5.87% 0.32% 6.97 0.61% Programmed investment 1.1 10.6 Other income and subsidies Research contracts 3.84% 43.22 167.35 23.82% 131.25 29.03 29.73 32.03 5.44 5.81 6.74 34.47 35.54 38.77 TOTAL 90.79 17.99 108.78 181.44 M€ 1.73 TABLE 2: Other partners (public and private sectors) 16.34% 28.97% 3.07 French Ministries and territorial authorities 17.81% Expenditure by major region (€M) 9.1 13.0 Asia 5.02% 1.78 16.76% European institutions 7.17% 2.13 French public establishments 32.9 0.6 Other countries TOTAL 18.14% Africa and Indian Ocean 10.6 M€ TABLE 4: Earth and Environment Department Living Resources Department Societies and Health Department Other Total in budget Transferred to partners off-budget TOTAL 2.36 3.09 3.97 1.18 23.1 Total 8.29 16.25 1.65 3.09 9.94 19.34 19.58 14.93 13.91 17.83 3.01 3.15 4.30 2.79 22.59 18.08 18.21 20.62 90.79 17.99 108.78 Staff Operating costs and investment 0.61 0.57 4.38 8.20 2.76 0.47 0.00 0.05 1.78 0.00 2.18 0.54 1.98 3.34 0.17 0.27 1.29 1.19 1.21 2.42 2.79 1.11 6.36 11.54 2.93 0.74 1.29 1.24 2.99 2.42 18.82 14.59 33.41 Total 56.61% TABLE Income from research contracts, by scientific department (€M) Operating costs and investment Expenditure of cross-cutting functions (€M) Capacity building support Consulting and industrial liaison Scientific information and communication International relations Outreach activities Scientific evaluation In-service training Contributions to partnerships Naval resources Other major scientific equipment Latin America 20.12% Staff TOTAL Income from research contracts, by origin (€M) 1.89 Total 72.34% Personnel International institutions Operating costs and investment Earth and Environment Department Living Resources Department Societies and Health Department • Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources • Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems • Continental and coastal waters • Food security in the South • Public health and health policy • Globalisation and development State grant 180.69 M€ Staff By research programme Operating costs and non-programmed investments 92.62% Expenditure of research and service units (€M) By research department Income from applications of research Project subsidies 1: 3: Staff 12.73% French overseas territories Expenditure of support functions (€M) 102.7 Metropolitan France 181.44 M€ 10.60 1.80 12.40 Operating costs and investment Total Social action Information systems Real estate operations Territorial representation(1) Central services Other 0.05 2.41 0.00 8.14 11.03 0.00 1.05 7.71 1.16 5.27 2.30 0.12 1.10 10.12 1.16 13.41 13.33 0.12 TOTAL 21.63 17.61 39.24 (1) France and overseas territories (representation abroad is classed under "international relations" in table 2, cross-cutting activities Annual report 2005 51 Human resources In 2005 the IRD had 1,653 budgeted staff. It converted nine technical research officers’ posts into 1 research engineer’s post, 1 staff engineer’s post, 2 assistant engineer’s posts and 5 technicians’ posts. The proportion of women again increased significantly; they represented 40% of the IRD’s tenured staff - 22% of research staff (9% of research directors, 30% of researchers at chargés de recherche grade) and 56% of engineers and technicians. The mean age of tenured staff was 46.5 - 47.5 for researchers and 45.4 for engineers and technicians. The mean age of the women was 42.8, that of the men 48.7. Engineers and technicians These designations include administrative posts. The IRD recruited 30 engineers and technicians by the competitive entrance procedure. They included 3 research engineers (ingénieurs de recherche), 5 staff engineers (ingénieurs d’études), 4 assistant engineers (assistants ingénieurs), 13 technicians (techniciens), 3 technical research assistants (adjoints techniques de la recherche) and 2 technical research officers (agents techniques de la recherche). At work on every continent As regards the professional branches concerned, seven engineers and technicians were recruited in Life Sciences , one in Chemistry and Science of Materials, three in Engineering Sciences and Scientific Instrumentation, two in Human and Social Sciences, two in Documentation, Publishing and Communication, four in Property Management, Logistics and Prevention, eleven in Scientific and Technical Management. Forty-three per cent of staff, tenured and non-tenured, were working outside metropolitan France. Between 2003 and 2005, the number of days worked as expatriates or on long-term missions rose from 183,000 to 190,000. Nearly three-quarters of staff abroad were working in Africa. Of staff working in the French overseas territories, 51.5% were in New Caledonia and a quarter in French Guiana. In metropolitan France, while the majority of staff work at the IRD head office or in its centres in Brest, Orléans and Montpellier, in 2005 34.2% were working on the premises of partner organisations (research bodies, universities etc.) in the Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur and Midi-Pyrénées regions. Thirteen engineer and technician posts were opened to internal competitive recruitment. Seven engineers and technicians were promoted to a higher category and 24 to a higher grade within their category. One hundred and seven fast-track promotions were approved. Long-term missions Training The IRD’s long-term mission formula is designed to make its system of postings more flexible. Long-term missions last an average of four months and are used to strengthen scientific teams abroad. The number has increased steadily since they were first introduced –there were 155 in 2005, compared to 33 in 2002, 81 in 2003 and 115 in 2004. The most common destinations were Latin America (40%), Africa (40%) and Asia (20%). This year the IRD focused on training staff for priority institutional projects such as the Sorgho software package and the new budgeting and accounting system. Another focus was preparing staff to organise and apply the research quality management system. A training plan that reconciles the IRD’s needs with the aspirations of its staff provided ways to incorporate both team projects and individual wants. Recruitment and promotion Researchers The IRD recruited 36 researchers in 2005 by the competitive entrance procedure: 17 research directors, 4 chargés de recherche 1ère classe and 15 chargés de recherche 2ème classe. Of the 36 researchers who joined the staff, 11 were women (31%). Eleven teaching researchers were seconded to the IRD by other institutions and 9 earlier secondments were extended. The Institute obtained authorisation to recruit 11 researchers on fixed-term contracts on 1 September. Twentyfour researchers, including 5 women, were promoted to a higher grade. 52 Contact: ddp@paris.ird.fr Age pyramid Engineers and technicians, by activity branch TABLE 1: 66 65 64 63 62 61 Life sciences 60 Researchers Engineers Technicians Functional posts 21 % 59 58 57 56 Scientific and technical management 55 54 53 52 Chemistry and science of materials 4% 41 % 5% 51 Total 53 Budgeted posts 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 831 371 421 11 833 393 417 11 827 396 419 11 817 415 410 11 817 419 406 11 1 634 1 654 1 653 1 653 1 653 Engineering sciences and scientific instrumentation 4% 50 Human and social sciences 49 48 47 46 9% 7% 9% Data processing and scientific computing 45 44 43 Property management, logistics and prevention 42 41 40 TABLE 2: Men % Women % Total Researchers Engineers Technicians Functional posts 617 211 140 7 77.7% 50.0% 36.2% 77.8% 177 211 247 2 22.3% 50.0% 63.8% 22.2% 794 422 387 9 Total 975 60.5 % 637 39.5 % 1 612 Documentation, publishing, communication 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 Budgeted staff by category and gender 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 Men Age 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 TABLE Women 0 3: 10 20 30 40 50 60 Staff by IRD commission S4 Staff by major region A1 Human and social sciences Expatriate researchers Expatriate engineers and technicians 3.4 % Asia/Pacific Engineering and consulting 13 % Latin America 16 % Budgeted staff on assignment outside metropolitan France, 2001-2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 39.90% 38.80% 36.70% 33.80% 35.14% 34.50% 32.20% 30.70% 28.80% 24.45% 0.3 % Countries of the North 5.9 % S3 16 % Sciences of ecological systems 25 % A2 Africa/Middle East TABLE 4: Long-term missions 2002-2005 22.4 % Administration and management 56.9 % Metropolitan France 2002 2003 2004 2005 Africa/Middle East Latin America Asia/Pacific Northern countries 15 16 4 1 38 33 8 2 42 45 20 8 60 60 32 3 Total 36 81 115 155 15% S2 15 % Biology and medical science 11.1 % S1 Physics and chemistry of the planetary environment French overseas territories Annual report 2005 Information systems Evaluation 2005 marked the end of the first implementation phase (2002-2005) of the information systems master plan. The investment - €10.6 M and 190 person-years of work - was concentrated on the following priorities: Evaluating performance, designing indicators • increasing the security of the technical computing infrastructure (materials and networks) that constitutes the backbone of the Institute because of its geographical spread. This accounted for 20% of the investment. • complete renovation of the administrative and management base in preparation for the arrival of the new budgeting and accounting system and the constitutional by-law on budget acts - 70% of the investment (Sorgho project); • considerable enhancement of the Information Systems department’s on-site service to users. Other, more minor actions (10% of the investment) contributed more directly to the Institute’s missions. These included modernisation of the documentation systems, documentation centres and bookshops; launch of the Spirales call for proposals, which will assist the computing strands of some research projects and help to achieve economies of scale and better capitalisation; development of the Eleusine application for calls for proposals by the Department for Capacitybuilding Support to Scientific Communities in the South; and the first experiments with a platform for distance learning and remote collaboration. At the close of this 2002-2005 phase, the IRD has a stronger computing base and the main core of an information system for administrative management. In the second phase, 2006-2009, the department will pursue this work and further develop the Institute’s information system to support knowledge production, management and promotion and to support the scientific community in its work. More broadly, the information system will be helping to modernise the tools the IRD needs to meet the challenges of its strategic repositioning. Contact: dsi@paris.ird.fr 54 To progressively strengthen the linkage between evaluation and the production of indicators on the Institute’s work, the commission in charge of evaluating staff and scientific structures was reorganised at the end of the year. It is now the Evaluation and Indicators Commission (Délégation à l’Évaluation et aux Indicateurs (DEI)). This change is in keeping with the government budget reform, replacing a resource-based approach with a results-based approach. Under the constitutional by-law on budget acts, the IRD’s budget depends on the national Resources and Environment Management Research programme. The programme’s indicators were issued for the first time this year. The IRD also consolidated the indicators of the 2001-2004 objectives contract. The review of 2005 performance enabled IRD management and the responsible ministries to adjust the indicators for the new 2006-2009 objectives contract. Nineteen research and service units (including five joint units) that reached the end of their fouryear terms on 31 December were evaluated. This enabled the Institute to streamline the organisation of its research, the number of research and service units being cut from 83 to 79. The four sectoral scientific commissions, the two research and applications management commissions and the scientific council were mobilised to recruit 38 researchers (grades DR2, CR1 and CR2). At the admission stage, 340 candidates were interviewed. The relevant bodies also conducted routine two-yearly evaluations or optional grade promotion evaluations for 446 researchers, and examined the work of 420 engineers and technicians. Contact: dei@paris.ird.fr 55 Appendices • Structure of the IRD • Central services • Research and service units • IRD establishments around the world Annual report 2005 Structure of the IRD Board of Trustees (at 1 July 2006) Scientific council (at 1 July 2006) Chair Daniel Le Rudulier Appointed members Chair Jean-François Girard Ministry representatives Ministry of Education and Research Marc Lalande Research Directorate Pierre Méry Scientific adviser Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Jean-Christophe Deberre Development policy director Antoine Grassin Director of scientific and academic cooperation Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry Thierry Kalfon Budget Directorate Ministry for Overseas Territories Corinne Desforges Deputy Director for employment and economic, social and cultural affairs External members Monique Capron Alain Arconte Bouli Ali Diallo Patrice Debré Souad Lyagoubi Catherine Bréchignac Jean-Michel Severino Chair of the Board of Trustees, Inserm President of Antilles-Guyane University Rector, University of Niamey Chair, Cirad Former Health Minister of Tunisia Chair, CNRS Director General, French Development Agency Staff representatives Alain Froment Marie-France Lange Christian Valentin Pascal Grebaut Irène Salvert Patrick Zante Faculty member, University of Nice, microbiology SNCS/FSU, MD, representing research staff, Orléans STREM/SGEN/CFDT, sociologist, director of UR 105, representing research staff, Bondy STREM/SGEN/CFDT, soil scientist, representing research staff, Laos SNTRS/CGT/IRD, biology technician, representing support staff, Montpellier STREM/SGEN/CFDT, head of in-service training, representing support staff, Paris SNPREES/FO, soil scientist, representing support staff, Montpellier Jean-Louis Arcand Netji Ben Mechlia Pascale Delécluse Stéphane Doumbe-Bille Jacqueline Heinen Newton Paciornik Rémi Pochat Jean-Luc Redelsperger Sergio Revah Jean-Pierre Reveret Barbara Romanowicz Mamadou Souncalo Traore Rodolphe Spichiger Faculty member, University of Clermont Ferrand, economics Faculty member, National Institute of Agronomy, Tunisia (INAT), agro-climatology Research Director, CNRS, oceanography Faculty member, public law, Jean Moulin university (Lyon 3), international law Faculty member, university of Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, sociology Technical adviser to the Ministry of Research, Brazil, energy, environment Scientific director, central laboratory of the Public Works Dept., engineering, evaluations Research Director, CNRS, climatology Faculty member, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico, microbiology biotechnology Faculty member, University of Quebec, ecology, environment Faculty member, University of Berkeley, USA, geophysics National Director of Health, Mali, parasitology Faculty member, University of Geneva and Director of the Geneva Botanical Gardens, biology et plant ecology Elected members College I: IRD research directors Jean Albergel hydrology Pierre Chevallier hydrology Georges de Noni geography, research management Jean-Paul Gonzalez human virology Emmanuel Grégoire geography Michel Tibayrenc genetics of infectious diseases College II: IRD researchers Sylvain Bonvalot geophysics Dominique Buchillet anthropology of health Marie-Hélène Durand economics Michel Petit remote sensing, hydrobiology Yves Goudineau anthropology Yann Moreau hydrobiology College III: IRD engineers and technicians Odile Fossati hydrobiology Yann Hello geophysics Michel Larue research management, IRD representative in Indonesia Scientific commissions Chairs of sectoral scientific commissions (CSS) and research and applications management commissions (CGRA) Yves Gaudemer CSS1: Physics and chemistry of the planetary environment Dominique-Angèle Vuitton CSS2: Biology and medical science Pierre Auger CSS3: Science of ecological systems Emile Le Bris CSS4: Human and social sciences Jean-Philippe Chippaux CGRA 1: Engineering and consulting François Jarrige CGRA 2: Administration and management 56 Central services at 1 July 2006 Chairman Director General Secretary General Jean-François Girard Michel Laurent Vincent Desforges Earth and environment department Living resources department Societies and health department Capacity-building support Consulting and industrial liaison Information and communication Jacques Boulègue Patrice Cayré Jacques Charmes Alain Leplaideur Eva Giesen Marie-Noëlle Favier Finance Personnel International relations French overseas dependencies Scientific programming and regional action Evaluation and indicators Information systems Hervé Michel Jean-Charles Linet Daniel Lefort Roger Bambuck Christian Marion Benoît Lootvoet Gilles Poncet Legal affairs Head office administration Accounting office Mathias Guérin Gaëlle Bujan Jean Fohrer Annual report 2005 57 Research units (UR) and service units (US) (at 1 July 2006) Natural hazards, climate and non-renewable resources UR 32 GREAT ICE - COUDRAIN Anne Glaciers and high altitude water resources climatic and environmental indicators coudrain@ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/hydrologie/greatice/ UR 55 PALEOTROPIQUE - ORTLIEB Luc Tropical paleo-environments and climate variability luc.ortlieb@bondy.ird.fr UR 82 UMR GEOAZUR - CHARVIS Philippe Géosciences Azur direction@geoazur.unice.fr www-geoazur.unice.fr UR 157 UMR LGIT - JAULT Dominique Tectonophysics and internal geophysics laboratory Direction-LGIT@ujf-grenoble.fr www-lgit.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr UR 144 UMR LISAH - VOLTZ Marc Laboratory for the study of soil/agrosystem/hydrosystem interactions voltz@ensam.inra.fr www.sol.ensam.inra.fr/ UR 182 UMR LOCEAN - EYMARD Laurence Laboratory for oceanography and climate: experiments and numerical approaches laurence.eymard@lodyc.jussieu.fr UR 185 Bio Trans - ROUSSOS Sevastianos Biodiversity and functional ecology of micro-organisms for processing recalcitrant compounds s.roussos@univ.u-3mrs.fr UR 161 UMR CEREGE - HAMELIN Bruno European centre for research and education in the environmental geosciences hamelin@cerege.fr US 18 VALPEDO - BROSSARD Michel Updating and utilisation of data on tropical and Mediterranean soils. Contributions to research, consultancy and resource management assistance michel.brossard@mpl.ird.fr www.valpedo.mpl.ird.fr UR 163 UMR - MERLE Olivier Magmas and volcanoes laboratory merle@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr US 25 Observatoire Océanique - GOURIOU Yves Ocean observing systems and operations at sea yves.gouriou@ird.fr www.brest.ird.fr/us025/ US 127 OGSE - JUSTE Gilbert Geophysics and environmental monitoring systems gilbert.juste@bondy.ird.fr US 122 UMA - DUPREY Jean-Louis Analytical resources unit duprey@cayenne.ird.fr www.cayenne.ird.fr US 166 - D’HERBES Jean-Marc Evaluation and monitoring of desertification dherbes@mpl.ird.fr Sustainable management of Southern ecosystems UR 65 UMR LEGOS - MONFRAY Patrick Laboratory for studies in geophysics and oceanography from space directeur@legos.obs-mip.fr www.obs-mip.fr/legos 58 UR 113 CESBIO - MENAUT Jean-Claude Centre for the study of the biosphere from space jean-claude.menaut@cesbio.cnes.fr www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr UR 40 UMR LSTM - DREYFUS Bernard Laboratory for the study of tropical and Mediterranean symbiosis dreyfus@mpl.ird.fr UR 097 ECO-UP - FREON Pierre Structure and functioning of exploited upwelling ecosystems: comparative analyses for an ecosystem approach to fisheries pierre.freon@ird.fr www.sea.uct.ac.za/marine/idyle/ UR 109 THETIS - MARSAC Francis Tropical tuna and pelagic ecosystems: taxis, interactions and exploitation strategies marsac@ird.fr www.brest.ird.fr/ur109/index.htm UR 123 UMR AMAP - BARTHELEMY Daniel Botany and bioinformatics of plant architecture barthelemy@cirad.fr www.amap.cirad.fr/ UR 148 UMR - LE GUYADER Hervé Systematics, adaption, evolution herve.le-guyader@snv.jussieu.fr UR 168 - MICHON Geneviève Environmental dynamics between forest, agriculture and biodiversity: from local practices with nature to conservation policy genevieve.michon@mpl.ird.fr UR 180 MicroBiotech - THOLOZAN Jean-Luc Microbial ecology of natural and manmade environments jltholoz@esil.univ-mrs.fr US 4 ACAPPELLA - JOSSE Erwan Hydro-acoustics applied to fishery and aquatic ethology and ecology Erwan.Josse@ird.fr www.brest.ird.fr/us004/index.htm US 7 OSIRIS - CHAVANCE Pierre Monitoring and information systems for tropical fisheries Pierre.Chavance@ird.fr www.ird.sn/activites/sih/index.htm US 28 CHRONOS - MORIZE Eric Age and chronophysiology in fish and molluscs Eric.Morize@ird.fr US 84 Biodival - MORETTI Christian Knowledge of tropical plant resources and their uses Christian.Moretti@orleans.ird.fr www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/biodival/index.htm Continental and coastal waters UR 12 UMR LTHE - CREUTIN Jean-Dominique Laboratory for the study of transfers in hydrology and environment Jean-Dominique.Creutin@hmg.inpg.fr www.lthe.hmg.inpg.fr UR 50 UMR HSM - SERVAT Eric HydroSciences Montpellier Eric.Servat@msem.univ-montp2.fr www.hydrosciences.org/ UR 103 CAMELIA - FICHEZ Renaud Characterisation and modelling of exchanges in lagoons under terrigenous and human influences fichez@com.univ-mrs.fr www.ird.nc/CAMELIA/ UR 131 AMAZONE - OBERDORF Thierry Macro-ecological approach to aquatic biodiversity in the continental zone oberdorf@mnhn.fr US 19 OBHI - THEBE Bernard Hydrological monitoring systems and engineering thebe@mpl.ird.fr www.usobhi.net/ UR 154 UMR LMTG - DUPRE Bernard Laboratory for mechanisms and transfers in geology dupre@lmtg.obs-mip.fr www.lmtg.obs-mip.fr UR 183 G-EAU - GARIN Patrice Water management: actors and uses patrice.garin@cemagref.fr UR 70 RAP - LAE Raymond Adaptive responses of fish shoals and populations to environmental pressure Raymond.Lae@ird.fr www.ird.sn/activites/rap/index.htm UR 128 CoRéUS - FERRARIS Jocelyne Ecosystemics of reef communities and their uses on Pacific islands jocelyne.ferraris@ird.fr www.ird.nc/COREUS/ UR 167 CYROCO - ARFI Robert Cyanobacteria of shallow tropical waters. Roles and controls arfi@ird.sn www.com.univ-mrs.fr/cyroco/index.htm UR 175 CAVIAR - LEGENDRE Marc Characterisation and utilisation of fish diversity for integrated aquaculture Marc.Legendre@mpl.ird.fr 59 Food security in the South UR 22 CBGP - RASPLUS Jean-Yves Centre for population management and biology rasplus@ensam.inra.fr www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP UR 60 CLIFA - LHOMME Jean-Paul Climate and agro-system functioning lhomme@cefe.cnrs.fr UR 72 BEI - SILVAIN Jean-François Biodiversity and evolution of plant/insect-pest/antagonist complexes silvain@pge.cnrs-gif.fr www.cnrs-gif.fr/pge/index.html UR 8 - OUAISSI Ali Molecular factors in the physiopathology, prevention and epidemiology of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis ali.ouaissi@montp.inserm.fr UR 10 - COT Michel Mother and infant health in tropical environments: genetic and perinatal epidemiology Michel.Cot@ird.fr UR 16 - FONTENILLE Didier Characterisation and control of vector populations didier.fontenille@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/vecteur/ UR 121 UMR - DELSENY Michel Plant development and genomics delseny@univ-perp.fr UR 24 Epiprev - SIMONDON François Epidemiology and prevention: environment and efficacy of interventions simondof@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/epiprev UR 137 UMR BIOSOL - LAVELLE Patrick Soil functioning and biodiversity Patrick.Lavelle@bondy.ird.fr www.bondy.ird.fr/biosol UR 77 - TRAPE Jean-François Malaria in tropical Africa trape@ird.sn http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr UR 141 UMR DGPC - HAMON Serge Diversity and genomes of cultivated plants hamon@mpl.ird.fr www.dgpc.org UR 145 UMR - DELAPORTE Eric HIV/AIDS and associated diseases Eric.Delaporte@mpl.ird.fr UR 142 UMR BEPC - DOSBA Françoise Developmental biology of cultivated perennial plants dosbaf@ensam.inra.fr www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-bepc UR 176 SOLUTIONS - VALENTIN Christian Soils, land use, degradation and rehabilitation valentinird@laopdr.com UR 179 SeqBio - CHOTTE Jean-Luc Carbon sequestration and soil bio-functioning: effects of tropical agro-system management methods Jean-Luc.Chotte@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr/SeqBio UR 106 NALIS - DELPEUCH Francis Nutrition, food, societies Francis.Delpeuch@mpl.ird.fr www.mpl.ird.fr Public health and health policy UR 2 ASSA - GRUENAIS Marc-Eric Health in Africa: health systems and actors gruenais@up.univ-mrs.fr www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/shadyc/accueil.html UR 152 UMR - NEPVEU Françoise Pharmaceutical chemistry of natural substances and redox pharmacophores nepveu@cict.fr UR 165 UMR - RENAUD François Genetics and evolution of infectious diseases renaud@mpl.ird.fr UR 174 IRD-PHPT - LALLEMANT Marc Clinical epidemiology, mother-and-infant health and HIV in Southeast Asia ird@phpt.org UR 177 - CUNY Gérard Host - vectors - parasites interactions in trypanosomiae gerard.cuny@mpl.ird.fr UR 178 CTEM - GONZALEZ Jean-Paul Territories and conditions for the emergence of diseases frjpg@mahidol.ac.th US 9 - ARDUIN Pascal Demographic, epidemiological and environmental monitoring arduin@ird.sn www.ird.sn/activites/niakhar/ Globalisation and development UR 79 GEODES - AUGER Pierre Mathematical and computer modelling of natural, biological and social complex systems Pierre.Auger@bondy.ird.fr www.ur079.ird.fr/ US 140 ESPACE - HUYNH Frédéric Assessments and spatialisation of environmental data huynh@ird.fr www.espace.ird.fr UR 63 UMR C3ED - REQUIER-DESJARDINS Denis Centre for economics and ethics for environment and development Denis.Requier-Desjardins@c3ed.uvsq.fr www.c3ed.uvsq.fr UR 136 - FOURNIER Anne Protected areas, ecosystems, management and peripheral functions Anne.Fournier@orleans.ird.fr www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/ur136/cadres/mosaique.htm UR 3 Tem - SELIM Monique Globalisation and labour Monique.Selim@bondy.ird.fr www.ur003.ird.fr UR 95 REFO - COLIN Jean-Philippe Land tenure regulations, public policy and stakeholder reasoning colin@ensam.inra.fr UR 102 - BARE Jean-François Societies, spaces, public intervention jfbare@free.fr UR 105 - LANGE Marie-France Knowledge and development marie-france.lange@bondy.ird.fr www.ur105.ird.fr/ UR 107 Cim - JOLIVET Marie-José Globalisation and identity construction jolivet@bondy.ird.fr UR 135 UMR CELIA - QUEIXALOS Francisco Centre for the study of indigenous languages of America qxls@vjf.cnrs.fr UR 151 LPED - LIVENAIS Patrick Population-environment-development laboratory livenais@up.univ-mrs.fr www .lped.org UR 169 - CORMIER-SALEM Marie-Christine Natural heritage, territories and identities cormier@mnhn.fr UR 13 MMP - DELAUNAY Daniel Migration, mobility, settlement dynamics and territorial dynamics daniel.delaunay@bondy.ird.fr www.ur013.ird.fr UR 23 DEVLOC - FAURE Yves-André Local urban development. Dynamics and regulations yafaure@yahoo.fr UR 29 URBI - COURET Dominique Urban environment couretdo@bondy.ird.fr www.ur029.ird.fr UR 47 DIAL - HERRERA Javier Development, institutions and long-term analysis herrera@dial.prd.fr www.dial.prd.fr/ UR 88 SETLAS - PARIS François Long-term society-environment dynamics in northern Africa francois.paris@ird.fr UR 92 ADENTHRO - GUILLAUD Dominique Human adaptation to tropical environments during the Holocene Dominique.Guillaud@orleans.ird.fr www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/adentrho.htm DME : units in the Earth and Environment Department DRV : units in the Living Resources Department DSS : units in the Societies and Health department Annual report 2005 IRD establishments around the world France Head office 213, rue La Fayette 75 480 Paris Cedex 10 Tel: + 33 (0)1 48 03 77 77 Centre de Bretagne Claude Roy BP 70 - 29280 Plouzané Cedex Tel. + 33 (0)2 98 22 45 01 irdbrest@ird.fr Centre d’Ile de France Maurice Lourd 32, avenue Henri Varagnat 93143 Bondy Cedex Tel. + 33 (0)1 48 02 55 75 Direction.Centre@bondy.ird.fr Centre de Montpellier Georges De Noni 911 avenue Agropolis BP 64501 - 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 Tel. + 33 (0)4 67 41 61 00 Directeur.Centre@mpl.ird.fr Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale Philippe Cury BP 171 - 34203 Sète cedex Tel. + 33 (0)4 99 57 32 34 Philippe.Cury@ird.fr Centre IRD d’Orléans Yveline Poncet 5 rue du Carbone 45072 Orléans Cedex 2 Tel. + 33 (0)2 38 49 95 00 Yveline.Poncet@orleans.ird.fr French overseas territories French Guiana Patrick Séchet BP 165 - 97323 Cayenne Cedex Tel. (05 94) 29 92 92 dircay@cayenne.ird.fr Martinique - Caribbean Daniel Barreteau 60 BP 8006 - 97259 Fort de France cedex Tel. 05 96 39 77 39 representant@ird-mq.fr New Caledonia Délégué IRD pour le Pacifique Sud Fabrice Colin BP A5 - 98848 Nouméa Cedex Tel. (687) 26 10 00 Dir.Noumea@noumea.ird.nc French Polynesia Jacques Iltis Congo Claude Laveissière Centre DGRST/IRD BP 1286, Pointe-Noire Tel. (242) 94 02 38/37 45 ird-pnr.dir@cg.celtelplus.com Côte d'Ivoire BP 529 - 98713 Papeete - Tahiti Tel. (689) 50 62 00 dirpapet@ird.pf IRD/SCAC Ambassade de France à Abidjan 128 bis rue de l’université 75351 Paris 07 SP La Réunion Jean-François Daniel Egypt Jean-Yves Moisseron IRD - BP 172 97492 Sainte-Clotilde Cedex Tel. (02 62) 29 56 29 jean-françois.daniel@la-reunion.ird.fr P.O. Box. 26 - 12 211 Giza, Egypt Tel. (202) 362 05 30 irdegypt@idsc.gov.eg Africa IRD BP 1984, Conakry South Africa Jean-Marie Fritsch IRD auprès de l'IFAS - P.O. Box 542 Newtown 2113 Johannesburg 66, Margaret Mcingana Street (Market Theatre Precinct) Tel. (27 11) 836 05 61/64 irdafsud@iafrica.com Benin Bruno Bordage (au 01/09/06) IRD/SCAC Ambassade de France à Cotonou 128 bis rue de l’université 75351 Paris 07 SP Tel. (229) 30 03 52/54 Representation.Benin@ird.fr Burkina Faso Jean-Pierre Guengant 01 BP 182 - Ouagadougou 01 Tel. (226) 50 30 67 37 direction@ird.bf Cameroon François Rivière BP 1857 Yaoundé Tel. (237) 220 15 08 Francois.Riviere@ird.fr Guinea Kenya Bruno Le Ru Représentation IRD Kenya, ICRAF United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 30677 00100 Nairobi Tel. (254 20) 722 4758 ird@icraf.exch.cgiar.org Mali Gilles Fédière IRD - BP 2528 - Bamako - Mali Tel. (223) 221 05 01 gilles.fediere@ird.fr Morocco Henri Guillaume IRD - BP 8967 - 10000 Rabat Agdal Tel. (212) 037 67 27 33 irdmaroc@menara.ma Niger Francis Kahn BP 11416 - Niamey Tel. (227) 20 75 38 27 / 26 10 irdniger@ird.ne Senegal, Cape-Verde, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania Christian Colin BP 1386 - CP 18524 Dakar - Senegal Tel. (221) 849 35 35 irdrep@ird.sn Tunisia Antoine Cornet IRD - BP 434 El Menzah 4 - 1004 Tunis Tel. (216 71) 75 00 09 / 01 83 ird.rep@ird.intl.tn Latin America Bolivia Jean-Joinville Vacher CP 9214 - 00095 La Paz Tel. (591 2) 278 29 69 / 42 rep.bolivie@ird.fr Brazil Pierre Sabaté Adresse postale: CP 7091 - Lago Sul 71619-970 - Brasilia (DF) Tel. (55 61) 32 48 53 23 ird@apis.com.br Chile Gérard Hérail IRD - Casilla 53 390 - Correo Central Santiago 1 Tel. (56 2) 236 34 64 ird-chili@ird.tie.cl Ecuador Bernard Francou (au 01/09/06) Whymper 442 y Coruña AP 17 12 857 Quito Tel. (593 2) 250 48 56 / 39 44 repquito@ird.fr Mexico Abdelghani Chehbouni Calle Cicerón N°609 Col. Los Morales, Polanco C.P. 11530 México, D.F. Tel. (52 55) 52 80 76 88 ird@irdmex.org Peru Pierre Soler Casilla 18 - 1209 - Lima 18 Tel. (51 1) 441 32 23 ird@amauta.rcp.net.pe Asia Indonesia Michel Larue Wisma Anugraha Jalan Taman Kemang 32 B Jakarta 12730 Tel. (62 21) 71 79 21 14 ird-indo@rad.net.id Laos Daniel Benoit BP 5992 - Vientiane République du Laos Tel. (856 21) 45 27 07 rep_vientiane@irdlaos.org Thailand Michel Tibayrenc IRD Representative Office French Embassy 29, Thanon Sathorn Tai Bangkok 10120 Tel. (66 2) 627 21 90 ird_th@ksc.th.com Vietnam Jacques Berger Ambassade de France - service culturel 57 Than Hung Dao - Hanoi Tel. (84-4) 972 06 29 repird@fpt.vn Indian Ocean Madagascar Christian Feller BP 434 - 101 Antananarivo Tel. (261 20) 22 330 98 irdmada@ird.mg European Union Jean-Michel Chassériaux CLORA - 8 avenue des Arts B1210 Bruxelles - Belgique Tel. 32 2 506 88 48 jean-michel.chasseriaux@clora.net IRD RA 05 COUV GB + SP 6/09/06 11:27 Page 2 Photo credits for this 2005 annual report Contents Baobabs, Madagascar Cover left to right ©IRD-Olivier Barrière ©IRD-Gilles Domalain ©IRD-Patrick Wagnon ©IRD-Sébastien Velut ©IRD-Pierre Evin ©IRD-Olivier Barrière ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Pierre Laboute Contents (2 photos) ©IRD-Bernard Moizo page 3 ©IRD-Olivier Dargouge page 4 © Christophe Lepetit page 5 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Raffaillac page 6 ©IRD-Patrick Wagnon page 7 ©IRD-Thierry Lebel page 8 ©IRD-Pascal Podwojewski page 9 ©IRD-Alain Leplaideur page 10 ©IRD-Joel Orempuller ©IRD-Guy Cabioch page 11 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 12 ©IRD-Thierry Ruf ©IRD-Richard Escadafal page 13 ©IRD-Arnaud Bertrand page 14 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 15 ©IRD-K. Chalikakis page 16 ©IRD-Sylvain Gilles page 17 ©IRD-Patrice Cayré page 18 ©IRD-Olivier Barrière page 19 ©IRD-Alain Borgel ©IRD-Jacqueline Thomas page 20 ©IRD-Annick Aing page 21 ©IRD-Cheikh Sokhna ©IRD-Michel Dukhan page 22 ©IRD-Alain Fournet page 23 ©IRD-Élisabeth DeliryAntheaume page 24 ©IRD-Paul-André Calatayud ©IRD-Marie-France Lange page 25 ©IRD-Frédéric Sandron page 26 ©Christophe Lepetit page 27 ©IRD-Spot page 28 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Raffaillac ©IRD-F. Ampe page 29 ©IRD-Jean-Pierre Montoroi page 30 ©IRD-Esther Katz page 31 ©IRD-Bernard Lortic page 32 ©IRD-Dominique Levèvre page 33 ©IRD-Samuel Cordier ©IRD-Véronique Fédière ©Académie d’Amiens-José Mulot page 34 ©IRD-Cheikh Sokhna page 36 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier page 37 ©IRD-Patrice Baby page 38 ©IRD-Amadou Tahirou ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Edmond Bernus page 39 ©IRD-Patrick Blanchon page 40 ©IRD-Olivier Evrard page 41 ©IRD-Pierre Laboute page 42 ©IRD-Marie-Noëlle Favier ©IRD-Ronan Lietar page 43 ©IRD-Pierre Laboute ©IRD-Christophe Maes ©Jean-Yves Meyer page 44 ©IRD-Annick Aing page 48 ©IRD-Olivier Barrière page 49 ©IRD-Renaud Fichez page 50 ©IRD-Sylvain Bonvalot ©IRD-Joël Orempuller page 55 ©IRD-Olivier Hourton ©IRD-Yves Blanca Document produced by the Information and Communication Department dic@paris.ird.fr © IRD July 2006 - Coordinator: Marie-Noëlle Favier - Editing and production monitoring: Claire Roussel - Pictures from Indigo Base: Claire Lissalde and Danielle Cavanna - Maps: Elizabeth Habert and Rainer Zeis - Graphic design: Mazarine Image - Printing: Imprimerie Henry, Montreuil-sur-Mer - Distribution: IRD dissemination unit, Bondy - English translation: Harriet Coleman The following people took part in the editing: Catherine Aubertin, Roger Bambuck, Frédéric Bergot, Samuel Cordier, Sylvain Dehaud, Marie-Noëlle Favier, Eva Giesen, Eloïse Gransagne, Mélanie Lanoisellé, Daniel Lefort, Benoît Lootvoet, Gilles Poncet, Alain Poulet, Marie-Christine Rebourcet. Scientific examples: Arnaud Bertrand, Sophie Bertrand, Alain Borgel, Guy Cabioch, Richard Escadafal, Pierre Fréon, Sylvain Gilles, Mansour Ioualalen, Marie-France Lange, Xavier Lazzaro, Anatoli Legtchenko, Jean-Loup Lemesre, Frédéric Sandron, Jean-François Trape. The IRD would like to thank the following for their testimonies: Chidchanok Lursinsap, Heitor Evangelista, Lahoucine Hanich, Renato Guevara, Abdallah Al-Zoubi, Papa Doudou Yerim Fall, Djibril Sane, Pascal Arduin, Gérard Papierok, Maxime Compaoré N° ISBN : 2-7099-1609-6 IRD RA 05 COUV GB + SP 6/09/06 11:27 Page 1 Annual report 2005
