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CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Introduction
The IRD around the world
Editorial
Highlights of 2004
The IRD in a nutshell
Research
Six priority topics for development
Studying and understanding the environment
Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems
Societies, health and development
Ethics in research for developing countries
Evaluation, training and applications
Evaluation of research and service units
Dynamic partnerships through training
Applications
Sharing scientific and technical information
Working in partnership
In countries of the South
In the French overseas territories
In mainland France
Modernising administration to benefit research
Financial resources
Human resources
Information systems
Appendices
© IRD/A.Rival
Board of trustees
IRD central services
Research units and service units
IRD centres and offices around the world
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3
4
5
8-9
11
17
23
29
32
33
36
38
41
44
46
50
52
54
56
57
58-59
60
1
THE IRD AROUND THE WORLD
Sweden
Switzerland
Italia
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
MEXICO
MALI
Syria
Lebanor
NIGER
Guadeloupe
SENEGAL
MARTINIQUE
CARIBBEAN
LAOS
India
EGYPT
BURKINA FASO
BENIN
THAÏLAND
GUINEA
CAMEROON
Colombie
Colombia
CÔTE
D’I VOIRE
FRENCH
GUIANA
ECUADOR
Ethiopia
VIETNAM
Sri Lanka
Togo
Seychelles
Gabon
KENYA
CONGO
INDONESIA
PERU
BRAZIL
Zimbawe
BOLIVIA
MADAGASCAR
REUNION ISLAND
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
CHILE
NEW
CALEDONIA
SOUTH
AFRICA
Argentina
OT H E R A LLO C AT I O NS
CENT RES AND OF FI C ES
LOCAL STAFF
EXPATRIATE STAFF
1
Staff numbers
1-3
4-6
7-12
13-25
26-50
51-62
106
140
2
6
Distribution of budgeted staff at 31/12/2004
ANNUAL REPORT
EDITORIAL
2004 was the IRD’s sixtieth anniversary year. Six decades, during which the Institute
has forged a distinctive identity, established a sound body of experience and become a
key player in research for the development of Southern countries, in France, Europe and
internationally.
2004 was a particularly fruitful year and marks a further step in the
development of the Institute’s research structures. The evaluation
process, with reviews of two-thirds of our units, has produced a
new, refocused, structure based on 83 research and service units
that are now more ambitious and responsive. The administration
acquired reliable management tools that improve the visibility of
the Institute’s scientific topics and budget decisions.
2004 was also an exemplary year on the purely scientific side.
Our researchers achieved outstanding results on HIV, El Niño and
economic use of microbes, once again attracting eager interest
from the international scientific community.
These achievements are all good reasons to look forward
confidently to the future and the Institute’s next major structuring
deadlines, the 2006-2009 objectives contract and the ten-year
strategic plan.
Current changes in the French national research system, due to the blueprint Finance law,
the creation of the National Research Agency and the draft blueprint and programming
law, provide us with the opportunity to:
- improve our scientific clarity, by structuring scientific policy around key topics that are
major development challenges as well as being emblematic of our work: prevention of
natural disasters, access to resources, health, food and nutrition, public poverty reduction
policies, management of continental and marine biodiversity and ecosystems in the South.
- increase our visibility as a partner. In line with the strategic priorities defined by CICID(1),
the IRD will continue to provide leadership in development research among French
research bodies and in joint research units, in order to build Southern scientific capacities
and integrate them into international research networks. It will co-ordinate its work better
with regional authorities in mainland France and the French tropical dependencies. And
with the 7th Framework programme and the building of a European research area in view,
it will be working more in European networks and will be seeking to attract scientific
cooperation for the South from other European countries.
- extend our international activities. Under the Millennium Goals and the CICID guidelines,
we will continue our efforts in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia,
paying special attention to the Europe-Mediterranean-Africa linkage and stimulating
regional dynamics, for example in North Africa and the Andean countries.
Our expertise in multidisciplinary approaches to scientific problems, our geographical and
partnership capabilities are strong assets for responding to the diversity and complexity
of the long-term challenges facing Southern countries: equitable, sustainable development,
biodiversity management and cultural identities.
The IRD’s forthcoming objectives contract and strategic plan will spell out its scientific,
geographical and management policies for fulfilling its missions and using research,
partnership and training to improve living conditions and scientific capacities in the
countries of the South.
(1) CICID: Interministerial committee for international cooperation and development
Jean-François GIRARD
Chairman
Serge CALABRE
Director general
3
HIGHLIGHTS
OF 2004
A wealth of experience
Bacteria for nitrate control
The IRD celebrated its sixtieth anniversary. Known for many years under its
old acronym of Orstom, it acquired “public sector science and technology
research establishment” status in 1984. In October 2004 the IRD and its
partners also celebrated its thirtieth year of work in Ecuador.
IRD microbiologists and their partners found two new bacteria living in oil
wells, both of which consume nitrates.
Second mandate for the Chairman
On 29 September the Council of Ministers confirmed Jean-François Girard
in his post as Chairman of the IRD Board of Trustees.
Tight structure: 83 units
After a rigorous review of those research and service units coming to the
end of their four-year terms (two-thirds of the total), the IRD’s new, tighter
structure includes 83 units.
El Niño accentuates glacier melt in the Andes
Research conducted since 1976 in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, now shows
that the melting of Andean glaciers is the result of more intense El Niño
episodes.
AIDS: generic triple therapy successfully tested in
Cameroon
IRD researchers and their partners, with ANRS support, showed that a
single tablet incorporating three generic anti-retroviral drugs is effective and
is well tolerated by people with HIV infection.
Thailand: a step forward towards eradicating motherto-baby HIV transmission
A clinical trial showed that a short course of AZT combined with a single
dose of another anti-retroviral drug, nevirapine, reduces the risk of motherto-baby HIV transmission to less than 2%. Without any treatment, that risk
is 35%.
Hub of excellence in Toulouse
The new premises of the laboratory for geological processes and transfers, in
Toulouse, were inaugurated on 9 September.
New malaria vector in Africa
4
Malaria is the most widespread of all parasite diseases, affecting nearly
a million people worldwide. Studying mosquitoes collected in Cameroon,
scientists discovered a new species of Anopheles mosquito, called Anopheles
ovengensis.
Closer Mediterranean partnerships
The IRD opened an office in Morocco and increased it presence in the
Mediterranean region, in Algeria particularly.
THE IRD
IN A NUTSHELL
The IRD, a research institute to benefit development
Active international co-operation
Originally founded in 1944, the Institut de recherche pour le développement
is a public science and technology research Institute, reporting to the French
ministries in charge of research and development cooperation.
All IRD activities are carried out in collaboration with universities, other
leading higher education institutions and private and public research
establishments, in France and the developing countries.
Working throughout the tropics, the IRD has three basic missions: research,
training and consultancy work.
The IRD conducts its research in close coopération with its numerous partner
countries. It operates in some 40 countries and has 35 research centres and
representatives’ offices in France and elsewhere.
Our research programmes focus on the relationship between humans and
their environment in the countries of the South – always with a view to
assisting those countries’ development.
KEY FIGURES FOR 2004
193.8
million euros total budget
2 172
employees
938
83
staff outside mainland France
research and service units
234
grants awarded
to students from Southern teams
690
publication listed in Science citation
index (excludes social sciences)
162.22
72 %
16.82
789
799
584
31.5 %
million euros in subsidies
allocated to payroll
million euros own resources (mainly research agreements)
research staff
engineers and technicians
local and non-tenured staff
of staff in mainland France work in partner organisations
71 % of staff outside France work in Africa
115 long-term missions
26 joint research units with other French research bodies or universities
147 thesis grants
53 scientific exchange fellowships
34 in-service training grants
43 % of articles co-authored with Southern partners
5
6
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Six priority topics for development
Studying and understanding the environment
Protecting biodiversity and ecosystems
Societies, health and development
Ethics in research for developing countries
8-9
11
17
23
29
7
SIX
PRIORITY
TOPICS FOR
DEVELOPMENT
Topic 1
Environmental hazards
and the safety of Southern
communities
Topic 2
Sustainable ecosystem
management in the South
Topic 3
Southern continental
and coastal water resources
and their use
Southern countries are more exposed than the
developed North to environmental hazards
such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, hurricanes, floods and epidemics.
Most of the regions vital for the planet’s
biodiversity are located in Southern countries.
These countries possess a vast range of
ecosystems, from desert to rainforest, ocean to
river and savanna to mountain. They are also
undergoing spectacular population growth
and major population movements, and are
feeling the effects of global climate change.
These features result in over-exploitation of
traditionally used ecosystems, deforestation
for the purposes of trade, agriculture and
urbanisation, and cultivation of vulnerable
marginal land.
Access to water is a serious problem in many
Southern countries. Identifying water reserves
and understanding how best to access and
manage them are among the key requirements
for development.
To assess and forecast such risks, IRD research
focuses on severe seismic events, the eruptive
dynamics of volcanoes located near major
towns, the potential impact of climate change,
and desertification processes.
Satellite observation enables the teams
concerned to take a comprehensive approach
to phenomena that threaten populations and
the environment, starting from localised
cases.
We also conduct research on the social and
economic pressures connected with natural
resources in areas affected by natural hazards.
And lastly, the way in which the affected
communities perceive and represent these
hazards is now recognised as a determining
factor for safety management.
8
To achieve sustainable ecosystem management,
continental and marine ecosystem dynamics
and biodiversity need to be catalogued and
described in all their complexity and their
interactions. We need to understand how these
ecosystems function by analysing physical and
chemical properties and soils. The challenges
of sustainable development concern both
government environmental policy and local
practices.
The study of ocean-atmosphere interactions
holds promise for forecasting the African
monsoon in the Sahelian zone.
Water quality is an important factor for human
health and for fishery resources.
As human populations in Southern countries
grow, there are major migration movements
into areas near rivers, lakes and the sea.
The human impact on these environments,
including pressure from fishing and
aquaculture, is increasing dramatically.
To protect these ecosystems and their
resources, we need to catalogue the resources
and forecast their ability to withstand
increasing human use.
Topic 4
Food security in the South
Topic 5
Health in the South: epidemics,
endemic and emerging diseases,
healthcare systems
Topic 6
Economic, social, identity and
spatial dynamics issues in the
South
Ensuring food security is an essential aspect
of poverty reduction. Avoiding malnutrition
depends in part on improving processing
methods and learning about healthy, balanced
diets.
In Southern countries, development is still
seriously hampered by public health problems
and infectious and emerging diseases.
The human and social dimensions of
development challenges are expressed largely
through policies to reduce poverty, inequality,
the effects of globalisation and the impact of
technological progress.
For the most part, today’s fast-growing food
requirements will be met by agriculture,
its output and the nutritional quality of
its produce. Intensifying production under
sustainable conditions will depend on a
number of basic, structuring knowledge areas.
For example, learning more about the biology
and physiology of crop species and identifying
genetic mechanisms will accelerate plant
breeding.
An «ecological agronomy» will be achieved by
increasing yields under sustainable conditions
while maintaining soil fertility, minimising
erosion and reducing inputs. This particularly
depends on a more thorough knowledge of soil
structure, macrofaunal activity and nitrogenfixing symbiosis in plants.
Improving productivity also implies crop
protection and management of crop pests,
diseases and parasites, particularly through
advances in biological control.
IRD research mainly concerns diseases
connected with poverty (malaria, tuberculosis
and HIV/AIDS), the so-called «neglected»
diseases (mainly trypanosomiasis and
leishmaniasis) and emerging viral diseases
(dengue, Ebola and West Nile).
Other research focuses on the genetic diversity
and structure of the pathogens,characterisation
of the vectors, drug resistance and natural
bioactive compounds found in terrestrial or
marine organisms.
Special attention is paid to the social and
anthropological aspects of health, through
studies of healthcare quality, patients’
observance of prescribed treatments,
preventive behaviour, the organisation of
health services and representations of illness.
Most work in this sphere is multidisciplinary,
involving social scientists alongside doctors,
biologists and epidemiologists.
Population dynamics, migration and
urbanisation are particularly fruitful focuses
for studying social change.
Analysing trends in knowledge, education policy,
linguistic diversity, identity reconstruction and
diasporas helps to improve understanding and
forecasting of societal changes.
Research in archaeology not only sheds light
on the past of Southern societies, it also
shows how people adapt their cultural and
technological models to natural constraints.
SIX
PRIORITY
TOPICS FOR
DEVELOPMENT
9
10
Earth and environment
STUDYING
AND UNDERSTANDING
THE ENVIRONMENT
The aims of the Earth and Environment
department (DME) are to understand physical
natural phenomena, to assess resources and to
study the risk-hazard relations connected with
complex interactions between the solid and fluid
envelopes of our planet and the action of the
biosphere on those envelopes.
Seventy-five per cent of the department’s
research scientists are working in joint research
units with universities and other research bodies,
particularly the CNRS, CNES, INRA, Cemagref
and CIRAD. Two international joint laboratories,
in India and Brazil, were set up and two more,
in Chile and South Africa, are under discussion.
In this respect the department acts as an
interactive portal enabling many partners to
conduct exchanges and intercommunicate with
French research structures.
As regards environmental risks and hazards, in
2004 IRD research focused on seismic activity,
setting up networks in South America to observe
and monitor tectonic phenomena. On the climate
side, two of our key research programmes are
studying palaeoclimates and analysing the
desertification process on the fringes of the
Sahara.
Tropical ocean systems and soils (in relation to
atmosphere, water and biology) are addressed
through physical and chemical observation using
inputs from biology and the social sciences.There
are four strands to IRD research on hydrologic
systems: experimental and field hydrology,
water resources and reserves, management
of hydrologic systems and international flow
monitoring systems (with the world hydrological
cycle observing system Whycos, and research in
the major river basins of the Amazon, Orenoco,
Congo and Niger). Applied mathematics, data
processing and satellite-based observation
systems also play a part in the study of complex
processes.
© IR
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The department also pilots major international
projects. AMMA, a research programme on the
African monsoon, has over 200 researchers from
the G8 countries and 200 African researchers.
The aims are to acquire a variety of data for
short-term climate forecasting in West Africa
and to control the impact of climate change.
An example of partnership with other French and
European organisation in desertification control
is the long-term ecological surveillance network
managed by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory.
This programme is now supported by Europe
under the name of DeSurvey. The IRD is also
lead agency for French research organisations
working under the New Partnership for Africa’s
Development (NEPAD), particularly in work to
set up centres of excellence on water and integrate
them into global networks. These examples,
based on combined global and analytical
approaches, should improve governance in two
fields that are now of vital importance: water
and desertification.
Contact dme@paris.ird.fr
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/ P. W a
© IRD
© IRD
/ P. W a
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Earth and environment
SEISMIC HAZARDS
AND RISK PREVENTION IN ALGERIA
Earthquakes can have a catastrophic impact
in urban areas. In Algeria, following the
earthquake that hit Boumerdès on 21 May
2003, scientists from the Grenoble Laboratory
of Internal Geophysics and Tectonophysics
and the Algerian National Centre for
Applied Research in Paraseismic Engineering
conducted research with a view to adapting
urban planning and land use to a region’s
seismic profile, so reducing its vulnerability in
the event of a quake. Demarcating areas where
building should not be permitted and defining
architectural criteria, the survey took the
social conditions of rebuilding into account.
To explain major disparities in the distribution
of damage, microzoning was carried out on the
towns of Boumerdès, Zemmouri and Bouinan.
The measurements taken showed that the
entire stratigraphic column was affected by
the quake, from the tertiary rocks directly
overlying the basement to the most recent
layers. This finding is of prime importance
for identifying the laws of rock behaviour.
On a broader scale, the analysis showed that
the structures activated by the Boumerdès
quake were sharply partitioned. We now know
that the Mitidja basin continues under the sea;
the fault that shifted during this earthquake is
bordered on its southern side by a major strikeslip fault that is part of the Thénia system.
Characterisation of seismic waves in relation
to the orientation of the fault activated when
the seism occurred explained the distribution
of damage to buildings in the town. Scientists
12
established the relation between the initial state
of the buildings and the amount of damage
after the earthquake. These observations show
that for risk prevention purposes, seismic
monitoring and visual checks on changes in
the state of buildings can usefully complement
each other.
Contacts guillier@bondy.ird.fr
stephane.cartier@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
The geophysical survey was complemented by
an analysis of the social, communicational and
legal aspects for the populations affected, the
better to understand how town planning policy
can incorporate seismic information. After a
post-quake observation and reorganisation
phase, several issues were examined:
institutional management of the crisis,
malfunctions in the infrastructure networks,
economic consequences and the difficulty of
getting businesses functioning again, evaluation
of dwellings, rehousing, psychological fears
and the role of the media in a situation of
physical and political uncertainty.
The interdisciplinary approach developed in
the Boumerdès area continues, to help define
criteria for rebuilding. The work will serve
for designing a quick, simple method for
classifying the state of buildings affected by
an earthquake, modelling the parameters of
the town’s sedimentary basin and setting up
a database on the different types of vulnerable
building, for the city of Algiers. Continuous
recording coupled with other methods will
be used to demarcate zones where the risk of
landslip is high and to identify the traces of
faults liable to become active again.
© IR D
/Y. H e
ll o
©I
RD
/ Y.
Hel
lo
Earth and environment
ANALOGUE MODELLING
OF GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
The Andes cordillera constitutes an ideal
natural laboratory for studying volcanic
eruptions and the geological functioning
of a mountain chain. However, to explain
the evolution of the surface of a continent,
scientists need to model geological processes.
It remains extremely difficult to reconstitute
in three dimensions the processes by which
the Earth’s crust is deformed and erodes over
tens of millions of years, and the interactions
between deformation and erosion. On a
different timescale, volcanic phenomena such
as pyroclastic flows (extremely hot mixtures
of volcanic gas and ash generated by the
gravitational collapse of a lava dome or an
eruption column) are also poorly understood.
To improve understanding of these complex
processes, natural phenomena can be simulated
in the laboratory using reduced-scale models.
These experiments reproduce in a few hours
the deformations affecting the surface of the
planet over several million years.This change in
timescale can be achieved by using analogous
materials – materials that simulate the
mechanical properties of rocks, but at much
higher speeds. Dry sand, silicon gum, glucose
syrup and even honey can be used to simulate
the behaviour of different types of rock in the
lithosphere and asthenosphere(1). The role
of erosion and its effect on the evolution of
landform are modelled by ablation processes,
using an aspiration system for example.
The University of Chile’s Geology Department
and the IRD have set up an analogue modelling
laboratory in Santiago. Here, the formation
of terrestrial structures can be reproduced
for a basin or for the entire lithosphere and
upper mantle. Researchers and students
are studying the influence of different types
of rock behaviour on the development of
strike-slip faults and the emplacement of
Chile’s major copper deposits. They are also
conducting experiments to understand how
sedimentary basins are established and the
relationship between transfers of matter
(by erosion and sedimentation) and the
evolution of compressive structures. Using
experiments like these to reproduce the
functioning of natural systems, scientists
can predict more effectively where to find
economically useful minerals in the Earth’s
crust.
For the experiments designed to simulate
pyroclastic flows, we generate gravitational
currents of particles in suspension in air.
Modelling shows that flows of small particles
such as volcanic ash propagate at constant
velocity, like purely liquid flows. These findings
are surprising in that the moving particles are
almost in contact, which in principle ought to
produce a different type of behaviour.This work
will help to understand the evolution of several
potentially dangerous Chilean volcanoes such
as Villarica and Lascar.
(1) Asthenosphere: the layer between the mantle
and the overlying lithosphere, on which the tectonic
plates move about.
Analogue model of the Andes
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Reynaldo Charrier,
DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF
G E O L O G Y, U N I V E R S I T Y O F C H I L E
D
© IR
ér
/ G. H
The development of mountain chains along active
continental margins involves deformation, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and uplifting of huge
volumes of rock. An overall understanding of these
processes requires expertise in structural geology,
petrology, vulcanology, seismology and geomorphology. With the new analogue modelling laboratory
in the University of Chile’s Geology Department we
have been able to conduct several experiments to
improve understanding of several complex situations involving interactions between the oceanic
plates that border South America and Antarctica.
The role of pre-existing structures in the deformation and uplifting of the Andes chain in central Chile,
near Santiago, is also being studied with the aid
of models. One goal is to identify the areas where
uplifting and erosion are most intense, in order to
warn of landslide hazards in areas close to human
settlements.
ail
Contacts O.Roche@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr
martinod@lmtg.obs-mip.fr
13
Contact
rcharrie@cec.uchile.cl
Earth and environment
OCEAN DYNAMICS
AND CLIMATE
The surface waters of the equatorial Pacific
play a major part in changes in the Earth’s
changing climate. It is there that the
El Niño phenomenon occurs, with its major
repercussions on year-to-year climate
variation. One consequence of this variability
is that ocean waters may act either as sink
or as source of atmospheric carbon dioxide,
so playing a part in the carbon cycle – and in
global warming.
The waters of the Eastern Pacific are relatively
cool (22-28° C) and salty (> 36g/L). Carbon
dioxide is released from these waters into the
atmosphere when the combined action of the
trade winds and the Coriolis force brings an
upwelling of deep water to the surface. The
waters of the Western Pacific are warmer
(> 28° C) and less salty (> 35 g/L). This is
the "warm pool" whose carbon dioxide content
is in balance with that of the atmosphere.
Between the two water masses is a zone a
few kilometres wide, and this is the seat of the
physical mechanisms that facilitate or restrict
the movement of the warm pool across the
Pacific.
The two water masses vary widely in their
respective surface areas, depending on
climatic conditions. During El Niño, the
waters of the warm pool spread eastward,
sometimes even reaching the coast of South
America. Parameters important for studying
this phenomenon, such as the salinity, carbon
dioxide content and chemical properties of
the water, cannot be measured remotely from
14
satellites. To understand the phenomenon,
computer modelling is used, with in situ
validation. This is the reason for the IRD's
regular oceanographic surveys in the Pacific,
the most recent of which took place in March
and April 2004 on board the IRD's Nouméabased oceanography vessel Alis.
During these surveys, the temperature,
salinity, surface carbon dioxide content and
current are recorded continuously. Other
measurements are taken at intervals between
the surface and a depth of 1000 metres using
a sounder equipped with sensors, which also
collects water samples for chemical analysis.
Improvements to this technique now provide
data on currents in the water column at each
station; the new configuration and the types of
apparatus used constitute a first for a French
research ship.
Data gathered during this and earlier surveys
confirm the complex interconnections between
different processes at all scales, as reflected in
the properties of the frontal zone. From this
information the scientists have linked unusual
salinity values in the warm pool with a ten-year
trend in the South Pacific. At the other end of
the spectrum, researchers have discovered that
the physical and bio-geochemical fronts do not
coincide, and have linked this with variations
in atmospheric forcing over periods of a few
weeks.
Contact eldin@ird.fr
© IR D
/C
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.M a e s
Earth and environment
WHYCOS,
THE WORLD HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE OBSERVING SYSTEM
Many countries in the South are faced with the
problem of obtaining enough water of suitable
quality. Forty per cent of the world’s population
live in countries where water stress is medium to
high. There is a danger that water shortage will
hinder these countries’ economic development.
One fundamental requirement for optimum
management of water resources is to have
adequate data. However, it is difficult to obtain
reliable data quickly to cover long periods,
especially where several countries share the
same river basin. To address this problem,
the World Meteorological Office (WMO) has
launched Whycos, the World Hydrological Cycle
Observing System. The system’s components
complement countries’ own efforts to obtain
uniform data in real time; some are regional
(e.g. Med-Hycos), others cover cross-border
river basins (Niger-Hycos, Volta-Hycos and
Mekong-Hycos).
IRD hydrologists launched the first regional
components of Whycos: Med-Hycos in the
Mediterranean and AOC-Hycos in West and
Central Africa. Its pilot phase completed,
AOC-Hycos now continues with Niger-Hycos
for the Niger basin and Volta-Hycos for the
Volta (1). The aims are to equip some sixty
monitoring stations to transmit data by satellite
or telephone and to establish a database in each
country of the river basin. As for Med-Hycos,
in May 2004 some 270 participants from 40
countries met at the Balwois conference in
Macedonia, financed by the European Union.
Working in partnership with the Compagnie
Nationale du Rhône, IRD scientists have also
developed Hydromet, a software for storing,
processing and transmitting hydrological and
meteorological data. The software is adapted to
African requirements and the Hycos projects,
and is approved by the WMO for hydrological
monitoring stations.
Whycos is modelled on the WMO’s World
Weather Watch and uses the same information
and telecommunications technologies. It will
be used to disseminate high-quality data, to
promote international collaboration and to
build up the capacities of national hydrological
services. It will provide the international
community with a tool for monitoring water
resources worldwide and for understanding the
global water cycle.
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© IR
/M.G
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A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Mohamed Tawfik,
HEAD OF THE HYDROLOGY
DIVISION, WMO
Reliable, referenced databases developed under
these projects could be used in many research
programmes on water resources, resource
management and changes in resource levels. Not
all the data accumulated over recent decades,
for example by IRD hydrologists in Africa and
on other continents, have been digitised. The
IRD plans to input these data so as to build up
long time series.
© IR
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(1) The French development and environmental
agencies, Agence Française de Développement
and Fond Français pour l’Environnement
Mondial, have awarded €3,000,000 to NigerHycos and €1,000,000 to Volta-Hycos.
/O. B
arri
è
The World Meteorological Office and the IRD have
been collaborating fruitfully for ten years now
to develop and implement a number of regional
components of Whycos, in the Mediterranean basin,
Africa and the Caribbean. The IRD has hosted
experts from participating countries, forging lasting
co-operation links among institutions. It possesses
an impressive body of experience in designing,
implementing and managing hydrological monitoring stations, from data acquisition to developing
tools for data processing, archiving and dissemination. These are invaluable competencies for implementing the Hycos projects on the Volta and Niger
rivers and in the Caribbean. This all makes the IRD
a key partner for the WMO.
re
Contact : MTawfik@wmo.int
Contact thebe@mpl.ird.fr
15
Rourc vivant
16
Living Rourc
PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
AND ECOSYSTEMS
The overall aim of research in the Living
Resources department is to ensure that
ecosystems and the uses made of them
are viable, well managed and meet the
imperatives of sustainable development.
Tropical farming systems are one focus,
others are coastal marine and continental
aquatic ecosystems and their characteristic
biodiversity.
The IRD’s evaluation process has resulted
in larger, more reactive research units
with more ambitious scientific aims.
In microbiology and soil science, for example,
seven units have been reorganised into three
teams taking complementary approaches.
2004 research topics include the use of
marginal, vulnerable land, fertilisation
or rehabilitation of exhausted soils and
assessing the potential of agriculture to
sequester carbon. To involve European
partners more closely, the Institute joined
Cirad in an European Economic Interest
Grouping called Ecart whose goal is to
stimulate European expertise in tropical
agronomy. Research in Senegal and northeastern Thailand produced results that help
to explain the severe salinisation in local
rice fields. Several units are working on crop
pests and diseases.
Other IRD scientists are involved in
plant breeding, using genomics and
molecular biology tools. Internationally,
the IRD developed closer partnership
with Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres in
2004, taking part in the CGIAR’s Challenge
programmes; in particular, teams working
on genetic resources were selected for the
Generation Challenge Programme. IRD
researchers and their partners studying
varieties of maize grown in Mexico provided
genetic proof that farming practices play a
vital part in maintaining wide diversity.
Contact drv@paris.ird.fr
Scientists studying the management of
tropical ecosystems combine input from
the natural sciences and the analytical
sciences – modelling, spatialisation and
bioinformatics. Other 2004 research
topics were protected areas and how they
are evolving, environmental ethics and
economics. Biodepollution and productive
use of microorganisms was another field
of work; studies in Australian and Mexican
oil fields identified species of bacteria that
consume nitrates.
Water quality is of vital importance for
human health, fishery and aquaculture.
Preserving the biological quality of
continental and coastal waters and
conserving fishery ecosystems are also on
the department’s agenda. IRD researchers
involved in developing national strategy on
biodiversity research took part in the Paris
Conference on biodiversity governance,
marine biodiversity in particular. This focus
was illustrated by the Institute’s travelling
exhibition on «Fish and Men».
The IRD also plays a part in the European
Science Foundation and encourages teams to
submit proposals for Eurocore programmes,
in order to integrate more closely with
European structures.
is
/Y.P a r
© IR D
© IR D
/A .R
iv a l
17
LE POINT DE VUE
D’UN PARTENAIRE
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Julien Demenois,
OFFICE NATIONAL DES EAUX ET
DE FORÊTS (ONF),
FRENCH GUIANA
The French forestry authority ONF has been
managing 7.5 million hectares of tropical rainforest
in French Guiana since 1967. Only some parts of the
peri-coastal fringe of the forest, about 1.7 million
hectares, can be reached by road or track. Access to
the rest is by river or by air, which is a major obstacle
to sustainable forest management. Approaches like
those the IRD has developed under the CAREFOR
and DIME projects are of great interest to the ONF
and other management bodies in the SILVOLAB GIS
partnership. With methods for predicting parameters
such as mean tree diameter or the composition of
the flora, forest managers hope to be able to target
their diagnostic and field survey efforts more
effectively and gain a better understanding of larger
areas for land use planning. These techniques look
promising and realistic. They should also benefit
forest monitoring and logging surveillance once the
forthcoming SPOT 5 receiving station is installed in
Guiana.
Contact julien.demenois@onf.fr
Living Rourc
IMAGERY
FOR TROPICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
To
manage tropical rainforest sustainably it
is essential to be able to estimate and map the
descriptive parameters of the vegetation, such
as biomass and biodiversity, for a large area
of forest. But these ecosystems are extremely
complex, so parameters of this kind can only
be directly measured over small areas. Despite
the increasing precision of satellite or aerial
imagery, until now there had been no reliable
method for extrapolating local data to large
areas from remotely sensed images.
correlated with a set of forest parameters such
as density, mean tree diameter, distribution of
tree diameters and mean tree height. Reversing
the analysis, one can predict from the texture
index the characteristics of a forest far beyond
the reference plots and map these parameters
for an area of several thousand hectares.
This is valuable for estimating biomass and
carbon stock, monitoring the impact of logging
or defining forest types in order to design
management plans.
IRD scientists working in a joint research
unit(1) with a teacher-researcher from the
ENGREF, the French Institute of Forestry,
Agricultural and Environmental Engineering,
now propose a new method of canopy analysis.
In a pilot study of a site near the Petit Saut
dam in French Guiana, they mathematically
analysed digitised aerial photographs using a
method developed for studying brousse tigrée
in Africa. The results show that the method
is useful for studying the texture of tropical
rainforest canopy. A mathematical formula
called the Fourier transform is used to classify
pictures of forest canopy according to the
frequency of recurrent motifs of various sizes. A
coarse-grained canopy indicates an area where
the predominant pattern consists of stands of
tall trees alternating with large natural treefall clearings, whereas a finely-grained texture
marks a juxtaposition of small tree crowns.
The method holds great promise, as it can
be reproduced for different types of tree
population and different dates. The initial
findings have been confirmed by tests in French
Guiana on tree populations that had been
selectively logged, and in an area of mangrove.
The method can be applied both to traditional
aerial photographs such as have been taken
since the 1950s in tropical regions and to
recent satellite images such as those taken by
the Ikonos and QuickBird satellites.
The study of images taken in French Guiana
shows that canopy texture is very closely
18
Contacts Raphael.pelissier@mpl.ird.fr
pierre.couteron@ifpindia.org
(1) Joint research unit UMR AMAP, «botAnique et
bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes».
© IR D
/B
. de M
érona
Following these first results, a databank
coupling canopy images and field measurements
will be set up in early 2005 at the IRD centre
in Cayenne. This will enable the IRD to
capitalise information in order to refine and
gradually validate the correlations between the
canopy texture index and the forest structure
parameters. The system could in the long
run become a common management tool for
Guiana’s forests
A
© IN R
roy
/C . L e
Living Rourc
RESTORING MINES SITES
IN NEW CALEDONIA
New Caledonia is the world’s fourth-ranking
nickel producer. Nickel is mined on an openpit system, stripping off soil and vegetation.
This increases erosion and endangers some
components of biodiversity. It is therefore
important to restore mine sites. This mainly
means establishing a new vegetation cover
that can then evolve towards a biologically
diverse state. With mining expanding fast,
New Caledonia must reconcile its industrial
development with management of a biological
heritage that is recognised worldwide for its
diversity and originality.
At present, revegetation is based on local
species selected during earlier research. These
are species that thrive in poor soils that are
toxic to most plants. They are relatively slow
growers, which limits their ground coverage and
the extent to which they improve soil fertility –
a process that has to happen before secondary
species can establish themselves naturally. So
it is crucial to find ways to accelerate and
amplify the installation and development of
the species planted.
Current research is intended to improve the
performance of pioneer species growing in
symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria or with
mycorrhizae that facilitate the host plant’s
uptake of nutrient minerals. Isolation trials,
selection and characterisation of different
symbiotic microorganisms with a role in plants
mineral nutrition on mining soils are being
conducted under several joint programmes(1).
The research shows that Serianthes calycina, a
leguminous plant that was giving the best results
in terms of growth, nitrogen input and the
establishment of a range of other species in its
shade, lives in symbiosis with Brachyrhizobium,
a bacteria that has some strains particularly
good at fixing nitrogen. As regards symbiosis
between plants and mycorrhizae – fungi that
colonise plant roots – the research has shown
that tree species of the genuses Gymnostoma
(Casuarinaceae family) and Araucaria
(Araucariaceae) have root nodules whose
presence could promote regeneration of the
forest ecosystem. The researchers have also
discovered symbioses between several pioneer
species of the Myrtaceae family and fungi new
to science.
Contacts Tanguy.Jaffre@noumea.ird.nc
Bernard.Dreyfus@mpl.ird.fr
A NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH CENTRE
LE POINTAND
DE VUE
ON “NICKEL
THE
D’UN
PARTENAIRE
ENVIRONMENT”
These results, based on characterising and
utilising symbiotic components of local
biodiversity will help to improve the restoration
of degraded sites, with planted or sown species
being inoculated with the most efficient strains
of the microorganisms isolated. Accelerating
and amplifying colonisation of bare ground by
vegetation should reduce costs and so make it
possible to treat larger areas.
D
© IR
/Wir
rma
As announced by the Deputy Minister for Research
at the New Caledonia Research Conference in August
2004, a National Technology Research Centre on Nickel
and the Environment is soon to be created.
nn
With nickel ore prospecting and mining increasing
and more mining companies involved, the aim of the
research centre is to promote mining in a sustainable
development perspective and to structure collaboration
between public sector research laboratories and major
companies.
National new research centre will improve knowledge
of the parent rock and optimise the revegetation process.
(1) Research involving the IRD, the joint research
unit UMR CNRS 5557 of the University of Lyon 1,
INRA, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique
in Montpellier, the University of New Caledonia, the
New Caledonia Institute of Agronomy and CIRAD.
Contact Fabrice Colin
dir.noumea@noumea.ird.fr
© IR
D
/ T. J
affr
è
19
Living Rourc
FISH
UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE
Different fish species respond differently to
natural or man-made changes to environmental conditions. Some species show remarkable
physiological adaptations, such as resistance to
salinity or pollution. Others can modify their
reproductive or growth mechanisms to survive
in places where less adaptable species die out.
Examples of this are dwarfism and early sexual
maturity. The effects of these disturbances are
seen on individuals and on populations structure. Though often reported, these adaptive
responses are poorly understood.
IRD scientists and their Senegalese and Gambian partners in West Africa are comparing
phenomena in the Gambia estuary and the
Sine Saloum in Senegal. Although geographically close, the two areas have different hydrological conditions and ecosystems. The Gambia
estuary has normal salinity and has not suffered major natural or man-made alterations,
whereas the Sine Saloum is a ‘reverse estuary’
where salinity is very high at the upstream end.
The goal is to measure the effects of hypersalinity on species and populations and identify
their response thresholds, in order to identify
biological indicators for assessing the health of
these ecosystems.
Two fish species, a tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) and the Bonga shad (Ethmalosa
fimbriata), were chosen as complementary
biological models. These fish are able to live
in waters as hypersaline as those found upstream in the Saloum, mainly by modifying their
20
reproductive cycle and growth. Sexually mature
males and females of both species are smaller
in the most saline parts of the Saloum than in
the Gambia estuary. This feature, which is linked to other biological characteristics, reflects
a response to environmental constraints.
Contact Raymond.Lae@ird.fr
IRD scientists also assessed the impact of
fishing pressure on the organisation of fish
populations in the two estuaries. Annual
monitoring of fish catches and landings show
that in the Gambia estuary (taken here as the
reference environment), fishing focuses mainly
on prawn. Wide-mesh nets and long-lines are
used, but only for large species. Such specialised fishing under-exploits the estuary’s fish
resources, suggesting that in this case fishing
cannot be regarded as a major disturbance to
the ecosystem.
The information gathered about river, lake,
lagoon and estuary ecosystems in West Africa
is stored in databanks used directly for statistical analysis or as input for models to assess
the extent of change to food chains caused by
hypersalinity. These results have been achieved
through close collaboration between the IRD
and its Senegalese and Gambian partners, particularly through supervision of some twenty
students.
© IR D
/E -C
D o m in
iq u e
/M
© IR D
n
. L e ge
dre
Living Rourc
CONTROLLING SOIL
SALINISATION
In the mid-twentieth century, the soils of northeastern Thailand’s inland seasonal wetlands
started to become saline; massive deforestation
at that time caused saline groundwater to rise to
shallow depths. At first, areas of some hundred
square metres appeared where rice could no
longer grow; then these areas spread to cover
entire wetlands. Thai researchers had tested
all the conventional methods for controlling
land salinisation, in vain, but there were some
farmers who managed to keep higher-thanaverage yields on their farms by a traditional
combination of irrigation management and
organic inputs.
In 2001, the Department of Rural Development
at the Thai agriculture ministry and some farm
cooperatives started a programme to improve
understanding of the processes involved in
salinisation and find the scientific basis for
the villagers’ traditional practices. One farm
using salinity control methods and one using
traditional methods were compared, while the
properties of soil and soil solution on each
farm being monitored for three years.
In 2004 the results were reviewed, revealing an
original situation and showing the vulnerability
of the current rice farming system. The water
management methods of the traditional system
partly desalinate the top ten centimetres of
soil, while the soil beneath remains too salty
for roots to spread. The study also shows that
salt accumulating on the surface is not only
caused by salt water rising by capillary action
in the dry season, but also, as measurements
of geophysical factors and solute flows showed
in some places, by salt water rising from
deep levels during the wet season, as with an
artesian spring. It is probable that this water
under pressure is in balance with groundwater
on the slopes, and that the saline areas overlie
fractures in the rock beneath.
These are important findings for salinisation
control. It is not simply a matter of preventing
salt from rising in the dry season and
desalinating when the wet season starts; the
rise of saline water must also be controlled
during the wet season. The traditional water
management methods do this, using every
means possible to maintain a sheet of water on
the fields throughout the cropping season.
For rice roots to grow properly, soil acidity also
has to be neutralised. The scientists found that
these soils, which are acid in the dry season, are
often neutral when covered by a sheet of water,
owing to the action of soil microorganisms. A
study is now under way, in collaboration with
the University of Paris XI Orsay, to discover
whether the traditional inputs of organic
matter on saline patches may primarily serve to
stimulate microorganism activity rather than
to add crop nutrients as is usually the case.
© IR D
/J
-L . M a
eght
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Dr. Yupa Hanboonsong,
DIRECTOR, OFFICE
OF INTERNATIONAL
A G R I C U LT U R E ,
UNIVERSITY OF KHON KAEN
©I
RD
/J-
L. M
aeg
Over the years, the Agriculture Faculty at the
University of Khon Kaen had developed an informal
collaboration with the IRD, particularly in the form
of scientific exchanges of students and researchers.
To structure the partnership, in 2004 a four-year
project was set up, jointly funded by the French
and Thai governments. The project is based on
collaboration between a network of Thai universities
coordinated by the University of Khon Kaen and a
network of French research institutes co-ordinated
by the IRD. The aim is to enable French and Thai
scientists to work together on common issues
and on problems that concern both countries.
This arrangement could serve as a model in other
sectors, so strengthening research in Thailand.
ht
Contact Roland.Poss@mpl.ird.fr
21
Contact yupa_han@kku.ac.th
Rourc vivant
22
Socii and Health Department
SOCIETIES, HEALTH,
DEVELOPMENT
The IRD has 26 research units, 1 service unit
and 6 joint research units working on social
and health issues.
Southern countries, especially the poorest, have
to cope with endemic vector-borne diseases
such as malaria, arboviruses, leishmaniasis
and trypanosomiasis, and the persistence
or emergence of such pathologies as AIDS,
tuberculosis and meningitis. Access to simple,
low-cost treatments is a leading health
priority.
As regards HIV, in 2004 IRD researchers, their
Cameroonian partners and Doctors without
Borders demonstrated for the first time that
a fixed-dose generic retroviral triple therapy is
both effective and well tolerated. In Thailand,
a clinical trial performed with American and
Thai researchers showed that the combination
of a short AZT treatment with a single dose of
nevirapine, another anti-viral drug, reduces the
risk of mother-to-baby HIV transmission from
6% to less than 2% (without treatment, the
risk is 35%).
Counterfeit drugs are another health problem.
A survey in Cameroon revealed that selfmedication against malaria favours an
increase in the number of treatment-resistant
parasites and hence treatment failures and
wasted healthcare expenditure.
On the topic of access to natural resources, the
IRD conducted multidisciplinary research on
the social, economic and environmental impact
of protected areas. Meanwhile researchers
studying marine and terrestrial biodiversity
and ethnopharmacology isolated anti-malarial
substances in New Caledonian sponges.
In research aiming to reduce nutritional
deficiencies, an IRD team working with national
and Canadian scientists in Burkina Faso showed
that consuming red palm oil reduces vitamin A
deficiency in women and children.
Globalisation and social change
On the public policy side, the IRD analyses
poverty and inequality reduction measures in
terms of both macro- and micro-economics.
Educational and public health policies were
examined in 2004 from the standpoint of
children’s school performance and school dropout rates, access to health systems and family
planning.
D/
© IR
M.-N
i
. F av
er
Other IRD researchers were conducting indepth research on the impact of armed conflict,
in Africa particularly, from the standpoint of on
displaced populations and refugees. Research
in Colombia focused on issues of people mixed
origin, multiculturalism and the place of
«black communities» in the policy applied to
«indigenous peoples».
© IR D
/C
Contact dss@paris.ird.fr
. Jour
d
ie r
23
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Prof. Martin Akogbéto,
P R O F. M A R T I N A K O G B É T O ,
DIRECTOR, CENTRE DE RECHERCHE ENTOMOLOGIQUE
DE COTONOU (CREC)
The use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets is an
essential aspect of malaria control, and many countries have strategic plans for accelerating widespread use. But although the nets are effective in
preventing mosquito bites, results so far have not
matched the hopes placed in them. It may be that
their use is hampered by practical attitudes and
conditions of use. To find out, a network for socioanthropology applied to malaria prevention has
set up a series of surveys in West Africa to identify socio-cultural indicators on the acceptability
of mosquito nets and the reasons why people use
them or reject them. We would like these surveys
be run in as many countries and socio-cultural settings as possible, to identify people’s habits, tastes
and expectations with regard to mosquito nets. That
way we will be able to offer suitable types of net for
different communities.
Contact akogbeto@leland.bj
Socii and Health Department
IMPREGNATED MOSQUITO NETS:
AN EFFICIENT WAY TO PREVENT MALARIA
Malaria is a major health problem in many
parts of the world, and in Africa, one child
under five dies every second from this disease.
According to Unicef, these lives could be saved
by the use of mosquito nets impregnated with
insecticide, which is currently the best way to
reduce malaria mortality rates. One of the aims
of the WHO malaria summit in Abuja, Nigeria,
in April 2000, was to have 60% of populations
at risk from malaria under impregnated mosquito nets by the end of 2005. This goal will
probably not be met, but it does highlight the
increasing importance of such protection and
the need to spread the idea among the most
severely affected communities.
Medical entomologists from the IRD ran the
first mosquito net impregnation scheme in
1983, in Burkina Faso, using a pyrethroid insecticide. This research continues, partly in
response to growing need in high-risk countries
and partly to counter pyrethroid resistance in
the anopheles mosquito, vector of the disease,
as quickly as possible. The Montpellier insect
pest control laboratory (LIN, Laboratoire de
Lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles), a WHO
collaboration centre, has helped to market impregnated mosquito nets that have lasting efficacy without need to re-impregnation.
With the emergence of resistant species, the
Institute’s scientists have developed the con-
24
cept of dual treatment of the nets, using two
insecticides with different modes of action,
either in a mixture or applied separately in a
mosaic of patches. Applied as a mixture, the
two insecticides act in synergy. This means that
lower dosages can be used, reducing both the
cost and the toxicity of the treatment. This
method is a particularly suitable response to
the difficult economic situations in many highrisk countries. It was assessed in the Montpellier laboratory and then in Côte d’Ivoire, Benin
and Cameroon, in natural conditions, on both
pesticide-resistant and sensitive populations of
anopheles.
ber
/V. R o
© IR D
t
This work has been facilitated by a malaria
vector research network, the Anopheles Biology and Control network, established in 2003
by an IRD researcher. The network operates
between four institutes, in Benin, Burkina Faso,
Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire, enabling scientists to address different entomological and
epidemiological situations within the malaria
endemic zone.
© IR D
/M
Another promising line of research began in
2004, into combined use of repellents and insecticides. The IRD has filed a patent on this
subject and tests should soon start in Benin.
. Dukh
a
n
Contact hougard@ird.fr
lle c
© IR D/ C. Be
Socii and Health Department
MARINE ORGANISMS
MAY HOLD MEDICAL PROMISE
With more than a million deaths a year from
malaria, this parasite disease still has a major
social and economic impact. Parasite resistance to conventional treatments such as chloroquine has rendered these drugs ineffective
in many tropical regions. Although other antimalaria drugs have been discovered recently,
there is an urgent need to find new compounds
to combat this scourge because basic curative
and preventive treatments are still lacking.
IRD researchers and their partners have
strengthened their collaboration to speed up
the discovery of new drugs based on natural
substances for several types of therapeutic
purpose. Partners pool their sources of biodiversity and technologies for identifying active
compounds. High-speed screening is used to
put tens of thousands of samples of natural or
synthetic compounds in contact with targets
such as the characteristic enzymes and proteins of a particular disease-causing pathogen.
Just as plants have provided numerous medical
drugs, from aspirin and quinine to morphine
and artemisinin, marine organisms are another
vast reservoir of original molecules that could
prove to have therapeutic properties. Marine
organisms are hugely diverse, and so are the
chemical compounds extracted from them. For
example, more than 300 new substances of
pharmacological interest have been identified
so far in marine fauna from New Caledonia’s
shallow waters and deep ocean.
In collaborative work between scientists and
industrial partners, three specific malaria targets were introduced in turn into the robot and
over 45,000 extracts were screened for effects
on them. Forty molecules proved to be active,
three-quarters of them from marine organisms.
About ten proved active in vitro, but no sufficiently significant anti-malaria action has so
far been achieved in vivo.
These are important results for pure research,
however. The scientists have identified molecules which, in vitro, can prevent proteins vital to
the parasite from functioning. They come from
marine sponges, some of which are abundant in
the deep waters of New Caledonia. These natural substances can now be used to compare the
activity of human and parasite proteins, and
will serve as prototypes for synthesising and
optimising new compounds until a compound
with real therapeutic potential is produced.
lch er
© IR D/ E. Fo
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Liberto Yubero
and François Amalric,
PIERRE-FABRE-CNRS STEERING
COMMITTEE
© IR D
/A
. L h u il
li
Identifying compounds of therapeutic interest
among marine and terrestrial natural substances
is a shared objective of Pierre Fabre Médicament,
the IRD and the CNRS. In 2001 the partners signed
a tripartite agreement for joint research to identify
molecules active against malaria, cancer or cardiovascular or central nervous system diseases. The
IRD’s support in the field was decisive for gaining
access to French Guiana’s biodiversity and New
Caledonia’s marine organisms. Thanks to the IRD
scientists’ skills in extracting and identifying marine natural substances we have discovered new
molecular tools for pure research, into cancer and
malaria particularly.
er
Contacts
Liberto.yubero@pierre-fabre.com
amalric@ipbs.fr
Contacts nepveu@cict.fr
cecile.debitus@ird.fr
bou
/P. L a
© IR D
te
25
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Margarita Estrada,
A N T H R O P O L O G I S T, C E N T R O D E
INVESTIGACIONES Y ESTUDIOS
SUPERIORES EN ANTROPOLOGÍA
(CIESAS)
Thanks to our collaboration with the IRD we were able
to bring a comparative dimension to the programme
in Guanajuato State, for example by organising an
international seminar entitled «Globalisation areas»
in June 2004. Forty-seven well-known experts and
researchers – economists, sociologists, geographers
and political scientists – met in the capital of
Guanajuato State to compare the local and regional
impacts of globalisation, based on field studies in
Latin America, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The
conclusions show that local development models
differ and argue for a multidisciplinary approach to
this diversity, will be published in 2005 under the
imprimaturs of both institutions. Another outcome
of the collaboration is the publication, in French
and Spanish, of a book comparing experiences
of change in industry in Mexico, Brazil and India.
Student training was also a major concern of the
partnership; this was achieved through our centre’s
new «Global-Local» research focus.
Contact mei@juarez.ciesas.edu.mx
Socii and Health Department
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
CHANGE IN MEXICO
The transformation of businesses and means of
production in small towns in southern countries
is closely linked to changes in political,
economic, sociological and geographical
determinants. In Mexico, a research programme
began in 2001 under the title «Entrepreneurs,
globalisation and reorganisation of production
in the State of Guanajuato». Its aim is to
analyse changes in the centre-west of the
country caused by the policy of opening
up trade and the intensification of world
competition. The five towns studied are part of
Guanajuato State industrial corridor, and each
has well-established specialisations: leather
and footwear, the motor industry, agri-food
and textiles, oil and petrochemicals, mechanics
and food processing. Rural municipalities were
also studied; country people have set up huge
numbers of small workshops as an indispensable
adjunct to farming, which is jeopardised by
liberalisation. The analysis sheds light both on
changes in production in each town over the
past 20 years and on changes in local business
circles, among the key players in the current
reorganisation.
The surveys revealed the way very small
operators in several traditional sectors,
especially footwear and garments, are resisting
competition (legal or illegal) from Asian
produce. Overall, the informal sector is holding
up, both in job numbers and output volume, but
at the cost of a devaluation of family labour,
more recourse to short marketing circuits and
sometimes delocalisation to rural areas where
labour, especially women’s labour, is cheaper. In
contrast, many small and medium businesses,
26
particularly in the footwear sector, have been
unable to withstand international competition
for lack of financial and relational resources.
New, high-technology activities, often with
North American capital, have started up
in Guanajuato State in recent years. In the
metalworking and motor mechanics industries
they have regenerated the local productive
fabric and maintained the State’s gross
domestic product. But they have not helped
to re-employ workers from earlier industrial
sites, focusing instead on recruiting from rural
areas.
Influential business circles in Guanajuato
play a decisive part in the restructuring of the
urban manufacturing fabric made necessary
by globalisation. They have reoriented their
investments, for example converting the town
of León into a service centre of regional
importance. They started to become active in
municipal and State-level political life in the
1980s, so generating synergy between their
business strategies and local public policy.
Their influence networks have spread to some
of the country’s more important industrial
centres and the United States. By lobbying they
have attracted foreign capital, developed joint
investments and so modernised the «top» end
of the local production apparatus.
ba ze e
© IR D/ P. La
© IR D
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bazee
Contact plabazee@yahoo.fr
baz
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© IR D
ee
Socii and Health Department
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Singapour
Nias
K A L I M A N T
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Contacts Dominique.Guillaud@orleans.ird.fr
hforest@rad.net.id
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us about the past. Work on Nias island has
shown that the introduction of metal, no more
than three centuries ago, went hand in hand
with a proliferation of megaliths. The Nias
island research also touches on the relationship
between technology and social organisation; as
amply related by oral transmission, when iron
was introduced there was fierce competition
between groups to obtain the metal, resulting
in a hierarchical ranking among the groups.
The Sumatran research also confirmed a
date of 9,000 years ago for the first human
migrations, in caves all the way to the south of
the island. Further West, an unexpected date of
12,000 years ago has been established for the
settlement of Nias island. The first Neolithic
settlements in the Nias highlands have been
dated to 3,600 years ago, and metal age
settlements have also been found there.
In the highlands of southern Sumatra,
combining excavation with anthropological
and geographical approaches has enabled
researchers to link the archaeological data
with what today’s populations tell about their
history and living space. This type of work
sheds light on the ways in which communities
construct their territories and identities – a
crucial question today in an archipelago that is
becoming more decentralised, with each region
asserting its identity.
Clearly, the quest for the past has its relevance
for issues of present-day importance.
500 km
SUMATRA
NORD
0°
No one has forgotten the tsunami that
devastated the north coast of Sumatra at the
end of 2004. With an event of such violence the
obvious question is how often it has happened
in the past and whether the next might be
predictable. The region has often suffered
natural disasters – volcanic eruptions, floods,
wildfire and earthquakes. Such episodes may
therefore be considered one of the factors
that shape human settlement decisions. From
archaeology we know that the fossilised
traces of such events, unequal as they are in
their destructiveness, are not always easy to
read, and that their estimated impact on past
societies is closely linked to those societies’
material cultures.
In Sumatra, «plant-centred» societies that
depended on forest resources for almost every
need were widespread until recently, and this
type of society leaves little trace of its existence,
its activities or the disasters it suffers.
To address the problem of interpreting ancient
remains, in 2004 a joint research team
involving the IRD and the Indonesian National
Research Centre for Archaeology focused on
existing Sumatran societies that have plantcentred cultures. On the island of Siberut off
the Sumatran coast, bamboo and other plants
are still widely used for building and for making
weapons, tools, fabrics and everyday objects.
Studied in the context of their manufacture
and use, these objects shed light on the type of
society and territoriality associated with such
plant-based technologies. The organisation of
space – collecting and hunting ranges, areas
used for a group’s cultural life – also informs
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SUMATRA: REVEALING THE PAST,
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Sumatra
Sud
BENGKULU
© D. Guillaud, IRD.
LAMPUNG
reliefs (> 200 m)
basses terres et
pénéplaines
Jakarta
J
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aires d'étude
A PARTNER’S VIEWPOINT
Dr. Harry Truman Simanjuntak,
NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE
FOR ARCHAEOLOGY
(PUSBANG ARKEOLOGI),
JAKARTA, INDONESIA
/D
© IR D
. G u il la
ud
The joint Franco-Indonesian archaeology research
programme we launched with the IRD in 2001 has
completed its research topic on the ecology of
human settlements in South Sumatra. We hosted
an IRD researcher at our centre, and he greatly
stimulated work here through feedback seminars
in Indonesian, continuous student training at the
University of Jakarta and valuable help in managing
our newly uncovered archaeological collections.
Excavations, prospecting and surveys of oral
traditions have enabled us to identify new
chronological milestones in the process of southern
Sumatra’s settlement by humans. Our aim for the
next few years is to extend this work to the small
islands of western Sumatra, Siberut in the Mentawai
Islands and Nias Island further north, where no
archaeology has been done so far because of their
isolation and the poor conservation of remains. On
these islands we will be able to examine past and
present spaces and trace far back into the past the
settlement patterns of traditional societies in an
equatorial forest environment.
© IR D
/D . G u
il la u d
27
Contact truman@bit.net.id
28
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
AND ETHICS
Consultative Committee on professional
conduct and ethics
Chair
Dominique Lecourt
Professor of philosophy, Denis
Diderot University (Paris 7)
Key personalities from developing and emerging countries
Rafael Loyola Diaz
Researcher, Instituto de
Investigaciones Sociales,
Autonomous National University,
Mexico
Isabelle Ndjole Assouho Tokpanou Honorary President,
Forum for African Women
Educationalists, Cameroon,
IRD staff members
Sandrine Chifflet
Research engineer, CAMELIA unit
(UR103), Marseille
Maurice Lourd
Director, IRD Centre, Bondy
François Simondon
Director, Epidemiology and
Prevention research centre,
(UR 024), Montpellier
Key personalities in European science
Jean-Claude André
Director, European Centre
for Research and Advanced
Training in Scientific Computation
Roger Guedj
Professor, joint director
of the Bio-organic Chemistry
Laboratory, CNRS-University
of Nice Sophia Antipolis
(UMR 6001)
Vladimir De Semir
Associate Professor of Science
Journalism, Pompeu Sabra
University, Barcelona
at 1 July 2005
Based on its meetings with staff at IRD and
its partner organisation, the Consultative
Committee on professional conduct and
ethics (CCDE) has produced a guide to good
practice in research for development. About
a dozen research projects were submitted to
the Committee in 2004, as were questions
concerning ethics in evaluation, partnership
with Southern countries and free access to
scientific knowledge. The Committee also took
part in discussions with the ethics committees
of other French institutions.
Interview with Dominique
Lecourt, Chair of the
Consultative Committee on
professional conduct and ethics
(CCDE)
- What were the main fields in which the Ethics
Committee was consulted?
When the committee started up in 2002, most
of the projects submitted to it were in medicine
and health. They were about epidemiological
research, clinical trials, cohort studies,
worrying diseases like AIDS and parasite
diseases, and nutritional problems. Despite
the wide range of the IRD’s work, it is not
surprising that demand for an ethical opinion
was concentrated in health-related areas,
because it was in these fields that ethical issues
first arose historically. These issues have been
thought about and discussed internationally
for more than forty years. However, in the past
three years people have become more aware
and are raising ethical questions in all fields
of research. Now we are asked for opinions
on environment, biodiversity and access to
resources.
– Does research in Southern countries call for
a particular ethic?
Research in partnership with Southern countries
– countries with different histories, different
cultures and forms of social organisation from
ours – requires us to know about the other,
listen to them, take their expectations into
account and no doubt be particularly attentive
to the ethical side, though perhaps not adopt
a particular ethic. The Committee is holding a
seminar in May 2005 at the Collège de France
in Paris, where we will invite the scientific
community to think about this question. It
will certainly prompt much debate and require
well-thought-out answers, which will be widely
disseminated afterwards.
concerning evaluation and access to scientific
knowledge, for example. Also, research
conducted in partnership can put a scientist
in a situation where interests conflict, for
example between the policy of the host country
and the recommendations that follow from the
results of the research. On all these questions
arising from researchers’ day to day practice,
the committee is regularly asked to reflect and
offer partial answers that will help the research
teams in their work.
Contact ccde@paris.ird.fr
- On the professional conduct side, what kinds
of questions has the committee been consulted
about?
Deontology is about rules governing conduct
in a given profession. The activities connected
with a research institute’s various missions
– research, consultancy, evaluation, training,
communication – are based on precisely
formulated rules. But it is not always easy to
apply the rules, especially in an international
situation where competition is fierce; so the
committee has been consulted on questions
29
30
ASSESSING,
TRAINING AND CONSULTING
Research unit evaluation
Dynamic partnerships through training
Applications
Sharing scientific and technical information
32
33
36
38
31
EVALUATION OF RESEARCH
AND SERVICE UNITS
New scientific council
A new scientific council was installed at an inaugural
session on 29 June, during which its chairman, vice
chairman and members of the permanent delegation
were elected. Almost a third of the new council
are international experts representing scientific
communities in the North and South.
The scientific council took an active part in evaluating
the units being created or extended, mostly during
an extraordinary session.
Two-thirds of the research and service units underwent evaluation by the IRD’s
representative bodies this year. The review process is a continuation of the
reform that began with the creation of the IRD, further stabilising the Institute’s
internal organisation as research and service units. This was the first review of
the units created on 1 January 2001. It was also an important stage towards
drawing up a second «objectives contract» between the IRD and its supervising
ministries in 2005 and then a strategic plan for the next ten years.
This year’s evaluation concerned all those research and service units that came
to the end of their first four-year term on 31 December 2004. After the review,
conducted by the relevant scientific commissions and the scientific council,
43 units (36 research and 7 service) were created or granted a further term
and 9 units or projects were put into transition for a year.The IRD’s new, tighter
scientific structure now comprises 83 units instead of 97, namely 71 research
units (including 26 joint units with universities or other French research bodies)
and 12 service units. The concept of international research units was also
introduced.
The evaluation process is intended to raise the quality of research projects, while
improving the flexibility and consequently the responsiveness of the Institute as
a whole.
The commissions also carried out the two-yearly evaluation of researchers,
and took part in the selection for voluntary promotions. They continued their
examination of the activities of engineers and technicians. They held the
admission jury meetings for the 23 open competitive examinations to recruit
researchers, offering 17 senior and 21 junior research posts.
Contact dep@paris.ird.fr
Chair
Daniel Le Rudulier
Professor at the University of Nice, microbiology
Appointed members:
Jean-Louis Arcand
Netji Ben Mechlia
Professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand, economics
Professor at the Tunisian National Institute of Agronomy
(INAT), agro-climatology
Pascale Delécluse
Senior researcher at the CNRS, oceanography
Stéphane Doumbé-Billé
Professor of public law at Jean Moulin University, Lyon 3,
international law
Jacqueline Heinen
Professor at the University of Versailles St-Quentin-enYvelines, sociology
Newton Paciornik
Technical adviser at the Brazilian research ministry, energy,
environment
Rémi Pochat
Scientific director of the Ponts et Chaussées central
laboratory, engineering, consulting
Jean-Luc Redelsperger
Senior researcher at the CNRS, climatology
Sergio Revah,
Professor at the Autonomous Metropolitan University,
Mexico City, microbiology, biotechnology
Jean-Pierre Revéret
Professor at the University of Quebec, ecology, environment
Barbara Romanowicz
Professor at the University of California, Berkeley,
geophysics
Mamadou Souncalo Traoré National director of health, Mali, parasitology
Rodolphe Spichiger
Professor at the University of Geneva and director of the
Geneva botanical garden, biology and plant ecology
Elected members
College I, IRD senior researchers
Jean Albergel
Pierre Chevallier,
Georges de Noni
Jean-Paul Gonzalez
Emmanuel Grégoire
Michel Tibayrenc
hydrology
hydrology
geography, research management
human virology
geography
genetics of infectious diseases
Scientific commissions
College II, IRD junior researchers
Chairs of sectoral scientific commissions (CSS) and research and
applications management commissions (CGRA)
Sylvain Bonvalot
Dominique Buchillet
Marie-Hélène Durand
Michel Petit
Yves Goudineau
Yann Moreau
Yves Gaudemer
32
Scientific council (at 1 July 2005)
CSS1: Physical and chemical sciences
of the global environment
Dominique-Angèle Vuitton CSS2: Biological and medical sciences
Pierre Auger
CSS3: Sciences of ecological systems
Émile Le Bris
CSS4: Human and social sciences
Jean-Philippe Chippaux CGRA 1: Engineering and consulting
François Jarrige
CGRA 2: Administration and management
geophysics
anthropology of health
economics
remote sensing, hydrobiology
anthropology
hydrobiology
College III, IRD Engineers and Technicians
Odile Fossati
Yann Hello
Michel Larue
hydrobiology
geophysics
research management, IRD representative in Indonesia
DYNAMIC PARTNERSHIPS
THROUGH TRAINING
The Support and Training Department (DSF),
which provides support and training for scientific
communities in the South via South-North and
South-South-North partnerships celebrated five
years of existence in 2004. It has gained valuable
experience in selecting and awarding doctoral
grants, in-service training, short scientific
exchanges, and funding research teams and
science-focused institutions.
Five years’experience has validated the hypotheses
underpinning the Department’s approach: for
example, that collective approaches are fruitful,
and that before support is provided it is worth
conducting a preliminary, differentiated analysis
of the scientific context in which researchers and
teams are working. The Department has also
developed an increasingly integrated approach to
its activities.
Information system
The Department has set up Eleusine, an information
system that records the data on its operations. This
includes, for example, cases of support for teams
or individuals where the DSF is acting as delegate
for the main agency, as with the AIRE-development
projects and the French foreign ministry’s Campus
and Corus programmes. The database has been
designed to facilitate the management and followup of the Department’s operations and to enhance
its ability to analyse developments in the scientific
communities of the South. Ultimately, it will be linked
to Sorgho for the financial management aspects.
A website was opened in early 2004. It provides
information about the Department’s missions and
the principles and practice of its work.
A “news” section was soon added to publicise the
work and results of partners receiving support:
publications, theses presented and symposia held..
Interconnected operations
Partnership operations are designed to
strengthen local scientific environments as a
whole. Although the award of a doctoral grant
is based on the scientific quality of the thesis
proposal, it also depends on the student’s
expected contribution to a team and, more
broadly, a research institution. Conversely, a team
receives support if its scientific project is sound,
on condition that it trains young researchers and
meets the science and development priorities laid
down by the relevant authorities in the South.The
Department’s action is guided both by quality
imperatives for the research supported and by the
nature of the partnership and its medium- and
long-term effects.
Support and training: 2004 data
Soutien et formation : les chiffres 2004
Number of individual support grants
Doctoral theses
In-service training
Scientific exchanges
Suport of teams (number of operations)
AIRE Développement
CORUS-Campus
Young IRD partner teams
Institutional support (€170,000 in 2004)
Training courses
Teams and centres
Seminars and workshops
Soutien et formation : les chiffres 2004
http://www.dsf.ird.fr/
Website
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INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT GRANTS BY TOPIC
234
147
34
53
124
25
79
20
11
1
3
7
Topic 6
Economic, social,
identity and spatial
dynamics issues
in the South
Topic 1
Environmental hazards
and safety
for communities
in the South
7%
26%
13%
Topic 5
Health in the South:
epidemics, endemic
and emerging diseases,
healthcare systems
33
17%
18%
19%
Topic 2
Sustainable
ecosystem
management
in the South
Topic 3
Southern continental
and coastal water
resources and use
Topic 4
Food security
in the South
Evaluating support operations
In Chile, increasingly
convergent support
The record of IRD operations in Chile shows that
Chilean scientists and their IRD partners have
taken advantage of the Institute’s international
dimension and are combining the DSF’s intervention
programmes to devise innovative and rewarding
operations. For example, young Chilean scientists
have been trained by using opportunities for
exchanges with other countries of the South – going
to South Africa to study the Benguela upwelling
ecosystem, for example. Conversely, and a young
researcher from Côte d’Ivoire found a position on a
team at the Chilean University of La Serena to do her
thesis fieldwork on pastoralism in the high Andes.
A “young IRD partner team” was selected for
the topic of “marine sedimentation in a desert
environment” at the University of Antofagasta in
Chile; it is hosting Peruvian researchers on scientific
exchanges funded by the Department.
Whatever the type of project receiving support
– doctoral research, team project – it is submitted
for evaluation to researchers and academics who
compare it with the state of the art internationally
and judge the relevance of its theoretical framework,
the quality of the methods used and its scientific
results. Thought is also being given to ways of
enhancing the purely scientific evaluation by
endeavouring to measure the longer-term effects
of our support operations. For example, it has
been shown that sustainable support for a limited
number of topic areas is more effective overall than
support divided among a large number of small
short-term projects. The next step is to construct
impact indicators for support to Southern scientific
communities, to measure the multiplier effect on
research in developing countries of investment in
human resources.The new Eleusine database should
help this investigation, but it will also require closer
links with national and European evaluation bodies
in order to improve consistency among the many
forms of scientific cooperation with the South.
Linking up with the work of other
players
This quest for synergy was expressed in 2004
through closer ties with particular research
institutions (e.g. the Graduate Institute of
Development Studies in Geneva (IUED), with
whom the IRD earlier created a social sciences
research laboratory in Niger) and funding agencies
(e.g. the International Foundation for Science in
Stockholm, with whom a framework agreement
has been signed). The Department’s “exploratory”
missions to Ecuador, Chile and Peru prompted
discussions that will soon lead to a system of grants,
particularly for post-doctoral studies, cofunded by
the IRD, local institutions and French embassies, in
order to coordinate the resources invested in local
research. This system will guide our future action.
Contact dsf@paris.ird.fr
Successful operation
in South Africa
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS 2004
International Foundation
for Science
The International Foundation for Science (IFS)
and the IRD share some research fields and have
common goals. In recent years the two bodies
have jointly supported a number of actions, such
as the Microtrop summer school in Senegal and
the 2002 workshop in Buea, Cameroon, on the
purchasing, servicing and maintenance of scientific
equipment in Western Africa. The IRD also seconds
a researcher to work with the IFS secretariat.
In December, an agreement was signed to facilitate
information exchange and skill-sharing, and
promote common strategies to strengthen the two
institutions’ missions and programmes. Practical
long-term action is being designed to integrate
young people into multidisciplinary teams, bring the
social sciences into the study of living resources,
sponsor grantees and provide training in research
management. Strong partnership links are essential
for approaching donors and promoting development
projects for research systems in the South.
12
Asia
74
Latin American and Caribbean
29
North Africa, Middle East
12
East Africa and Indian Ocean
22
Central Africa
94
West Africa
D I S T R I B U T I O N O F Y O U N G I R D PA R T N E R T E A M S B Y T O P I C A N D R E G I O N
TOPIC 1
34
Environmental hazards
and safety for communities in the South
3
TOPIC 2
Sustainable ecosystem management in the South
TOPIC 3
Southern continental
and coastal water resources and their use
TOPIC 4
Food security in the South
1
1
1
1
5
2
TOPIC 5
Health in the South: epidemics, endemic
and emerging diseases, healthcare systems
TOPIC 6
Economic, social,
identity and spatial dynamics issues in the South
2
3
1
1
Sub-Saharan Africa
North Africa
Latin America
Since 1999, the IRD has been working with the
South African Sugarcane Research Institute
(formerly SASEX, Durban) on biological control
of nematode crop pests. In view of the country’s
particular features and the local scientific and
institutional environment, it was decided to promote
the emergence of a nematology research team
and so shift from a service role to a research role.
A comprehensive plan to train young researchers
and technicians was carried out locally and with
IRD teams based in France, Burkina Faso and
Martinique.
Senegalese partners were called in to teach some
of the courses. A research team is now operating,
publications and papers have been produced, and
close ties have been formed with a variety of French,
European and African partners. The South African
Sugarcane Research Institute has been inspired by
these promising results for its own projects, as have
local universities for their curriculum design.
35
APPLICATIONS
The Consulting and Industrial Relations Department (DEV) focuses on
five areas: economic applications (i.e. industrial property and relations
with industry), spin-offs, expert group reviews, consultancy services, and
coordinating research quality management. Its networking extends beyond
other research and teaching establishments to public administrations and
local authorities in France and abroad, NGOs and companies. These partners
may commission expert group reviews, pay for institutional consultancy or
sign intellectual property contracts, usually to exploit patents held by the
Institute.
Quality management in research
Fruit and seeds of the shibadan (Aspidosperma
album), a Guianese tree with pharmacological
properties.
European innovation prize
A project to produce biodegradable polymers from
the lactic acid of fermented saccharose, presented
by a joint team from the IRD (Microbiology of
extreme environments, Luminy), the CNRS (CRBA)
and a sugar refiner, has been awarded the European
Grand Prix for Innovation by a European jury.
Study of the microflora in palm wine, a traditional
Senegalese drink, led to the discovery of a new
bacterium and a process that could be a basis
for industrial production of lactic acid from sugar.
A second bacterium, isolated in a deep Pacific trench,
was used to optimise production from saccharose.
Patents have been filed for both bacteria. The project
was funded by Sucreries et Raffineries d’Erstein.
This company’s business situation was particularly
appropriate, because industrial sugar producers
are currently looking for ways to diversify the uses
of their products. Manufacturing biodegradable
plastics offers an opportunity for the future of the
European sugar industry.
Contact combet@esil.univ-mrs.fr
Industrial property
Results obtained by the Montpellier centre researchers led to eleven new
patents being filed in 2004, six of them jointly: seven in biotechnology
(six applied to health and one to agronomy), four in fish-farming, insect
control and waste recycling.
Comparative analysis since 2000 shows a significant increase in the number
of patents filed in the last three years: three in 2000, three in 2001, four
in 2002, and seven in 2003. Contracts signed during the year were mainly
concerned with biotechnology applied to health. Demand is also increasing in
the fields of decontamination and environmental protection.
Research quality management advanced considerably during the year in
the French tropical overseas territories, with more publicity, awareness
and training courses, and application of the approach within the scientific
units and centres. A highlight of the year was the Director-General’s
declaration on quality policy, stressing its incentive aspects, its importance
for scientific work and its ramifications in hygiene, safety and administrative
modernisation. Each unit’s quality management actions are now described
in the record file drawn up for unit assessment and accreditation renewal
purposes. One example is the improvement in hosting procedures and safety
standards at the Montpellier centre. Further actions have been undertaken
with a local quality group at the Dakar centre.
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© IR D
36
Le m as so n
© IR D/ J. -J .
o
. Baud
in
Expert group reviews
Organic agriculture in Martinique
In Martinique, pesticide pollution of water and
soil is currently hampering the production of
some food crops, while reduced European aid
is threatening the production of bananas, the
island’s main export. Furthermore, the reduction
in arable land area is compromising the very
existence of farming. Against this background, the
département council requested an expert group
review on the opportunities for developing organic
farming in Martinique. Under IRD coordination a
team of specialists in agronomy, the environment,
sustainable development, sociology and economics
was formed, with additional expert advice on
organic and tropical farming. The conclusions show
that there are no insuperable technical obstacles
to developing some organic farming in Martinique.
The problems with soil and water contamination are
both a geographical constraint on the introduction
of organic farming and an opportunity to change
the island’s image, focusing on food quality and the
environment. A number of scenarios for encouraging
the development of organic farming were presented
to the island council.
For an expert group review to be launched, three
conditions must be met: one or more decisionmakers planning an action, a scientific aspect to
that action, and the existence of literature on the
topic. In 2004, three such reviews were completed
and are now being published: Organic farming
in Martinique, commissioned by the Martinique
département council; Trachoma in sub-Saharan
Africa, at the request of the Mali health ministry
and the Institut d’Ophtalmologie Tropicale; and
Utilisation of natural substances in Polynesia,
for the government of French Polynesia. Work
continues on the review of Management of the
River Niger’s resources, at the request of the
Institut d’Economie Rurale in Mali, the German
development agency GTZ, the World Conservation
Union, and the French development mission in
Bamako. In December 2004, a new expert group
review began, commissioned by the three provinces
of New Caledonia: it concerns invasive species and
the associated environmental and socio-economic
risks.
© IR D
/H
. Chev
il
lo tt e
Precipitating heavy metals
with bacteria
Secomat is a French engineering company with
600 employees and revenues of some �40m, whose
activities include refining, oil and gas production,
chemicals, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding
and the environment. They joined forces with the
IRD’s “Microbial ecology of natural and humanaltered environments” unit to study the technical
feasibility of decontaminating industrial wastewater
polluted by heavy metals. A dozen or so bacteria
were selected and tested. The results obtained from
this partnership have already been filed for patent.
Further testing is planned, in a pilot scheme in 2005
and on site in 2006.
Contact dev@paris.ird.fr
nec
/V. B e
© IR D
h
Contact ollivier@esil.univ-mrs.fr
37
SHARING SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The IRD fulfils three missions in this field: achieve visibility for the Institute,
disseminate scientific information and improve the dialogue between science
and society.
IRD researchers’ publications
Research work has significantly advanced in the
IRD’s main fields of endeavour, as can be seen from
the 690 scientific publications(1) with an A-rating in
the Science Citation Index.
At a time when a system of indicators is being
prepared for all research establishments in France,
a bibliometric study provides some suggestive
evidence for the trend in our publications between
1997 and 2003(1):
The IRD’s presence in the media made progress in 2004, with 1,628 articles
based on our press releases, scientific news sheets and films jointly produced
by the Institute, such as Moi Sékou, mon exil, mon village, mon combat
and Portés disparus on the search for traces of the La Pérouse expedition.
Our presence on the internet is now well established, with 125 scientific
sites linked to the official website www.ird.fr and the Canal IRD videos on
science news. The Institute also took part in a number of
relevant events such as the Paris Book Fair, the SaintDié-des-Vosges International Geography Festival and the
week-long Fête de la Science.
• The number of A-rated publications increased
regularly from 508 in 1997 to 665 in 2003. The 6%
annual growth rate observed in 2003 was confirmed
in 2004. Ninety-five per cent of these publications are
now in English.
• The number of publications per researcher also rose
significantly, from 0.86 in 1997 to 1.09 in 2003 (the
threshold of one A-rated publication per researcher
was crossed in 2002).
• Co-authorship rates rose between 1997 to 2000
and have been stable for the last two or three years:
43% of the articles are signed jointly with partners
from Southern countries. The co-authorship rate is
65% internationally, 21% within Europe, and 69%
within France.
There is no reference database for the human and
social sciences that provides data as useful as this.
However, in 2001-2004, 38 articles were published
in journals referenced in the Social Sciences Citation
Index (SSCI), 129 in journals analysed by the
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, and
241 in journals analysed in the Francis database.
(1) Excluding social sciences.
38
Our Sciences au Sud magazine is widely distributed in more than 150
countries and helps to spread the latest news on research for development.
To support researchers, the Institute subscribes to a number of databases
and online magazines, making these services available to our scientists over
the internet via the “bureau des chercheurs”. The Francis database, focusing
mainly on human and social sciences, is now accessible and supplements our
offering of bibliography databases: Current Contents, CABAbstract, GeoRef
and Web of Science. As the IRD’s documentation system is modernised, its
15 documentation centres in mainland France and the tropics will be able
to share common tools over the network. Meanwhile, digitisation of the
archives is increasing the value of our scientific output; a special effort has
been made for our partners in Burkina Faso, with 120,000 pages digitised.
In the book-publishing field, some thirty books and atlases were brought
out, including Virus émergents and Pharmacopées de Guyane. Books
published in local languages were used to disseminate the research
done in partner countries. Cartographical highlights this year were the
publication of the Atlas du Viêt-nam, the distribution of the Atlas du
Développement Durable and a number of CD-ROMs. Our maps are now
accessible over the internet.
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Sharing Science
As part of our policy of publicising the progress made by research for
development, the IRD organised a number of public awareness events.
Our travelling exhibitions have visited some thirty countries since the
end of 2003. One of them, “Sciences au Sud”, an exhibition on French
research in countries of the South, was produced with support from
the French foreign ministry and was taken to Mauritius, Madagascar
and a number of African countries. The Indigo photo library, which now
comprises 30,000 images accessible over the internet, tripled its number
of visits in 2004. The Institute’s researchers continue to give their time
to lectures and public debates, with over a hundred appearances this
year.They help raise science awareness among the young via some fifteen
young peoples’ science clubs on major topics such as AIDS, biodiversity
and environmental issues, and by producing education kits.
© IR D
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Contact dic@paris.ird.fr
ng
© IR D/ A. Ai
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40
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WORKING
IN PARTNERSHIP
In countries of the South
In the French overseas territories
In mainland France
41
44
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IN COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTH
In 2004 the IRD consolidated its European connections, deepened its partnerships in the South
and expanded its institutional presence in the French research system. Multilateral cooperation
received fresh impetus and better visibility, in work with the CGIAR (Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research) and its research centres and with the United Nations
organisations concerned with food and agriculture, meteorology, education, science and culture,
and health.
The IRD played an important part in French discussions on official development aid in the
High Council for International Cooperation and the Interministerial Committee for International
Cooperation and Development.
Among the IRD’s international highlights in 2004 were consultation meetings with the
International Rice Research Institute and the International Water Resource Management
Institute, jointly organised by the IRD, CIRAD and Cemagref. The meetings redefined the
principles and conditions of collaboration between research teams. The IRD led a French
delegation at the launch conference for the FAO’s International Rice Year. Collaboration with the
World Meteorological Organisation concerned continuation of the IRD’s co-ordinating role in the
Mediterranean component of Whycos (World Hydrological Cycle Observing System), and above
all our technical assistance for the Niger and Volta river components of Whycos. The Institute
also played a part in the renewal of the framework agreement between France and the WHO, so
strengthening the institutional grounding of our collaboration with that organisation.
41
Summit of French-speaking
heads of state in Ouagadougou
During this summit, the IRD, the Agence
Universitaire de la Francophonie, the Centre Muraz
in Burkina Faso and the demography research
unit at Ouagadougou University organised a oneday science seminar on “Population, health and
sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa.
The seminar covered the demographic and health
transitions and highlighted the importance of urban
growth in current economic, social and public health
processes. The Ouagadougou summit also provided
the opportunity for a knowledge update on the AIDS
epidemic, malaria and maternal and infant mortality
in Africa and a critical review of the Millennium
Development Goals.
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Rurale, on the future of the Niger river, is still under way. In South Africa
Africa,
the NEPAD programme (New Partnership for Africa’s Development) started
up; for this programme, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has appointed the
IRD to co-ordinate the French research offering for water science and
technology in Africa.
Mediterranean
Sub-Saharan Africa and Indian Ocean
In 2004 the IRD sought a more balanced position between the French- and
English-speaking parts of Africa and an opening to the Portuguese-speaking
area that includes Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. The first stages of the
future IRD/CIRAD action plan were concretised by the establishment of
a joint site in Cameroon and projects for joint representation in Kenya
and South Africa. Other partnerships were tightened, e.g. a framework
agreement was signed with the government of Benin, on health and the
AMMA programme (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis), and
consultation meetings were held with Cameroon and Madagascar.
Second Franco-Moroccan scientific cooperation symposium
Organised by the French embassy, the Moroccan
Ministry of Education, Higher Education, Manager
Training and Research, this symposium was attended
by numerous representatives of French research.
Among the subjects covered were Morocco’s
integration into the European knowledge area, postgraduate schools, and renewal of the cooperation
system, mainly through the implementation of a
sustainable development agreement signed in 2004
between the Moroccan Education and Research
ministry, the French Agriculture ministry, Cemagref,
CIRAD, INRA and the IRD.
In Senegal, the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership
for new microbicidal drugs and vaccines for use against AIDS, malaria and
tuberculosis was launched in February. A clinical AIDS research centre was
built, thanks to collaboration between the IRD, the French AIDS research
agency ANRS and the Fann hospital in Dakar. There was an increase in the
number of IRD researchers seconded to partner institutions, Cheikh Antar
Diop University in Dakar particularly.
IRD work in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia was considerably strengthened.
In Algeria, where a partnership began in 2003, new framework agreements
and conventions were signed with the National Hydraulic Resources
Agency and the National Centre for Applied Research in Paraseismic
Engineering. The Algerian Ministry for Higher Education and Research
commissioned the IRD, CNRS and Inserm to review progress in the Algerian
research evaluation system. In Tunisia, the fifth consultation meeting with
the Secretary of State for Scientific Research and Technology discussed
collaborative work in soil science, water science, biotechnology, health and
the human and social sciences. Also discussed at that meeting was the EuroMediterranean dimension of the partnership with Tunisia and the creation of
permanent structures involving the IRD and Tunisian institutions. In Egypt,
research continues in the social sciences and applied virology. Programmes
in Lebanon were strengthened and in
Syria a new agreement with
the Arab Center for the Studies
of Arid zones and Drylands was
signed.
In Burkina Faso, the problem of water for sustainable development
was addressed at the sixth national forum for scientific research and
technological innovation.
IRD work in Mali was strengthened with the arrival of several hydrologists
under the Niger River priority Solidarity Fund and a team for the AMMA
programme. A joint expert group review with Mali’s Institit d’Economie
42
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M er on a
Latin America
Asia/Pacific
In Ecuador,, thirty years of IRD research in that country were celebrated in 2004. A
number of agreements and conventions were signed in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico
and Peru, and a major symposium on glacier retreat was held in Huaraz, Peru – all
clear signs of the Institute’s vitality in Latin America.
The Institute continued its scientific activity in Asia, with a special focus on
Thailand, where the partnership was strengthened by the signing of two cooperation
agreements for research into emerging virus diseases and management of rice fields
damaged by salinity. Franco-Thai research cooperation also took a new turn with
the introduction of a system of calls for projects on targeted subjects.
In Brazil, the programme on the hydrology and geochemistry of the Amazon basin
was extended to Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. A study of biodiversity and sustainable
management of natural resources in Amazonia began, with CIRAD, Brazilian
partners and support from the French Biodiversity Institute. On the health side, an
agreement was signed with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation to manufacture synthetic
quinoline, an effective drug for treating leishmaniasis and the virus that causes
adult T-cell leukemia.
On 26 December, an earthquake of magnitude 9 on the Richter scale near the
north-western tip of Sumatra triggered a tsunami that had devastating effects for
several Indian Ocean countries notably Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka. The IRD
mobilised at once to assist the countries hit according to its competencies and
participated non-stop in reconstruction work led by local partners.
Programmes in Bolivia were strengthened, particularly in health, ecology/health
and glaciology; social science programmes started up. A series of science lectures
was organised with the French ambassador and the French Institute for Andean
Studies, and a joint documentation centre was opened.
In Chile, cooperation in environmental geology was organised with the University
of Chile and the National Geology and Mines Department. Research programmes
in physical oceanography and human and social sciences expanded. The IRD also
helped young Chilean researchers join government research institutions as teacherresearchers.
An opening to Uzbekistan took practical shape with the signing of a social sciences
agreement with the French Institute for Central Asian Studies. In India, stronger
and more permanent collaboration with the Bangalore Institute of Science in
the field of water science was made official. In Vietnam and Laos, framework
agreements were renewed with the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology
and the National University of Laos.
Discussions began towards wider social science cooperation with China, and other
subjects were also addressed. For the Pacific zone, a Franco-Australian protocol of
agreement for agriculture and the terrestrial environment was signed; it involves
Cemagref, CIRAD, the CNRS, INRA, the IRD and two Australian institutions.
Contact dri@paris.ird.fr
43
Cooperation with the European
Union
The IRD began to broaden the range of its activities
with the European Union in 1989. In 2004 this trend
continued and was accentuated. Midway through
the sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006), the
IRD mobilised to participate in seven projects in the
programme’s priority areas: water (the Aquastress
project), health (the Shiva project), emerging diseases
linked to climate change (Eden), marine ecosystems
(Eur-Oceans), climate (AMMA) and desertification
(DeSurvey). The Research Directorate General’s
international cooperation programme remains a
priority for the IRD. At the time of the first proposals,
twelve projects involving the Institute were selected,
on topics concerning cultural heritage, health, climate
change, environment, sustainable development and
international co-ordination, and three specific support
actions in support of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation
strategy: Estime, Asbimed and Euro-Medanet. The
IRD also has sustained relationships with several EU
Directorates-General, through the European Regional
Development Fund and other European bodies such
as the Joint Research Centre in Ispra and Seville and
the EU Statistical Office. The Institute also plays a part
in the European Consortium for Agricultural Research
in the Tropics.
The IRD in Brussels
The IRD has appointed a representative in Brussels
to strengthen our European roots. With the 7th
Framework Programme under preparation, the IRD’s
representative is the chair of CLORA, the French
research institutions’ Club in Brussels, for 2005.
IN THE FRENCH
OVERSEAS TERRITORIES
In the French tropical dependencies, the IRD has been working in New
Caledonia, French Guiana, Martinique, La Réunion and French Polynesia
since 1946. More than 60 researchers and 120 engineers and technicians
are working in these territories, which represent 12.3% of the Institute’s
operating resources. Because of the range and importance of the problems
research has to address in these outlying territories, the French institutions
working there – CIRAD, Ifremer, INRA, the IRD and, more recently, the
BRGM and Cemagref – take a concerted approach. All in all they have
1,200 staff in the tropical dependencies.
New Caledonia and French Polynesia
Corals of New Caledonia:
a mine of information
Coral reefs provide vital information for reconstituting
past climate change in tropical regions, particularly
the changes that occurred during the last deglaciation.
In a study conducted in the south-western Pacific
with Australian and American scientists, Diploastrea
coral in Vanuatu was used to analyse past sea surface
temperatures and salinity. The results show that there
was no South Pacific convergence zone at the time
of the northern hemisphere cooling episode 12,000
years ago. On a different scale, a programme by the
National Institute of Universe Sciences showed that
the New Caledonia barrier reef built up during the last
interglacial periods by a succession reefs growing
on earlier layers, a process shaped by variations in
sea levels and the continual sinking of the ocean
margins. The last interglacial, the most productive
of carbonate, was the most similar to our present
climate. Scientists are also using coral analysis to
reconstitute the ENSO phenomenon (El Niño and La
Niña) in the south-western and central Pacific at
various timescales.
Contact Guy.Cabioch@noumea.ird.nc
In August 2004 the Conference of French research in the Pacific was held
in Nouméa. The conference reviewed research in New Caledonia, French
Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna and neighbouring States, and worked out
future directions for joint research. Discussions covered biodiversity, natural
resource management, geological risk assessment and linkages between
traditional knowledge and modern medicine, with a view to stronger regional
collaboration in research. Deputy Minister for Research François d’Aubert
announced the creation of a national technology research centre for “nickel
and the environment” in New Caledonia, in partnership with mine operators
there. Expansion of the New Caledonia and French Polynesia universities
was also discussed.
The land use and water management plan for the Loyalty Islands, started in
2000, was completed in 2004. The project involved the IRD, the University
of New Caledonia, the University of Orléans and Loyalty Islands Province.
It included research into the health of populations, protection of water
resources and biodiversity management in the islands. An expert group review
on invasive species commissioned by the government and the Provinces of
New Caledonia, representing local authorities, began.
Agricultural research continued, and a framework agreement between the
IRD and New Caledonia’s Agronomy Institute was finalised. On the impact
of global climate change, the groundwork was laid for new collaborative
44
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work between the IRD and the START-Oceania programme (global change
SysTem for Analysis, Research and Training), mainly for monitoring El
Niño.
In the Pacific zone, the inventory of floral heritage made substantial progress
in 2004 with the publication of the second volume of the IRD’s Polynesian
flora.
A technology platform was created in French Polynesia to develop
commercial utilisation of natural substances from the local flora and
marine organisms. This was initiated by the Ministry of Research under the
development contract between the State and French Polynesia. It involves
the University, CIRAD, the IRD and private companies in the agri-food and
cosmetics industries.
An international meeting on modelling circulation in coral atoll lagoons was
held at the IRD centre in Tahiti, at the initiative of the CoRéUs research unit.
Its main aim was to improve pearl oyster management in Pacific atolls.
On the fishery side, a satellite data receiving station came into operation.
It gives the Fishery Service access to the direct, real-time observation
capabilities of wide angle, wide spectrum satellites. It will serve to monitor
the seascape throughout French Polynesia’s exclusive economic zone – more
than five million km2 – and to aid fish resource management.
French Guiana
In French Guiana, the seventh international Ecolab
conference gave an update on scientific progress on topics
connected with development in northern Amazonia.
The Ecolab network includes French and Brazilian
researchers, partners in politics and the voluntary
sector, and local community representatives. It covers
cross-cutting subjects concerning the physical, biological and social
environments in areas influenced by the Amazon. The Association for the
Study and Development of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants organised
an international meeting attended by producers, pharmacists, scientists,
legal experts, elected officials and the voluntary sector. A dissemination
meeting was held to mark the completion of the expert group review on
Dengue in the French Départements of America.
Martinique-Caribbean
The Martinique agricultural research hub (PRAM), which involves
Cemagref, CIRAD, INRA and the IRD, has a nematology laboratory
conducting research and consultancy to find alternatives to the use of
pesticides in tropical agriculture. One component is studying the sources
of nematode resistance in banana trees grown from in vitro plantlets.
In soil science, the laboratory received fresh impetus with the arrival of
two researchers and the introduction of new techniques for measuring
soil organic matter. The Cahiers du PRAM published the main results of
a programme co-ordinated by the IRD with support from the Ministry
for Ecology and Sustainable Development, to identify soil management
methods that may help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Work on Creole languages, funded by the Martinique Conseil Régional
and the Ministry for Overseas Dependencies, continues. In anthropology,
three students supervised by an IRD researcher were preparing theses
on the French Antilles. Relations with the University of the Antilles
and French Guiana were consolidated, with the IRD hosting and
supervising students and IRD staff giving lectures. Subjects concerned
were anthropology, linguistics, soil science, fishery science and medical
entomology. Expert group reviews on Dengue in the French Départements
of America and Organic Agriculture in Martinique were delivered to
the commissioning authorities. A conference was held to discuss the
conclusions of an expert group review on erosion and revegetation of the
Caravelle peninsula, commissioned by the Martinique Regional Natural
Park.
La Réunion
A project on remote sensing and the study of land use patterns, initiated
by CIRAD, the IRD, the Réunion Regional Council and the island’s
five inter-commune public sector establishments, mapped land use on
the island by processing SPOT satellite images. These will be valuable
aids for practical urban and rural land use management. It was the
French space research centre CNES that made the project possible by
putting satellite images of La Réunion at the researchers’ disposal free
of charge to promote the use of remote sensing.
Contact dom@paris.ird.fr
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IN MAINLAND FRANCE
Montpellier
Centre de biologie et de gestion des populations - INRA : 12
Cemagref : 7
Cirad - LPCR : 3
INRA - Ensam - Sciences du sol : 11
Laboratoire matière organique des sols tropicaux : 6
Laboratoire symbioses tropicales / méditerranéennes (Lstm) : 8
École nationale du génie rural (Engref) : 4
Centre écologie fonctionnelle évolutive/Cnrs (Cefe) : 4
Agropolis : 1
Institut Bouisson-département maladies infectieuses : 3
Laboratoire commun Ird/Imvt-Cirad : 7
Parc scientifique Agropolis II. Unité de service 018 IRD : 1
Université Montpellier I : 1
Université Montpellier II
Labo. génomes et populations : 1
Déterminisme et conséquences des efflorescences algales : 1
Maison des sciences de l’eau : 20
Saint-Christol-lès-Alès
Laboratoire de pathologie comparée - Inra - Université : 1
Paris
École des hautes études en sciences sociales
Centre d’études africaines : 6
Centre de recherche Brésil contemporain : 1
Centre d’études Inde et Asie du Sud : 1
Muséum
Département hommes, nature, société : 6
Département de systématique et évolution : 3
Laboratoire de minéralogie : 1
Laboratoire de phanérogamie : 1
Laboratoire d’ichtyologie : 3
Laboratoire d’océanographie physique : 1
Laboratoire d’entomologie : 3
Universités
Paris I
Institut d’étude du développement économique et social (Iedes) : 2
Paris V
Laboratoire de parasitologie : 6
Paris VI
Laboratoire de minéralogie cristallographie : 3
Laboratoire Lodyc : 13
Unité mixte Sisyphe : 1
Institut santé-développement (isd) : 3
Paris X
Laboratoire géotropiques, Nanterre : 2
Cered : 2
Paris XI
Laboratoire écologie végétale, Orsay : 1
Institut biologie animale Cnrs - Orsay : 1
Laboratoire populations, génétique et évolution-Ird/Cnrs.
Gif-sur-Yvette : 6
Faculté de pharmacie - Chatenay Malabry : 1
CNRS
Centre d’études des langues indigènes d’Amérique (Celia) : 2
Lacito UPR 3121 - Villejuif : 1
Préhistoire et technologie - Meudon : 1
Délégation à l’information et à la communication : 1
Centre population et développement (CEPED) - Nogent : 5
Laboratoire sciences du climat et environnement Gif-sur-Yvette : 1
46
Sète
Centre de recherche halieutique méditerranéenne : 29
Toulouse
Centre d’étude spatiale de la biosphère(Cesbio) : 4
Groupement de recherche Géodésique spatial : 1
Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3
Laboratoire d’hydrobiologie : 1
Laboratoire des mécanismes de transferts en géologie (Lmtg) : 13
Laboratoire de pharmacochimie des substances naturelles
et pharmacophores Redox : 4
GIP Mercator Océan Toulouse - Interventions à la mer et
observatoire océanique : 1
Pierre Fabre Médicaments - Unité mixte de recherche 1973.
Medias France/CNES : 2
Laboratoire d’études en géophysique et océanographie spatiales
(Legos) : 12
Nice/Villefranche-sur-Mer/Sophia Antipolis
Observatoire océanographique - UMR Geosciences Azur : 15
École normale supérieure : 1
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin
C3ED : 4
Autres
GIS/Dial : 11
Agence nationale de recherche sur le sida (Anrs) : 1
Centre de recherches de l’Amérique latine : 1
Cirad : 1
Ministère de la recherche : 1
Marseille
Université de Provence - Aix - Marseille I
Laboratoire population - environnement - développement : 13
Groupement de recherche en économie quantitative Aix-Marseille : 1
Institut des études africaines : 5
Université de Méditérrannée - Aix - Marseille II
Centre océanologique de Marseille : 7
Centre de formation et de recherche en médecine tropicale : 1
Laboratoire de microbiologie (Baim) : 18
Laboratoire de médecine tropicale : 1
Université Aix-Marseille III
Cerège : 2
Centre d’analyse et de mathématique sociale (Cams) : 1
Head offices
26
4
262
Brest
1
5
Bondy
177
100
Ile-de-France
Rennes
29 Orléans
ClermontFerrand
2
Bordeaux
Talence
6 Pessac
Centre
Toulouse
Castanet Tolosan
Castres 39
Pau
264
Lyon
Perpignan
IRD Center
5
Thonon-les-Bains
19 Le Bourget du Lac
Grenoble
5
Montpellier
Nice
Villefranche-sur-Mer
Sophia Antipolis
87
15
31 Sète
2
au 31/12/04
Strasbourg
Nancy
49
Marseille
Aix-en-Provence
Other placements
87
Tenured staff
Grenoble
Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1
Laboratoire d’études des transferts en hydrologie
et environnement (Lthe) : 9
Laboratoire de glaciologie et de géophysique de l’environnement
(LGGE) : 2
Laboratoire de géophysique interne tectonophysique (Lgit) : 4
Université de Savoie - Le Bourget-du-Lac
Laboratoire de géophysique interne tectonophysique (Lgit) : 5
Thonon
Inra - Station d’hydrobiologie lacustre : 1
Bordeaux/Pessac
CNRS - Maison des Suds : 5
Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4
Centre d’économie du développement : 1
Perpignan
Université de Perpignan
Écosystémique des communautés récifales et de leurs usages : 3
Génomique appliquée au riz : 2
Lyon
Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I
Laboratoire écologie microbiologie : 2
Écologie des hydrosystèmes : 3
Strasbourg
Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I
Institut de physique du globe : 2
Faculté de géographie : 1
Centre de géochimie de la surface :1
Nancy
CNRS/Centre de recherches pétrographiques et géochimiques : 1
Clermont-Ferrand
Université Blaise Pascal - Laboratoire magmas et volcans : 2
Brest
Ifremer : 4
Rennes
Inra : 1
Le Havre
Station de météorologie océanique : 1
Pau
Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour .
Institut de recherche sur les sociétés et l’aménagement : 2
GIS, GIP and GDR partnerships and national and regional programmes
The IRD is involved in various forms of partnership within the French science community:
scientific interest groupings (GIS), public interest groupings (GIP), economic interest groupings
(GIE), research groupings (GDR) and regional and national multidisciplinary programmes.
Modernising the IRD in an updated
national framework
In 2004 the IRD’s scientific decision bodies examined
changes to the research unit structure and validated a new
structure consisting of 83 units. The Institute continued to
strengthen its research links in France through 26 joint units
with universities or other research and higher education
establishments, the Federative Research Institutes (IFR),
GIS, GIP and GIE partnerships and national programmes.
In the new form of budget presentation introduced by
the blueprint law on Finance Acts, the IRD answers to
the interministerial mission of “research and university
education” and within this to Programme 4, entitled
“research in the field of environmental and resource
management”.This programme, part of whose purpose is to
assist development in Southern countries through scientific
and technical partnership, also includes the BRGM,
Cemagref, CIRAD, Ifremer and INRA. The new budgetary
and accounting framework gives better consistency between
the presentation of the budget and the organisation of the
IRD’s research activities. The work is structured under six
headings: environmental hazards and the safety of Southern
communities: sustainable management of ecosystems;
continental and coastal water resources and their use;
food security; health in the South (epidemics, endemic and
emerging diseases, healthcare systems); economic, social,
identity and spatial dynamics issues. The IRD is the first
public sector research establishment to have introduced
the new accounting system.
The joint research units
Groupements d’intérêt scientifique (scientific interest groupings)
The momentum of creating joint research units (UMRs)
with French partners continued in 2004. Five UMRs
had their terms renewed: Géosciences Azur in Nice; the
Population-EnvironmentDevelopment
Laboratory
(LPED) in Marseille; the European Centre for Research and
Education in the Environmental Geosciences (CEREGE) in
Aix-en-Provence; the Magmas and Volcanoes Laboratory
in Clermont-Ferrand; and Genomics and Evolution of
Infectious Diseases (GEMI) in Toulouse.
The Federative
(IFRs)
Research
Institutes
The Institute is a member of the IFRs covering the
following subjects: tropical and Mediterranean continental
biodiversity; the Languedoc Water and Environment
Research Institute (ILEE); functioning and management
of natural and cultivated continental tropical and
Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems(ECOSYSTEM);
plant genomics and integrative biology (CBIP); Arnaud
Sabatier: aquatic ecosystems: anthropisation, functioning
and production; applied basic ecology; agro-industrial
biotechnology (IBAIM); environment and regional
management (EGER); cell biology and infection processes;
human, economic and social sciences of health, AixMarseille.
Cooperation agreements
With 126 research agreements running, the IRD is involved
in numerous joint programmes or support and training
projects in Africa and the Mediterranean, America, the
French tropical dependencies and Asia. Among the 84
research agreements signed in 2004, 26 were with a French
research or teaching establishment.
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
CEPED: centre for population and development
Sol: sustainable soil heritage management
Sciences de l’Eau: Water sciences
Curare: Academic discussion Centre for an agency for environmental hazards
BRG: Genetic resources bureau
Sylvolab: tropical rainforest ecosystems
Institut français de la biodiversité: French Biodiversity Institute
Génoplante recherche: plant genomics
Estet: environment, earth and water sciences
Pisciculture tropicale et méditerranéenne: tropical and Mediterranean fish
farming
PCSI: Joint programme on irrigated systems
Amérique latine: Latin America
Génopôle: genetics hub
Cyanobactéries (GRISCYA): cyanobacteria
Aire développement: scientific and financial support for scientific communities
in the South
Groupements d’intérêt public, Groupements d’intérêt économique, Sociétés par
action simplifiée (public interest groupings, economic interest groupings, joint stock
companies)
GIS
GIP
GIP
GIP
GIP
GIP
GIE
GIE
GIE
SAS
Renater: National telecommunications network for technology, education and
research
Ecofor: knowledge of temperate, Mediterranean and tropical forest ecosystems
Médias France: global change and regional impacts
Mercator Océan: ocean and climate forecasting
ANRS: national AIDS research agency
OST: science and technology monitoring unit
EDCTP: European clinical trials facility
Dial: international intervention and development
Génavir: management of oceanographic survey vessels
Génoplante Valor: intellectual property for plant genomes
GDR: Groupement de recherche (research grouping)
GRD
Marges: dynamics of continental margins
National programmes
PNEC:
PNEDC:
PATOM:
PROOF:
PNTS:
AMMA:
ECCO:
RELIEFS:
coastal environment
climate dynamics
atmosphere/earth/ocean, multi-scale
biogeochemical processes in ocean fluxes
remote sensing from space
African monsoon multidisciplinary analysis
Programme Génomique des glossines: Glossina genomics
continental ecosphere: environmental hazards
Earth reliefs
Regional programmes
ZONECO:
ZEPOLYF:
evaluation of marine resources in New Caledonia’s exclusive economic zone
Inventory and mapping of seamounts in French Polynesia’s exclusive economic
zone
47
48
MODERNISING ADMINISTRATION
TO BENEFIT RESEARCH
Financial resources
Human resources
Information systems
50
52
54
Laboratory for Processes and Transfers in Geology, Toulouse
49
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
In addition to the considerable staff mobilisation to launch the new Sorgho
management information system on 1 January 2005, 2004 was marked
by preparation for the French government’s new budgetary and accounting
framework (NCBC) for public sector scientific and technological establishments
(EPSTs). Here the Institute is the pilot body among all the EPSTs for operational
implementation of the NCBC. The Board of Trustees meeting of 14 December
2004 consequently approved the Institute’s 2005 budget within the terms of the
NCBC, which stresses consistency between the presentation of resources and the
activity they are intended for. This workstream is clarifying the missions of the
Institute’s various sectors of activity and their impact on research for development.
Continued policy of overseas placement and support for scientific
communities in the South
The Institute has maintained its priorities:
pursue our support for scientific activity by maintaining the resources of the
research and service units;
strengthen our active policy of partnership and the development of
multidisciplinary research topics by providing incentives for national
programmes, research partnerships and federative institutes;
conduct an extensive programme of investment in property operations and major
scientific equipment;
continue to implement the information systems master plan, including the Sorgho
project.
The Institute’s 2004 budget included:
contribution to the extension of the Luminy engineers’ school;
renovation of the Ile-de-France centre’s reception building;
construction of a building for CAPMéditrop at La Valette;
development of GM greenhouses in Montpellier;
change of premises for the geophysics and satellite oceanography laboratory
(LEGOS) in Toulouse.
The Institute also helped buy a particle accelerator for the Plateau d’Arbois/
CEREGE, and acquired a multi-satellite image receiving station in French
Guiana (SEAS).
The Institute decided to contribute €600,000 for the Antéa research vessel’s
new engines.
Financial resources
The Institute’s income was €179m – $162.2m in the form of the State grant,
$14.3m from research agreements and€2.5m from miscellaneous earnings.
The State grant consisted of €136.6m allocated to staff pay, residence grants,
in-service training and welfare activities, and €25.6m for investment.
Expenditure was €176.7m, of which 72% (€127.5m) went on staff pay.
Resources maintained for research and service units
As in 2003, the 2004 budget allocated considerable resources to the research and
service units. Despite tight budget constraints, these resources remained stable
(€10.9m was allocated as basic support), as a result of the French government’s
decision to protect research spending.
Partnership and multidisciplinary topics developed
50
The Institute maintained the level of contributions to our various types of
partnership groups (GIE, GIP, IFR, ORE), to demonstrate our commitment to
other French and international research establishments.
Over €28m was devoted to overseas placement, and IRD researchers are working
in nearly 50 countries. There was a significant increase in secondments to Africa
and Asia.
In addition, the budget for the support and training of researchers from the
South was increased by 6%.
Property operations and acquisition of major equipment in common with
universities and other bodies
Implementing the information systems master plan
Work on the Sorgho project intensified during the year to ensure launch at
the start of 2005 for the financial part, so that the Institute could shift its
management to the new budgetary and accounting framework.
Implementation of the second tranche of the information systems master plan
continued, and the IRD drew €5.5m from its operating funds to finance it. This
new stage means that the master plan can be implemented without touching the
resources the Institute has available for research and training.
Contact df@paris.ird.fr
THE IRD IN 2004 (€M)
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90.6%
179,04
ORIGIN OF RESEARCH
CONTRACT REVENUES (€M)
1.77
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GEOGRAPHICAL BREAKDOWN
OF EXPENDITURE IN 2004 (€M)
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5.60
Asia/Pacific
12.25
Latin America
29.45
Africa
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18.3%
54.8%
88.56
France
12.3%
19.93
French overseas
dependencies
161.41
Selon les données disponibles
au 1er mars 2005
Annual medals award ceremony, Dakar
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AGE
HUMAN RESOURCES
The Institute has 1,653 budgeted employees. In recent years, the proportion
of women has increased significantly at all levels of employment. In 2004,
39% of the Institute’s tenured staff were women, unevenly distributed
across the categories. They included 168 researchers, 21.3% of the total,
and exactly half the 396 engineers. The average age at the IRD is 45.5 years,
nearly 47 among researchers and 44 for engineers and technicians.
On every continent
Recruitment and promotion
In the French overseas dependencies, the Institute’s main presence is in New
Caledonia, which has 58% of this set of staff.
In the researcher category, 52 posts were on offer, for 26 Grade 2 senior
researchers, 8 Grade 1 junior researchers, and 18 Grade 2 junior researchers.
To these must be added 9 further posts granted by the Ministry of Research.
In all, 61 researchers joined the Institute in 2004.
Back in France, although most staff work at the IRD centres in Paris,
Brest, Orléans, and Montpellier, 31.5% are hosted by partner structures
(laboratories, universities, etc.) in the regions of Ile-de-France, LanguedocRoussillon, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur and Midi-Pyrénées.
Of the 461 applications accepted for the competitive entrance procedure,
42.5% were women, just over 2% more than in 2003.
Long-stay missions (MLDs) were created to achieve more flexible posting to
strengthen scientific teams overseas; they last on average four months. The
number of long-stay missions has continually increased, and 115 were carried
out in 2004 (33 in 2002, 81 in 2003). The most frequent destinations are
Latin America (39% of MLDs), Africa (36.5%) and Asia (17.5%).
In 2004, 8 new outside staff were seconded and 10 had their secondments
extended; 34 employees were promoted to a higher grade or to senior status.
In the engineer and technician category, 47 posts were on offer for external
competitive recruitment. The first round concerned 37 posts, followed by a
second round for 10 more. In all, 6 research engineers, 14 study engineers,
8 assistant engineers, 15 technicians and 4 research technical officers joined
the Institute.
To strengthen the Institute’s technical competencies, the recruitment of
engineers and technicians focused mainly on scientific posts.
Of the top-level posts open to external recruitment, 10 were in the “life
sciences” professional category, 3 in “engineering science and scientific
instrumentation”, and 4 in “informatics and scientific computing”.
Secondment and delegation of outside staff also increased the numbers. The
Institute hosted 27 engineers and technicians and 31 researchers from other
research establishments or universities.
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MENS
The increase in the Institute’s funds made it possible to recruit short-contract
staff under research agreements or European contracts. On the promotion
front, 82 engineers and technicians were promoted to a higher grade or
category. Among researchers, 34 rose a grade and 20 were promoted to
senior researcher.
52
Of all IRD staff, tenured and untenured, 43% work outside France. The
Institute’s presence in Africa is significant, with 71% of overseas-based
staff working in sub-Saharan and North Africa.
Human resources management
As part of the multi-year contract and the modernisation and administrative
simplification plan, a number of workstreams have been launched.
Sorgho as a management tool
The personnel department has been working on remodelling its human
resources management information system since 2002, and continues its
investment in designing an IT solution to put the staff management and
salary payment functions on a sound footing and strengthen the role of
local stakeholders. The aim of this project is to reform staff administration,
especially the forward planning of staff numbers, posts and skills.
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Human and social
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Biology and medicine
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Physics, chemistry
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BREAKDOWN OF ENGINEERS
AND TECHNICIANS BY
BAP CATEGORY
18%
7.9%
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Africa,
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243
French tropical
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56.8%
11.2%
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Human and social
sciences
61
Informatics and scientific
computing
76
Documentation,
publishing,
communication
GEOGRAPHICAL BREAKDOWN
OF STAFF
124
Latin America
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Scientific and technical
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Staffing and competencies management plan
A staffing and competencies management plan was formulated, based on
staff data gathered in 2003 and an analysis of the staffing needs of the
research units created or carried forward on 1 January 2005. Priority
actions for staffing under the Institute’s forthcoming objectives contract
will be defined by the following guidelines:
• anticipate changes in staffing and competencies in line with the Institute’s
scientific policy and research programming,
• supply decision aids for defining and implementing IRD staffing policy,
• help the scientific and other departments to prioritise their staffing
requirements.
On the engineers and technicians side, more staff are needed to support
research in the life sciences and for scientific instrumentation, data processing
and geomatics. On the research side, a breakdown of competencies into work
areas shows that the Institute’s scientific output is organised around three
pivotal disciplines: life sciences, sciences of the universe and human and
social sciences. The Institute’s key disciplines are affected by the expected
departure of a quarter of our research staff over the next ten years. In
the human and social sciences this concerns 30% of staff. Replacement
and redeployment are organised according to the strategic orientation of
research.
A career guidance structure for research staff, engineers and
technicians
A new career guidance and mobility assistance system for current IRD staff
was introduced, with a team that helps staff plan their careers and helps
managers improve their personnel management planning.
Hospitality days for new recruits
Hospitality days were held to help new staff become integrated, strengthen
cohesion among IRD staff and help research and support staff get to know
each other and their managers.
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
After three years of work, the information systems master plan produced
practical results.
To strengthen the information infrastructure, buildings have been re-cabled and
transmission rates significantly increased at most of the IRD’s establishments
and for Southern partners in Cairo, Cotonou, Antananarivo and elsewhere.
The use of free video conferencing and Internet telephony increased in 2004
and experiments in collaborative work and distance learning were conducted.
The security policy defined earlier was implemented. The different information
services’ material and human resources were organised to handle the increased
requirements due to the introduction of new management applications, the
extended scope of application and a growing number of Websites.
The Institute acquired a management and steering information system on a
par with its missions. After 22,000 person-hours of work that involved up to
150 staff and service providers over two years, the Institute now has the core
of an integrated management system, Sorgho, built around the SAP software
package. With this new integrated, open, shared system the IRD can pursue
the modernisation of its administrative management and acquire the necessary
steering tools.
The information systems master plan also concerns our support functions:
the photo library and map library, updating the documentation systems and
management of the Support and Training department.
A comprehensive examination of scientific data processing was begun,
covering computing power, storage capacity, availability of skills and heritage
conservation.
Contact dsi@paris.ird.fr
New training courses
In 2004 we ran several new training courses to help staff in their missions.
Two of these courses, addressing both staff and managers, concerned the
evaluation of engineers and technicians, the aim being to spell out the focus
and purpose of staff evaluation interviews.
Contact dp@paris.ird.fr
54
e in te rn aco du rin g th
d
en ce at Un es
y: Sc ie nc e an
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Vi de o co nf er
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55
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Aendic
Board of Trustees at 1 July 2005
Chairman
Jean-François Girard
Ministry representatives
Ministry of National Education and Research
Marc Lalande
Pierre Méry
Research Directorate
Scientific adviser
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
Bérengère Quincy
Director of development and technical
cooperation
Director of scientific cooperation
Antoine Grassin
Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry
Ministry for Overseas Territories
Thierry Kalfon
Alain Puzenat
Budget Directorate
Deputy director for Economic, Social
and Cultural Affairs
Monique Capron
Alain Arconte
Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis
Chair of the Board of Trustees, Inserm
President of Antilles-Guyane University
President of the National Natural
History Museum
Rector, University of Niamey
Director General, CIRAD
Former Health Minister of Tunisia
Chairman, CNRS
Director General of the French
Development Agency
External members
Bouli Ali Diallo
Benoît Lesaffre
Souad Lyagoubi
Bernard Meunier
Jean-Michel Severino
Staff representatives
Alain Froment
Marie-France Lange
Christian Valentin
Pascal Grebaut
Irène Salvert
Patrick Zante
56
SNCS/FSU, MD, representating research
staff, Orléans
STREM/SGEN/CFDT, sociologist,
director of UR 105, representing
search staff, Bondy
STREM/SGEN/CFDT, soil scientist,
representing research staff, Laos
SNTRS/CGT/IRD, technician biologist,
representing support staff, Montpellier
STREM/SGEN/CFDT, head of in-service
training, representing support staff, Paris
SNPREES/FO, soil scientist,
representing support staff, Montpellier
IRD CENTRAL SERVICES
AT 1 JULY 2005
DRV
Earth and Environment Department
Jacques Boulègue
Living Resources Department
Patrice Cayré
DF
Personnel
François Gautron
Secretary General
Vincent Desforges
Director General
Serge Calabre
Chairman
Jean-François Girard
DEV
DSS
Societies and Health Department
Jacques Charmes
DOM
DRI
Finance
Sylvain Dehaud p.i.
Consulting and industrial relations
éva Giesen
International relations
Daniel Lefort
French overseas territories
Roger Bambuck
DSF
Support and training
Hervé de Tricornot
DEP
Evaluation and planning
Maurice Lourd
DIC
Information systems
Gilles Poncet
Information and communication
Marie-Noëlle Favier
SAS
REGIONAL CENTRES
IN FRANCE
Legal
Mathias Guérin
Head office administration
Gaëlle Bujan
Accounting office
Jean Fohrer
SITES OUTSIDE
FRANCE
RESEARCH UNITS (UR) AND SERVICE UNITS (US)
RESEARCH UNITS
AND SERVICE UNITS
DME
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND THE
SAFETY OF SOUTHERN COMMUNITIES
COUDRAIN Anne
UR 032 GREAT ICE
Glaciers and high altitude water resources
– climatic and environmental indicators
coudrain@ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/hydrologie/greatice/
ORTLIEB Luc
UR 055 PALÉOTROPIQUE
Tropical paleo-environments and climate
variability
luc.ortlieb@bondy.ird.fr
CHARVIS Philippe UR 082 UMR GÉOAZUR
Géosciences Azur
direction@geoazur.unice.fr
www-geoazur.unice.fr/
JAULT Dominique
UR 157 UMR LGIT
Tectonophysics and internal geophysics
laboratory
direction-lgit@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
www-lgit.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
HAMELIN Bruno
UR 161 UMR CEREGE
European centre for research and education in
the environmental geosciences
bhamelin@cerege.fr
MERLE Olivier
UR 163 UMR
Magmas and volcanoes laboratory
merle@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr
wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr
JUSTE Gilbert
US 127 OGSE
Geophysics and environment monitoring
systems
gilbert.juste@bondy.ird.fr
D’HERBES Jean-Marc
US 166
Desertification assessment and monitoring
dherbes@mpl.ird.fr
SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM
MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH
FRITSCH Emmanuel
UR 058 GÉOTROPE
Weathering and soil formation processes and
transfer accounting in the tropical geosphere
emmanuel.fritsch@lmcp.jussieu.fr
58
at 1 July 2005
MONFRAY Patrick UR 065 UMR LEGOS
Laboratory for studies in geophysics and
oceanography from space
monfray-dir@legos.obs-mip.fr
www.obs-mip.fr/legos
MENAUT Jean-Claude
UR 113 CESBIO
Centre for the study of the biosphere from
space
jean-claude.menaut@cesbio.fr
www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr
VOLTZ Marc
UR 144 UMR LISAH
Laboratory for the study of soil/agrosystem/
hydrosystem interactions
voltz@ensainra.fr
www.sol.ensam.inra.fr/lisah/internet.asp/
EYMARD Laurence
UR 182 UMR LOCEAN
Laboratory for oceanography and climate:
experiments and numerical approaches
laurence.eymard@lodyc.jussieu.fr
BROSSARD Michel
US 018 VALPEDO
Updating and utilisation of data on tropical and
Mediterranean soils. Contribution to research,
consultancy and resource management
assistance
brossard@mpl.ird.fr
www.valpedo.mpl.ird.fr
GOURIOU Yves
US 025
Ocean observation unit
Ocean monitoring systems and operations at sea
yves.gouriou@ifremer.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/us025/
DUPREY Jean-Louis
Analytical resources unit
duprey@cayenne.ird.fr
www.cayenne.ird.fr
US 122 UMA
SOUTHERN CONTINENTAL AND COASTAL
WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR USE
CREUTIN Jean-Dominique UR 012 UMR LTHE
Laboratory for the study of transfers in
hydrology and environment
jean-dominique.creutin@inpg.fr
www.lthe.hmg.inpg.fr
ROBAIN Henri
UR 027 GEOVAST
Interactions between aquifers and the
organisation of the weathered overburden
henri.robain@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/ur027_geovast
SERVAT Éric
UR 050 UMR HSM
HydroSciences Montpellier
servat@mpl.ird.fr
www.hydrosciences.org/
FICHEZ Renaud
UR 103 CAMELIA
Characterisation and modelling of exchanges in
lagoons under terrigenous and human influences
fichez@com.univ-mrs.fr
www.ird.nc/CAMELIA/
DUPRE Bernard
UR 154 UMR LMTG
Laboratory for transfer mechanisms in geology
dupre@lmtg.obs-mip.fr
www.lmtg.obs-mip.fr
THEBE Bernard
US 019 OBHI
Hydrological monitoring systems and
engineering
thebe@mpl.ird.fr
www.usobhi.net/
LE GOULVEN Patrick
US 048 DIVHA
Dynamics, impacts and development of
hydroprojects
patrick.legoulven@ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/hydrologie/divha/
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, IDENTITY AND
SPATIAL DYNAMICS ISSUES IN THE
SOUTH
AUGER Pierre
UR 079 GEODES
Mathematical and computer modelling of
natural and social complex systems
pierre.auger@bondy.ird.fr
www.ur079.ird.fr
HUYNH Frédéric
US 140 ESPACE
Assessments and spatialisation of
environmental data
huynh@ird.fr
www.espace.ird.fr
DRV
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND THE
SAFETY OF SOUTHERN COMMUNITIES
DREYFUS Bernard
UR 040 UMR
Laboratory for the study of tropical and
Mediterranean symbiosis
dreyfus@mpl.ird.fr
FRÉON Pierre
UR 097 IDYLE
Structure and functioning of exploited
upwelling ecosystems: comparative analyses for
an ecosystem approach to fisheries
pfreon@mcwcape.gov.za
www.sea.uct.ac.za/marine/idyle/
MARSAC Francis
UR 109 THETIS
Tropical tuna and pelagic ecosystems: taxis,
interactions and exploitation strategies
marsac@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/ur109/index.htm
BARTHELEMY Daniel UR 123 UMR AMAP
Botany and bioinformatics of plant architecture
barthelemy@cirad.fr
www.amap.cirad.fr/
LE GUYADER Hervé
UR 148 UMR
Systematics, adaption, evolution
herve.le-guyader@snv.jussieu.fr
THOLOZAN Jean-Luc
MicroBiotech
UR 180
Microbial ecology of natural and anthropic
environments
jltholoz@esil.univ-mrs.fr
JOSSE Erwan
US 004 ACAPELLA
Hydro-acoustics applied to fishery and aquatic
ethology and ecology
erwan.josse@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/us004/index.htm
CHAVANCE Pierre
US 007 OSIRIS
Monitoring and information systems for
tropical fisheries
pierre.chavance@ird.fr
www.ird.sn/activites/sih/index.htm
MORIZE Eric
US 028 CHRONOS
Age and chronophysiology in fish and molluscs
eric.morize@ird.fr
MORETTI Christian
Biodival
US 084
Knowledge of tropical plant resources and their
uses
christian.moretti@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/biodival/index.htm
SOUTHERN CONTINENTAL AND COASTAL
WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR USE
LAE Raymond
UR 070 RAP
Adaptive responses of fish shoals and
populations to environmental pressure
raymond.lae@ird.fr
www.ird.sn/activites/rap/index.htm
FERRARIS Jocelyne
UR 128 COREUS
Ecosystemics of reef communities and their
uses on Pacific islands
jocelyne.ferraris@ird.fr
www.ird.nc/COREUS/
PAUGY Didier
UR 131
Environmental variability and biological
strategies of aquatic communities
paugy@mnhn.fr
ARFI Robert
UR 167 CYROCO
Cyanobacteria of shallow tropical waters. Roles
and controls
arfi@dakar.ird.sn
www.com.univ-mrs.fr/cyroco/index.htm
LEGENDRE Marc
UR 175 CAVIAR
Characterisation and utilisation of fish diversity
for integrated aquaculture
marc.legendre@mpl.ird.fr
FOOD SECURITY IN THE SOUTH
RASPLUS Jean-Yves
UR 022 CBGP
Centre for population management and biology
rasplus@ensam.inra.fr
www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP
L’HOMME Jean-Paul
UR 060 CLIFA
Climate and agro-system functioning, role of
agrodiversity in output stability
lhomme@cefe.cnrs.fr
SILVAIN Jean-François
UR 072 BEI
Biodiversity and evolution of plant/insect-pest/
antagonist complexes
silvain@pge.cnrs-gif.fr
www.cnrs-gif.fr/pge/index.html
LAVELLE Patrick
UR 137 UMR BIOSOL
Biodiversity and soil functioning
patrick.lavelle@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/biosol
HAMON Serge
UR 141 UMR DGPC
Diversity and genomes of cultivated plants
hamon@mpl.ird.fr
www.dgpc.org
DOSBA Françoise
UR 142 UMR BDPPC
Developmental biology of cultivated perennial
plants
dosbaf@ensainra.fr
www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-bepc
RUF Thierry
Social dynamics of irrigation
thierry.ruf@ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/LEA
UR 044 DSI
FOOD SECURITY IN THE SOUTH
DELPEUCH Francis U
Nutrition, diet, societies
delpeuch@ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr
R 106 NALIS
HEALTH IN THE SOUTH: EPIDEMICS,
ENDEMIC AND EMERGING DISEASES,
HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
GRUENAIS Marc-Éric
UR 002 ASSA
Health in Africa: health systems and players
gruenais@up.univ-mrs.fr
www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/shadyc/accueil.html
CHOTTE Jean-Luc
UR 179 SeqBio
Carbon sequestration and soil bio-functioning:
effects of tropical agro-system management
methods
jean-luc.chotte@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/SeqBio
OUASSI Ali
UR 008
Molecular factors in the physiopathology,
prevention and epidemiology of Chagas disease
and leishmaniasis
ali.ouassi@montp.inserm.fr
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, IDENTITY AND
SPATIAL DYNAMICS ISSUES IN THE
SOUTH
COT Michel
Mother and infant health in tropical
environments: genetic and perinatal
epidemiology
michel.cot@ird.fr
REQUIER-DESJARDIN Denis UR 063 UMR
C3ED
Economics and Ethics for Environment and
Development
denis.requier-desjardins@c3ed.uvsq.fr
www.c3ed.uvsq.fr
FOURNIER Anne
UR 136
Protected areas, ecosystems, management and
peripheral functions
anne.fournier@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/ur136/cadres/
mosaique.htm
DSS
LERY Xavier
Potato moth: pathogen diversity and
management
lery@ird.fr
MICHON Geneviève
UR 168
Environmental dynamics between forest,
agriculture and biodiversity: from local
practices with nature to conservation policy
genevieve.michon@mpl.ird.fr
SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM
MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH
UR 010
FONTENILLE Didier
UR 016
Characterisation and control of vector
populations
didier.fontenille@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/vecteur/
SIMONDON François
UR 024 Epiprev
Epidemiology and prevention: environment and
efficacy of interventions
simondonf@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/epiprev
TRAPE Jean-François
Malaria research in tropical Africa
trape@ird.sn
http://gemi.mpl.ird.fr
TIBAYRENC Michel
UR 165 UMR
Genetics and evolution of infectious diseases
michel.tibayrenc@mpl.ird.fr
LALLEMANT Marc
UR 174 IRD-PHPT
Clinical epidemiology, mother-and-infant health
and HIV in Southeast Asia
Lecoeur@loxinfo.co.th
VALENTIN Christian
UR 176 SOLUTIONS
Soils, land use, degradation and rehabilitation
valentinird@laopdr.com
DELSENY Michel
UR 121 UMR
Plant genomics and development
delseny@univ-perp.fr
UR 132
SOUTHERN CONTINENTAL AND COASTAL
WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR USE
UR 077
DELAPORTE Éric
UR 145 UMR
HIV/AIDS and associated diseases
eric.delaporte@mpl.ird.fr
NEPVEU Françoise
UR 152 UMR
Pharmacology of natural substances and redox
pharmacophores
nepveu@cict.fr
CUNY Gérard
UR 177
Trypanosomiasis of humans, animals and plants
gerard.cuny@mpl.ird.fr
GONZALEZ Jean-Paul
UR 178 CTEM
Territories and conditions for the emergence of
diseases
frjpg@mahidol.ac.th
ARDUIN Pascal
Demographic, epidemiological and
environmental monitoring
arduin@ird.sn
www.ird.sn/activites/niakhar/
US 009
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, IDENTITY AND
SPATIAL DYNAMICS ISSUES IN THE
SOUTH
SELIM Dominique
Work and globalisation
monique.selim@bondy.ird.fr
www.ur003.ird.fr
UR 003 TeM
DELAUNAY Daniel
UR 013 MMP
Migration, mobility, settlement dynamics and
territorial dynamics
daniel.delaunay@bondy.ird.fr
www.ur013.ird.fr
THERY Hervé
UR 021 UMR
Territories and globalisation in countries of the
South
hervé.thery@ens.fr
FAURE Yves-André
UR 023 DEVLOC
Local urban development. Dynamics and
regulations
yafaure@yahoo.fr
COURET Dominique
Urban environment
couretdo@bondy.ird.fr
www.ur029.ird.fr
PARIS François
UR 088 SETLAS
Long-term society-environment dynamics on the
Saharan fringe
francois.paris@ird.intl.tn
GUILLAUD Dominique UR 092 ADENTHRO
Human adaptation to tropical environments
during the Holocene
dominique.guillaud@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/UR_US/adentrho.htm
COLIN Jean-Philippe
UR 095 REFO
Land tenure regulations, public policy and
stakeholder reasoning
colin@ensam.inra.fr
BARE Jean-François
Public intervention, societies, spaces
jfbare@free.fr
UR 102
LANGE Marie-France
Knowledge and development
lange@ird.bf
www.ur105.ird.fr/
UR 105
JOLIVET Marie-José
UR 107 Cim
Globalisation and identity construction
jolivet@bondy.ird.fr
LANDABURU Jon
UR 135 UMR CELIA
Centre for the study of indigenous languages
of America
jlandabu@vjf.cnrs.fr
LIVENAIS Patrick
UR 151 LPED
Population-environment-development
laboratory
livenais@up.univ-mrs.fr
www.lped.org
CORMIER-SALEM Marie-Christine UR 169
PATIS
Natural heritage, territories and identities
cormier@mnhn.fr
UR 029 URBI
HERRERA Javier
UR 047 DIAL
Development, institutions and long-term and
analysis
herrera@dial.prd.fr
www.dial.prd.fr/
59
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Document produced by the Information and Communication Department
dic@paris.ird.fr
© IRD July 2005 - Coordinator: Marie-Noëlle Favier – Assistant: Elisabeth Duval
Editor and progress chaser: Samuel Cordier – Picture editors: Claire Lissalde et
Danielle Cavanna – Sub-editor: Yolande Cavallazzi
English translation: Harriet Coleman
Graphic design: Agence 154 - Printer: IEH, Montreuil-sur-Mer
Distribution: IRD dissemination unit, Bondy
The following people took part in the copywriting:
Roger Bambuck, Frédéric Bergot, Alain Betterich, Jacques Boulègue, Patrice Cayré,
Jacques Charmes, Sylvain Dehaud, François Gautron, Anne Glanard, Mathias Guérin,
Laure Kpénou-Malanda, Daniel Lefort, Rémy Louat, Benoît Lootvoet, Christian
Marion, Sophie Ohnheiser, Gilles Poncet, Laurence Porges, Alain Poulet, Laurence
Quinty, Jean-Paul Rebert, Marie-Christine Rebourcet, Périne Sanglier, JeanChristophe Simon, Alain Sournia, Hervé de Tricornot.
Scientific examples:
Full-page illustrations
page 0
Scientists on mission to the Rio Napo study satelitte images to locate outcrops
(Ecuador). ©IRD/O. Hourton
Stéphane Cartier, Cécile Debitus, Gérard Eldin, Dominique Guillaud, Bertrand
Guillier, Gérard Hérail, Jean-Marc Hougard, Tanguy Jaffré, Pascal Labazée,
Raymond Lae, Joseph Martinod, Françoise Nepveu, Raphaël Pélissier, Roland Poss,
Olivier Roche, Bernard Thébé.
The IRD would like to thank the following for their testimonies:
page 6
An arm of the river Niger, ten kilometres upstream of Niamey (Niger).
© IRD / J. Asseline
Martin Akogbeto, François Amalric, Reynaldo Charrier, Julien Demenois, Margarita
Estrada, Yupa Hanboonsong, Christian Tessarolo, Harry Truman Simanjuntak,
Mohamed Tawfik, Liberto Yubero.
page 10
Devastation caused by the Asian tsunami of 26 December 2004 (India).
© Laurent Dufy, Institut français de Pondichéry.
Photographs:
page 16
Selecting quinoa seed on the Altiplano (Bolivia). © IRD / J.-P. Raffaillac
page 22
Archaeological excavations on Vanikoro, in search of traces of the Lapérouse
expedition (Salomon ISlands). © Gilles Mermet
page 28
Malaria survey (Burkina Faso). © IRD / P. Gazin
page 30
Members of the Club Jeune Kamadjan catalogue the flora (Mali).
© IRD / T.Touré
page 35
Science training in Dakar: examining nursery plants and taking samples of root nodes
(Senegal). © IRD / M. Neyra
page 40
Pulling up rice from a nursery plot to plant out in the fields
(Thailand). © IRD / J.-L. Maeght
Cover photographs: © IRD/base Indigo.
Front cover, left to right: M. Grouzis, J.-L. Maeght, P. Laboute,
M. Fromaget, P. Laboute, B. Moizo, F. Sodter. Fond : M. Hoff.
Back cover: J.-M. Fritsch, J.-J. Lemasson, V. Simonneaux,
J.-J. Lemasson, M. Monzier, B. Moizo.
Rectangular photographs: © IRD/base Indigo.
p. 1, E. Bernus. p. 4, M.-N. Favier. p. 5, G. Bargibant. p. 7, A. Schwartz.
p. 8, M.Dukhan. M.Monzier. (topic 1). J-L. Maeght. (topic 2). B. Moizo. (topic 3).
p. 9, M.Dukhan. (topic 4). , J-Y. Meunier. (topic 5). F.Grenand. (topic 6).
M. Grouzis. p. 11, Spot. p. 12, Y. Hello. p. 13, P. Chevallier.
p. 14, C.Maes. p. 15, P. Cayré. p. 15, M.Gautier. p. 17, J.-P. Raffaillac. p. 18, IGN. p.
19, M.-L. Sabrié. p. 20, M. Dukhan. p. 21, J.-P. Montoroi. p. 23, B. Fritsch. p. 24, J.-J.
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p. 42, C. de Miras. p. 43, M. Dukhan. p. 44, P. Laboute. p. 45, M. Dukhan. p. 49,
J.-J. Lemasson. p. 50, M. Dukhan. p. 52, A.-M. Sarr. p. 54, J.-J. Lemasson. p. 56, S.
Carrière. p. 58, M. Dukhan. p. 61. G. Fedière.
Cut-out photographs: © IRD/base Indigo.
page 48
Seeding parasite cultures in the pharmacochemistry laboratory for natural substances
and pharmacophores, Toulouse (France). © IRD / A. Lhuillier
p. 1, H. de Foresta. p. 7, P. Wagnon. p. 13, J. Martinod. p. 17, M.-F. Prévost.
p. 20, E-C.Dominique. p. 23, L. Perrois. p. 24, M. Dukhan. p. 25, G. Bargibant.
p. 27, D. Guillaud. p. 33, M. Bournof. p. 37, J.-P. Montoroi. p. 41, V. Simonneaux
page 55
p. 42, D. Snoeck (Cirad). p. 43, C. Lévêque, M.-N. Favier, France Solidarité
Pondichéry.
Camp in the Great Eastern Erg (Tunisia). © IRD / V. Simonneaux
p. 44. H. Chevillotte. p. 46, A. Brauman. p. 47, LMTG. p. 49, F. Doumenge.
p. 59, M. Dukhan. p. 60, H. Chevillotte.
ISBN : 2-7099-1573-1